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Search, Evaluate, and Read Evidence","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F02-reading-and-literature-matrix","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F02-reading-and-literature-matrix",{"title":27,"path":28,"stem":29},"3. From Sources to Synthesis and Argument","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F03-arguments-outlines-and-paragraphs","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F03-arguments-outlines-and-paragraphs",{"title":31,"path":32,"stem":33},"4. Literature Review and a Defensible Gap","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review",{"title":35,"path":36,"stem":37},"5. Research Design, Evidence, and Core Sections","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F05-core-sections-and-evidence","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F05-core-sections-and-evidence",{"title":39,"path":40,"stem":41},"6. Citation, Paraphrasing, Integrity, and AI","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F06-citation-paraphrasing-and-integrity","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F06-citation-paraphrasing-and-integrity",{"title":43,"path":44,"stem":45},"7. Revision, Review, and Submission","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F07-revision-style-and-submission","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F07-revision-style-and-submission",{"title":47,"path":48,"stem":49},"8. Research Workbook","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template",{"title":51,"path":52,"stem":53},"9. Research Workflow and Tools","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F09-tools-for-academic-writing-and-literature-management","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F09-tools-for-academic-writing-and-literature-management",{"title":55,"path":56,"stem":57},"10. Worked Project — From Question to Defensible Conclusion","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F10-worked-example-from-block-structure-to-question-chain","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F10-worked-example-from-block-structure-to-question-chain",{"title":59,"path":60,"stem":61,"children":62,"page":249},"Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting","en\u002Faccounting",[63,69,87,93,193],{"title":64,"path":65,"stem":66,"children":67},"Accounting — From Evidence to Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002F00-index","en\u002Faccounting\u002F00-index",[68],{"title":64,"path":65,"stem":66},{"title":70,"path":71,"stem":72,"children":73},"Accounting Appendix","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[74,75,79,83],{"title":70,"path":71,"stem":72},{"title":76,"path":77,"stem":78},"Worked Examples and Error Diagnosis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F24-examples-pitfalls","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F24-examples-pitfalls",{"title":80,"path":81,"stem":82},"Accounting Glossary","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F26-glossary","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F26-glossary",{"title":84,"path":85,"stem":86},"Reading and Evidence Map","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F27-reading-map","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F27-reading-map",{"title":88,"path":89,"stem":90,"children":91},"Northstar Record-to-Decision Capstone","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[92],{"title":88,"path":89,"stem":90},{"title":94,"path":95,"stem":96,"children":97},"Financial Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002Findex",[98,99,117,131,165,179],{"title":94,"path":95,"stem":96},{"title":100,"path":101,"stem":102,"children":103},"1. Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002Findex",[104,105,109,113],{"title":100,"path":101,"stem":102},{"title":106,"path":107,"stem":108},"Objectives and Qualitative Characteristics","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F01-objectives-qualitative-characteristics","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F01-objectives-qualitative-characteristics",{"title":110,"path":111,"stem":112},"Equation and Elements","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F02-equation-elements","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F02-equation-elements",{"title":114,"path":115,"stem":116},"Accrual Basis, Estimates and Periods","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F03-accounting-bases-principles","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F03-accounting-bases-principles",{"title":118,"path":119,"stem":120,"children":121},"2. Recording Transactions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002Findex",[122,123,127],{"title":118,"path":119,"stem":120},{"title":124,"path":125,"stem":126},"Double-Entry and Debit\u002FCredit","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F04-double-entry-dr-cr","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F04-double-entry-dr-cr",{"title":128,"path":129,"stem":130},"Accounting Cycle","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F05-accounting-cycle","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F05-accounting-cycle",{"title":132,"path":133,"stem":134,"children":135},"3. Measurement and Adjustments","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002Findex",[136,137,141,145,149,153,157,161],{"title":132,"path":133,"stem":134},{"title":138,"path":139,"stem":140},"Revenue Recognition","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F07-revenue-recognition","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F07-revenue-recognition",{"title":142,"path":143,"stem":144},"Inventory","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F08-inventory","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F08-inventory",{"title":146,"path":147,"stem":148},"Receivables and Expected Credit Losses","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F09-receivables","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F09-receivables",{"title":150,"path":151,"stem":152},"Property, Plant and Equipment","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F10-ppe","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F10-ppe",{"title":154,"path":155,"stem":156},"Intangible Assets","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F11-intangibles","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F11-intangibles",{"title":158,"path":159,"stem":160},"Leases","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F12-leases","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F12-leases",{"title":162,"path":163,"stem":164},"Current and Deferred Income Tax","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F13-income-tax","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F13-income-tax",{"title":166,"path":167,"stem":168,"children":169},"4. Reporting and Cash","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002Findex",[170,171,175],{"title":166,"path":167,"stem":168},{"title":172,"path":173,"stem":174},"Linked