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Search, Evaluate, and Read Evidence","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F02-reading-and-literature-matrix","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F02-reading-and-literature-matrix",{"title":27,"path":28,"stem":29},"3. From Sources to Synthesis and Argument","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F03-arguments-outlines-and-paragraphs","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F03-arguments-outlines-and-paragraphs",{"title":31,"path":32,"stem":33},"4. Literature Review and a Defensible Gap","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review",{"title":35,"path":36,"stem":37},"5. Research Design, Evidence, and Core Sections","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F05-core-sections-and-evidence","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F05-core-sections-and-evidence",{"title":39,"path":40,"stem":41},"6. Citation, Paraphrasing, Integrity, and AI","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F06-citation-paraphrasing-and-integrity","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F06-citation-paraphrasing-and-integrity",{"title":43,"path":44,"stem":45},"7. Revision, Review, and Submission","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F07-revision-style-and-submission","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F07-revision-style-and-submission",{"title":47,"path":48,"stem":49},"8. Research Workbook","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template",{"title":51,"path":52,"stem":53},"9. Research Workflow and Tools","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F09-tools-for-academic-writing-and-literature-management","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F09-tools-for-academic-writing-and-literature-management",{"title":55,"path":56,"stem":57},"10. Worked Project — From Question to Defensible Conclusion","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F10-worked-example-from-block-structure-to-question-chain","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F10-worked-example-from-block-structure-to-question-chain",{"title":59,"path":60,"stem":61,"children":62,"page":249},"Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting","en\u002Faccounting",[63,69,87,93,193],{"title":64,"path":65,"stem":66,"children":67},"Accounting — From Evidence to Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002F00-index","en\u002Faccounting\u002F00-index",[68],{"title":64,"path":65,"stem":66},{"title":70,"path":71,"stem":72,"children":73},"Accounting Appendix","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[74,75,79,83],{"title":70,"path":71,"stem":72},{"title":76,"path":77,"stem":78},"Worked Examples and Error Diagnosis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F24-examples-pitfalls","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F24-examples-pitfalls",{"title":80,"path":81,"stem":82},"Accounting Glossary","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F26-glossary","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F26-glossary",{"title":84,"path":85,"stem":86},"Reading and Evidence Map","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F27-reading-map","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F27-reading-map",{"title":88,"path":89,"stem":90,"children":91},"Northstar Record-to-Decision Capstone","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[92],{"title":88,"path":89,"stem":90},{"title":94,"path":95,"stem":96,"children":97},"Financial Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002Findex",[98,99,117,131,165,179],{"title":94,"path":95,"stem":96},{"title":100,"path":101,"stem":102,"children":103},"1. Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002Findex",[104,105,109,113],{"title":100,"path":101,"stem":102},{"title":106,"path":107,"stem":108},"Objectives and Qualitative Characteristics","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F01-objectives-qualitative-characteristics","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F01-objectives-qualitative-characteristics",{"title":110,"path":111,"stem":112},"Equation and Elements","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F02-equation-elements","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F02-equation-elements",{"title":114,"path":115,"stem":116},"Accrual Basis, Estimates and Periods","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F03-accounting-bases-principles","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F03-accounting-bases-principles",{"title":118,"path":119,"stem":120,"children":121},"2. Recording Transactions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002Findex",[122,123,127],{"title":118,"path":119,"stem":120},{"title":124,"path":125,"stem":126},"Double-Entry and Debit\u002FCredit","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F04-double-entry-dr-cr","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F04-double-entry-dr-cr",{"title":128,"path":129,"stem":130},"Accounting Cycle","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F05-accounting-cycle","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F05-accounting-cycle",{"title":132,"path":133,"stem":134,"children":135},"3. Measurement and Adjustments","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002Findex",[136,137,141,145,149,153,157,161],{"title":132,"path":133,"stem":134},{"title":138,"path":139,"stem":140},"Revenue Recognition","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F07-revenue-recognition","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F07-revenue-recognition",{"title":142,"path":143,"stem":144},"Inventory","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F08-inventory","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F08-inventory",{"title":146,"path":147,"stem":148},"Receivables and Expected Credit Losses","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F09-receivables","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F09-receivables",{"title":150,"path":151,"stem":152},"Property, Plant and Equipment","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F10-ppe","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F10-ppe",{"title":154,"path":155,"stem":156},"Intangible Assets","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F11-intangibles","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F11-intangibles",{"title":158,"path":159,"stem":160},"Leases","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F12-leases","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F12-leases",{"title":162,"path":163,"stem":164},"Current and Deferred Income Tax","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F13-income-tax","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F13-income-tax",{"title":166,"path":167,"stem":168,"children":169},"4. Reporting and Cash","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002Findex",[170,171,175],{"title":166,"path":167,"stem":168},{"title":172,"path":173,"stem":174},"Linked Financial Statements","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F06-financial-statements","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F06-financial-statements",{"title":176,"path":177,"stem":178},"Cash, Reconciliation and Internal Control","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F14-cash-control","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F14-cash-control",{"title":180,"path":181,"stem":182,"children":183},"5. Analysis and Comparison","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002Findex",[184,185,189],{"title":180,"path":181,"stem":182},{"title":186,"path":187,"stem":188},"Ratio Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F15-ratio-analysis","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F15-ratio-analysis",{"title":190,"path":191,"stem":192},"IFRS versus US GAAP","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F25-ifrs-gaap","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F25-ifrs-gaap",{"title":194,"path":195,"stem":196,"children":197},"Management Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002Findex",[198,199,217,235],{"title":194,"path":195,"stem":196},{"title":200,"path":201,"stem":202,"children":203},"1. Cost Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002Findex",[204,205,209,213],{"title":200,"path":201,"stem":202},{"title":206,"path":207,"stem":208},"Cost Concepts and Behaviour","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F16-cost-concepts","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F16-cost-concepts",{"title":210,"path":211,"stem":212},"Costing Systems","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F17-costing-systems","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F17-costing-systems",{"title":214,"path":215,"stem":216},"Variable and Absorption Costing","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F19-variable-vs-absorption","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F19-variable-vs-absorption",{"title":218,"path":219,"stem":220,"children":221},"2. Planning and Control","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002Findex",[222,223,227,231],{"title":218,"path":219,"stem":220},{"title":224,"path":225,"stem":226},"Cost–Volume–Profit Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F18-cvp-analysis","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F18-cvp-analysis",{"title":228,"path":229,"stem":230},"Budgeting