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Search, Evaluate, and Read Evidence","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F02-reading-and-literature-matrix","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F02-reading-and-literature-matrix",{"title":27,"path":28,"stem":29},"3. From Sources to Synthesis and Argument","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F03-arguments-outlines-and-paragraphs","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F03-arguments-outlines-and-paragraphs",{"title":31,"path":32,"stem":33},"4. Literature Review and a Defensible Gap","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review",{"title":35,"path":36,"stem":37},"5. Research Design, Evidence, and Core Sections","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F05-core-sections-and-evidence","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F05-core-sections-and-evidence",{"title":39,"path":40,"stem":41},"6. Citation, Paraphrasing, Integrity, and AI","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F06-citation-paraphrasing-and-integrity","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F06-citation-paraphrasing-and-integrity",{"title":43,"path":44,"stem":45},"7. Revision, Review, and Submission","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F07-revision-style-and-submission","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F07-revision-style-and-submission",{"title":47,"path":48,"stem":49},"8. Research Workbook","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template",{"title":51,"path":52,"stem":53},"9. Research Workflow and Tools","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F09-tools-for-academic-writing-and-literature-management","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F09-tools-for-academic-writing-and-literature-management",{"title":55,"path":56,"stem":57},"10. Worked Project — From Question to Defensible Conclusion","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F10-worked-example-from-block-structure-to-question-chain","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F10-worked-example-from-block-structure-to-question-chain",{"title":59,"path":60,"stem":61,"children":62,"page":249},"Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting","en\u002Faccounting",[63,69,87,93,193],{"title":64,"path":65,"stem":66,"children":67},"Accounting — From Evidence to Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002F00-index","en\u002Faccounting\u002F00-index",[68],{"title":64,"path":65,"stem":66},{"title":70,"path":71,"stem":72,"children":73},"Accounting Appendix","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[74,75,79,83],{"title":70,"path":71,"stem":72},{"title":76,"path":77,"stem":78},"Worked Examples and Error Diagnosis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F24-examples-pitfalls","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F24-examples-pitfalls",{"title":80,"path":81,"stem":82},"Accounting Glossary","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F26-glossary","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F26-glossary",{"title":84,"path":85,"stem":86},"Reading and Evidence Map","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F27-reading-map","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F27-reading-map",{"title":88,"path":89,"stem":90,"children":91},"Northstar Record-to-Decision Capstone","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[92],{"title":88,"path":89,"stem":90},{"title":94,"path":95,"stem":96,"children":97},"Financial Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002Findex",[98,99,117,131,165,179],{"title":94,"path":95,"stem":96},{"title":100,"path":101,"stem":102,"children":103},"1. Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002Findex",[104,105,109,113],{"title":100,"path":101,"stem":102},{"title":106,"path":107,"stem":108},"Objectives and Qualitative Characteristics","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F01-objectives-qualitative-characteristics","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F01-objectives-qualitative-characteristics",{"title":110,"path":111,"stem":112},"Equation and Elements","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F02-equation-elements","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F02-equation-elements",{"title":114,"path":115,"stem":116},"Accrual Basis, Estimates and Periods","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F03-accounting-bases-principles","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F03-accounting-bases-principles",{"title":118,"path":119,"stem":120,"children":121},"2. Recording Transactions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002Findex",[122,123,127],{"title":118,"path":119,"stem":120},{"title":124,"path":125,"stem":126},"Double-Entry and Debit\u002FCredit","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F04-double-entry-dr-cr","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F04-double-entry-dr-cr",{"title":128,"path":129,"stem":130},"Accounting Cycle","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F05-accounting-cycle","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F05-accounting-cycle",{"title":132,"path":133,"stem":134,"children":135},"3. Measurement and Adjustments","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002Findex",[136,137,141,145,149,153,157,161],{"title":132,"path":133,"stem":134},{"title":138,"path":139,"stem":140},"Revenue Recognition","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F07-revenue-recognition","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F07-revenue-recognition",{"title":142,"path":143,"stem":144},"Inventory","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F08-inventory","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F08-inventory",{"title":146,"path":147,"stem":148},"Receivables and Expected Credit Losses","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F09-receivables","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F09-receivables",{"title":150,"path":151,"stem":152},"Property, Plant and Equipment","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F10-ppe","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F10-ppe",{"title":154,"path":155,"stem":156},"Intangible Assets","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F11-intangibles","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F11-intangibles",{"title":158,"path":159,"stem":160},"Leases","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F12-leases","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F12-leases",{"title":162,"path":163,"stem":164},"Current and Deferred Income Tax","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F13-income-tax","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F13-income-tax",{"title":166,"path":167,"stem":168,"children":169},"4. Reporting and Cash","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002Findex",[170,171,175],{"title":166,"path":167,"stem":168},{"title":172,"path":173,"stem":174},"Linked Financial Statements","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F06-financial-statements","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F06-financial-statements",{"title":176,"path":177,"stem":178},"Cash, Reconciliation and Internal Control","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F14-cash-control","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F14-cash-control",{"title":180,"path":181,"stem":182,"children":183},"5. Analysis and Comparison","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002Findex",[184,185,189],{"title":180,"path":181,"stem":182},{"title":186,"path":187,"stem":188},"Ratio Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F15-ratio-analysis","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F15-ratio-analysis",{"title":190,"path":191,"stem":192},"IFRS versus US GAAP","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F25-ifrs-gaap","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F25-ifrs-gaap",{"title":194,"path":195,"stem":196,"children":197},"Management Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002Findex",[198,199,217,235],{"title":194,"path":195,"stem":196},{"title":200,"path":201,"stem":202,"children":203},"1. Cost Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002Findex",[204,205,209,213],{"title":200,"path":201,"stem":202},{"title":206,"path":207,"stem":208},"Cost Concepts and Behaviour","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F16-cost-concepts","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F16-cost-concepts",{"title":210,"path":211,"stem":212},"Costing Systems","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F17-costing-systems","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F17-costing-systems",{"title":214,"path":215,"stem":216},"Variable and Absorption Costing","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F19-variable-vs-absorption","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F19-variable-vs-absorption",{"title":218,"path":219,"stem":220,"children":221},"2. Planning and Control","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002Findex",[222,223,227,231],{"title":218,"path":219,"stem":220},{"title":224,"path":225,"stem":226},"Cost–Volume–Profit Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F18-cvp-analysis","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F18-cvp-analysis",{"title":228,"path":229,"stem":230},"Budgeting and