Financial Statements","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F06-financial-statements","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F06-financial-statements",{"title":176,"path":177,"stem":178},"Cash, Reconciliation and Internal Control","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F14-cash-control","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F14-cash-control",{"title":180,"path":181,"stem":182,"children":183},"5. Analysis and Comparison","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002Findex",[184,185,189],{"title":180,"path":181,"stem":182},{"title":186,"path":187,"stem":188},"Ratio Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F15-ratio-analysis","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F15-ratio-analysis",{"title":190,"path":191,"stem":192},"IFRS versus US GAAP","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F25-ifrs-gaap","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F25-ifrs-gaap",{"title":194,"path":195,"stem":196,"children":197},"Management Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002Findex",[198,199,217,235],{"title":194,"path":195,"stem":196},{"title":200,"path":201,"stem":202,"children":203},"1. Cost Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002Findex",[204,205,209,213],{"title":200,"path":201,"stem":202},{"title":206,"path":207,"stem":208},"Cost Concepts and Behaviour","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F16-cost-concepts","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F16-cost-concepts",{"title":210,"path":211,"stem":212},"Costing Systems","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F17-costing-systems","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F17-costing-systems",{"title":214,"path":215,"stem":216},"Variable and Absorption Costing","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F19-variable-vs-absorption","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F19-variable-vs-absorption",{"title":218,"path":219,"stem":220,"children":221},"2. Planning and Control","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002Findex",[222,223,227,231],{"title":218,"path":219,"stem":220},{"title":224,"path":225,"stem":226},"Cost–Volume–Profit Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F18-cvp-analysis","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F18-cvp-analysis",{"title":228,"path":229,"stem":230},"Budgeting and Variance Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F20-budgeting-variances","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F20-budgeting-variances",{"title":232,"path":233,"stem":234},"Performance Measurement","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F21-performance-measurement","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F21-performance-measurement",{"title":236,"path":237,"stem":238,"children":239},"3. Decisions and Investment","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002Findex",[240,241,245],{"title":236,"path":237,"stem":238},{"title":242,"path":243,"stem":244},"Short-Term Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F22-short-term-decisions","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F22-short-term-decisions",{"title":246,"path":247,"stem":248},"Capital Budgeting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F23-capital-budgeting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F23-capital-budgeting",false,{"title":251,"path":252,"stem":253,"children":254,"page":249},"Business Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics",[255,261,279,305,335,365,383,400],{"title":256,"path":257,"stem":258,"children":259},"Business Analytics — From Data to Defensible Action","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-index","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-index",[260],{"title":256,"path":257,"stem":258},{"title":262,"path":263,"stem":264,"children":265},"0. Decision and Data Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[266,267,271,275],{"title":262,"path":263,"stem":264},{"title":268,"path":269,"stem":270},"Decision Framing","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F01-decision-framing","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F01-decision-framing",{"title":272,"path":273,"stem":274},"Data Contracts","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F02-data-contracts","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F02-data-contracts",{"title":276,"path":277,"stem":278},"Reproducible Analytics Workflow","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F03-reproducible-workflow","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F03-reproducible-workflow",{"title":280,"path":281,"stem":282,"children":283},"1. Descriptive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002Findex",[284,285,289,293,297,301],{"title":280,"path":281,"stem":282},{"title":286,"path":287,"stem":288},"Distributions and Exploratory Data Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F04-distributions-eda","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F04-distributions-eda",{"title":290,"path":291,"stem":292},"KPIs and Denominators","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F05-kpis-denominators","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F05-kpis-denominators",{"title":294,"path":295,"stem":296},"Segments, Cohorts and Funnels","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F06-segmentation-cohorts-funnels","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F06-segmentation-cohorts-funnels",{"title":298,"path":299,"stem":300},"Visual Evidence and Data Stories","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F07-visualisation-story","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F07-visualisation-story",{"title":302,"path":303,"stem":304},"Experiments and Causal Boundaries","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F08-experiments-causal-boundary","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F08-experiments-causal-boundary",{"title":306,"path":307,"stem":308,"children":309},"2. Predictive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002Findex",[310,311,315,319,323,327,331],{"title":306,"path":307,"stem":308},{"title":312,"path":313,"stem":314},"Validation, Baselines and Leakage","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F09-validation-leakage","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F09-validation-leakage",{"title":316,"path":317,"stem":318},"Regression and Forecasting","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F10-regression-forecasting","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F10-regression-forecasting",{"title":320,"path":321,"stem":322},"Classification and Calibration","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F11-classification-calibration","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F11-classification-calibration",{"title":324,"path":325,"stem":326},"Trees and