and Variance Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F20-budgeting-variances","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F20-budgeting-variances",{"title":232,"path":233,"stem":234},"Performance Measurement","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F21-performance-measurement","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F21-performance-measurement",{"title":236,"path":237,"stem":238,"children":239},"3. Decisions and Investment","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002Findex",[240,241,245],{"title":236,"path":237,"stem":238},{"title":242,"path":243,"stem":244},"Short-Term Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F22-short-term-decisions","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F22-short-term-decisions",{"title":246,"path":247,"stem":248},"Capital Budgeting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F23-capital-budgeting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F23-capital-budgeting",false,{"title":251,"path":252,"stem":253,"children":254,"page":249},"Business Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics",[255,261,279,305,335,365,383,400],{"title":256,"path":257,"stem":258,"children":259},"Business Analytics — From Data to Defensible Action","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-index","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-index",[260],{"title":256,"path":257,"stem":258},{"title":262,"path":263,"stem":264,"children":265},"0. Decision and Data Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[266,267,271,275],{"title":262,"path":263,"stem":264},{"title":268,"path":269,"stem":270},"Decision Framing","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F01-decision-framing","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F01-decision-framing",{"title":272,"path":273,"stem":274},"Data Contracts","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F02-data-contracts","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F02-data-contracts",{"title":276,"path":277,"stem":278},"Reproducible Analytics Workflow","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F03-reproducible-workflow","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F03-reproducible-workflow",{"title":280,"path":281,"stem":282,"children":283},"1. Descriptive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002Findex",[284,285,289,293,297,301],{"title":280,"path":281,"stem":282},{"title":286,"path":287,"stem":288},"Distributions and Exploratory Data Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F04-distributions-eda","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F04-distributions-eda",{"title":290,"path":291,"stem":292},"KPIs and Denominators","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F05-kpis-denominators","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F05-kpis-denominators",{"title":294,"path":295,"stem":296},"Segments, Cohorts and Funnels","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F06-segmentation-cohorts-funnels","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F06-segmentation-cohorts-funnels",{"title":298,"path":299,"stem":300},"Visual Evidence and Data Stories","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F07-visualisation-story","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F07-visualisation-story",{"title":302,"path":303,"stem":304},"Experiments and Causal Boundaries","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F08-experiments-causal-boundary","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F08-experiments-causal-boundary",{"title":306,"path":307,"stem":308,"children":309},"2. Predictive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002Findex",[310,311,315,319,323,327,331],{"title":306,"path":307,"stem":308},{"title":312,"path":313,"stem":314},"Validation, Baselines and Leakage","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F09-validation-leakage","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F09-validation-leakage",{"title":316,"path":317,"stem":318},"Regression and Forecasting","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F10-regression-forecasting","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F10-regression-forecasting",{"title":320,"path":321,"stem":322},"Classification and Calibration","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F11-classification-calibration","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F11-classification-calibration",{"title":324,"path":325,"stem":326},"Trees and Ensembles","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F12-trees-ensembles","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F12-trees-ensembles",{"title":328,"path":329,"stem":330},"Decision Metrics and Thresholds","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F13-decision-metrics-thresholds","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F13-decision-metrics-thresholds",{"title":332,"path":333,"stem":334},"Explainability, Monitoring and Drift","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F14-explainability-drift","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F14-explainability-drift",{"title":336,"path":337,"stem":338,"children":339},"3. Prescriptive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002Findex",[340,341,345,349,353,357,361],{"title":336,"path":337,"stem":338},{"title":342,"path":343,"stem":344},"Decision-Making under Uncertainty","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F15-decision-uncertainty","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F15-decision-uncertainty",{"title":346,"path":347,"stem":348},"Linear Optimisation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F16-linear-optimization","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F16-linear-optimization",{"title":350,"path":351,"stem":352},"Inventory and Allocation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F17-inventory-allocation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F17-inventory-allocation",{"title":354,"path":355,"stem":356},"Queueing and Simulation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F18-queueing-simulation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F18-queueing-simulation",{"title":358,"path":359,"stem":360},"Pricing and Revenue Management","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F19-pricing-experimentation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F19-pricing-experimentation",{"title":362,"path":363,"stem":364},"Causal Targeting and Policy Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F20-causal-targeting","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F20-causal-targeting",{"title":366,"path":367,"stem":368,"children":369},"4. Deployment and Governance","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002Findex",[370,371,375,379],{"title":366,"path":367,"stem":368},{"title":372,"path":373,"stem":374},"Data Products and Monitoring","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F21-data-products-monitoring","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F21-data-products-monitoring",{"title":376,"path":377,"stem":378},"Governance, Fairness and Privacy","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F22-governance-fairness-privacy","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F22-governance-fairness-privacy",{"title":380,"path":381,"stem":382},"Adoption and Business Value","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F23-adoption-value","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F23-adoption-value",{"title":384,"path":385,"stem":386,"children":387},"Appendix and Revision Tools","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[388,389,393,397],{"title":384,"path":385,"stem":386},{"title":390,"path":391,"stem":392},"Formula and Decision Map","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F24-formula-map","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F24-formula-map",{"title":394,"path":395,"stem":396},"Worked Examples and Pitfalls","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F25-worked-examples-pitfalls","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F25-worked-examples-pitfalls",{"title":84,"path":398,"stem":399},"\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F26-reading-map","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F26-reading-map",{"title":401,"path":402,"stem":403,"children":404},"Capstone — The Evening Delivery Promise","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[405],{"title":401,"path":402,"stem":403},{"title":407,"path":408,"stem":409,"children":410,"page":249},"Financial Economic Time Series","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series",[411,417,423,429,435,441,447,453,459,465,471],{"title":412,"path":413,"stem":414,"children":415},"Financial and Economic Time Series — Course Guide","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F00-intro","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[416],{"title":412,"path":413,"stem":414},{"title":418,"path":419,"stem":420,"children":421},"Three Versions of Time Series","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F01-bridge","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F01-bridge\u002Findex",[422],{"title":418,"path":419,"stem":420},{"title":424,"path":425,"stem":426,"children":427},"Data, Clocks, and