Variance Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F20-budgeting-variances","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F20-budgeting-variances",{"title":232,"path":233,"stem":234},"Performance Measurement","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F21-performance-measurement","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F21-performance-measurement",{"title":236,"path":237,"stem":238,"children":239},"3. Decisions and Investment","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002Findex",[240,241,245],{"title":236,"path":237,"stem":238},{"title":242,"path":243,"stem":244},"Short-Term Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F22-short-term-decisions","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F22-short-term-decisions",{"title":246,"path":247,"stem":248},"Capital Budgeting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F23-capital-budgeting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F23-capital-budgeting",false,{"title":251,"path":252,"stem":253,"children":254,"page":249},"Business Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics",[255,261,279,305,335,365,383,400],{"title":256,"path":257,"stem":258,"children":259},"Business Analytics — From Data to Defensible Action","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-index","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-index",[260],{"title":256,"path":257,"stem":258},{"title":262,"path":263,"stem":264,"children":265},"0. Decision and Data Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[266,267,271,275],{"title":262,"path":263,"stem":264},{"title":268,"path":269,"stem":270},"Decision Framing","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F01-decision-framing","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F01-decision-framing",{"title":272,"path":273,"stem":274},"Data Contracts","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F02-data-contracts","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F02-data-contracts",{"title":276,"path":277,"stem":278},"Reproducible Analytics Workflow","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F03-reproducible-workflow","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F03-reproducible-workflow",{"title":280,"path":281,"stem":282,"children":283},"1. Descriptive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002Findex",[284,285,289,293,297,301],{"title":280,"path":281,"stem":282},{"title":286,"path":287,"stem":288},"Distributions and Exploratory Data Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F04-distributions-eda","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F04-distributions-eda",{"title":290,"path":291,"stem":292},"KPIs and Denominators","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F05-kpis-denominators","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F05-kpis-denominators",{"title":294,"path":295,"stem":296},"Segments, Cohorts and Funnels","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F06-segmentation-cohorts-funnels","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F06-segmentation-cohorts-funnels",{"title":298,"path":299,"stem":300},"Visual Evidence and Data Stories","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F07-visualisation-story","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F07-visualisation-story",{"title":302,"path":303,"stem":304},"Experiments and Causal Boundaries","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F08-experiments-causal-boundary","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F08-experiments-causal-boundary",{"title":306,"path":307,"stem":308,"children":309},"2. Predictive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002Findex",[310,311,315,319,323,327,331],{"title":306,"path":307,"stem":308},{"title":312,"path":313,"stem":314},"Validation, Baselines and Leakage","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F09-validation-leakage","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F09-validation-leakage",{"title":316,"path":317,"stem":318},"Regression and Forecasting","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F10-regression-forecasting","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F10-regression-forecasting",{"title":320,"path":321,"stem":322},"Classification and Calibration","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F11-classification-calibration","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F11-classification-calibration",{"title":324,"path":325,"stem":326},"Trees and Ensembles","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F12-trees-ensembles","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F12-trees-ensembles",{"title":328,"path":329,"stem":330},"Decision Metrics and Thresholds","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F13-decision-metrics-thresholds","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F13-decision-metrics-thresholds",{"title":332,"path":333,"stem":334},"Explainability, Monitoring and Drift","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F14-explainability-drift","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F14-explainability-drift",{"title":336,"path":337,"stem":338,"children":339},"3. Prescriptive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002Findex",[340,341,345,349,353,357,361],{"title":336,"path":337,"stem":338},{"title":342,"path":343,"stem":344},"Decision-Making under Uncertainty","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F15-decision-uncertainty","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F15-decision-uncertainty",{"title":346,"path":347,"stem":348},"Linear Optimisation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F16-linear-optimization","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F16-linear-optimization",{"title":350,"path":351,"stem":352},"Inventory and Allocation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F17-inventory-allocation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F17-inventory-allocation",{"title":354,"path":355,"stem":356},"Queueing and Simulation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F18-queueing-simulation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F18-queueing-simulation",{"title":358,"path":359,"stem":360},"Pricing and Revenue Management","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F19-pricing-experimentation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F19-pricing-experimentation",{"title":362,"path":363,"stem":364},"Causal Targeting and Policy Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F20-causal-targeting","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F20-causal-targeting",{"title":366,"path":367,"stem":368,"children":369},"4. Deployment and Governance","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002Findex",[370,371,375,379],{"title":366,"path":367,"stem":368},{"title":372,"path":373,"stem":374},"Data Products and Monitoring","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F21-data-products-monitoring","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F21-data-products-monitoring",{"title":376,"path":377,"stem":378},"Governance, Fairness and Privacy","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F22-governance-fairness-privacy","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F22-governance-fairness-privacy",{"title":380,"path":381,"stem":382},"Adoption and Business Value","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F23-adoption-value","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F23-adoption-value",{"title":384,"path":385,"stem":386,"children":387},"Appendix and Revision Tools","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[388,389,393,397],{"title":384,"path":385,"stem":386},{"title":390,"path":391,"stem":392},"Formula and Decision Map","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F24-formula-map","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F24-formula-map",{"title":394,"path":395,"stem":396},"Worked Examples and Pitfalls","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F25-worked-examples-pitfalls","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F25-worked-examples-pitfalls",{"title":84,"path":398,"stem":399},"\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F26-reading-map","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F26-reading-map",{"title":401,"path":402,"stem":403,"children":404},"Capstone — The Evening Delivery Promise","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[405],{"title":401,"path":402,"stem":403},{"title":407,"path":408,"stem":409,"children":410,"page":249},"Financial Economic Time Series","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series",[411,417,423,429,435,441,447,453,459,465,471],{"title":412,"path":413,"stem":414,"children":415},"Financial and Economic Time Series — Course Guide","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F00-intro","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[416],{"title":412,"path":413,"stem":414},{"title":418,"path":419,"stem":420,"children":421},"Three Versions of Time Series","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F01-bridge","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F01-bridge\u002Findex",[422],{"title":418,"path":419,"stem":420},{"title":424,"path":425,"stem":426,"children":427},"Data, Clocks, and Transformations","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F02-data-transformations","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F02-data-transformations\u002Findex",[428],{"title":424,"path":425,"stem":426},{"title":430,"path":431,"stem":432,"children":433},"Predictive