Ensembles","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F12-trees-ensembles","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F12-trees-ensembles",{"title":328,"path":329,"stem":330},"Decision Metrics and Thresholds","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F13-decision-metrics-thresholds","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F13-decision-metrics-thresholds",{"title":332,"path":333,"stem":334},"Explainability, Monitoring and Drift","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F14-explainability-drift","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F14-explainability-drift",{"title":336,"path":337,"stem":338,"children":339},"3. Prescriptive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002Findex",[340,341,345,349,353,357,361],{"title":336,"path":337,"stem":338},{"title":342,"path":343,"stem":344},"Decision-Making under Uncertainty","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F15-decision-uncertainty","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F15-decision-uncertainty",{"title":346,"path":347,"stem":348},"Linear Optimisation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F16-linear-optimization","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F16-linear-optimization",{"title":350,"path":351,"stem":352},"Inventory and Allocation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F17-inventory-allocation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F17-inventory-allocation",{"title":354,"path":355,"stem":356},"Queueing and Simulation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F18-queueing-simulation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F18-queueing-simulation",{"title":358,"path":359,"stem":360},"Pricing and Revenue Management","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F19-pricing-experimentation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F19-pricing-experimentation",{"title":362,"path":363,"stem":364},"Causal Targeting and Policy Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F20-causal-targeting","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F20-causal-targeting",{"title":366,"path":367,"stem":368,"children":369},"4. Deployment and Governance","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002Findex",[370,371,375,379],{"title":366,"path":367,"stem":368},{"title":372,"path":373,"stem":374},"Data Products and Monitoring","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F21-data-products-monitoring","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F21-data-products-monitoring",{"title":376,"path":377,"stem":378},"Governance, Fairness and Privacy","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F22-governance-fairness-privacy","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F22-governance-fairness-privacy",{"title":380,"path":381,"stem":382},"Adoption and Business Value","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F23-adoption-value","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F23-adoption-value",{"title":384,"path":385,"stem":386,"children":387},"Appendix and Revision Tools","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[388,389,393,397],{"title":384,"path":385,"stem":386},{"title":390,"path":391,"stem":392},"Formula and Decision Map","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F24-formula-map","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F24-formula-map",{"title":394,"path":395,"stem":396},"Worked Examples and Pitfalls","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F25-worked-examples-pitfalls","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F25-worked-examples-pitfalls",{"title":84,"path":398,"stem":399},"\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F26-reading-map","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F26-reading-map",{"title":401,"path":402,"stem":403,"children":404},"Capstone — The Evening Delivery Promise","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[405],{"title":401,"path":402,"stem":403},{"title":407,"path":408,"stem":409,"children":410,"page":249},"Financial Economic Time Series","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series",[411,417,423,429,435,441,447,453,459,465,471],{"title":412,"path":413,"stem":414,"children":415},"Financial and Economic Time Series — Course Guide","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F00-intro","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[416],{"title":412,"path":413,"stem":414},{"title":418,"path":419,"stem":420,"children":421},"Three Versions of Time Series","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F01-bridge","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F01-bridge\u002Findex",[422],{"title":418,"path":419,"stem":420},{"title":424,"path":425,"stem":426,"children":427},"Data, Clocks, and Transformations","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F02-data-transformations","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F02-data-transformations\u002Findex",[428],{"title":424,"path":425,"stem":426},{"title":430,"path":431,"stem":432,"children":433},"Predictive Regressions and Persistent Predictors","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F03-predictive-regressions","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F03-predictive-regressions\u002Findex",[434],{"title":430,"path":431,"stem":432},{"title":436,"path":437,"stem":438,"children":439},"Volatility, Tails, and Financial Risk","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F04-volatility-risk","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F04-volatility-risk\u002Findex",[440],{"title":436,"path":437,"stem":438},{"title":442,"path":443,"stem":444,"children":445},"Unit Roots, Cointegration, and Error Correction","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F05-unit-roots-cointegration","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F05-unit-roots-cointegration\u002Findex",[446],{"title":442,"path":443,"stem":444},{"title":448,"path":449,"stem":450,"children":451},"VAR, Structural Identification, and Local Projections","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F06-var-identification","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F06-var-identification\u002Findex",[452],{"title":448,"path":449,"stem":450},{"title":454,"path":455,"stem":456,"children":457},"State Space, Mixed Frequency, and Nowcasting","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F07-state-space-nowcasting","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F07-state-space-nowcasting\u002Findex",[458],{"title":454,"path":455,"stem":456},{"title":460,"path":461,"stem":462,"children":463},"Forecast Evaluation for Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F08-forecast-evaluation","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F08-forecast-evaluation\u002Findex",[464],{"title":460,"path":461,"stem":462},{"title":466,"path":467,"stem":468,"children":469},"Integrated R Laboratory","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F09-r-laboratory","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F09-r-laboratory\u002Findex",[470],{"title":466,"path":467,"stem":468},{"title":472,"path":473,"stem":474,"children":475},"Capstones, Data, and