Transformations","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F02-data-transformations","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F02-data-transformations\u002Findex",[428],{"title":424,"path":425,"stem":426},{"title":430,"path":431,"stem":432,"children":433},"Predictive Regressions and Persistent Predictors","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F03-predictive-regressions","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F03-predictive-regressions\u002Findex",[434],{"title":430,"path":431,"stem":432},{"title":436,"path":437,"stem":438,"children":439},"Volatility, Tails, and Financial Risk","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F04-volatility-risk","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F04-volatility-risk\u002Findex",[440],{"title":436,"path":437,"stem":438},{"title":442,"path":443,"stem":444,"children":445},"Unit Roots, Cointegration, and Error Correction","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F05-unit-roots-cointegration","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F05-unit-roots-cointegration\u002Findex",[446],{"title":442,"path":443,"stem":444},{"title":448,"path":449,"stem":450,"children":451},"VAR, Structural Identification, and Local Projections","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F06-var-identification","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F06-var-identification\u002Findex",[452],{"title":448,"path":449,"stem":450},{"title":454,"path":455,"stem":456,"children":457},"State Space, Mixed Frequency, and Nowcasting","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F07-state-space-nowcasting","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F07-state-space-nowcasting\u002Findex",[458],{"title":454,"path":455,"stem":456},{"title":460,"path":461,"stem":462,"children":463},"Forecast Evaluation for Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F08-forecast-evaluation","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F08-forecast-evaluation\u002Findex",[464],{"title":460,"path":461,"stem":462},{"title":466,"path":467,"stem":468,"children":469},"Integrated R Laboratory","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F09-r-laboratory","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F09-r-laboratory\u002Findex",[470],{"title":466,"path":467,"stem":468},{"title":472,"path":473,"stem":474,"children":475},"Capstones, Data, and Reading Ladder","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F10-capstone-readings","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F10-capstone-readings\u002Findex",[476],{"title":472,"path":473,"stem":474},{"title":478,"path":479,"stem":480,"children":481,"page":249},"Intro To Economics","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics","en\u002Fintro-to-economics",[482,486,490,494,498,502,506,510,514,518,522,526,530],{"title":483,"path":484,"stem":485},"Introduction to Economics — Decisions, Markets, and the Macroeconomy","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F00-intro",{"title":487,"path":488,"stem":489},"Chapter 1 — Choice, Opportunity Cost, and Trade","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F01-foundations","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F01-foundations",{"title":491,"path":492,"stem":493},"Chapter 2 — Demand, Supply, Equilibrium, and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F02-demand-and-supply","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F02-demand-and-supply",{"title":495,"path":496,"stem":497},"Chapter 3 — Elasticity, Revenue, and Tax Incidence","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F03-elasticity","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F03-elasticity",{"title":499,"path":500,"stem":501},"Chapter 4 — Firms, Market Power, and Market Failure","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F04-market-structures","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F04-market-structures",{"title":503,"path":504,"stem":505},"Chapter 5 — GDP, Income, Wealth, and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F05-gdp-and-wealth","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F05-gdp-and-wealth",{"title":507,"path":508,"stem":509},"Chapter 6 — Inflation, Purchasing Power, and Labour Markets","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F06-inflation-and-unemployment","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F06-inflation-and-unemployment",{"title":511,"path":512,"stem":513},"Chapter 7 — Productivity, Technology, and Economic Growth","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F07-economic-growth","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F07-economic-growth",{"title":515,"path":516,"stem":517},"Chapter 8 — Money, Credit, and Banking","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F08-money-and-banking","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F08-money-and-banking",{"title":519,"path":520,"stem":521},"Chapter 9 — Business Cycles, AD–AS, and Monetary Policy","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F09-monetary-policy-and-ad-as","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F09-monetary-policy-and-ad-as",{"title":523,"path":524,"stem":525},"Chapter 10 — Fiscal Policy, Distribution, and Public Debt","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F10-fiscal-policy","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F10-fiscal-policy",{"title":527,"path":528,"stem":529},"Chapter 11 — Trade, Capital Flows, and Exchange Rates","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F11-open-economy-and-exchange-rates","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F11-open-economy-and-exchange-rates",{"title":531,"path":532,"stem":533},"Chapter 12 — Integrated Economic Analysis Studio","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F12-review-and-case-studies","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F12-review-and-case-studies",{"title":535,"path":536,"stem":537,"children":538,"page":249},"Microeconometrics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics",[539,557,563,581,603,629,651,673,691,709],{"title":540,"path":541,"stem":542,"children":543},"0. Causal Questions and Designs","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002Findex",[544,545,549,553],{"title":540,"path":541,"stem":542},{"title":546,"path":547,"stem":548},"Causal Questions and Estimands","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F01-causal-question-estimands","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F01-causal-question-estimands",{"title":550,"path":551,"stem":552},"Potential Outcomes and Experiments","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F02-potential-outcomes-experiments","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F02-potential-outcomes-experiments",{"title":554,"path":555,"stem":556},"Causal Diagrams and Controls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F03-dags-controls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F03-dags-controls",{"title":558,"path":559,"stem":560,"children":561},"Microeconometrics — Designing Credible Counterfactuals","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-index","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-index",[562],{"title":558,"path":559,"stem":560},{"title":564,"path":565,"stem":566,"children":567},"1. Regression and Inference","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002Findex",[568,569,573,577],{"title":564,"path":565,"stem":566},{"title":570,"path":571,"stem":572},"OLS as a Projection","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F04-ols-projection","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F04-ols-projection",{"title":574,"path":575,"stem":576},"FWL, Selection and Controls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F05-fwl-selection-controls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F05-fwl-selection-controls",{"title":578,"path":579,"stem":580},"Inference and Clustering","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F06-inference-clustering","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F06-inference-clustering",{"title":582,"path":583,"stem":584,"children":585},"2. Instruments and Panel Data","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002Findex",[586,587,591,595,599],{"title":582,"path":583,"stem":584},{"title":588,"path":589,"stem":590},"Instrumental Variables","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F07-iv-identification","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F07-iv-identification",{"title":592,"path":593,"stem":594},"Weak Instruments and LATE","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F08-weak-iv-late","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F08-weak-iv-late",{"title":596,"path":597,"stem":598},"Panel Fixed Effects","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F09-panel-fixed-effects","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F09-panel-fixed-effects",{"title":600,"path":601,"stem":602},"Dynamic Panels and Limits","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F10-dynamic-panel","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F10-dynamic-panel",{"title":604,"path":605,"stem":606,"children":607},"3. Policy Evaluation Designs","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002Findex",[608,609,613,617,621,625],{"title":604,"path":605,"stem":606},{"title":610,"path":611,"stem":612},"Difference-in-Differences","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F11-did-core","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F11-did-core",{"title":614,"path":615,"stem":616},"Staggered