Regressions and Persistent Predictors","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F03-predictive-regressions","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F03-predictive-regressions\u002Findex",[434],{"title":430,"path":431,"stem":432},{"title":436,"path":437,"stem":438,"children":439},"Volatility, Tails, and Financial Risk","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F04-volatility-risk","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F04-volatility-risk\u002Findex",[440],{"title":436,"path":437,"stem":438},{"title":442,"path":443,"stem":444,"children":445},"Unit Roots, Cointegration, and Error Correction","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F05-unit-roots-cointegration","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F05-unit-roots-cointegration\u002Findex",[446],{"title":442,"path":443,"stem":444},{"title":448,"path":449,"stem":450,"children":451},"VAR, Structural Identification, and Local Projections","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F06-var-identification","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F06-var-identification\u002Findex",[452],{"title":448,"path":449,"stem":450},{"title":454,"path":455,"stem":456,"children":457},"State Space, Mixed Frequency, and Nowcasting","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F07-state-space-nowcasting","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F07-state-space-nowcasting\u002Findex",[458],{"title":454,"path":455,"stem":456},{"title":460,"path":461,"stem":462,"children":463},"Forecast Evaluation for Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F08-forecast-evaluation","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F08-forecast-evaluation\u002Findex",[464],{"title":460,"path":461,"stem":462},{"title":466,"path":467,"stem":468,"children":469},"Integrated R Laboratory","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F09-r-laboratory","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F09-r-laboratory\u002Findex",[470],{"title":466,"path":467,"stem":468},{"title":472,"path":473,"stem":474,"children":475},"Capstones, Data, and Reading Ladder","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F10-capstone-readings","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F10-capstone-readings\u002Findex",[476],{"title":472,"path":473,"stem":474},{"title":478,"path":479,"stem":480,"children":481,"page":249},"Intro To Economics","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics","en\u002Fintro-to-economics",[482,486,490,494,498,502,506,510,514,518,522,526,530],{"title":483,"path":484,"stem":485},"Introduction to Economics — Decisions, Markets, and the Macroeconomy","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F00-intro",{"title":487,"path":488,"stem":489},"Chapter 1 — Choice, Opportunity Cost, and Trade","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F01-foundations","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F01-foundations",{"title":491,"path":492,"stem":493},"Chapter 2 — Demand, Supply, Equilibrium, and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F02-demand-and-supply","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F02-demand-and-supply",{"title":495,"path":496,"stem":497},"Chapter 3 — Elasticity, Revenue, and Tax Incidence","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F03-elasticity","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F03-elasticity",{"title":499,"path":500,"stem":501},"Chapter 4 — Firms, Market Power, and Market Failure","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F04-market-structures","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F04-market-structures",{"title":503,"path":504,"stem":505},"Chapter 5 — GDP, Income, Wealth, and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F05-gdp-and-wealth","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F05-gdp-and-wealth",{"title":507,"path":508,"stem":509},"Chapter 6 — Inflation, Purchasing Power, and Labour Markets","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F06-inflation-and-unemployment","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F06-inflation-and-unemployment",{"title":511,"path":512,"stem":513},"Chapter 7 — Productivity, Technology, and Economic Growth","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F07-economic-growth","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F07-economic-growth",{"title":515,"path":516,"stem":517},"Chapter 8 — Money, Credit, and Banking","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F08-money-and-banking","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F08-money-and-banking",{"title":519,"path":520,"stem":521},"Chapter 9 — Business Cycles, AD–AS, and Monetary Policy","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F09-monetary-policy-and-ad-as","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F09-monetary-policy-and-ad-as",{"title":523,"path":524,"stem":525},"Chapter 10 — Fiscal Policy, Distribution, and Public Debt","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F10-fiscal-policy","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F10-fiscal-policy",{"title":527,"path":528,"stem":529},"Chapter 11 — Trade, Capital Flows, and Exchange Rates","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F11-open-economy-and-exchange-rates","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F11-open-economy-and-exchange-rates",{"title":531,"path":532,"stem":533},"Chapter 12 — Integrated Economic Analysis Studio","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F12-review-and-case-studies","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F12-review-and-case-studies",{"title":535,"path":536,"stem":537,"children":538,"page":249},"Microeconometrics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics",[539,557,563,581,603,629,651,673,691,709],{"title":540,"path":541,"stem":542,"children":543},"0. Causal Questions and Designs","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002Findex",[544,545,549,553],{"title":540,"path":541,"stem":542},{"title":546,"path":547,"stem":548},"Causal Questions and Estimands","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F01-causal-question-estimands","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F01-causal-question-estimands",{"title":550,"path":551,"stem":552},"Potential Outcomes and Experiments","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F02-potential-outcomes-experiments","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F02-potential-outcomes-experiments",{"title":554,"path":555,"stem":556},"Causal Diagrams and Controls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F03-dags-controls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F03-dags-controls",{"title":558,"path":559,"stem":560,"children":561},"Microeconometrics — Designing Credible Counterfactuals","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-index","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-index",[562],{"title":558,"path":559,"stem":560},{"title":564,"path":565,"stem":566,"children":567},"1. Regression and Inference","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002Findex",[568,569,573,577],{"title":564,"path":565,"stem":566},{"title":570,"path":571,"stem":572},"OLS as a Projection","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F04-ols-projection","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F04-ols-projection",{"title":574,"path":575,"stem":576},"FWL, Selection and Controls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F05-fwl-selection-controls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F05-fwl-selection-controls",{"title":578,"path":579,"stem":580},"Inference and Clustering","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F06-inference-clustering","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F06-inference-clustering",{"title":582,"path":583,"stem":584,"children":585},"2. Instruments and Panel Data","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002Findex",[586,587,591,595,599],{"title":582,"path":583,"stem":584},{"title":588,"path":589,"stem":590},"Instrumental Variables","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F07-iv-identification","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F07-iv-identification",{"title":592,"path":593,"stem":594},"Weak Instruments and LATE","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F08-weak-iv-late","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F08-weak-iv-late",{"title":596,"path":597,"stem":598},"Panel Fixed Effects","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F09-panel-fixed-effects","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F09-panel-fixed-effects",{"title":600,"path":601,"stem":602},"Dynamic Panels and Limits","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F10-dynamic-panel","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F10-dynamic-panel",{"title":604,"path":605,"stem":606,"children":607},"3. Policy Evaluation Designs","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002Findex",[608,609,613,617,621,625],{"title":604,"path":605,"stem":606},{"title":610,"path":611,"stem":612},"Difference-in-Differences","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F11-did-core","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F11-did-core",{"title":614,"path":615,"stem":616},"Staggered