Reading Ladder","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F10-capstone-readings","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F10-capstone-readings\u002Findex",[476],{"title":472,"path":473,"stem":474},{"title":478,"path":479,"stem":480,"children":481,"page":249},"Intro To Economics","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics","en\u002Fintro-to-economics",[482,486,490,494,498,502,506,510,514,518,522,526,530],{"title":483,"path":484,"stem":485},"Introduction to Economics — Decisions, Markets, and the Macroeconomy","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F00-intro",{"title":487,"path":488,"stem":489},"Chapter 1 — Choice, Opportunity Cost, and Trade","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F01-foundations","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F01-foundations",{"title":491,"path":492,"stem":493},"Chapter 2 — Demand, Supply, Equilibrium, and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F02-demand-and-supply","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F02-demand-and-supply",{"title":495,"path":496,"stem":497},"Chapter 3 — Elasticity, Revenue, and Tax Incidence","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F03-elasticity","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F03-elasticity",{"title":499,"path":500,"stem":501},"Chapter 4 — Firms, Market Power, and Market Failure","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F04-market-structures","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F04-market-structures",{"title":503,"path":504,"stem":505},"Chapter 5 — GDP, Income, Wealth, and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F05-gdp-and-wealth","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F05-gdp-and-wealth",{"title":507,"path":508,"stem":509},"Chapter 6 — Inflation, Purchasing Power, and Labour Markets","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F06-inflation-and-unemployment","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F06-inflation-and-unemployment",{"title":511,"path":512,"stem":513},"Chapter 7 — Productivity, Technology, and Economic Growth","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F07-economic-growth","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F07-economic-growth",{"title":515,"path":516,"stem":517},"Chapter 8 — Money, Credit, and Banking","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F08-money-and-banking","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F08-money-and-banking",{"title":519,"path":520,"stem":521},"Chapter 9 — Business Cycles, AD–AS, and Monetary Policy","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F09-monetary-policy-and-ad-as","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F09-monetary-policy-and-ad-as",{"title":523,"path":524,"stem":525},"Chapter 10 — Fiscal Policy, Distribution, and Public Debt","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F10-fiscal-policy","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F10-fiscal-policy",{"title":527,"path":528,"stem":529},"Chapter 11 — Trade, Capital Flows, and Exchange Rates","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F11-open-economy-and-exchange-rates","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F11-open-economy-and-exchange-rates",{"title":531,"path":532,"stem":533},"Chapter 12 — Integrated Economic Analysis Studio","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F12-review-and-case-studies","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F12-review-and-case-studies",{"title":535,"path":536,"stem":537,"children":538,"page":249},"Microeconometrics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics",[539,557,563,581,603,629,651,673,691,709],{"title":540,"path":541,"stem":542,"children":543},"0. Causal Questions and Designs","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002Findex",[544,545,549,553],{"title":540,"path":541,"stem":542},{"title":546,"path":547,"stem":548},"Causal Questions and Estimands","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F01-causal-question-estimands","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F01-causal-question-estimands",{"title":550,"path":551,"stem":552},"Potential Outcomes and Experiments","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F02-potential-outcomes-experiments","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F02-potential-outcomes-experiments",{"title":554,"path":555,"stem":556},"Causal Diagrams and Controls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F03-dags-controls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F03-dags-controls",{"title":558,"path":559,"stem":560,"children":561},"Microeconometrics — Designing Credible Counterfactuals","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-index","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-index",[562],{"title":558,"path":559,"stem":560},{"title":564,"path":565,"stem":566,"children":567},"1. Regression and Inference","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002Findex",[568,569,573,577],{"title":564,"path":565,"stem":566},{"title":570,"path":571,"stem":572},"OLS as a Projection","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F04-ols-projection","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F04-ols-projection",{"title":574,"path":575,"stem":576},"FWL, Selection and Controls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F05-fwl-selection-controls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F05-fwl-selection-controls",{"title":578,"path":579,"stem":580},"Inference and Clustering","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F06-inference-clustering","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F06-inference-clustering",{"title":582,"path":583,"stem":584,"children":585},"2. Instruments and Panel Data","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002Findex",[586,587,591,595,599],{"title":582,"path":583,"stem":584},{"title":588,"path":589,"stem":590},"Instrumental Variables","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F07-iv-identification","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F07-iv-identification",{"title":592,"path":593,"stem":594},"Weak Instruments and LATE","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F08-weak-iv-late","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F08-weak-iv-late",{"title":596,"path":597,"stem":598},"Panel Fixed Effects","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F09-panel-fixed-effects","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F09-panel-fixed-effects",{"title":600,"path":601,"stem":602},"Dynamic Panels and Limits","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F10-dynamic-panel","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F10-dynamic-panel",{"title":604,"path":605,"stem":606,"children":607},"3. Policy Evaluation