DID and Event Studies","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F12-staggered-event-studies","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F12-staggered-event-studies",{"title":618,"path":619,"stem":620},"Regression Discontinuity","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F13-rdd","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F13-rdd",{"title":622,"path":623,"stem":624},"Matching, Weighting and Overlap","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F14-matching-weighting","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F14-matching-weighting",{"title":626,"path":627,"stem":628},"Synthetic Control","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F15-synthetic-control","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F15-synthetic-control",{"title":630,"path":631,"stem":632,"children":633},"Module 4 — Choice and Limited Outcomes","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002Findex",[634,635,639,643,647],{"title":630,"path":631,"stem":632},{"title":636,"path":637,"stem":638},"Binary Choice","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F16-binary-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F16-binary-choice",{"title":640,"path":641,"stem":642},"Multinomial and Ordered Choice","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F17-multinomial-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F17-multinomial-choice",{"title":644,"path":645,"stem":646},"Count Outcomes","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F18-count-outcomes","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F18-count-outcomes",{"title":648,"path":649,"stem":650},"Censoring, Truncation and Selection","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F19-censoring-selection","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F19-censoring-selection",{"title":652,"path":653,"stem":654,"children":655},"Module 5 — Modern Causal Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002Findex",[656,657,661,665,669],{"title":652,"path":653,"stem":654},{"title":658,"path":659,"stem":660},"Double Machine Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F20-dml","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F20-dml",{"title":662,"path":663,"stem":664},"Heterogeneity and Policy Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F21-heterogeneity-policy","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F21-heterogeneity-policy",{"title":666,"path":667,"stem":668},"Sensitivity and Partial Identification","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F22-sensitivity-partial-id","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F22-sensitivity-partial-id",{"title":670,"path":671,"stem":672},"External Validity and Transport","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F23-external-validity","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F23-external-validity",{"title":674,"path":675,"stem":676,"children":677},"Module 6 — From Data to Auditable Evidence","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002Findex",[678,679,683,687],{"title":674,"path":675,"stem":676},{"title":680,"path":681,"stem":682},"Data Provenance","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F24-data-provenance","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F24-data-provenance",{"title":684,"path":685,"stem":686},"Reproducibility and Reporting","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F25-reproducibility-reporting","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F25-reproducibility-reporting",{"title":688,"path":689,"stem":690},"Paper and Evidence Audit","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F26-paper-audit","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F26-paper-audit",{"title":692,"path":693,"stem":694,"children":695},"Appendix — Revision and Evidence Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[696,697,701,705],{"title":692,"path":693,"stem":694},{"title":698,"path":699,"stem":700},"Formula and Design Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F27-formula-design-map","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F27-formula-design-map",{"title":702,"path":703,"stem":704},"Ten Worked Microeconometric Pitfalls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F28-worked-pitfalls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F28-worked-pitfalls",{"title":706,"path":707,"stem":708},"Reading and Software Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F29-reading-software-map","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F29-reading-software-map",{"title":710,"path":711,"stem":712,"children":713},"Capstone — Should Northbridge Expand Pathways?","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[714],{"title":710,"path":711,"stem":712},{"title":716,"path":717,"stem":718,"children":719,"page":249},"Microeconomics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics",[720,726,732,738,744,750,756,762,768,774,780,786,792],{"title":721,"path":722,"stem":723,"children":724},"Advanced Microeconomics — Course Guide","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[725],{"title":721,"path":722,"stem":723},{"title":727,"path":728,"stem":729,"children":730},"Module 1 — Choice, Duality, and Revealed Preference","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F01-fundations","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F01-fundations\u002Findex",[731],{"title":727,"path":728,"stem":729},{"title":733,"path":734,"stem":735,"children":736},"Module 2 — Comparative Statics and Welfare Measurement","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F02-comparative-statics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F02-comparative-statics\u002Findex",[737],{"title":733,"path":734,"stem":735},{"title":739,"path":740,"stem":741,"children":742},"Module 3 — Choice under Risk and Insurance","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F03-uncertainty","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F03-uncertainty\u002Findex",[743],{"title":739,"path":740,"stem":741},{"title":745,"path":746,"stem":747,"children":748},"Module 4 — General Equilibrium and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F04-general-equilibrium","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F04-general-equilibrium\u002Findex",[749],{"title":745,"path":746,"stem":747},{"title":751,"path":752,"stem":753,"children":754},"Module 5 — Static, Dynamic, and Repeated Games","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F05-game-theory","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F05-game-theory\u002Findex",[755],{"title":751,"path":752,"stem":753},{"title":757,"path":758,"stem":759,"children":760},"Module 6 — Oligopoly, Entry, and Algorithmic Pricing","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F06-oligopoly","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F06-oligopoly\u002Findex",[761],{"title":757,"path":758,"stem":759},{"title":763,"path":764,"stem":765,"children":766},"Module 7 — Information Economics and Contracts","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F07-information-economics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F07-information-economics\u002Findex",[767],{"title":763,"path":764,"stem":765},{"title":769,"path":770,"stem":771,"children":772},"Module 8 — Mechanism Design and Auctions","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F08-mechanism-design","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F08-mechanism-design\u002Findex",[773],{"title":769,"path":770,"stem":771},{"title":775,"path":776,"stem":777,"children":778},"Module 9 — Behavioural and Experimental Microeconomics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F09-behavioural-economics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F09-behavioural-economics\u002Findex",[779],{"title":775,"path":776,"stem":777},{"title":781,"path":782,"stem":783,"children":784},"Module 10 — Externalities, Public Goods, and Collective Action","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F10-externalities-public-goods","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F10-externalities-public-goods\u002Findex",[785],{"title":781,"path":782,"stem":783},{"title":787,"path":788,"stem":789,"children":790},"Module 11 — Matching and Market Design","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F11-market-design","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F11-market-design\u002Findex",[791],{"title":787,"path":788,"stem":789},{"title":793,"path":794,"stem":795,"children":796},"Module 12 — Integrated Microeconomic Design Studio","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F12-review","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F12-review\u002Findex",[797],{"title":793,"path":794,"stem":795},{"title":799,"path":800,"stem":801,"children":802},"Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground","en\u002Fplayground\u002Findex",[803,804,808,812,816,820],{"title":799,"path":800,"stem":801},{"title":805,"path":806,"stem":807},"Typst Plugin Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F01-typstex","en\u002Fplayground\u002F01-typstex",{"title":809,"path":810,"stem":811},"Citation Plugin Test","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F02-citation","en\u002Fplayground\u002F02-citation",{"title":813,"path":814,"stem":815},"Pyodide Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F03-pyodide","en\u002Fplayground\u002F03-pyodide",{"title":817,"path":818,"stem":819},"WebR Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F04-webr","en\u002Fplayground\u002F04-webr",{"title":821,"path":822,"stem":823},"Chart.js 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文献综述的构建与写作","\u002Fzh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review","zh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review",{"title":1056,"path":1057,"stem":1058},"8. 