DID and Event Studies","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F12-staggered-event-studies","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F12-staggered-event-studies",{"title":618,"path":619,"stem":620},"Regression Discontinuity","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F13-rdd","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F13-rdd",{"title":622,"path":623,"stem":624},"Matching, Weighting and Overlap","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F14-matching-weighting","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F14-matching-weighting",{"title":626,"path":627,"stem":628},"Synthetic Control","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F15-synthetic-control","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F15-synthetic-control",{"title":630,"path":631,"stem":632,"children":633},"Module 4 — Choice and Limited Outcomes","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002Findex",[634,635,639,643,647],{"title":630,"path":631,"stem":632},{"title":636,"path":637,"stem":638},"Binary Choice","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F16-binary-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F16-binary-choice",{"title":640,"path":641,"stem":642},"Multinomial and Ordered Choice","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F17-multinomial-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F17-multinomial-choice",{"title":644,"path":645,"stem":646},"Count Outcomes","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F18-count-outcomes","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F18-count-outcomes",{"title":648,"path":649,"stem":650},"Censoring, Truncation and Selection","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F19-censoring-selection","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F19-censoring-selection",{"title":652,"path":653,"stem":654,"children":655},"Module 5 — Modern Causal Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002Findex",[656,657,661,665,669],{"title":652,"path":653,"stem":654},{"title":658,"path":659,"stem":660},"Double Machine Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F20-dml","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F20-dml",{"title":662,"path":663,"stem":664},"Heterogeneity and Policy Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F21-heterogeneity-policy","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F21-heterogeneity-policy",{"title":666,"path":667,"stem":668},"Sensitivity and Partial Identification","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F22-sensitivity-partial-id","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F22-sensitivity-partial-id",{"title":670,"path":671,"stem":672},"External Validity and Transport","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F23-external-validity","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F23-external-validity",{"title":674,"path":675,"stem":676,"children":677},"Module 6 — From Data to Auditable Evidence","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002Findex",[678,679,683,687],{"title":674,"path":675,"stem":676},{"title":680,"path":681,"stem":682},"Data Provenance","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F24-data-provenance","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F24-data-provenance",{"title":684,"path":685,"stem":686},"Reproducibility and Reporting","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F25-reproducibility-reporting","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F25-reproducibility-reporting",{"title":688,"path":689,"stem":690},"Paper and Evidence Audit","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F26-paper-audit","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F26-paper-audit",{"title":692,"path":693,"stem":694,"children":695},"Appendix — Revision and Evidence Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[696,697,701,705],{"title":692,"path":693,"stem":694},{"title":698,"path":699,"stem":700},"Formula and Design Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F27-formula-design-map","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F27-formula-design-map",{"title":702,"path":703,"stem":704},"Ten Worked Microeconometric Pitfalls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F28-worked-pitfalls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F28-worked-pitfalls",{"title":706,"path":707,"stem":708},"Reading and Software Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F29-reading-software-map","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F29-reading-software-map",{"title":710,"path":711,"stem":712,"children":713},"Capstone — Should Northbridge Expand Pathways?","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[714],{"title":710,"path":711,"stem":712},{"title":716,"path":717,"stem":718,"children":719,"page":249},"Microeconomics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics",[720,726,732,738,744,750,756,762,768,774,780,786,792],{"title":721,"path":722,"stem":723,"children":724},"Advanced Microeconomics — Course Guide","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[725],{"title":721,"path":722,"stem":723},{"title":727,"path":728,"stem":729,"children":730},"Module 1 — Choice, Duality, and Revealed Preference","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F01-fundations","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F01-fundations\u002Findex",[731],{"title":727,"path":728,"stem":729},{"title":733,"path":734,"stem":735,"children":736},"Module 2 — Comparative Statics and Welfare Measurement","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F02-comparative-statics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F02-comparative-statics\u002Findex",[737],{"title":733,"path":734,"stem":735},{"title":739,"path":740,"stem":741,"children":742},"Module 3 — Choice under Risk and Insurance","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F03-uncertainty","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F03-uncertainty\u002Findex",[743],{"title":739,"path":740,"stem":741},{"title":745,"path":746,"stem":747,"children":748},"Module 4 — General Equilibrium and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F04-general-equilibrium","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F04-general-equilibrium\u002Findex",[749],{"title":745,"path":746,"stem":747},{"title":751,"path":752,"stem":753,"children":754},"Module 5 — Static, Dynamic, and Repeated Games","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F05-game-theory","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F05-game-theory\u002Findex",[755],{"title":751,"path":752,"stem":753},{"title":757,"path":758,"stem":759,"children":760},"Module 6 — Oligopoly, Entry, and Algorithmic Pricing","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F06-oligopoly","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F06-oligopoly\u002Findex",[761],{"title":757,"path":758,"stem":759},{"title":763,"path":764,"stem":765,"children":766},"Module 7 — Information Economics and Contracts","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F07-information-economics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F07-information-economics\u002Findex",[767],{"title":763,"path":764,"stem":765},{"title":769,"path":770,"stem":771,"children":772},"Module 8 — Mechanism Design and Auctions","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F08-mechanism-design","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F08-mechanism-design\u002Findex",[773],{"title":769,"path":770,"stem":771},{"title":775,"path":776,"stem":777,"children":778},"Module 9 — Behavioural and Experimental Microeconomics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F09-behavioural-economics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F09-behavioural-economics\u002Findex",[779],{"title":775,"path":776,"stem":777},{"title":781,"path":782,"stem":783,"children":784},"Module 10 — Externalities, Public Goods, and Collective Action","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F10-externalities-public-goods","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F10-externalities-public-goods\u002Findex",[785],{"title":781,"path":782,"stem":783},{"title":787,"path":788,"stem":789,"children":790},"Module 11 — Matching and Market Design","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F11-market-design","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F11-market-design\u002Findex",[791],{"title":787,"path":788,"stem":789},{"title":793,"path":794,"stem":795,"children":796},"Module 12 — Integrated Microeconomic Design Studio","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F12-review","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F12-review\u002Findex",[797],{"title":793,"path":794,"stem":795},{"title":799,"path":800,"stem":801,"children":802},"Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground","en\u002Fplayground\u002Findex",[803,804,808,812,816,820],{"title":799,"path":800,"stem":801},{"title":805,"path":806,"stem":807},"Typst Plugin Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F01-typstex","en\u002Fplayground\u002F01-typstex",{"title":809,"path":810,"stem":811},"Citation Plugin Test","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F02-citation","en\u002Fplayground\u002F02-citation",{"title":813,"path":814,"stem":815},"Pyodide Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F03-pyodide","en\u002Fplayground\u002F03-pyodide",{"title":817,"path":818,"stem":819},"WebR Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F04-webr","en\u002Fplayground\u002F04-webr",{"title":821,"path":822,"stem":823},"Chart.js 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文献综述的构建与写作","\u002Fzh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review","zh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review",{"title":1056,"path":1057,"stem":1058},"8. 