Designs","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002Findex",[608,609,613,617,621,625],{"title":604,"path":605,"stem":606},{"title":610,"path":611,"stem":612},"Difference-in-Differences","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F11-did-core","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F11-did-core",{"title":614,"path":615,"stem":616},"Staggered DID and Event Studies","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F12-staggered-event-studies","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F12-staggered-event-studies",{"title":618,"path":619,"stem":620},"Regression Discontinuity","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F13-rdd","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F13-rdd",{"title":622,"path":623,"stem":624},"Matching, Weighting and Overlap","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F14-matching-weighting","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F14-matching-weighting",{"title":626,"path":627,"stem":628},"Synthetic Control","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F15-synthetic-control","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F15-synthetic-control",{"title":630,"path":631,"stem":632,"children":633},"Module 4 — Choice and Limited Outcomes","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002Findex",[634,635,639,643,647],{"title":630,"path":631,"stem":632},{"title":636,"path":637,"stem":638},"Binary Choice","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F16-binary-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F16-binary-choice",{"title":640,"path":641,"stem":642},"Multinomial and Ordered Choice","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F17-multinomial-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F17-multinomial-choice",{"title":644,"path":645,"stem":646},"Count Outcomes","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F18-count-outcomes","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F18-count-outcomes",{"title":648,"path":649,"stem":650},"Censoring, Truncation and Selection","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F19-censoring-selection","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F19-censoring-selection",{"title":652,"path":653,"stem":654,"children":655},"Module 5 — Modern Causal Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002Findex",[656,657,661,665,669],{"title":652,"path":653,"stem":654},{"title":658,"path":659,"stem":660},"Double Machine Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F20-dml","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F20-dml",{"title":662,"path":663,"stem":664},"Heterogeneity and Policy Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F21-heterogeneity-policy","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F21-heterogeneity-policy",{"title":666,"path":667,"stem":668},"Sensitivity and Partial Identification","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F22-sensitivity-partial-id","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F22-sensitivity-partial-id",{"title":670,"path":671,"stem":672},"External Validity and Transport","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F23-external-validity","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F23-external-validity",{"title":674,"path":675,"stem":676,"children":677},"Module 6 — From Data to Auditable Evidence","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002Findex",[678,679,683,687],{"title":674,"path":675,"stem":676},{"title":680,"path":681,"stem":682},"Data Provenance","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F24-data-provenance","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F24-data-provenance",{"title":684,"path":685,"stem":686},"Reproducibility and Reporting","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F25-reproducibility-reporting","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F25-reproducibility-reporting",{"title":688,"path":689,"stem":690},"Paper and Evidence Audit","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F26-paper-audit","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F26-paper-audit",{"title":692,"path":693,"stem":694,"children":695},"Appendix — Revision and Evidence Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[696,697,701,705],{"title":692,"path":693,"stem":694},{"title":698,"path":699,"stem":700},"Formula and Design Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F27-formula-design-map","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F27-formula-design-map",{"title":702,"path":703,"stem":704},"Ten Worked Microeconometric Pitfalls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F28-worked-pitfalls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F28-worked-pitfalls",{"title":706,"path":707,"stem":708},"Reading and Software Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F29-reading-software-map","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F29-reading-software-map",{"title":710,"path":711,"stem":712,"children":713},"Capstone — Should Northbridge Expand Pathways?","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[714],{"title":710,"path":711,"stem":712},{"title":716,"path":717,"stem":718,"children":719,"page":249},"Microeconomics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics",[720,726,732,738,744,750,756,762,768,774,780,786,792],{"title":721,"path":722,"stem":723,"children":724},"Advanced Microeconomics — Course Guide","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[725],{"title":721,"path":722,"stem":723},{"title":727,"path":728,"stem":729,"children":730},"Module 1 — Choice, Duality, and Revealed Preference","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F01-fundations","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F01-fundations\u002Findex",[731],{"title":727,"path":728,"stem":729},{"title":733,"path":734,"stem":735,"children":736},"Module 2 — Comparative Statics and Welfare Measurement","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F02-comparative-statics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F02-comparative-statics\u002Findex",[737],{"title":733,"path":734,"stem":735},{"title":739,"path":740,"stem":741,"children":742},"Module 3 — Choice under Risk and Insurance","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F03-uncertainty","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F03-uncertainty\u002Findex",[743],{"title":739,"path":740,"stem":741},{"title":745,"path":746,"stem":747,"children":748},"Module 4 — General Equilibrium and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F04-general-equilibrium","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F04-general-equilibrium\u002Findex",[749],{"title":745,"path":746,"stem":747},{"title":751,"path":752,"stem":753,"children":754},"Module 5 — Static, Dynamic, and Repeated Games","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F05-game-theory","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F05-game-theory\u002Findex",[755],{"title":751,"path":752,"stem":753},{"title":757,"path":758,"stem":759,"children":760},"Module 6 — Oligopoly, Entry, and