文献综述清单与模板","\u002Fzh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template","zh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template",{"title":1060,"path":1061,"stem":1062},"10. 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Alpha 策略全流程","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F09-case-study","zh\u002Fquant\u002F09-case-study",{"title":1779,"path":1780,"stem":1781},"量化投资文献与软件图谱","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F10-reading-software-map","zh\u002Fquant\u002F10-reading-software-map",null,{"id":1784,"title":1474,"body":1785,"description":4546,"extension":4547,"features":1782,"hero":1782,"layout":1782,"locale":1782,"meta":4548,"navigation":1782,"path":1475,"published":4551,"seo":4552,"stem":1476,"__hash__":4553},"docs\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-intro\u002Findex.md",{"type":1786,"value":1787,"toc":4533},"minimark",[1788,1792,1803,1806,1810,1814,1817,1836,1840,2013,2464,2467,2830,2833,2837,3326,3329,3333,3336,4146,4149,4152,4232,4236,4239,4246,4249,4260,4264,4371,4374,4378,4381,4437,4441,4467,4470,4473,4487,4490,4526],[1789,1790,1474],"h1",{"id":1791},"第一章微观计量与因果推断导论",[1793,1794,1795],"blockquote",{},[1796,1797,1798,1802],"p",{},[1799,1800,1801],"strong",{},"贯穿问题："," 接受大学教育的人收入更高，究竟是教育产生了回报，还是本来更有优势的人更容易进入大学？",[1796,1804,1805],{},"微观计量经济学不从“该跑哪个模型”开始，而从四个对象开始：",[1807,1808],"mermaid-diagram",{"code64":1809,"locale":7},"Zmxvd2NoYXJ0IExSCiAgUFsi56CU56m25Lq6576kIl0gLS0+IERbIuWkhOeQhiBEIl0KICBEIC0tPiBZWyLnu5PmnpwgWSJdCiAgWSAtLT4gRVsi55uu5qCH5Y+C5pWwIl0KICBFIC0tPiBJWyLlj43kuovlrp7mnaXmupAiXQ==",[1811,1812,1813],"h2",{"id":1813},"学习目标",[1796,1815,1816],{},"完成本章后，你应能：",[1818,1819,1820,1824,1827,1830,1833],"ol",{},[1821,1822,1823],"li",{},"用潜在结果写出一个因果问题；",[1821,1825,1826],{},"区分 ATE、ATT、ITT 与局部效应；",[1821,1828,1829],{},"把观察差异拆成处理效应与选择偏误；",[1821,1831,1832],{},"说明随机化解决了什么、没有解决什么；",[1821,1834,1835],{},"在看回归结果前完成一页识别审计。",[1811,1837,1839],{"id":1838},"_1-同一个人有两个潜在结果","1. 同一个人有两个潜在结果",[1796,1841,1842,1843,2012],{},"令 ",[1844,1845,1848,1899],"span",{"className":1846},[1847],"katex",[1844,1849,1852],{"className":1850},[1851],"katex-mathml",[1853,1854,1856],"math",{"xmlns":1855},"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML",[1857,1858,1859,1894],"semantics",{},[1860,1861,1862,1872,1876,1880,1884,1888,1891],"mrow",{},[1863,1864,1865,1869],"msub",{},[1866,1867,1868],"mi",{},"D",[1866,1870,1871],{},"i",[1873,1874,1875],"mo",{},"∈",[1873,1877,1879],{"stretchy":1878},"false","{",[1881,1882,1883],"mn",{},"0",[1873,1885,1887],{"separator":1886},"true",",",[1881,1889,1890],{},"1",[1873,1892,1893],{"stretchy":1878},"}",[1895,1896,1898],"annotation",{"encoding":1897},"application\u002Fx-tex","D_i\\in\\{0,1\\}",[1844,1900,1903,1983],{"className":1901,"ariaHidden":1886},[1902],"katex-html",[1844,1904,1907,1912,1971,1976,1980],{"className":1905},[1906],"base",[1844,1908],{"className":1909,"style":1911},[1910],"strut","height:0.8333em;vertical-align:-0.15em;",[1844,1913,1916,1921],{"className":1914},[1915],"mord",[1844,1917,1868],{"className":1918,"style":1920},[1915,1919],"mathnormal","margin-right:0.0278em;",[1844,1922,1925],{"className":1923},[1924],"msupsub",[1844,1926,1930,1962],{"className":1927},[1928,1929],"vlist-t","vlist-t2",[1844,1931,1934,1957],{"className":1932},[1933],"vlist-r",[1844,1935,1939],{"className":1936,"style":1938},[1937],"vlist","height:0.3117em;",[1844,1940,1942,1947],{"style":1941},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0278em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1844,1943],{"className":1944,"style":1946},[1945],"pstrut","height:2.7em;",[1844,1948,1954],{"className":1949},[1950,1951,1952,1953],"sizing","reset-size6","size3","mtight",[1844,1955,1871],{"className":1956},[1915,1919,1953],[1844,1958,1961],{"className":1959},[1960],"vlist-s","​",[1844,1963,1965],{"className":1964},[1933],[1844,1966,1969],{"className":1967,"style":1968},[1937],"height:0.15em;",[1844,1970],{},[1844,1972],{"className":1973,"style":1975},[1974],"mspace","margin-right:0.2778em;",[1844,1977,1875],{"className":1978},[1979],"mrel",[1844,1981],{"className":1982,"style":1975},[1974],[1844,1984,1986,1990,1994,1997,2001,2005,2008],{"className":1985},[1906],[1844,1987],{"className":1988,"style":1989},[1910],"height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;",[1844,1991,1879],{"className":1992},[1993],"mopen",[1844,1995,1883],{"className":1996},[1915],[1844,1998,1887],{"className":1999},[2000],"mpunct",[1844,2002],{"className":2003,"style":2004},[1974],"margin-right:0.1667em;",[1844,2006,1890],{"className":2007},[1915],[1844,2009,1893],{"className":2010},[2011],"mclose"," 表示是否接受处理：",[2014,2015,2016,2139,2227],"ul",{},[1821,2017,2018,2108,2109,2138],{},[1844,2019,2021,2048],{"className":2020},[1847],[1844,2022,2024],{"className":2023},[1851],[1853,2025,2026],{"xmlns":1855},[1857,2027,2028,2045],{},[1860,2029,2030,2037,2040,2042],{},[1863,2031,2032,2035],{},[1866,2033,2034],{},"Y",[1866,2036,1871],{},[1873,2038,2039],{"stretchy":1878},"(",[1881,2041,1890],{},[1873,2043,2044],{"stretchy":1878},")",[1895,2046,2047],{"encoding":1897},"Y_i(1)",[1844,2049,2051],{"className":2050,"ariaHidden":1886},[1902],[1844,2052,2054,2057,2099,2102,2105],{"className":2053},[1906],[1844,2055],{"className":2056,"style":1989},[1910],[1844,2058,2060,2064],{"className":2059},[1915],[1844,2061,2034],{"className":2062,"style":2063},[1915,1919],"margin-right:0.2222em;",[1844,2065,2067],{"className":2066},[1924],[1844,2068,2070,2091],{"className":2069},[1928,1929],[1844,2071,2073,2088],{"className":2072},[1933],[1844,2074,2076],{"className":2075,"style":1938},[1937],[1844,2077,2079,2082],{"style":2078},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.2222em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1844,2080],{"className":2081,"style":1946},[1945],[1844,2083,2085],{"className":2084},[1950,1951,1952,1953],[1844,2086,1871],{"className":2087},[1915,1919,1953],[1844,2089,1961],{"className":2090},[1960],[1844,2092,2094],{"className":2093},[1933],[1844,2095,2097],{"className":2096,"style":1968},[1937],[1844,2098],{},[1844,2100,2039],{"className":2101},[1993],[1844,2103,1890],{"className":2104},[1915],[1844,2106,2044],{"className":2107},[2011],"：个体 ",[1844,2110,2112,2125],{"className":2111},[1847],[1844,2113,2115],{"className":2114},[1851],[1853,2116,2117],{"xmlns":1855},[1857,2118,2119,2123],{},[1860,2120,2121],{},[1866,2122,1871],{},[1895,2124,1871],{"encoding":1897},[1844,2126,2128],{"className":2127,"ariaHidden":1886},[1902],[1844,2129,2131,2135],{"className":2130},[1906],[1844,2132],{"className":2133,"style":2134},[1910],"height:0.6595em;",[1844,2136,1871],{"className":2137},[1915,1919]," 接受处理时的结果；",[1821,2140,2141,2226],{},[1844,2142,2144,2168],{"className":2143},[1847],[1844,2145,2147],{"className":2146},[1851],[1853,2148,2149],{"xmlns":1855},[1857,2150,2151,2165],{},[1860,2152,2153,2159,2161,2163],{},[1863,2154,2155,2157],{},[1866,2156,2034],{},[1866,2158,1871],{},[1873,2160,2039],{"stretchy":1878},[1881,2162,1883],{},[1873,2164,2044],{"stretchy":1878},[1895,2166,2167],{"encoding":1897},"Y_i(0)",[1844,2169,2171],{"className":2170,"ariaHidden":1886},[1902],[1844,2172,2174,2177,2217,2220,2223],{"className":2173},[1906],[1844,2175],{"className":2176,"style":1989},[1910],[1844,2178,2180,2183],{"className":2179},[1915],[1844,2181,2034],{"className":2182,"style":2063},[1915,1919],[1844,2184,2186],{"className":2185},[1924],[1844,2187,2189,2209],{"className":2188},[1928,1929],[1844,2190,2192,2206],{"className":2191},[1933],[1844,2193,2195],{"className":2194,"style":1938},[1937],[1844,2196,2197,2200],{"style":2078},[1844,2198],{"className":2199,"style":1946},[1945],[1844,2201,2203],{"className":2202},[1950,1951,1952,1953],[1844,2204,1871],{"className":2205},[1915,1919,1953],[1844,2207,1961],{"className":2208},[1960],[1844,2210,2212],{"className":2211},[1933],[1844,2213,2215],{"className":2214,"style":1968},[1937],[1844,2216],{},[1844,2218,2039],{"className":2219},[1993],[1844,2221,1883],{"className":2222},[1915],[1844,2224,2044],{"className":2225},[2011],"：同一个体不接受处理时的结果；",[1821,2228,2229,2230,2463],{},"个体处理效应：",[1844,2231,2233,2282],{"className":2232},[1847],[1844,2234,2236],{"className":2235},[1851],[1853,2237,2238],{"xmlns":1855},[1857,2239,2240,2279],{},[1860,2241,2242,2249,2252,2258,2260,2262,2264,2267,2273,2275,2277],{},[1863,2243,2244,2247],{},[1866,2245,2246],{},"τ",[1866,2248,1871],{},[1873,2250,2251],{},"=",[1863,2253,2254,2256],{},[1866,2255,2034],{},[1866,2257,1871],{},[1873,2259,2039],{"stretchy":1878},[1881,2261,1890],{},[1873,2263,2044],{"stretchy":1878},[1873,2265,2266],{},"−",[1863,2268,2269,2271],{},[1866,2270,2034],{},[1866,2272,1871],{},[1873,2274,2039],{"stretchy":1878},[1881,2276,1883],{},[1873,2278,2044],{"stretchy":1878},[1895,2280,2281],{"encoding":1897},"\\tau_i=Y_i(1)-Y_i(0)",[1844,2283,2285,2343,2408],{"className":2284,"ariaHidden":1886},[1902],[1844,2286,2288,2292,2334,2337,2340],{"className":2287},[1906],