文献综述清单与模板","\u002Fzh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template","zh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template",{"title":1060,"path":1061,"stem":1062},"10. 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,"\\beta",[1837,2541,2543],{"className":2542,"ariaHidden":1959},[1958],[1837,2544,2546,2549],{"className":2545},[1963],[1837,2547],{"className":2548,"style":2052},[1967],[1837,2550,1881],{"className":2551,"style":2056},[1972,1976],"：在控制这些成分后，",[1837,2554,2556,2569],{"className":2555},[1844],[1837,2557,2559],{"className":2558},[1848],[1850,2560,2561],{"xmlns":1852},[1855,2562,2563,2567],{},[1858,2564,2565],{},[1864,2566,1886],{},[1951,2568,1886],{"encoding":1953},[1837,2570,2572],{"className":2571,"ariaHidden":1959},[1958],[1837,2573,2575,2579],{"className":2574},[1963],[1837,2576],{"className":2577,"style":2578},[1967],"height:0.6833em;",[1837,2580,1886],{"className":2581,"style":2063},[1972,1976]," 的单位内变化与 ",[1837,2584,2586,2599],{"className":2585},[1844],[1837,2587,2589],{"className":2588},[1848],[1850,2590,2591],{"xmlns":1852},[1855,2592,2593,2597],{},[1858,2594,2595],{},[1864,2596,1866],{},[1951,2598,1866],{"encoding":1953},[1837,2600,2602],{"className":2601,"ariaHidden":1959},[1958],[1837,2603,2605,2608],{"className":2604},[1963],[1837,2606],{"className":2607,"style":2578},[1967],[1837,2609,1866],{"className":2610,"style":1977},[1972,1976]," 的变化关系。",[1796,2613,2614],{},"双向固定效应依赖的关键条件可写成严格外生性：",[1837,2616,2618],{"className":2617},[1840],[1837,2619,2621,2728],{"className":2620},[1844],[1837,2622,2624],{"className":2623},[1848],[1850,2625,2626],{"xmlns":1852,"display":1853},[1855,2627,2628,2725],{},[1858,2629,2630,2633,2637,2647,2650,2662,2665,2668,2670,2681,2683,2693,2695,2697,2699,2709,2711,2717,2720,2722],{},[1864,2631,2632],{},"E",[1876,2634,2636],{"stretchy":2635},"false","[",[1861,2638,2639,2641],{},[1864,2640,1940],{},[1858,2642,2643,2645],{},[1864,2644,1871],{},[1864,2646,1874],{},[1876,2648,2649],{},"∣",[1861,2651,2652,2654],{},[1864,2653,1886],{},[1858,2655,2656,2658],{},[1864,2657,1871],{},[2659,2660,2661],"mn",{},"1",[1876,2663,2664],{"separator":1959},",",[1876,2666,2667],{},"…",[1876,2669,2664],{"separator":1959},[1861,2671,2672,2674],{},[1864,2673,1886],{},[1858,2675,2676,2678],{},[1864,2677,1871],{},[1864,2679,2680],{},"T",[1876,2682,2664],{"separator":1959},[1861,2684,2685,2687],{},[1864,2686,1901],{},[1858,2688,2689,2691],{},[1864,2690,1871],{},[2659,2692,2661],{},[1876,2694,2664],{"separator":1959},[1876,2696,2667],{},[1876,2698,2664],{"separator":1959},[1861,2700,2701,2703],{},[1864,2702,1901],{},[1858,2704,2705,2707],{},[1864,2706,1871],{},[1864,2708,2680],{},[1876,2710,2664],{"separator":1959},[1861,2712,2713,2715],{},[1864,2714,1922],{},[1864,2716,1871],{},[1876,2718,2719],{"stretchy":2635},"]",[1876,2721,1878],{},[2659,2723,2724],{},"0.",[1951,2726,2727],{"encoding":1953},"E[\\varepsilon_{it}\\mid D_{i1},\\ldots,D_{iT},X_{i1},\\ldots,X_{iT},\\alpha_i]=0.",[1837,2729,2731,2801,3098],{"className":2730,"ariaHidden":1959},[1958],[1837,2732,2734,2738,2742,2746,2792,2795,2798],{"className":2733},[1963],[1837,2735],{"className":2736,"style":2737},[1967],"height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;",[1837,2739,2632],{"className":2740,"style":2741},[1972,1976],"margin-right:0.0576em;",[1837,2743,2636],{"className":2744},[2745],"mopen",[1837,2747,2749,2752],{"className":2748},[1972],[1837,2750,1940],{"className":2751},[1972,1976],[1837,2753,2755],{"className":2754},[1981],[1837,2756,2758,2784],{"className":2757},[1985,1986],[1837,2759,2761,2781],{"className":2760},[1990],[1837,2762,2764],{"className":2763,"style":1995},[1994],[1837,2765,2766,2769],{"style":2286},[1837,2767],{"className":2768,"style":2003},[2002],[1837,2770,2772],{"className":2771},[2007,2008,2009,2010],[1837,2773,2775,2778],{"className":2774},[1972,2010],[1837,2776,1871],{"className":2777},[1972,1976,2010],[1837,2779,1874],{"className":2780},[1972,1976,2010],[1837,2782,2024],{"className":2783},[2023],[1837,2785,2787],{"className":2786},[1990],[1837,2788,2790],{"className":2789,"style":2031},[1994],[1837,2791],{},[1837,2793],{"className":2794,"style":2038},[2037],[1837,2796,2649],{"className":2797},[2042],[1837,2799],{"className":2800,"style":2038},[2037],[1837,2802,2804,2807,2853,2857,2861,2865,2868,2871,2874,2922,2925,2928,2975,2978,2981,2984,2987,2990,2993,3039,3042,3045,3085,3089,3092,3095],{"className":2803},[1963],[1837,2805],{"className":2806,"style":2737},[1967],[1837,2808,2810,2813],{"className":2809},[1972],[1837,2811,1886],{"className":2812,"style":2063},[1972,1976],[1837,2814,2816],{"className":2815},[1981],[1837,2817,2819,2845],{"className":2818},[1985,1986],[1837,2820,2822,2842],{"className":2821},[1990],[1837,2823,2825],{"className":2824,"style":1995},[1994],[1837,2826,2827,2830],{"style":2078},[1837,2828],{"className":2829,"style":2003},[2002],[1837,2831,2833],{"className":2832},[2007,2008,2009,2010],[1837,2834,2836,2839],{"className":2835},[1972,2010],[1837,2837,1871],{"className":2838},[1972,1976,2010],[1837,2840,2661],{"className":2841},[1972,2010],[1837,2843,2024],{"className":2844},[2023],[1837,2846,2848],{"className":2847},[1990],[1837,2849,2851],{"className":2850,"style":2031},[1994],[1837,2852],{},[1837,2854,2664],{"className":2855},[2856],"mpunct",[1837,2858],{"className":2859,"style":2860},[2037],"margin-right:0.1667em;",[1837,2862,2667],{"className":2863},[2864],"minner",[1837,2866],{"className":2867,"style":2860},[2037],[1837,2869,2664],{"className":2870},[2856],[1837,2872],{"className":2873,"style":2860},[2037],[1837,2875,2877,2880],{"className":2876},[1972],[1837,2878,1886],{"className":2879,"style":2063},[1972,1976],[1837,2881,2883],{"className":2882},[1981],[1837,2884,2886,2914],{"className":2885},[1985,1986],[1837,2887,2889,2911],{"className":2888},[1990],[1837,2890,2893],{"className":2891,"style":2892},[1994],"height:0.3283em;",[1837,2894,2895,2898],{"style":2078},[1837,2896],{"className":2897,"style":2003},[2002],[1837,2899,2901],{"className":2900},[2007,2008,2009,2010],[1837,2902,2904,2907],{"className":2903},[1972,2010],[1837,2905,1871],{"className":2906},[1972,1976,2010],[1837,2908,2680],{"className":2909,"style":2910},[1972,1976,2010],"margin-right:0.1389em;",[1837,2912,2024],{"className":2913},[2023],[1837,2915,2917],{"className":2916},[1990],[1837,2918,2920],{"className":2919,"style":2031},[1994],[1837,2921],{},[1837,2923,2664],{"className":2924},[2856],[1837,2926],{"className":2927,"style":2860},[2037],[1837,2929,2931,2934],{"className":2930},[1972],[1837,2932,1901],{"className":2933,"style":2128},[1972,1976],[1837,2935,2937],{"className":2936},[1981],[1837,2938,2940,2967],{"className":2939},[1985,1986],[1837,2941,2943,2964],{"className":2942},[1990],[1837,2944,2946],{"className":2945,"style":1995},[1994],[1837,2947,2949,2952],{"style":2948},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0785em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1837,2950],{"className":2951,"style":2003},[2002],[1837,2953,2955],{"className":2954},[2007,2008,2009,2010],[1837,2956,2958,2961],{"className":2957},[1972,2010],[1837,2959,1871],{"className":2960},[1972,1976,2010],[1837,2962,2661],{"className":2963},[1972,2010],[1837,2965,2024],{"className":2966},[2023],[1837,2968,2970],{"className":2969},[1990],[1837,2971,2973],{"className":2972,"style":2031},[1994],[1837,2974],{},[1837,2976,2664],{"className":2977},[2856],[1837,2979],{"className":2980,"style":2860},[2037],[1837,2982,2667],{"className":2983},[2864],[1837,2985],{"className":2986,"style":2860},[2037],[1837,2988,2664],{"className":2989},[2856],[1837,2991],{"className":2992,"style":2860},[2037],[1837,2994,2996,2999],{"className":2995},[1972],[1837,2997,1901],{"className":2998,"style":2128},[1972,1976],[1837,3000,3002],{"className":3001},[1981],[1837,3003,3005,3031],{"className":3004},[1985,1986],[1837,3006,3008,3028],{"className":3007},[1990],[1837,3009,3011],{"className":3010,"style":2892},[1994],[1837,3012,3013,3016],{"style":2948},[1837,3014],{"className":3015,"style":2003},[2002],[1837,3017,3019],{"className":3018},[2007,2008,2009,2010],[1837,3020,3022,3025],{"className":3021},[1972,2010],[1837,3023,1871],{"className":3024},[1972,1976,2010],[1837,3026,2680],{"className":3027,"style":2910},[1972,1976,2010],[1837,3029,2024],{"className":3030},[2023],[1837,3032,3034],{"className":3033},[1990],[1837,3035,3037],{"className":3036,"style":2031},[1994],[1837,3038],{},[1837,3040,2664],{"className":3041},[2856],[1837,3043],{"className":3044,"style":2860},[2037],[1837,3046,3048,3051],{"className":3047},[1972],[1837,3049,1922],{"className":3050,"style":2213},[1972,1976],[1837,3052,3054],{"className":3053},[1981],[1837,3055,3057,3077],{"className":3056},[1985,1986],[1837,3058,3060,3074],{"className":3059},[1990],[1837,3061,3063],{"className":3062,"style":1995},[1994],[1837,3064,3065,3068],{"style":2228},[1837,3066],{"className":3067,"style":2003},[2002],[1837,3069,3071],{"className":3070},[2007,2008,2009,2010],[1837,3072,1871],{"className":3073},[1972,1976,2010],[1837,3075,2024],{"className":3076},[2023],[1837,3078,3080],{"className":3079},[1990],[1837,3081,3083],{"className":3082,"style":2031},[1994],[1837,3084],{},[1837,3086,2719],{"className":3087},[3088],"mclose",[1837,3090],{"className":3091,"style":2038},[2037],[1837,3093,1878],{"className":3094},[2042],[1837,3096],{"className":3097,"style":2038},[2037],[1837,3099,3101,3105],{"className":3100},[1963],[1837,3102],{"className":3103,"style":3104},[1967],"height:0.6444em;",[1837,3106,2724],{"className":3107},[1972],[1796,3109,3110],{},"它比“当期无相关”更强：当期冲击不能反过来影响未来处理。