Algorithmic Pricing","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F06-oligopoly","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F06-oligopoly\u002Findex",[761],{"title":757,"path":758,"stem":759},{"title":763,"path":764,"stem":765,"children":766},"Module 7 — Information Economics and Contracts","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F07-information-economics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F07-information-economics\u002Findex",[767],{"title":763,"path":764,"stem":765},{"title":769,"path":770,"stem":771,"children":772},"Module 8 — Mechanism Design and Auctions","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F08-mechanism-design","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F08-mechanism-design\u002Findex",[773],{"title":769,"path":770,"stem":771},{"title":775,"path":776,"stem":777,"children":778},"Module 9 — Behavioural and Experimental Microeconomics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F09-behavioural-economics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F09-behavioural-economics\u002Findex",[779],{"title":775,"path":776,"stem":777},{"title":781,"path":782,"stem":783,"children":784},"Module 10 — Externalities, Public Goods, and Collective Action","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F10-externalities-public-goods","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F10-externalities-public-goods\u002Findex",[785],{"title":781,"path":782,"stem":783},{"title":787,"path":788,"stem":789,"children":790},"Module 11 — Matching and Market Design","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F11-market-design","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F11-market-design\u002Findex",[791],{"title":787,"path":788,"stem":789},{"title":793,"path":794,"stem":795,"children":796},"Module 12 — Integrated Microeconomic Design Studio","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F12-review","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F12-review\u002Findex",[797],{"title":793,"path":794,"stem":795},{"title":799,"path":800,"stem":801,"children":802},"Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground","en\u002Fplayground\u002Findex",[803,804,808,812,816,820],{"title":799,"path":800,"stem":801},{"title":805,"path":806,"stem":807},"Typst Plugin Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F01-typstex","en\u002Fplayground\u002F01-typstex",{"title":809,"path":810,"stem":811},"Citation Plugin Test","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F02-citation","en\u002Fplayground\u002F02-citation",{"title":813,"path":814,"stem":815},"Pyodide Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F03-pyodide","en\u002Fplayground\u002F03-pyodide",{"title":817,"path":818,"stem":819},"WebR Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F04-webr","en\u002Fplayground\u002F04-webr",{"title":821,"path":822,"stem":823},"Chart.js 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文献综述的构建与写作","\u002Fzh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review","zh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review",{"title":1056,"path":1057,"stem":1058},"8. 文献综述清单与模板","\u002Fzh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template","zh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template",{"title":1060,"path":1061,"stem":1062},"10. 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Alpha 策略全流程","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F09-case-study","zh\u002Fquant\u002F09-case-study",{"title":1779,"path":1780,"stem":1781},"量化投资文献与软件图谱","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F10-reading-software-map","zh\u002Fquant\u002F10-reading-software-map",null,{"id":1784,"title":1448,"body":1785,"description":3571,"extension":3572,"features":1782,"hero":1782,"layout":1782,"locale":1782,"meta":3573,"navigation":1782,"path":1449,"published":3574,"seo":3575,"stem":1450,"__hash__":3576},"docs\u002Fzh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F06-growth-productivity.md",{"type":1786,"value":1787,"toc":3557},"minimark",[1788,1792,1797,1801,1804,1823,1827,1830,2114,2402,2534,2537,2745,2865,2868,3068,3071,3075,3078,3081,3085,3088,3091,3095,3098,3416,3490,3493,3497,3500,3503,3507,3510,3513,3530,3533,3551,3554],[1789,1790,1448],"h1",{"id":1791},"第六章经济增长生产率与发展",[1793,1794,1796],"h2",{"id":1795},"_1-长期问题与短期问题不同","1. 长期问题与短期问题不同",[1798,1799,1800],"p",{},"短期宏观学关注产出围绕潜在水平的波动；增长理论关注潜在产出本身如何随资本、劳动、技术和制度变化。短期需求刺激不能自动创造长期生产率，长期改革也不一定能立刻解决衰退。",[1793,1802,1803],{"id":1803},"学习目标",[1805,1806,1807,1811,1814,1817,1820],"ul",{},[1808,1809,1810],"li",{},"区分总量增长、人均增长和生产率增长；",[1808,1812,1813],{},"推导 Solow 模型中的资本积累与稳态；",[1808,1815,1816],{},"理解储蓄率、人口增长、折旧和技术进步的作用；",[1808,1818,1819],{},"使用增长核算拆分资本、劳动和全要素生产率；",[1808,1821,1822],{},"讨论趋同、制度、人力资本和内生增长。",[1793,1824,1826],{"id":1825},"_2-生产函数与资本积累","2. 生产函数与资本积累",[1798,1828,1829],{},"一个常见的生产函数为：",[1831,1832,1835],"span",{"className":1833},[1834],"katex-display",[1831,1836,1839,1924],{"className":1837},[1838],"katex",[1831,1840,1843],{"className":1841},[1842],"katex-mathml",[1844,1845,1848],"math",{"xmlns":1846,"display":1847},"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML","block",[1849,1850,1851,1919],"semantics",{},[1852,1853,1854,1858,1862,1871,1875,1878,1881,1897,1901,1905,1908,1911,1913,1915,1917],"mrow",{},[1855,1856,1857],"mi",{},"Y",[1859,1860,1861],"mo",{},"=",[1863,1864,1865,1868],"msup",{},[1855,1866,1867],{},"K",[1855,1869,1870],{},"α",[1859,1872,1874],{"stretchy":1873},"false","(",[1855,1876,1877],{},"A",[1855,1879,1880],{},"L",[1863,1882,1883,1886],{},[1859,1884,1885],{"stretchy":1873},")",[1852,1887,1888,1892,1895],{},[1889,1890,1891],"mn",{},"1",[1859,1893,1894],{},"−",[1855,1896,1870],{},[1859,1898,1900],{"separator":1899},"true",",",[1902,1903],"mspace",{"width":1904},"2em",[1889,1906,1907],{},"0",[1859,1909,1910],{},"\u003C",[1855,1912,1870],{},[1859,1914,1910],{},[1889,1916,1891],{},[1859,1918,1900],{"separator":1899},[1920,1921,1923],"annotation",{"encoding":1922},"application\u002Fx-tex","Y=K^{\\alpha}(AL)^{1-\\alpha},\n\\qquad 