[1844,2289],{"className":2290,"style":2291},[1910],"height:0.5806em;vertical-align:-0.15em;",[1844,2293,2295,2299],{"className":2294},[1915],[1844,2296,2246],{"className":2297,"style":2298},[1915,1919],"margin-right:0.1132em;",[1844,2300,2302],{"className":2301},[1924],[1844,2303,2305,2326],{"className":2304},[1928,1929],[1844,2306,2308,2323],{"className":2307},[1933],[1844,2309,2311],{"className":2310,"style":1938},[1937],[1844,2312,2314,2317],{"style":2313},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.1132em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1844,2315],{"className":2316,"style":1946},[1945],[1844,2318,2320],{"className":2319},[1950,1951,1952,1953],[1844,2321,1871],{"className":2322},[1915,1919,1953],[1844,2324,1961],{"className":2325},[1960],[1844,2327,2329],{"className":2328},[1933],[1844,2330,2332],{"className":2331,"style":1968},[1937],[1844,2333],{},[1844,2335],{"className":2336,"style":1975},[1974],[1844,2338,2251],{"className":2339},[1979],[1844,2341],{"className":2342,"style":1975},[1974],[1844,2344,2346,2349,2389,2392,2395,2398,2401,2405],{"className":2345},[1906],[1844,2347],{"className":2348,"style":1989},[1910],[1844,2350,2352,2355],{"className":2351},[1915],[1844,2353,2034],{"className":2354,"style":2063},[1915,1919],[1844,2356,2358],{"className":2357},[1924],[1844,2359,2361,2381],{"className":2360},[1928,1929],[1844,2362,2364,2378],{"className":2363},[1933],[1844,2365,2367],{"className":2366,"style":1938},[1937],[1844,2368,2369,2372],{"style":2078},[1844,2370],{"className":2371,"style":1946},[1945],[1844,2373,2375],{"className":2374},[1950,1951,1952,1953],[1844,2376,1871],{"className":2377},[1915,1919,1953],[1844,2379,1961],{"className":2380},[1960],[1844,2382,2384],{"className":2383},[1933],[1844,2385,2387],{"className":2386,"style":1968},[1937],[1844,2388],{},[1844,2390,2039],{"className":2391},[1993],[1844,2393,1890],{"className":2394},[1915],[1844,2396,2044],{"className":2397},[2011],[1844,2399],{"className":2400,"style":2063},[1974],[1844,2402,2266],{"className":2403},[2404],"mbin",[1844,2406],{"className":2407,"style":2063},[1974],[1844,2409,2411,2414,2454,2457,2460],{"className":2410},[1906],[1844,2412],{"className":2413,"style":1989},[1910],[1844,2415,2417,2420],{"className":2416},[1915],[1844,2418,2034],{"className":2419,"style":2063},[1915,1919],[1844,2421,2423],{"className":2422},[1924],[1844,2424,2426,2446],{"className":2425},[1928,1929],[1844,2427,2429,2443],{"className":2428},[1933],[1844,2430,2432],{"className":2431,"style":1938},[1937],[1844,2433,2434,2437],{"style":2078},[1844,2435],{"className":2436,"style":1946},[1945],[1844,2438,2440],{"className":2439},[1950,1951,1952,1953],[1844,2441,1871],{"className":2442},[1915,1919,1953],[1844,2444,1961],{"className":2445},[1960],[1844,2447,2449],{"className":2448},[1933],[1844,2450,2452],{"className":2451,"style":1968},[1937],[1844,2453],{},[1844,2455,2039],{"className":2456},[1993],[1844,2458,1883],{"className":2459},[1915],[1844,2461,2044],{"className":2462},[2011],"。",[1796,2465,2466],{},"实际只能观察",[1844,2468,2471],{"className":2469},[2470],"katex-display",[1844,2472,2474,2546],{"className":2473},[1847],[1844,2475,2477],{"className":2476},[1851],[1853,2478,2480],{"xmlns":1855,"display":2479},"block",[1857,2481,2482,2543],{},[1860,2483,2484,2490,2492,2498,2504,2506,2508,2510,2513,2515,2517,2519,2525,2527,2533,2535,2537,2539],{},[1863,2485,2486,2488],{},[1866,2487,2034],{},[1866,2489,1871],{},[1873,2491,2251],{},[1863,2493,2494,2496],{},[1866,2495,1868],{},[1866,2497,1871],{},[1863,2499,2500,2502],{},[1866,2501,2034],{},[1866,2503,1871],{},[1873,2505,2039],{"stretchy":1878},[1881,2507,1890],{},[1873,2509,2044],{"stretchy":1878},[1873,2511,2512],{},"+",[1873,2514,2039],{"stretchy":1878},[1881,2516,1890],{},[1873,2518,2266],{},[1863,2520,2521,2523],{},[1866,2522,1868],{},[1866,2524,1871],{},[1873,2526,2044],{"stretchy":1878},[1863,2528,2529,2531],{},[1866,2530,2034],{},[1866,2532,1871],{},[1873,2534,2039],{"stretchy":1878},[1881,2536,1883],{},[1873,2538,2044],{"stretchy":1878},[1866,2540,2542],{"mathvariant":2541},"normal",".",[1895,2544,2545],{"encoding":1897},"Y_i=D_iY_i(1)+(1-D_i)Y_i(0).",[1844,2547,2549,2604,2708,2729],{"className":2548,"ariaHidden":1886},[1902],[1844,2550,2552,2555,2595,2598,2601],{"className":2551},[1906],[1844,2553],{"className":2554,"style":1911},[1910],[1844,2556,2558,2561],{"className":2557},[1915],[1844,2559,2034],{"className":2560,"style":2063},[1915,1919],[1844,2562,2564],{"className":2563},[1924],[1844,2565,2567,2587],{"className":2566},[1928,1929],[1844,2568,2570,2584],{"className":2569},[1933],[1844,2571,2573],{"className":2572,"style":1938},[1937],[1844,2574,2575,2578],{"style":2078},[1844,2576],{"className":2577,"style":1946},[1945],[1844,2579,2581],{"className":2580},[1950,1951,1952,1953],[1844,2582,1871],{"className":2583},[1915,1919,1953],[1844,2585,1961],{"className":2586},[1960],[1844,2588,2590],{"className":2589},[1933],[1844,2591,2593],{"className":2592,"style":1968},[1937],[1844,2594],{},[1844,2596],{"className":2597,"style":1975},[1974],[1844,2599,2251],{"className":2600},[1979],[1844,2602],{"className":2603,"style":1975},[1974],[1844,2605,2607,2610,2650,2690,2693,2696,2699,2702,2705],{"className":2606},[1906],[1844,2608],{"className":2609,"style":1989},[1910],[1844,2611,2613,2616],{"className":2612},[1915],[1844,2614,1868],{"className":2615,"style":1920},[1915,1919],[1844,2617,2619],{"className":2618},[1924],[1844,2620,2622,2642],{"className":2621},[1928,1929],[1844,2623,2625,2639],{"className":2624},[1933],[1844,2626,2628],{"className":2627,"style":1938},[1937],[1844,2629,2630,2633],{"style":1941},[1844,2631],{"className":2632,"style":1946},[1945],[1844,2634,2636],{"className":2635},[1950,1951,1952,1953],[1844,2637,1871],{"className":2638},[1915,1919,1953],[1844,2640,1961],{"className":2641},[1960],[1844,2643,2645],{"className":2644},[1933],[1844,2646,2648],{"className":2647,"style":1968},[1937],[1844,2649],{},[1844,2651,2653,2656],{"className":2652},[1915],[1844,2654,2034],{"className":2655,"style":2063},[1915,1919],[1844,2657,2659],{"className":2658},[1924],[1844,2660,2662,2682],{"className":2661},[1928,1929],[1844,2663,2665,2679],{"className":2664},[1933],[1844,2666,2668],{"className":2667,"style":1938},[1937],[1844,2669,2670,2673],{"style":2078},[1844,2671],{"className":2672,"style":1946},[1945],[1844,2674,2676],{"className":2675},[1950,1951,1952,1953],[1844,2677,1871],{"className":2678},[1915,1919,1953],[1844,2680,1961],{"className":2681},[1960],[1844,2683,2685],{"className":2684},[1933],[1844,2686,2688],{"className":2687,"style":1968},[1937],[1844,2689],{},[1844,2691,2039],{"className":2692},[1993],[1844,2694,1890],{"className":2695},[1915],[1844,2697,2044],{"className":2698},[2011],[1844,2700],{"className":2701,"style":2063},[1974],[1844,2703,2512],{"className":2704},[2404],[1844,2706],{"className":2707,"style":2063},[1974],[1844,2709,2711,2714,2717,2720,2723,2726],{"className":2710},[1906],[1844,2712],{"className":2713,"style":1989},[1910],[1844,2715,2039],{"className":2716},[1993],[1844,2718,1890],{"className":2719},[1915],[1844,2721],{"className":2722,"style":2063},[1974],[1844,2724,2266],{"className":2725},[2404],[1844,2727],{"className":2728,"style":2063},[1974],[1844,2730,2732,2735,2775,2778,2818,2821,2824,2827],{"className":2731},[1906],[1844,2733],{"className":2734,"style":1989},[1910],[1844,2736,2738,2741],{"className":2737},[1915],[1844,2739,1868],{"className":2740,"style":1920},[1915,1919],[1844,2742,2744],{"className":2743},[1924],[1844,2745,2747,2767],{"className":2746},[1928,1929],[1844,2748,2750,2764],{"className":2749},[1933],[1844,2751,2753],{"className":2752,"style":1938},[1937],[1844,2754,2755,2758],{"style":1941},[1844,2756],{"className":2757,"style":1946},[1945],[1844,2759,2761],{"className":2760},[1950,1951,1952,1953],[1844,2762,1871],{"className":2763},[1915,1919,1953],[1844,2765,1961],{"className":2766},[1960],[1844,2768,2770],{"className":2769},[1933],[1844,2771,2773],{"className":2772,"style":1968},[1937],[1844,2774],{},[1844,2776,2044],{"className":2777},[2011],[1844,2779,2781,2784],{"className":2780},[1915],[1844,2782,2034],{"className":2783,"style":2063},[1915,1919],[1844,2785,2787],{"className":2786},[1924],[1844,2788,2790,2810],{"className":2789},[1928,1929],[1844,2791,2793,2807],{"className":2792},[1933],[1844,2794,2796],{"className":2795,"style":1938},[1937],[1844,2797,2798,2801],{"style":2078},[1844,2799],{"className":2800,"style":1946},[1945],[1844,2802,2804],{"className":2803},[1950,1951,1952,1953],[1844,2805,1871],{"className":2806},[1915,1919,1953],[1844,2808,1961],{"className":2809},[1960],[1844,2811,2813],{"className":2812},[1933],[1844,2814,2816],{"className":2815,"style":1968},[1937],[1844,2817],{},[1844,2819,2039],{"className":2820},[1993],[1844,2822,1883],{"className":2823},[1915],[1844,2825,2044],{"className":2826},[2011],[1844,2828,2542],{"className":2829},[1915],[1796,2831,2832],{},"因果推断的困难不是缺少一列数据，而是同一个人在同一时点不可能同时处于两种状态。研究设计的任务，是用其他单位、其他时间或制度边界构造可信的缺失反事实。",[1811,2834,2836],{"id":2835},"_2-先决定要估计谁的效应","2. 