企业因本期生产率骤降而下期购买软件时，这一条件值得怀疑。",[1807,3112,3114],{"id":3113},"_2-组内变换做了什么","2. 组内变换做了什么",[1796,3116,3117],{},"只考虑单位固定效应时，从每个变量中减去单位均值：",[1837,3119,3121],{"className":3120},[1840],[1837,3122,3124,3258],{"className":3123},[1844],[1837,3125,3127],{"className":3126},[1848],[1850,3128,3129],{"xmlns":1852,"display":1853},[1855,3130,3131,3255],{},[1858,3132,3133,3143,3146,3158,3160,3162,3165,3175,3177,3187,3190,3192,3194,3204,3206,3216,3223,3225,3227,3229,3239,3241,3251,3253],{},[1861,3134,3135,3137],{},[1864,3136,1866],{},[1858,3138,3139,3141],{},[1864,3140,1871],{},[1864,3142,1874],{},[1876,3144,3145],{},"−",[1861,3147,3148,3156],{},[3149,3150,3151,3153],"mover",{"accent":1959},[1864,3152,1866],{},[1876,3154,3155],{},"ˉ",[1864,3157,1871],{},[1876,3159,1878],{},[1864,3161,1881],{},[1876,3163,3164],{"stretchy":2635},"(",[1861,3166,3167,3169],{},[1864,3168,1886],{},[1858,3170,3171,3173],{},[1864,3172,1871],{},[1864,3174,1874],{},[1876,3176,3145],{},[1861,3178,3179,3185],{},[3149,3180,3181,3183],{"accent":1959},[1864,3182,1886],{},[1876,3184,3155],{},[1864,3186,1871],{},[1876,3188,3189],{"stretchy":2635},")",[1876,3191,1895],{},[1876,3193,3164],{"stretchy":2635},[1861,3195,3196,3198],{},[1864,3197,1901],{},[1858,3199,3200,3202],{},[1864,3201,1871],{},[1864,3203,1874],{},[1876,3205,3145],{},[1861,3207,3208,3214],{},[3149,3209,3210,3212],{"accent":1959},[1864,3211,1901],{},[1876,3213,3155],{},[1864,3215,1871],{},[3217,3218,3219,3221],"msup",{},[1876,3220,3189],{"stretchy":2635},[1876,3222,1912],{"mathvariant":1910,"lspace":1911,"rspace":1911},[1864,3224,1915],{},[1876,3226,1895],{},[1876,3228,3164],{"stretchy":2635},[1861,3230,3231,3233],{},[1864,3232,1940],{},[1858,3234,3235,3237],{},[1864,3236,1871],{},[1864,3238,1874],{},[1876,3240,3145],{},[1861,3242,3243,3249],{},[3149,3244,3245,3247],{"accent":1959},[1864,3246,1940],{},[1876,3248,3155],{},[1864,3250,1871],{},[1876,3252,3189],{"stretchy":2635},[1864,3254,1949],{"mathvariant":1910},[1951,3256,3257],{"encoding":1953},"Y_{it}-\\bar Y_i\n=\\beta(D_{it}-\\bar D_i)\n+(X_{it}-\\bar X_i)'\\gamma\n+(\\varepsilon_{it}-\\bar\\varepsilon_i).",[1837,3259,3261,3322,3413,3480,3568,3632,3751,3815],{"className":3260,"ariaHidden":1959},[1958],[1837,3262,3264,3267,3313,3316,3319],{"className":3263},[1963],[1837,3265],{"className":3266,"style":1968},[1967],[1837,3268,3270,3273],{"className":3269},[1972],[1837,3271,1866],{"className":3272,"style":1977},[1972,1976],[1837,3274,3276],{"className":3275},[1981],[1837,3277,3279,3305],{"className":3278},[1985,1986],[1837,3280,3282,3302],{"className":3281},[1990],[1837,3283,3285],{"className":3284,"style":1995},[1994],[1837,3286,3287,3290],{"style":1998},[1837,3288],{"className":3289,"style":2003},[2002],[1837,3291,3293],{"className":3292},[2007,2008,2009,2010],[1837,3294,3296,3299],{"className":3295},[1972,2010],[1837,3297,1871],{"className":3298},[1972,1976,2010],[1837,3300,1874],{"className":3301},[1972,1976,2010],[1837,3303,2024],{"className":3304},[2023],[1837,3306,3308],{"className":3307},[1990],[1837,3309,3311],{"className":3310,"style":2031},[1994],[1837,3312],{},[1837,3314],{"className":3315,"style":1977},[2037],[1837,3317,3145],{"className":3318},[2111],[1837,3320],{"className":3321,"style":1977},[2037],[1837,3323,3325,3329,3404,3407,3410],{"className":3324},[1963],[1837,3326],{"className":3327,"style":3328},[1967],"height:0.9701em;vertical-align:-0.15em;",[1837,3330,3332,3370],{"className":3331},[1972],[1837,3333,3336],{"className":3334},[1972,3335],"accent",[1837,3337,3339],{"className":3338},[1985],[1837,3340,3342],{"className":3341},[1990],[1837,3343,3346,3356],{"className":3344,"style":3345},[1994],"height:0.8201em;",[1837,3347,3349,3353],{"style":3348},"top:-3em;",[1837,3350],{"className":3351,"style":3352},[2002],"height:3em;",[1837,3354,1866],{"className":3355,"style":1977},[1972,1976],[1837,3357,3359,3362],{"style":3358},"top:-3.2523em;",[1837,3360],{"className":3361,"style":3352},[2002],[1837,3363,3367],{"className":3364,"style":3366},[3365],"accent-body","left:-0.25em;",[1837,3368,3155],{"className":3369},[1972],[1837,3371,3373],{"className":3372},[1981],[1837,3374,3376,3396],{"className":3375},[1985,1986],[1837,3377,3379,3393],{"className":3378},[1990],[1837,3380,3382],{"className":3381,"style":1995},[1994],[1837,3383,3384,3387],{"style":1998},[1837,3385],{"className":3386,"style":2003},[2002],[1837,3388,3390],{"className":3389},[2007,2008,2009,2010],[1837,3391,1871],{"className":3392},[1972,1976,2010],[1837,3394,2024],{"className":3395},[2023],[1837,3397,3399],{"className":3398},[1990],[1837,3400,3402],{"className":3401,"style":2031},[1994],[1837,3403],{},[1837,3405],{"className":3406,"style":2038},[2037],[1837,3408,1878],{"className":3409},[2042],[1837,3411],{"className":3412,"style":2038},[2037],[1837,3414,3416,3419,3422,3425,3471,3474,3477],{"className":3415},[1963],[1837,3417],{"className":3418,"style":2737},[1967],[1837,3420,1881],{"className":3421,"style":2056},[1972,1976],[1837,3423,3164],{"className":3424},[2745],[1837,3426,3428,3431],{"className":3427},[1972],[1837,3429,1886],{"className":3430,"style":2063},[1972,1976],[1837,3432,3434],{"className":3433},[1981],[1837,3435,3437,3463],{"className":3436},[1985,1986],[1837,3438,3440,3460],{"className":3439},[1990],[1837,3441,3443],{"className":3442,"style":1995},[1994],[1837,3444,3445,3448],{"style":2078},[1837,3446],{"className":3447,"style":2003},[2002],[1837,3449,3451],{"className":3450},[2007,2008,2009,2010],[1837,3452,3454,3457],{"className":3453},[1972,2010],[1837,3455,1871],{"className":3456},[1972,1976,2010],[1837,3458,1874],{"className":3459},[1972,1976,2010],[1837,3461,2024],{"className":3462},[2023],[1837,3464,3466],{"className":3465},[1990],[1837,3467,3469],{"className":3468,"style":2031},[1994],[1837,3470],{},[1837,3472],{"className":3473,"style":1977},[2037],[1837,3475,3145],{"className":3476},[2111],[1837,3478],{"className":3479,"style":1977},[2037],[1837,3481,3483,3487,3556,3559,3562,3565],{"className":3482},[1963],[1837,3484],{"className":3485,"style":3486},[1967],"height:1.0701em;vertical-align:-0.25em;",[1837,3488,3490,3522],{"className":3489},[1972],[1837,3491,3493],{"className":3492},[1972,3335],[1837,3494,3496],{"className":3495},[1985],[1837,3497,3499],{"className":3498},[1990],[1837,3500,3502,3510],{"className":3501,"style":3345},[1994],[1837,3503,3504,3507],{"style":3348},[1837,3505],{"className":3506,"style":3352},[2002],[1837,3508,1886],{"className":3509,"style":2063},[1972,1976],[1837,3511,3512,3515],{"style":3358},[1837,3513],{"className":3514,"style":3352},[2002],[1837,3516,3519],{"className":3517,"style":3518},[3365],"left:-0.1944em;",[1837,3520,3155],{"className":3521},[1972],[1837,3523,3525],{"className":3524},[1981],[1837,3526,3528,3548],{"className":3527},[1985,1986],[1837,3529,3531,3545],{"className":3530},[1990],[1837,3532,3534],{"className":3533,"style":1995},[1994],[1837,3535,3536,3539],{"style":2078},[1837,3537],{"className":3538,"style":2003},[2002],[1837,3540,3542],{"className":3541},[2007,2008,2009,2010],[1837,3543,1871],{"className":3544},[1972,1976,2010],[1837,3546,2024],{"className":3547},[2023],[1837,3549,3551],{"className":3550},[1990],[1837,3552,3554],{"className":3553,"style":2031},[1994],[1837,3555],{},[1837,3557,3189],{"className":3558},[3088],[1837,3560],{"className":3561,"style":1977},[2037],[1837,3563,1895],{"className":3564},[2111],[1837,3566],{"className":3567,"style":1977},[2037],[1837,3569,3571,3574,3577,3623,3626,3629],{"className":3570},[1963],[1837,3572],{"className":3573,"style":2737},[1967],[1837,3575,3164],{"className":3576},[2745],[1837,3578,3580,3583],{"className":3579},[1972],[1837,3581,1901],{"className":3582,"style":2128},[1972,1976],[1837,3584,3586],{"className":3585},[1981],[1837,3587,3589,3615],{"className":3588},[1985,1986],[1837,3590,3592,3612],{"className":3591},[1990],[1837,3593,3595],{"className":3594,"style":1995},[1994],[1837,3596,3597,3600],{"style":2948},[1837,3598],{"className":3599,"style":2003},[2002],[1837,3601,3603],{"className":3602},[2007,2008,2009,2010],[1837,3604,3606,3609],{"className":3605},[1972,2010],[1837,3607,1871],{"className":3608},[1972,1976,2010],[1837,3610,1874],{"className":3611},[1972,1976,2010],[1837,3613,2024],{"className":3614},[2023],[1837,3616,3618],{"className":3617},[1990],[1837,3619,3621],{"className":3620,"style":2031},[1994],[1837,3622],{},[1837,3624],{"className":3625,"style":1977},[2037],[1837,3627,3145],{"className":3628},[2111],[1837,3630],{"className":3631,"style":1977},[2037],[1837,3633,3635,3638,3707,3739,3742,3745,3748],{"className":3634},[1963],[1837,3636],{"className":3637,"style":3486},[1967],[1837,3639,3641,3673],{"className":3640},[1972],[1837,3642,3644],{"className":3643},[1972,3335],[1837,3645,3647],{"className":3646},[1985],[1837,3648,3650],{"className":3649},[1990],[1837,3651,3653,3661],{"className":3652,"style":3345},[1994],[1837,3654,3655,3658],{"style":3348},[1837,3656],{"className":3657,"style":3352},[2002],[1837,3659,1901],{"className":3660,"style":2128},[1972,1976],[1837,3662,3663,3666],{"style":3358},[1837,3664],{"className