0\u003C\\alpha\u003C1,",[1831,1925,1928,1954,2082,2101],{"className":1926,"ariaHidden":1899},[1927],"katex-html",[1831,1929,1932,1937,1943,1947,1951],{"className":1930},[1931],"base",[1831,1933],{"className":1934,"style":1936},[1935],"strut","height:0.6833em;",[1831,1938,1857],{"className":1939,"style":1942},[1940,1941],"mord","mathnormal","margin-right:0.2222em;",[1831,1944],{"className":1945,"style":1946},[1902],"margin-right:0.2778em;",[1831,1948,1861],{"className":1949},[1950],"mrel",[1831,1952],{"className":1953,"style":1946},[1902],[1831,1955,1957,1961,2007,2011,2014,2017,2058,2062,2066,2070,2073,2076,2079],{"className":1956},[1931],[1831,1958],{"className":1959,"style":1960},[1935],"height:1.1141em;vertical-align:-0.25em;",[1831,1962,1964,1968],{"className":1963},[1940],[1831,1965,1867],{"className":1966,"style":1967},[1940,1941],"margin-right:0.0715em;",[1831,1969,1972],{"className":1970},[1971],"msupsub",[1831,1973,1976],{"className":1974},[1975],"vlist-t",[1831,1977,1980],{"className":1978},[1979],"vlist-r",[1831,1981,1985],{"className":1982,"style":1984},[1983],"vlist","height:0.7144em;",[1831,1986,1988,1993],{"style":1987},"top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1831,1989],{"className":1990,"style":1992},[1991],"pstrut","height:2.7em;",[1831,1994,2000],{"className":1995},[1996,1997,1998,1999],"sizing","reset-size6","size3","mtight",[1831,2001,2003],{"className":2002},[1940,1999],[1831,2004,1870],{"className":2005,"style":2006},[1940,1941,1999],"margin-right:0.0037em;",[1831,2008,1874],{"className":2009},[2010],"mopen",[1831,2012,1877],{"className":2013},[1940,1941],[1831,2015,1880],{"className":2016},[1940,1941],[1831,2018,2021,2024],{"className":2019},[2020],"mclose",[1831,2022,1885],{"className":2023},[2020],[1831,2025,2027],{"className":2026},[1971],[1831,2028,2030],{"className":2029},[1975],[1831,2031,2033],{"className":2032},[1979],[1831,2034,2037],{"className":2035,"style":2036},[1983],"height:0.8641em;",[1831,2038,2039,2042],{"style":1987},[1831,2040],{"className":2041,"style":1992},[1991],[1831,2043,2045],{"className":2044},[1996,1997,1998,1999],[1831,2046,2048,2051,2055],{"className":2047},[1940,1999],[1831,2049,1891],{"className":2050},[1940,1999],[1831,2052,1894],{"className":2053},[2054,1999],"mbin",[1831,2056,1870],{"className":2057,"style":2006},[1940,1941,1999],[1831,2059,1900],{"className":2060},[2061],"mpunct",[1831,2063],{"className":2064,"style":2065},[1902],"margin-right:2em;",[1831,2067],{"className":2068,"style":2069},[1902],"margin-right:0.1667em;",[1831,2071,1907],{"className":2072},[1940],[1831,2074],{"className":2075,"style":1946},[1902],[1831,2077,1910],{"className":2078},[1950],[1831,2080],{"className":2081,"style":1946},[1902],[1831,2083,2085,2089,2092,2095,2098],{"className":2084},[1931],[1831,2086],{"className":2087,"style":2088},[1935],"height:0.5782em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;",[1831,2090,1870],{"className":2091,"style":2006},[1940,1941],[1831,2093],{"className":2094,"style":1946},[1902],[1831,2096,1910],{"className":2097},[1950],[1831,2099],{"className":2100,"style":1946},[1902],[1831,2102,2104,2108,2111],{"className":2103},[1931],[1831,2105],{"className":2106,"style":2107},[1935],"height:0.8389em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[1831,2109,1891],{"className":2110},[1940],[1831,2112,1900],{"className":2113},[2061],[1798,2115,2116,2117,2145,2146,2174,2175,2203,2204,2238,2239,2321,2322,2401],{},"其中 ",[1831,2118,2120,2133],{"className":2119},[1838],[1831,2121,2123],{"className":2122},[1842],[1844,2124,2125],{"xmlns":1846},[1849,2126,2127,2131],{},[1852,2128,2129],{},[1855,2130,1867],{},[1920,2132,1867],{"encoding":1922},[1831,2134,2136],{"className":2135,"ariaHidden":1899},[1927],[1831,2137,2139,2142],{"className":2138},[1931],[1831,2140],{"className":2141,"style":1936},[1935],[1831,2143,1867],{"className":2144,"style":1967},[1940,1941]," 是资本，",[1831,2147,2149,2162],{"className":2148},[1838],[1831,2150,2152],{"className":2151},[1842],[1844,2153,2154],{"xmlns":1846},[1849,2155,2156,2160],{},[1852,2157,2158],{},[1855,2159,1880],{},[1920,2161,1880],{"encoding":1922},[1831,2163,2165],{"className":2164,"ariaHidden":1899},[1927],[1831,2166,2168,2171],{"className":2167},[1931],[1831,2169],{"className":2170,"style":1936},[1935],[1831,2172,1880],{"className":2173},[1940,1941]," 是劳动，",[1831,2176,2178,2191],{"className":2177},[1838],[1831,2179,2181],{"className":2180},[1842],[1844,2182,2183],{"xmlns":1846},[1849,2184,2185,2189],{},[1852,2186,2187],{},[1855,2188,1877],{},[1920,2190,1877],{"encoding":1922},[1831,2192,2194],{"className":2193,"ariaHidden":1899},[1927],[1831,2195,2197,2200],{"className":2196},[1931],[1831,2198],{"className":2199,"style":1936},[1935],[1831,2201,1877],{"className":2202},[1940,1941]," 是劳动增强型技术。除以有效劳动 ",[1831,2205,2207,2223],{"className":2206},[1838],[1831,2208,2210],{"className":2209},[1842],[1844,2211,2212],{"xmlns":1846},[1849,2213,2214,2220],{},[1852,2215,2216,2218],{},[1855,2217,1877],{},[1855,2219,1880],{},[1920,2221,2222],{"encoding":1922},"AL",[1831,2224,2226],{"className":2225,"ariaHidden":1899},[1927],[1831,2227,2229,2232,2235],{"className":2228},[1931],[1831,2230],{"className":2231,"style":1936},[1935],[1831,2233,1877],{"className":2234},[1940,1941],[1831,2236,1880],{"className":2237},[1940,1941]," 后，令 ",[1831,2240,2242,2273],{"className":2241},[1838],[1831,2243,2245],{"className":2244},[1842],[1844,2246,2247],{"xmlns":1846},[1849,2248,2249,2270],{},[1852,2250,2251,2254,2256,2258,2262,2264,2266,2268],{},[1855,2252,2253],{},"k",[1859,2255,1861],{},[1855,2257,1867],{},[1855,2259,2261],{"mathvariant":2260},"normal","\u002F",[1859,2263,1874],{"stretchy":1873},[1855,2265,1877],{},[1855,2267,1880],{},[1859,2269,1885],{"stretchy":1873},[1920,2271,2272],{"encoding":1922},"k=K\u002F(AL)",[1831,2274,2276,2296],{"className":2275,"ariaHidden":1899},[1927],[1831,2277,2279,2283,2287,2290,2293],{"className":2278},[1931],[1831,2280],{"className":2281,"style":2282},[1935],"height:0.6944em;",[1831,2284,2253],{"className":2285,"style":2286},[1940,1941],"margin-right:0.0315em;",[1831,2288],{"className":2289,"style":1946},[1902],[1831,2291,1861],{"className":2292},[1950],[1831,2294],{"className":2295,"style":1946},[1902],[1831,2297,2299,2303,2306,2309,2312,2315,2318],{"className":2298},[1931],[1831,2300],{"className":2301,"style":2302},[1935],"height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;",[1831,2304,1867],{"className":2305,"style":1967},[1940,1941],[1831,2307,2261],{"className":2308},[1940],[1831,2310,1874],{"className":2311},[2010],[1831,2313,1877],{"className":2314},[1940,1941],[1831,2316,1880],{"className":2317},[1940,1941],[1831,2319,1885],{"className":2320},[2020],"、",[1831,2323,2325,2354],{"className":2324},[1838],[1831,2326,2328],{"className":2327},[1842],[1844,2329,2330],{"xmlns":1846},[1849,2331,2332,2351],{},[1852,2333,2334,2337,2339,2341,2343,2345,2347,2349],{},[1855,2335,2336],{},"y",[1859,2338,1861],{},[1855,2340,1857],{},[1855,2342,2261],{"mathvariant":2260},[1859,2344,1874],{"stretchy":1873},[1855,2346,1877],{},[1855,2348,1880],{},[1859,2350,1885],{"stretchy":1873},[1920,2352,2353],{"encoding":1922},"y=Y\u002F(AL)",[1831,2355,2357,2377],{"className":2356,"ariaHidden":1899},[1927],[1831,2358,2360,2364,2368,2371,2374],{"className":2359},[1931],[1831,2361],{"className":2362,"style":2363},[1935],"height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[1831,2365,2336],{"className":2366,"style":2367},[1940,1941],"margin-right:0.0359em;",[1831,2369],{"className":2370,"style":1946},[1902],[1831,2372,1861],{"className":2373},[1950],[1831,2375],{"className":2376,"style":1946},[1902],[1831,2378,2380,2383,2386,2389,2392,2395,2398],{"className":2379},[1931],[1831,2381],{"className":2382,"style":2302},[1935],[1831,2384,1857],{"className":2385,"style":1942},[1940,1941],[1831,2387,2261],{"className":2388},[1940],[1831,2390,1874],{"className":2391},[2010],[1831,2393,1877],{"className":2394},[1940,1941],[1831,2396,1880],{"className":2397},[1940,1941],[1831,2399,1885],{"className":2400},[2020],"，得到：",[1831,2403,2405],{