先决定要估计谁的效应",[2838,2839,2840,2856],"table",{},[2841,2842,2843],"thead",{},[2844,2845,2846,2850,2853],"tr",{},[2847,2848,2849],"th",{},"参数",[2847,2851,2852],{},"定义",[2847,2854,2855],{},"适合回答",[2857,2858,2859,2968,3120,3162,3173],"tbody",{},[2844,2860,2861,2865,2965],{},[2862,2863,2864],"td",{},"ATE",[2862,2866,2867],{},[1844,2868,2870,2909],{"className":2869},[1847],[1844,2871,2873],{"className":2872},[1851],[1853,2874,2875],{"xmlns":1855},[1857,2876,2877,2906],{},[1860,2878,2879,2882,2885,2887,2889,2891,2893,2895,2897,2899,2901,2903],{},[1866,2880,2881],{},"E",[1873,2883,2884],{"stretchy":1878},"[",[1866,2886,2034],{},[1873,2888,2039],{"stretchy":1878},[1881,2890,1890],{},[1873,2892,2044],{"stretchy":1878},[1873,2894,2266],{},[1866,2896,2034],{},[1873,2898,2039],{"stretchy":1878},[1881,2900,1883],{},[1873,2902,2044],{"stretchy":1878},[1873,2904,2905],{"stretchy":1878},"]",[1895,2907,2908],{"encoding":1897},"E[Y(1)-Y(0)]",[1844,2910,2912,2946],{"className":2911,"ariaHidden":1886},[1902],[1844,2913,2915,2918,2922,2925,2928,2931,2934,2937,2940,2943],{"className":2914},[1906],[1844,2916],{"className":2917,"style":1989},[1910],[1844,2919,2881],{"className":2920,"style":2921},[1915,1919],"margin-right:0.0576em;",[1844,2923,2884],{"className":2924},[1993],[1844,2926,2034],{"className":2927,"style":2063},[1915,1919],[1844,2929,2039],{"className":2930},[1993],[1844,2932,1890],{"className":2933},[1915],[1844,2935,2044],{"className":2936},[2011],[1844,2938],{"className":2939,"style":2063},[1974],[1844,2941,2266],{"className":2942},[2404],[1844,2944],{"className":2945,"style":2063},[1974],[1844,2947,2949,2952,2955,2958,2961],{"className":2948},[1906],[1844,2950],{"className":2951,"style":1989},[1910],[1844,2953,2034],{"className":2954,"style":2063},[1915,1919],[1844,2956,2039],{"className":2957},[1993],[1844,2959,1883],{"className":2960},[1915],[1844,2962,2964],{"className":2963},[2011],")]",[2862,2966,2967],{},"对目标总体普遍实施会怎样？",[2844,2969,2970,2973,3117],{},[2862,2971,2972],{},"ATT",[2862,2974,2975],{},[1844,2976,2978,3023],{"className":2977},[1847],[1844,2979,2981],{"className":2980},[1851],[1853,2982,2983],{"xmlns":1855},[1857,2984,2985,3020],{},[1860,2986,2987,2989,2991,2993,2995,2997,2999,3001,3003,3005,3007,3009,3012,3014,3016,3018],{},[1866,2988,2881],{},[1873,2990,2884],{"stretchy":1878},[1866,2992,2034],{},[1873,2994,2039],{"stretchy":1878},[1881,2996,1890],{},[1873,2998,2044],{"stretchy":1878},[1873,3000,2266],{},[1866,3002,2034],{},[1873,3004,2039],{"stretchy":1878},[1881,3006,1883],{},[1873,3008,2044],{"stretchy":1878},[1873,3010,3011],{},"∣",[1866,3013,1868],{},[1873,3015,2251],{},[1881,3017,1890],{},[1873,3019,2905],{"stretchy":1878},[1895,3021,3022],{"encoding":1897},"E[Y(1)-Y(0)\\mid D=1]",[1844,3024,3026,3059,3086,3105],{"className":3025,"ariaHidden":1886},[1902],[1844,3027,3029,3032,3035,3038,3041,3044,3047,3050,3053,3056],{"className":3028},[1906],[1844,3030],{"className":3031,"style":1989},[1910],[1844,3033,2881],{"className":3034,"style":2921},[1915,1919],[1844,3036,2884],{"className":3037},[1993],[1844,3039,2034],{"className":3040,"style":2063},[1915,1919],[1844,3042,2039],{"className":3043},[1993],[1844,3045,1890],{"className":3046},[1915],[1844,3048,2044],{"className":3049},[2011],[1844,3051],{"className":3052,"style":2063},[1974],[1844,3054,2266],{"className":3055},[2404],[1844,3057],{"className":3058,"style":2063},[1974],[1844,3060,3062,3065,3068,3071,3074,3077,3080,3083],{"className":3061},[1906],[1844,3063],{"className":3064,"style":1989},[1910],[1844,3066,2034],{"className":3067,"style":2063},[1915,1919],[1844,3069,2039],{"className":3070},[1993],[1844,3072,1883],{"className":3073},[1915],[1844,3075,2044],{"className":3076},[2011],[1844,3078],{"className":3079,"style":1975},[1974],[1844,3081,3011],{"className":3082},[1979],[1844,3084],{"className":3085,"style":1975},[1974],[1844,3087,3089,3093,3096,3099,3102],{"className":3088},[1906],[1844,3090],{"className":3091,"style":3092},[1910],"height:0.6833em;",[1844,3094,1868],{"className":3095,"style":1920},[1915,1919],[1844,3097],{"className":3098,"style":1975},[1974],[1844,3100,2251],{"className":3101},[1979],[1844,3103],{"className":3104,"style":1975},[1974],[1844,3106,3108,3111,3114],{"className":3107},[1906],[1844,3109],{"className":3110,"style":1989},[1910],[1844,3112,1890],{"className":3113},[1915],[1844,3115,2905],{"className":3116},[2011],[2862,3118,3119],{},"已接受处理者因处理改变了多少？",[2844,3121,3122,3125,3159],{},[2862,3123,3124],{},"ITT",[2862,3126,3127,3128,3158],{},"按随机分配 ",[1844,3129,3131,3145],{"className":3130},[1847],[1844,3132,3134],{"className":3133},[1851],[1853,3135,3136],{"xmlns":1855},[1857,3137,3138,3143],{},[1860,3139,3140],{},[1866,3141,3142],{},"Z",[1895,3144,3142],{"encoding":1897},[1844,3146,3148],{"className":3147,"ariaHidden":1886},[1902],[1844,3149,3151,3154],{"className":3150},[1906],[1844,3152],{"className":3153,"style":3092},[1910],[1844,3155,3142],{"className":3156,"style":3157},[1915,1919],"margin-right:0.0715em;"," 比较结果",[2862,3160,3161],{},"提供政策或鼓励本身有何影响？",[2844,3163,3164,3167,3170],{},[2862,3165,3166],{},"LATE",[2862,3168,3169],{},"被工具变量改变处理状态者的平均效应",[2862,3171,3172],{},"外生鼓励影响到的边际人群怎样？",[2844,3174,3175,3178,3323],{},[2862,3176,3177],{},"CATE",[2862,3179,3180],{},[1844,3181,3183,3229],{"className":3182},[1847],[1844,3184,3186],{"className":3185},[1851],[1853,3187,3188],{"xmlns":1855},[1857,3189,3190,3226],{},[1860,3191,3192,3194,3196,3198,3200,3202,3204,3206,3208,3210,3212,3214,3216,3219,3221,3224],{},[1866,3193,2881],{},[1873,3195,2884],{"stretchy":1878},[1866,3197,2034],{},[1873,3199,2039],{"stretchy":1878},[1881,3201,1890],{},[1873,3203,2044],{"stretchy":1878},[1873,3205,2266],{},[1866,3207,2034],{},[1873,3209,2039],{"stretchy":1878},[1881,3211,1883],{},[1873,3213,2044],{"stretchy":1878},[1873,3215,3011],{},[1866,3217,3218],{},"X",[1873,3220,2251],{},[1866,3222,3223],{},"x",[1873,3225,2905],{"stretchy":1878},[1895,3227,3228],{"encoding":1897},"E[Y(1)-Y(0)\\mid X=x]",[1844,3230,3232,3265,3292,3311],{"className":3231,"ariaHidden":1886},[1902],[1844,3233,3235,3238,3241,3244,3247,3250,3253,3256,3259,3262],{"className":3234},[1906],[1844,3236],{"className":3237,"style":1989},[1910],[1844,3239,2881],{"className":3240,"style":2921},[1915,1919],[1844,3242,2884],{"className":3243},[1993],[1844,3245,2034],{"className":3246,"style":2063},[1915,1919],[1844,3248,2039],{"className":3249},[1993],[1844,3251,1890],{"className":3252},[1915],[1844,3254,2044],{"className":3255},[2011],[1844,3257],{"className":3258,"style":2063},[1974],[1844,3260,2266],{"className":3261},[2404],[1844,3263],{"className":3264,"style":2063},[1974],[1844,3266,3268,3271,3274,3277,3280,3283,3286,3289],{"className":3267},[1906],[1844,3269],{"className":3270,"style":1989},[1910],[1844,3272,2034],{"className":3273,"style":2063},[1915,1919],[1844,3275,2039],{"className":3276},[1993],[1844,3278,1883],{"className":3279},[1915],[1844,3281,2044],{"className":3282},[2011],[1844,3284],{"className":3285,"style":1975},[1974],[1844,3287,3011],{"className":3288},[1979],[1844,3290],{"className":3291,"style":1975},[1974],[1844,3293,3295,3298,3302,3305,3308],{"className":3294},[1906],[1844,3296],{"className":3297,"style":3092},[1910],[1844,3299,3218],{"className":3300,"style":3301},[1915,1919],"margin-right:0.0785em;",[1844,3303],{"className":3304,"style":1975},[1974],[1844,3306,2251],{"className":3307},[1979],[1844,3309],{"className":3310,"style":1975},[1974],[1844,3312,3314,3317,3320],{"className":3313},[1906],[1844,3315],{"className":3316,"style":1989},[1910],[1844,3318,3223],{"className":3319},[1915,1919],[1844,3321,2905],{"className":3322},[2011],[2862,3324,3325],{},"哪类人受益更多？",[1796,3327,3328],{},"“教育回报是多少”不是完整问题。至少要补上人群、教育版本、比较状态、结果和时间窗口。",[1811,3330,3332],{"id":3331},"_3-为什么均值差通常不是因果效应","3. 为什么均值差通常不是因果效应",[1796,3334,3335],{},"观察到的组间差异可以写成：",[1844,3337,3339],{"className":3338},[2470],[1844,3340,3342,3507],{"className":3341},[1847],[1844,3343,3345],{"className":3344},[1851],[1853,3346,3347],{"xmlns":1855,"display":2479},[1857,3348,3349,3504],{},[1860,3350,3351,3399,3401,3443,3445,3502],{},[3352,3353,3354,3395],"munder",{},[3352,3355,3356,3392],{},[1860,3357,3358,3360,3362,3364,3366,3368,3370,3372,3374,3376,3378,3380,3382,3384,3386,3388,3390],{},[1866,3359,2881],{},[1873,3361,2884],{"stretchy":1878},[1866,3363,2034],{},[1873,3365,3011],{},[1866,3367,1868],{},[1873,3369,2251],{},[1881,3371,1890],{},[1873,3373,2905],{"stretchy":1878},[1873,3375,2266],{},[1866,3377,2881],{},[1873,3379,2884],{"stretchy":1878},[1866,3381,2034],{},[1873,3383,3011],{},[1866,3385,1868],{},[1873,3387,2251],{},[1881,3389,1883],{},[1873,3391,2905],{"stretchy":1878},[1873,3393,3394],{"stretchy":1886},"⏟",[3396,3397,3398],"mtext",{},"观察差异",[1873,3400,2251],{},[3352,3402,3403,3441],{},[3352,3404,3405,3439],{},[1860,3406,3407,3409,3411,3413,3415,3417,3419,3421,3423,3425,3427,3429,3431,3433,3435,3437],{},[1866,3408,2881],{},[1873,3410,2884],{"stretchy":1878},[1866,3412,2034],{},[1873,3414,2039],{"stretchy":1878},[1881,3416,1890],{},[1873,3418,2044],{"stretchy":1878},[1873,3420,2266],{},[1866,3422,2034],{},[1873,3424,2039],{"stretchy":1878},[1881,3426,1883],{},[1873,3428,2044],{"stretchy":1878},[1873,3430,3011],{},[1866,3432,1868],{},[1873,3434,2251],{},[1881,3436,1890],{},[1873,3438,2905],{"stretchy":1878},[1873,3440,3394],{"stretchy":1886},[3396,3442,2972],{},[1873,3444,2512],{},[3352,3446,3447,3499],{},[3352,3448,3449,3497],{},[1860,3450,3451,3453,3455,3457,3459,3461,3463,3465,3467,3469,3471,3473,3475,3477,3479,3481,3483,3485,3487,3489,3491,3493,3495],{},[1866,3452,2881],{},[1873,3454,2884],{"stretchy":1878},[1866,3456,2034],{},[1873,3458,2039],{"stretchy":1878},[1881,3460,1883],{},[1873,3462,2044],{"stretchy":1878},[1873,3464,3011],{},[1866,3466,1868],{},[1873,3468,2251],{},[1881,3470,1890],{},[1873,3472,2905],{"stretchy":1878},[1873,3474,2266],{},[1866,3476,2881],{},[1873,3478,2884],{"stretchy":1878},[1866,3480,2034],{},[1873,3482,2039],{"stretchy":1878},[1881,3484,1883],{},[1873,3486,2044],{"stretchy":1878},[1873,3488,3011],{},[1866,3490,1868],{},[1873,3492,2251],{},[1881,3494,1883],{},[1873,3496,2905],{"stretchy":1878},[1873,3498,3394],{"stretchy":1886},[3396,3500,3501],{},"选择偏误",[1866,3503,2542],{"mathvariant":2541},[1895,3505,3506],{"encoding":1897},"\\underbrace{E[Y\\mid