":3665,"style":3352},[2002],[1837,3667,3670],{"className":3668,"style":3669},[3365],"left:-0.1667em;",[1837,3671,3155],{"className":3672},[1972],[1837,3674,3676],{"className":3675},[1981],[1837,3677,3679,3699],{"className":3678},[1985,1986],[1837,3680,3682,3696],{"className":3681},[1990],[1837,3683,3685],{"className":3684,"style":1995},[1994],[1837,3686,3687,3690],{"style":2948},[1837,3688],{"className":3689,"style":2003},[2002],[1837,3691,3693],{"className":3692},[2007,2008,2009,2010],[1837,3694,1871],{"className":3695},[1972,1976,2010],[1837,3697,2024],{"className":3698},[2023],[1837,3700,3702],{"className":3701},[1990],[1837,3703,3705],{"className":3704,"style":2031},[1994],[1837,3706],{},[1837,3708,3710,3713],{"className":3709},[3088],[1837,3711,3189],{"className":3712},[3088],[1837,3714,3716],{"className":3715},[1981],[1837,3717,3719],{"className":3718},[1985],[1837,3720,3722],{"className":3721},[1990],[1837,3723,3725],{"className":3724,"style":2141},[1994],[1837,3726,3727,3730],{"style":2162},[1837,3728],{"className":3729,"style":2003},[2002],[1837,3731,3733],{"className":3732},[2007,2008,2009,2010],[1837,3734,3736],{"className":3735},[1972,2010],[1837,3737,1912],{"className":3738},[1972,2010],[1837,3740,1915],{"className":3741,"style":2190},[1972,1976],[1837,3743],{"className":3744,"style":1977},[2037],[1837,3746,1895],{"className":3747},[2111],[1837,3749],{"className":3750,"style":1977},[2037],[1837,3752,3754,3757,3760,3806,3809,3812],{"className":3753},[1963],[1837,3755],{"className":3756,"style":2737},[1967],[1837,3758,3164],{"className":3759},[2745],[1837,3761,3763,3766],{"className":3762},[1972],[1837,3764,1940],{"className":3765},[1972,1976],[1837,3767,3769],{"className":3768},[1981],[1837,3770,3772,3798],{"className":3771},[1985,1986],[1837,3773,3775,3795],{"className":3774},[1990],[1837,3776,3778],{"className":3777,"style":1995},[1994],[1837,3779,3780,3783],{"style":2286},[1837,3781],{"className":3782,"style":2003},[2002],[1837,3784,3786],{"className":3785},[2007,2008,2009,2010],[1837,3787,3789,3792],{"className":3788},[1972,2010],[1837,3790,1871],{"className":3791},[1972,1976,2010],[1837,3793,1874],{"className":3794},[1972,1976,2010],[1837,3796,2024],{"className":3797},[2023],[1837,3799,3801],{"className":3800},[1990],[1837,3802,3804],{"className":3803,"style":2031},[1994],[1837,3805],{},[1837,3807],{"className":3808,"style":1977},[2037],[1837,3810,3145],{"className":3811},[2111],[1837,3813],{"className":3814,"style":1977},[2037],[1837,3816,3818,3821,3890,3893],{"className":3817},[1963],[1837,3819],{"className":3820,"style":2737},[1967],[1837,3822,3824,3856],{"className":3823},[1972],[1837,3825,3827],{"className":3826},[1972,3335],[1837,3828,3830],{"className":3829},[1985],[1837,3831,3833],{"className":3832},[1990],[1837,3834,3837,3845],{"className":3835,"style":3836},[1994],"height:0.5678em;",[1837,3838,3839,3842],{"style":3348},[1837,3840],{"className":3841,"style":3352},[2002],[1837,3843,1940],{"className":3844},[1972,1976],[1837,3846,3847,3850],{"style":3348},[1837,3848],{"className":3849,"style":3352},[2002],[1837,3851,3853],{"className":3852,"style":3669},[3365],[1837,3854,3155],{"className":3855},[1972],[1837,3857,3859],{"className":3858},[1981],[1837,3860,3862,3882],{"className":3861},[1985,1986],[1837,3863,3865,3879],{"className":3864},[1990],[1837,3866,3868],{"className":3867,"style":1995},[1994],[1837,3869,3870,3873],{"style":2286},[1837,3871],{"className":3872,"style":2003},[2002],[1837,3874,3876],{"className":3875},[2007,2008,2009,2010],[1837,3877,1871],{"className":3878},[1972,1976,2010],[1837,3880,2024],{"className":3881},[2023],[1837,3883,3885],{"className":3884},[1990],[1837,3886,3888],{"className":3887,"style":2031},[1994],[1837,3889],{},[1837,3891,3189],{"className":3892},[3088],[1837,3894,1949],{"className":3895},[1972],[1796,3897,3898,3967],{},[1837,3899,3901,3918],{"className":3900},[1844],[1837,3902,3904],{"className":3903},[1848],[1850,3905,3906],{"xmlns":1852},[1855,3907,3908,3916],{},[1858,3909,3910],{},[1861,3911,3912,3914],{},[1864,3913,1922],{},[1864,3915,1871],{},[1951,3917,2397],{"encoding":1953},[1837,3919,3921],{"className":3920,"ariaHidden":1959},[1958],[1837,3922,3924,3927],{"className":3923},[1963],[1837,3925],{"className":3926,"style":2322},[1967],[1837,3928,3930,3933],{"className":3929},[1972],[1837,3931,1922],{"className":3932,"style":2213},[1972,1976],[1837,3934,3936],{"className":3935},[1981],[1837,3937,3939,3959],{"className":3938},[1985,1986],[1837,3940,3942,3956],{"className":3941},[1990],[1837,3943,3945],{"className":3944,"style":1995},[1994],[1837,3946,3947,3950],{"style":2228},[1837,3948],{"className":3949,"style":2003},[2002],[1837,3951,3953],{"className":3952},[2007,2008,2009,2010],[1837,3954,1871],{"className":3955},[1972,1976,2010],[1837,3957,2024],{"className":3958},[2023],[1837,3960,3962],{"className":3961},[1990],[1837,3963,3965],{"className":3964,"style":2031},[1994],[1837,3966],{}," 被消除。因此：",[2373,3969,3970,4002,4005,4008],{},[1817,3971,3972,3973,4001],{},"从未改变处理状态的单位不直接识别 ",[1837,3974,3976,3989],{"className":3975},[1844],[1837,3977,3979],{"className":3978},[1848],[1850,3980,3981],{"xmlns":1852},[1855,3982,3983,3987],{},[1858,3984,3985],{},[1864,3986,1881],{},[1951,3988,2539],{"encoding":1953},[1837,3990,3992],{"className":3991,"ariaHidden":1959},[1958],[1837,3993,3995,3998],{"className":3994},[1963],[1837,3996],{"className":3997,"style":2052},[1967],[1837,3999,1881],{"className":4000,"style":2056},[1972,1976],"；",[1817,4003,4004],{},"性别、出生地等时间不变变量的主效应与单位 FE 共线；",[1817,4006,4007],{},"测量误差在去均值后可能更严重；",[1817,4009,4010],{},"时间变化的需求、政策预期和共同趋势仍需处理。",[1807,4012,4014],{"id":4013},"_3-fere-与一阶差分如何选","3. FE、RE 与一阶差分如何选",[4016,4017,4018,4037],"table",{},[4019,4020,4021],"thead",{},[4022,4023,4024,4028,4031,4034],"tr",{},[4025,4026,4027],"th",{},"方法",[4025,4029,4030],{},"使用的变化",[4025,4032,4033],{},"核心风险",[4025,4035,4036],{},"适合场景",[4038,4039,4040,4124,4138,4152,4166],"tbody",{},[4022,4041,4042,4046,4049,4121],{},[4043,4044,4045],"td",{},"pooled OLS",[4043,4047,4048],{},"单位间 + 单位内",[4043,4050,4051,4120],{},[1837,4052,4054,4071],{"className":4053},[1844],[1837,4055,4057],{"className":4056},[1848],[1850,4058,4059],{"xmlns":1852},[1855,4060,4061,4069],{},[1858,4062,4063],{},[1861,4064,4065,4067],{},[1864,4066,1922],{},[1864,4068,1871],{},[1951,4070,2397],{"encoding":1953},[1837,4072,4074],{"className":4073,"ariaHidden":1959},[1958],[1837,4075,4077,4080],{"className":4076},[1963],[1837,4078],{"className":4079,"style":2322},[1967],[1837,4081,4083,4086],{"className":4082},[1972],[1837,4084,1922],{"className":4085,"style":2213},[1972,1976],[1837,4087,4089],{"className":4088},[1981],[1837,4090,4092,4112],{"className":4091},[1985,1986],[1837,4093,4095,4109],{"className":4094},[1990],[1837,4096,4098],{"className":4097,"style":1995},[1994],[1837,4099,4100,4103],{"style":2228},[1837,4101],{"className":4102,"style":2003},[2002],[1837,4104,4106],{"className":4105},[2007,2008,2009,2010],[1837,4107,1871],{"className":4108},[1972,1976,2010],[1837,4110,2024],{"className":4111},[2023],[1837,4113,4115],{"className":4114},[1990],[1837,4116,4118],{"className":4117,"style":2031},[1994],[1837,4119],{}," 与处理相关",[4043,4122,4123],{},"纯描述或可交换性可信",[4022,4125,4126,4129,4132,4135],{},[4043,4127,4128],{},"单位 FE",[4043,4130,4131],{},"单位内",[4043,4133,4134],{},"时间变化混淆",[4043,4136,4137],{},"多期、单位特征稳定",[4022,4139,4140,4143,4146,4149],{},[4043,4141,4142],{},"双向 FE",[4043,4144,4145],{},"单位内且净化共同时间冲击",[4043,4147,4148],{},"异质趋势、交错处理",[4043,4150,4151],{},"非吸收式处理或效应同质性合理",[4022,4153,4154,4157,4160,4163],{},[4043,4155,4156],{},"一阶差分",[4043,4158,4159],{},"相邻期变化",[4043,4161,4162],{},"差分放大噪声、序列结构",[4043,4164,4165],{},"较短面板或冲击以变化表达",[4022,4167,4168,4171,4173,4176],{},[4043,4169,4170],{},"RE",[4043,4172,4048],{},[4043,4174,4175],{},"要求随机效应与解释变量不相关",[4043,4177,4178],{},"模型假设有强制度依据",[1796,4180,4181],{},"Hausman 检验不能替代研究设计：不拒绝 RE 只表示样本没有提供足够反证，不会证明零相关假设。",[1807,4183,4185],{"id":4184},"_4-可运行案例企业采用数字系统","4. 可运行案例：企业采用数字系统",[1796,4187,4188],{},"高质量企业更早采用系统，因此 pooled OLS 把企业质量混入系统效应。双向去均值同时移除企业质量与共同年份冲击。",[4190,4191],"pyodide",{"code64":4192,"layout":4193,"locale":7,"packages":4194,"title":4195},"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","vertical","numpy","Python：pooled OLS 与双向固定效应",[1796,4197,4198],{},"FE 接近真值，是因为模拟没有遗漏的时间变化混淆。若高质量企业同时在采用当年更换管理团队，FE 仍会把两者混在一起。",[1807,4200,4202],{"id":4201},"_5-推断为什么常按单位聚类","5. 推断：为什么常按单位聚类",[1796,4204,4205],{},"同一企业的误差通常跨期相关。把每个“企业—年份”当独立观测会夸大有效样本量。一般原则是：",[1814,4207,4208,4211,4214,4217],{},[1817,4209,4210],{},"先问处理在哪个层级分配；",[1817,4212,4213],{},"再问误差在哪个层级相关；",[1817,4215,4216],{},"聚类数很少时使用小样本修正、随机化推断或 wild cluster bootstrap；",[1817,4218,4219],{},"双向相关时考虑多维聚类。",[1796,4221,4222],{},"聚类标准误只修正推断，不会修复共同冲击、反向因果或处理前趋势。",[1807,4224,4226],{"id":4225},"_6-动态面板与滞后结果","6. 动态面板与滞后结果",[1796,4228,4229,4230,4327],{},"若模型含 ",[1837,4231,4233,4261],{"className":4232},[1844],[1837,4234,4236],{"className":4235},[1848],[1850,4237,4238],{"xmlns":1852},[1855,4239,4240,4258],{},[1858,4241,4242],{},[1861,4243,4244,4246],{},[1864,4245,1866],{},[1858,4247,4248,4250,4252,4254,4256],{},[1864,4249,1871],{},[1876,4251,2664],{"separator":1959},[1864,4253,1874],{},[1876,4255,3145],{},[2659,4257,2661],{},[1951,4259,4260],{"encoding":1953},"Y_{i,t-1}",[1837,4262,4264],{"className":4263,"ariaHidden":1959},[1958],[1837,4265,4267,4271],{"className":4266},[1963],[1837,4268],{"className":4269,"style":4270},[1967],"height:0.9694em;vertical-align:-0.2861em;",[1837,4272,4274,4277],{"className":4273},[1972],[1837,4275,1866],{"className":4276,"style":1977},[1972,1976],[1837,4278,4280],{"className":4279},[1981],[1837,4281,4283,4318],{"className":4282},[1985,1986],[1837,4284,4286,4315],{"className":4285},[1990],[1837,4287,4289],{"className":4288,"style":1995},[1994],[1837,4290,4291,4294],{"style":1998},[1837,4292],{"className":4293,"style":2003},[2002],[1837,4295,4297],{"className":4296},[2007,2008,2009,2010],[1837,4298,4300,4303,4306,4309,4312],{"className":4299},[1972,2010],[1837,4301,1871],{"className":4302},[1972,1976,2010],[1837,4304,2664],{"className":4305},[2856,2010],[1837,4307,1874],{"className":4308},[1972,1976,2010],[1837,4310,3145],{"className":4311},[2111,2010],[1837,4313,2661],{"className":4314},[1972,2010],[1837,4316,2024],{"className":4317},[2023],[1837,4319,4321],{"className":4320},[1990],[1837,4322,4325],{"className":4323,"style":4324},[1994],"height:0.2861em;",[1837,4326],{},"：",[1837,4329,4331],{"className":4330},[1840],[1837,4332,4334,4413],{"className":4333},[1844],[1837,4335,4337],{"className":4336},[1848],[1850,4338,4339],{"xmlns":1852,"display":1853},[1855,4340,4341,4410],{},[1858,4342,4343,4353,4355,4358,4374,4376,4378,4388,4390,4396,4398,4408],{},[1861,4344,4345,4347],{},[1864,4346,1866],{},[1858,4348,4349,4351],{},[1864,4350,1871],{},[1864,4352,1874],{},[1876,4354,1878],{},[1864,4356,4357],{},"ρ",[1861,4359,4360,4362],{},[1864,4361,1866],{},[1858,4363,4364,4366,4368,4370,4372],{},[1864,4365,1871],{},[1876,4367,2664],{"separator":1959},[1864,4369,1874],{},[1876,4371,3145],{},[2659,4373,2661],{},[1876,4375,1895],{},[1864,4377,1881],{},[1861,4379,4380,4382],{},[1864,4381,1886],{},[1858,4383,4384,4386],{},[1864,4385,1871],{},[1864,4387,1874],{},[1876,4389,1895],{},[1861,4391,4392,4394],{},[1864,4393,1922],{},[1864,4395,1871],{},[1876,4397,1895],{},[1861,4399,4400,4402],{},[1864,4401,1940],{},[1858,4403,4404,4406],{},[1864,4405,1871],{},[1864,4407,1874],{},[1876,4409,2664],{"separator":1959},[1951,4411,4412],{"encoding":1953},"Y_{it}=\\rho Y_{i,t-1}+\\beta D_{it}+\\alpha_i+\\varepsilon_{it},",[1837,4414,4416,4477,4550,4614,4669],{"className":4415,"ariaHidden":1959},[1958],[1837,4417,4419,4422,4468,4471,4474],{"className":4418},[1963],[1837,4420],{"className":4421,"style":1968},[1967],[1837,4423,4425,4428],{"className":4424},[1972],[1837,4426,1866],{"className":4427,"style":1977},[1972,1976],[1837,4429,4431],{"className":4430},[1981],[1837,4432,4434,4460],{"className":4433},[1985,1986],[1837,4435,4437,4457],{"className":4436},[1990],[1837,4438,4440],{"className":4439,"style":1995},[1994],[1837,4441,4442,4445],{"style":1998},[1837,4443],{"className":4444,"style":2003},[2002],[1837,4446,4448],{"className":4447},[2007,2008,2009,2010],[1837,4449,4451,4454],{"className":4450},[1972,2010],[1837,4452,1871],{"className":4453},[1972,1976,2010],[1837,4455,1874],{"className":4456},[1972,1976,2010],[1837,4458,2024],{"className":4459},[2023],[1837,4461,4463],{"className":4462},[1990],[1837,4464,4466],{"className":4465,"style":2031},[1994],[1837,4467],{},[1837,4469],{"className":4470,"style":2038},[2037],[1837,4472,1878],{"className":4473},[2042],[1837,4475],{"className":4476,"style":2038},[2037],[1837,4478,4480,4483,4486,4541,4544,4547],{"className":4479},[1963],[1837,4481],{"className":4482,"style":4270},[1967],[1837,4484,4357],{"className":4485},[1972,1976],[1837,4487,4489,4492],{"className":4488},[1972],[1837,4490,1866],{"className":4491,"style":1977},[1972,1976],[1837,4493,4495],{"className":4494},[1981],[1837,4496,4498,4533],{"className":4497},[1985,1986],[1837,4499,4501,4530],{"className":4500},[1990],[1837,4502,4504],{"className":4503,"style":1995},[1994],[1837,4505,4506,4509],{"style":1998},[1837,4507],{"className":4508,"style":2003},[2002],[1837,4510,4512],{"className":4511},[2007,2008,2009,2010],[1837,4513,4515,4518,4521,4524,4527],{"className":4514},[1972,2010],[1837,4516,1871],{"className":4517},[1972,1976,2010],[1837,4519,2664],{"className":4520},[2856,2010],[1837,4522,1874],{"className":4523},[1972,1976,2010],[1837,4525,3145],{"className":4526},[2111,2010],[1837,4528,2661],{"className":4529},[1972,2010],[1837,4531,2024],{"className":4532},[2023],[1837,4534,4536],{"className":4535},[1990],[1837,4537,4539],{"className":4538,"style":4324},[1994],[1837,4540],{},[1837,4542],{"className":4543,"style":1977},[2037],[1837,4545,1895],{"className":4546},[2111],[1837,4548],{"className":4549,"style":1977},[2037],[1837,4551,4553,4556,4559,4605,4608,4611],{"className":4552},[1963],[1837,4554],{"className":4555,"style":2052},[1967],[1837,4557,1881],{"className":4558,"style":2056},[1972,1976],[1837,4560,4562,4565],{"className":4561},[1972],[1837,4563,1886],{"className":4564,"style":2063},[1972,1976],[1837,4566,4568],{"className":4567},[1981],[1837,4569,4571,4597],{"className":4570},[1985,1986],[1837,4572,4574,4594],{"className":4573},[1990],[1837,4575,4577],{"className":4576,"style":1995},[1994],[1837,4578,4579,4582],{"style":2078},[1837,4580],{"className":4581,"style":2003},[2002],[1837,4583,4585],{"className":4584},[2007,2008,2009,2010],[1837,4586,4588,4591],{"className":4587},[1972,2010],[1837,4589,1871],{"className":4590},[1972,1976,2010],[1837,4592,1874],{"className":4593},[1972,1976,2010],[1837,4595,2024],{"className":4596},[2023],[1837,4598,4600],{"className":4599},[1990],[1837,4601,4603],{"className":4602,"style":2031},[1994],[1837,4604],{},[1837,4606],{"className":4607,"style":1977},[2037],[1837,4609,1895],{"className":4610},[2111],[1837,4612],{"className":4613,"style":1977},[2037],[1837,4615,4617,4620,4660,4663,4666],{"className":4616},[1963],[1837,4618],{"className":4619,"style":2206},[1967],[1837,4621,4623,4626],{"className":4622},[1972],[1837,4624,1922],{"className":4625,"style":2213},[1972,1976],[1837,4627,4629],{"className":4628},[1981],[1837,4630,4632,4652],{"className":4631},[1985,1986],[1837,4633,4635,4649],{"className":4634},[1990],[1837,4636,4638],{"className":4637,"style":1995},[1994],[1837,4639,4640,4643],{"style":2228},[1837,4641],{"className":4642,"style":2003},[2002],[1837,4644,4646],{"className":4645},[2007,2008,2009,2010],[1837,4647,1871],{"className":4648},[1972,1976,2010],[1837,4650,2024],{"className":4651},[2023],[1837,4653,4655],{"className":4654},[1990],[1837,4656,4658],{"className":4657,"style":2031},[1994],[1837,4659],{},[1837,4661],{"className":4662,"style":1977},[2037],[1837,4664,1895],{"className":4665},[2111],[1837,4667],{"className":4668,"style":1977},[2037],[1837,4670,4672,4676,4722],{"className":4671},[1963],[1837,4673],{"className":4674,"style":4675},[1967],"height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[1837,4677,4679,4682],{"className":4678},[1972],[1837,4680,1940],{"className":4681},[1972,1976],[1837,4683,4685],{"className":4684},[1981],[1837,4686,4688,4714],{"className":4687},[1985,1986],[1837,4689,4691,4711],{"className":4690},[1990],[1837,4692,4694],{"className":4693,"style":1995},[1994],[1837,4695,4696,4699],{"style":2286},[1837,4697],{"className":4698,"style":2003},[2002],[1837,4700,4702],{"className":4701},[2007,2008,2009,2010],[1837,4703,4705,4708],{"className":4704},[1972,2010],[1837,4706,1871],{"className":4707},[1972,1976,2010],[1837,4709,1874],{"className":4710},[1972,1976,2010],[1837,4712,2024],{"className":4713},[2023],[1837,4715,4717],{"className":4716},[1990],[1837,4718,4720],{"className":4719,"style":2031},[1994],[1837,4721],{},[1837,4723,2664],{"className":4724},[2856],[1796,4726,4727,4728,4756],{},"去均值后的滞后结果与去均值误差机械相关，短面板中产生 Nickell 偏误。增加单位数不能消除固定 ",[1837,4729,4731,4744],{"className":4730},[1844],[1837,4732,4734],{"className":4733},[1848],[1850,4735,4736],{"xmlns":1852},[1855,4737,4738,4742],{},[1858,4739,4740],{},[1864,4741,2680],{},[1951,4743,2680],{"encoding":1953},[1837,4745,4747],{"className":4746,"ariaHidden":1959},[1958],[1837,4748,4750,4753],{"className":4749},[1963],[1837,4751],{"className":4752,"style":2578},[1967],[1837,4754,2680],{"className":4755,"style":2910},[1972,1976]," 下的偏误；需根据数据结构考虑差分 GMM、系统 GMM 或更透明的动态设计，并审查工具膨胀。",[1807,4758,4760],{"id":4759},"_7-诊断清单","7. 诊断清单",[2373,4762,4763,4766,4769,4772,4775,4778,4781],{},[1817,4764,4765],{},"每个单位有多少期？是否为不平衡面板？",[1817,4767,4768],{},"处理有多少单位内变化？变化是否集中在少数单位？",[1817,4770,4771],{},"处理前结果是否预测未来处理？",[1817,4773,4774],{},"是否存在单位特定趋势或同步政策？",[1817,4776,4777],{},"流失是否与过去结果、处理相关？",[1817,4779,4780],{},"标准误是否按真实分配层级聚类？",[1817,4782,4783],{},"吸收式且交错采用的处理是否应转入现代 DID 估计？",[1807,4785,4786],{"id":4786},"课堂任务",[1796,4788,4789],{},"研究“远程办公制度对员工离职率”的企业面板：",[1814,4791,4792,4795,4798,4801,4804],{},[1817,4793,4794],{},"写出一个时间不变混淆和一个时间变化混淆；",[1817,4796,4797],{},"解释员工 FE 与企业 FE 分别比较什么；",[1817,4799,4800],{},"判断员工跳槽造成的样本构成变化；",[1817,4802,4803],{},"设计一个处理前预测检验；",[1817,4805,4806],{},"说明聚类应放在哪个层级。",[1807,4808,4809],{"id":4809},"核心阅读",[2373,4811,4812,4826,4834],{},[1817,4813,4814,4815,4825],{},"Wooldridge, ",[4816,4817,4821],"a",{"href":4818,"rel":4819},"https:\u002F\u002Fmitpress.mit.edu\u002F9780262232586\u002Feconometric-analysis-of-cross-section-and-panel-data\u002F",[4820],"nofollow",[4822,4823,4824],"em",{},"Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data","。",[1817,4827,4828,4829,4825],{},"Arellano (1987), ",[4816,4830,4833],{"href":4831,"rel":4832},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1468-0262.1987.tb00232.x",[4820],"“Computing Robust Standard Errors for Within-Groups Estimators”",[1817,4835,4836,4837,4825],{},"Petersen (2009), ",[4816,4838,4841],{"href":4839,"rel":4840},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1093\u002Frfs\u002Fhhn053",[4820],"“Estimating Standard Errors in Finance Panel Data 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