D=1]-E[Y\\mid D=0]}_{\\text{观察差异}}\n=\n\\underbrace{E[Y(1)-Y(0)\\mid D=1]}_{\\text{ATT}}\n+\n\\underbrace{E[Y(0)\\mid D=1]-E[Y(0)\\mid D=0]}_{\\text{选择偏误}}.",[1844,3508,3510,3742,3929],{"className":3509,"ariaHidden":1886},[1902],[1844,3511,3513,3517,3733,3736,3739],{"className":3512},[1906],[1844,3514],{"className":3515,"style":3516},[1910],"height:2.3263em;vertical-align:-1.5763em;",[1844,3518,3521],{"className":3519},[3520,3352],"minner",[1844,3522,3524,3724],{"className":3523},[1928,1929],[1844,3525,3527,3721],{"className":3526},[1933],[1844,3528,3531,3552],{"className":3529,"style":3530},[1937],"height:0.75em;",[1844,3532,3534,3538],{"style":3533},"top:-1.4237em;",[1844,3535],{"className":3536,"style":3537},[1945],"height:3em;",[1844,3539,3541],{"className":3540},[1950,1951,1952,1953],[1844,3542,3544],{"className":3543},[1915,1953],[1844,3545,3548],{"className":3546},[1915,3547,1953],"text",[1844,3549,3398],{"className":3550},[1915,3551,1953],"cjk_fallback",[1844,3553,3555,3558],{"style":3554},"top:-3em;",[1844,3556],{"className":3557,"style":3537},[1945],[1844,3559,3561],{"className":3560},[3520,3352],[1844,3562,3564,3712],{"className":3563},[1928,1929],[1844,3565,3567,3709],{"className":3566},[1933],[1844,3568,3570,3620],{"className":3569,"style":3530},[1937],[1844,3571,3575,3578],{"className":3572,"style":3574},[3573],"svg-align","top:-2.102em;",[1844,3576],{"className":3577,"style":3537},[1945],[1844,3579,3583,3600,3610],{"className":3580,"style":3582},[3581],"stretchy","height:0.548em;min-width:1.6em;",[1844,3584,3588],{"className":3585,"style":3587},[3586],"brace-left","height:0.548em;",[3589,3590,3596],"svg",{"xmlns":3591,"width":3592,"height":3593,"viewBox":3594,"preserveAspectRatio":3595},"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2000\u002Fsvg","400em","0.548em","0 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",[1844,4156,4158,4183],{"className":4157},[1847],[1844,4159,4161],{"className":4160},[1851],[1853,4162,4163],{"xmlns":1855},[1857,4164,4165,4180],{},[1860,4166,4167,4169,4172,4175,4178],{},[1866,4168,1868],{},[1873,4170,4171],{},"←",[1866,4173,4174],{},"A",[1873,4176,4177],{},"→",[1866,4179,2034],{},[1895,4181,4182],{"encoding":1897},"D\\leftarrow A\\rightarrow Y",[1844,4184,4186,4204,4222],{"className":4185,"ariaHidden":1886},[1902],[1844,4187,4189,4192,4195,4198,4201],{"className":4188},[1906],[1844,4190],{"className":4191,"style":3092},[1910],[1844,4193,1868],{"className":4194,"style":1920},[1915,1919],[1844,4196],{"className":4197,"style":1975},[1974],[1844,4199,4171],{"className":4200},[1979],[1844,4202],{"className":4203,"style":1975},[1974],[1844,4205,4207,4210,4213,4216,4219],{"className":4206},[1906],[1844,4208],{"className":4209,"style":3092},[1910],[1844,4211,4174],{"className":4212},[1915,1919],[1844,4214],{"className":4215,"style":1975},[1974],[1844,4217,4177],{"className":4218},[1979],[1844,4220],{"className":4221,"style":1975},[1974],[1844,4223,4225,4228],{"className":4224},[1906],[1844,4226],{"className":4227,"style":3092},[1910],[1844,4229,2034],{"className":4230,"style":2063},[1915,1919]," 仍然开放。样本再大，也只会更精确地估计这个混合差异。",[1811,4233,4235],{"id":4234},"_4-最小案例自选择与随机分配","4. 最小案例：自选择与随机分配",[1796,4237,4238],{},"下面保持每个人的潜在收入不变，只改变教育如何分配。第一种情形让能力较高者更容易上大学；第二种情形随机分配。代码直接展示“同一处理效应、不同识别设计”会得到怎样的答案。",[4240,4241],"pyodide",{"code64":4242,"layout":4243,"locale":7,"packages":4244,"title":4245},"aW1wb3J0IG51bXB5IGFzIG5wCgpybmcgPSBucC5yYW5kb20uZGVmYXVsdF9ybmcoMjAyNjAxKQpuID0gNjAwMAoKYWJpbGl0eSA9IHJuZy5ub3JtYWwoc2l6ZT1uKQp5MCA9IDM1ICsgOCAqIGFiaWxpdHkgKyBybmcubm9ybWFsKHNjYWxlPTYsIHNpemU9bikKdGF1ID0gNiArIDIgKiBhYmlsaXR5CgojIOinguWvn+aAp+WIhumFje+8muiDveWKm+i2iumrmO+8jOaOpeWPl+aVmeiCsueahOamgueOh+i2iuWkpwpwX2NvbGxlZ2UgPSAxIC8gKDEgKyBucC5leHAoLTEuNCAqIGFiaWxpdHkpKQpkX3NlbGVjdGVkID0gcm5nLmJpbm9taWFsKDEsIHBfY29sbGVnZSkKeV9zZWxlY3RlZCA9IHkwICsgZF9zZWxlY3RlZCAqIHRhdQoKIyDpmo\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","vertical","numpy","Python：选择偏误如何改变教育回报",[1796,4247,4248],{},"读数时只问三件事：",[1818,4250,4251,4254,4257],{},[1821,4252,4253],{},"随机差异是否接近 ATE，而不是精确等于 ATE？有限样本仍有随机误差。",[1821,4255,4256],{},"观察差异为何高于 ATT？处理组即使不上大学，潜在收入也更高。",[1821,4258,4259],{},"随机化是否自动解决流失、干扰和处理版本？没有；它主要解决基线可交换性。",[1811,4261,4263],{"id":4262},"_5-识别假设分三层","5. 识别假设分三层",[2838,4265,4266,4279],{},[2841,4267,4268],{},[2844,4269,4270,4273,4276],{},[2847,4271,4272],{},"层次",[2847,4274,4275],{},"问题",[2847,4277,4278],{},"例子",[2857,4280,4281,4292,4360],{},[2844,4282,4283,4286,4289],{},[2862,4284,4285],{},"设计",[2862,4287,4288],{},"处理为何近似外生？",[2862,4290,4291],{},"随机抽签、阈值、分期实施",[2844,4293,4294,4297,4357],{},[2862,4295,4296],{},"测量",[2862,4298,4299,4327,4328,4356],{},[1844,4300,4302,4315],{"className":4301},[1847],[1844,4303,4305],{"className":4304},[1851],[1853,4306,4307],{"xmlns":1855},[1857,4308,4309,4313],{},[1860,4310,4311],{},[1866,4312,1868],{},[1895,4314,1868],{"encoding":1897},[1844,4316,4318],{"className":4317,"ariaHidden":1886},[1902],[1844,4319,4321,4324],{"className":4320},[1906],[1844,4322],{"className":4323,"style":3092},[1910],[1844,4325,1868],{"className":4326,"style":1920},[1915,1919]," 与 ",[1844,4329,4331,4344],{"className":4330},[1847],[1844,4332,4334],{"className":4333},[1851],[1853,4335,4336],{"xmlns":1855},[1857,4337,4338,4342],{},[1860,4339,4340],{},[1866,4341,2034],{},[1895,4343,2034],{"encoding":1897},[1844,4345,4347],{"className":4346,"ariaHidden":1886},[1902],[1844,4348,4350,4353],{"className":4349},[1906],[1844,4351],{"className":4352,"style":3092},[1910],[1844,4354,2034],{"className":4355,"style":2063},[1915,1919]," 是否对应研究概念？",[2862,4358,4359],{},"“获得奖学金”不等于“完成学位”",[2844,4361,4362,4365,4368],{},[2862,4363,4364],{},"推广",[2862,4366,4367],{},"样本效应适用于谁？",[2862,4369,4370],{},"候补名单附近学生不代表全部申请者",[1796,4372,4373],{},"常见条件包括一致性、无干扰（SUTVA 的一部分）、可交换性和正值性。它们不是一份机械清单：每个条件都要翻译成具体制度风险。",[1811,4375,4377],{"id":4376},"_6-一页研究设计审计","6. 一页研究设计审计",[1796,4379,4380],{},"在运行模型前填完：",[1818,4382,4383,4389,4395,4401,4407,4413,4419,4425,4431],{},[1821,4384,4385,4388],{},[1799,4386,4387],{},"人群："," 谁可能进入研究，谁实际进入样本？",[1821,4390,4391,4394],{},[1799,4392,4393],{},"处理："," 起始时间、强度和版本是什么？",[1821,4396,4397,4400],{},[1799,4398,4399],{},"比较状态："," “未处理”到底意味着什么？",[1821,4402,4403,4406],{},[1799,4404,4405],{},"结果："," 测量窗口是否在处理之后且对两组一致？",[1821,4408,4409,4412],{},[1799,4410,4411],{},"参数："," ATE、ATT、ITT、LATE 还是 CATE？",[1821,4414,4415,4418],{},[1799,4416,4417],{},"分配机制："," 谁在何时决定处理？",[1821,4420,4421,4424],{},[1799,4422,4423],{},"反事实："," 哪些单位或时期承担比较角色？",[1821,4426,4427,4430],{},[1799,4428,4429],{},"最大威胁："," 哪一条路径会让比较失真？",[1821,4432,4433,4436],{},[1799,4434,4435],{},"证伪证据："," 哪个安慰剂或平衡检查最有信息？",[1811,4438,4440],{"id":4439},"_7-常见误区","7. 常见误区",[2014,4442,4443,4449,4455,4461],{},[1821,4444,4445,4448],{},[1799,4446,4447],{},"“控制变量很多，所以是因果。”"," 控制质量取决于因果位置，不取决于数量。",[1821,4450,4451,4454],{},[1799,4452,4453],{},"“随机实验没有偏误。”"," 不遵从、流失、干扰和选择性报告仍会破坏解释。",[1821,4456,4457,4460],{},[1799,4458,4459],{},"“显著就是重要。”"," 还需报告效应尺度、区间、基准风险和决策成本。",[1821,4462,4463,4466],{},[1799,4464,4465],{},"“平均有效，所以人人有效。”"," ATE 可以掩盖零效应、负效应和资源约束。",[1811,4468,4469],{"id":4469},"课堂任务",[1796,4471,4472],{},"选择“就业培训是否提高一年后收入”：",[1818,4474,4475,4478,4481,4484],{},[1821,4476,4477],{},"分别把处理定义为“获得培训名额”“实际参加”“完成课程”；",[1821,4479,4480],{},"为每个定义写出合适的 estimand；",[1821,4482,4483],{},"画出动机、报名、参加、就业和收入的 DAG；",[1821,4485,4486],{},"指出一个可诊断风险和一个只能依赖制度知识的风险。",[1811,4488,4489],{"id":4489},"核心阅读",[2014,4491,4492,4505,4516],{},[1821,4493,4494,4495,2463],{},"Imbens & Rubin, ",[4496,4497,4501],"a",{"href":4498,"rel":4499},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1017\u002FCBO9781139025751",[4500],"nofollow",[4502,4503,4504],"em",{},"Causal Inference for Statistics, Social, and Biomedical Sciences",[1821,4506,4507,4508,4515],{},"Hernán & Robins, ",[4496,4509,4512],{"href":4510,"rel":4511},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.hsph.harvard.edu\u002Fmiguel-hernan\u002Fcausal-inference-book\u002F",[4500],[4502,4513,4514],{},"Causal Inference: What If","（开放教材）。",[1821,4517,4518,4519,4515],{},"Cunningham, ",[4496,4520,4523],{"href":4521,"rel":4522},"https:\u002F\u002Fmixtape.scunning.com\u002F",[4500],[4502,4524,4525],{},"Causal Inference: The Mixtape",[1796,4527,4528,4529,2463],{},"下一章：",[4496,4530,4532],{"href":4531},"..\u002F02-ols\u002F","线性回归与 OLS",{"title":10,"searchDepth":4534,"depth":4534,"links":4535},2,[4536,4537,4538,4539,4540,4541,4542,4543,4544,4545],{"id":1813,"depth":4534,"text":1813},{"id":1838,"depth":4534,"text":1839},{"id":2835,"depth":4534,"text":2836},{"id":3331,"depth":4534,"text":3332},{"id":4234,"depth":4534,"text":4235},{"id":4262,"depth":4534,"text":4263},{"id":4376,"depth":4534,"text":4377},{"id":4439,"depth":4534,"text":4440},{"id":4469,"depth":4534,"text":4469},{"id":4489,"depth":4534,"text":4489},"从潜在结果、目标参数与选择偏误出发，建立微观计量研究的完整识别语言。","md",{"sidebar":4549},{"order":4550},1,true,{"title":1474,"description":4546},"97CADgvEPpeqFBgoKZBAU2LtoOuJ5XfId6iMxtcZaJY",[4555,4557],{"title":1468,"path":1469,"stem":1470,"description":4556,"children":-1},"面向本科生与研究生的微观数据因果推断课程，覆盖 OLS、IV、面板、DID、RDD、匹配、离散选择和机器学习。",{"title":1480,"path":1481,"stem":1482,"description":4558,"children":-1},"把 OLS 当作线性投影与比较工具，掌握控制变量、遗漏变量、FWL 与稳健推断。",1785754751182]