"className":2404},[1834],[1831,2406,2408,2444],{"className":2407},[1838],[1831,2409,2411],{"className":2410},[1842],[1844,2412,2413],{"xmlns":1846,"display":1847},[1849,2414,2415,2441],{},[1852,2416,2417,2419,2421,2424,2426,2428,2430,2432,2438],{},[1855,2418,2336],{},[1859,2420,1861],{},[1855,2422,2423],{},"f",[1859,2425,1874],{"stretchy":1873},[1855,2427,2253],{},[1859,2429,1885],{"stretchy":1873},[1859,2431,1861],{},[1863,2433,2434,2436],{},[1855,2435,2253],{},[1855,2437,1870],{},[1855,2439,2440],{"mathvariant":2260},".",[1920,2442,2443],{"encoding":1922},"y=f(k)=k^{\\alpha}.",[1831,2445,2447,2465,2493],{"className":2446,"ariaHidden":1899},[1927],[1831,2448,2450,2453,2456,2459,2462],{"className":2449},[1931],[1831,2451],{"className":2452,"style":2363},[1935],[1831,2454,2336],{"className":2455,"style":2367},[1940,1941],[1831,2457],{"className":2458,"style":1946},[1902],[1831,2460,1861],{"className":2461},[1950],[1831,2463],{"className":2464,"style":1946},[1902],[1831,2466,2468,2471,2475,2478,2481,2484,2487,2490],{"className":2467},[1931],[1831,2469],{"className":2470,"style":2302},[1935],[1831,2472,2423],{"className":2473,"style":2474},[1940,1941],"margin-right:0.1076em;",[1831,2476,1874],{"className":2477},[2010],[1831,2479,2253],{"className":2480,"style":2286},[1940,1941],[1831,2482,1885],{"className":2483},[2020],[1831,2485],{"className":2486,"style":1946},[1902],[1831,2488,1861],{"className":2489},[1950],[1831,2491],{"className":2492,"style":1946},[1902],[1831,2494,2496,2499,2531],{"className":2495},[1931],[1831,2497],{"className":2498,"style":1984},[1935],[1831,2500,2502,2505],{"className":2501},[1940],[1831,2503,2253],{"className":2504,"style":2286},[1940,1941],[1831,2506,2508],{"className":2507},[1971],[1831,2509,2511],{"className":2510},[1975],[1831,2512,2514],{"className":2513},[1979],[1831,2515,2517],{"className":2516,"style":1984},[1983],[1831,2518,2519,2522],{"style":1987},[1831,2520],{"className":2521,"style":1992},[1991],[1831,2523,2525],{"className":2524},[1996,1997,1998,1999],[1831,2526,2528],{"className":2527},[1940,1999],[1831,2529,1870],{"className":2530,"style":2006},[1940,1941,1999],[1831,2532,2440],{"className":2533},[1940],[1798,2535,2536],{},"资本的动态为：",[1831,2538,2540],{"className":2539},[1834],[1831,2541,2543,2600],{"className":2542},[1838],[1831,2544,2546],{"className":2545},[1842],[1844,2547,2548],{"xmlns":1846,"display":1847},[1849,2549,2550,2597],{},[1852,2551,2552,2560,2562,2565,2567,2569,2571,2573,2575,2577,2580,2583,2586,2588,2591,2593,2595],{},[2553,2554,2555,2557],"mover",{"accent":1899},[1855,2556,2253],{},[1859,2558,2559],{},"˙",[1859,2561,1861],{},[1855,2563,2564],{},"s",[1855,2566,2423],{},[1859,2568,1874],{"stretchy":1873},[1855,2570,2253],{},[1859,2572,1885],{"stretchy":1873},[1859,2574,1894],{},[1859,2576,1874],{"stretchy":1873},[1855,2578,2579],{},"n",[1859,2581,2582],{},"+",[1855,2584,2585],{},"g",[1859,2587,2582],{},[1855,2589,2590],{},"δ",[1859,2592,1885],{"stretchy":1873},[1855,2594,2253],{},[1859,2596,1900],{"separator":1899},[1920,2598,2599],{"encoding":1922},"\\dot{k}=sf(k)-(n+g+\\delta)k,",[1831,2601,2603,2656,2686,2707,2726],{"className":2602,"ariaHidden":1899},[1927],[1831,2604,2606,2610,2647,2650,2653],{"className":2605},[1931],[1831,2607],{"className":2608,"style":2609},[1935],"height:0.9313em;",[1831,2611,2614],{"className":2612},[1940,2613],"accent",[1831,2615,2617],{"className":2616},[1975],[1831,2618,2620],{"className":2619},[1979],[1831,2621,2623,2633],{"className":2622,"style":2609},[1983],[1831,2624,2626,2630],{"style":2625},"top:-3em;",[1831,2627],{"className":2628,"style":2629},[1991],"height:3em;",[1831,2631,2253],{"className":2632,"style":2286},[1940,1941],[1831,2634,2636,2639],{"style":2635},"top:-3.2634em;",[1831,2637],{"className":2638,"style":2629},[1991],[1831,2640,2644],{"className":2641,"style":2643},[2642],"accent-body","left:-0.1389em;",[1831,2645,2559],{"className":2646},[1940],[1831,2648],{"className":2649,"style":1946},[1902],[1831,2651,1861],{"className":2652},[1950],[1831,2654],{"className":2655,"style":1946},[1902],[1831,2657,2659,2662,2665,2668,2671,2674,2677,2680,2683],{"className":2658},[1931],[1831,2660],{"className":2661,"style":2302},[1935],[1831,2663,2564],{"className":2664},[1940,1941],[1831,2666,2423],{"className":2667,"style":2474},[1940,1941],[1831,2669,1874],{"className":2670},[2010],[1831,2672,2253],{"className":2673,"style":2286},[1940,1941],[1831,2675,1885],{"className":2676},[2020],[1831,2678],{"className":2679,"style":1942},[1902],[1831,2681,1894],{"className":2682},[2054],[1831,2684],{"className":2685,"style":1942},[1902],[1831,2687,2689,2692,2695,2698,2701,2704],{"className":2688},[1931],[1831,2690],{"className":2691,"style":2302},[1935],[1831,2693,1874],{"className":2694},[2010],[1831,2696,2579],{"className":2697},[1940,1941],[1831,2699],{"className":2700,"style":1942},[1902],[1831,2702,2582],{"className":2703},[2054],[1831,2705],{"className":2706,"style":1942},[1902],[1831,2708,2710,2714,2717,2720,2723],{"className":2709},[1931],[1831,2711],{"className":2712,"style":2713},[1935],"height:0.7778em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[1831,2715,2585],{"className":2716,"style":2367},[1940,1941],[1831,2718],{"className":2719,"style":1942},[1902],[1831,2721,2582],{"className":2722},[2054],[1831,2724],{"className":2725,"style":1942},[1902],[1831,2727,2729,2732,2736,2739,2742],{"className":2728},[1931],[1831,2730],{"className":2731,"style":2302},[1935],[1831,2733,2590],{"className":2734,"style":2735},[1940,1941],"margin-right:0.0379em;",[1831,2737,1885],{"className":2738},[2020],[1831,2740,2253],{"className":2741,"style":2286},[1940,1941],[1831,2743,1900],{"className":2744},[2061],[1798,2746,2116,2747,2776,2777,2805,2806,2834,2835,2864],{},[1831,2748,2750,2763],{"className":2749},[1838],[1831,2751,2753],{"className":2752},[1842],[1844,2754,2755],{"xmlns":1846},[1849,2756,2757,2761],{},[1852,2758,2759],{},[1855,2760,2564],{},[1920,2762,2564],{"encoding":1922},[1831,2764,2766],{"className":2765,"ariaHidden":1899},[1927],[1831,2767,2769,2773],{"className":2768},[1931],[1831,2770],{"className":2771,"style":2772},[1935],"height:0.4306em;",[1831,2774,2564],{"className":2775},[1940,1941]," 是储蓄率，",[1831,2778,2780,2793],{"className":2779},[1838],[1831,2781,2783],{"className":2782},[1842],[1844,2784,2785],{"xmlns":1846},[1849,2786,2787,2791],{},[1852,2788,2789],{},[1855,2790,2579],{},[1920,2792,2579],{"encoding":1922},[1831,2794,2796],{"className":2795,"ariaHidden":1899},[1927],[1831,2797,2799,2802],{"className":2798},[1931],[1831,2800],{"className":2801,"style":2772},[1935],[1831,2803,2579],{"className":2804},[1940,1941]," 是人口增长率，",[1831,2807,2809,2822],{"className":2808},[1838],[1831,2810,2812],{"className":2811},[1842],[1844,2813,2814],{"xmlns":1846},[1849,2815,2816,2820],{},[1852,2817,2818],{},[1855,2819,2585],{},[1920,2821,2585],{"encoding":1922},[1831,2823,2825],{"className":2824,"ariaHidden":1899},[1927],[1831,2826,2828,2831],{"className":2827},[1931],[1831,2829],{"className":2830,"style":2363},[1935],[1831,2832,2585],{"className":2833,"style":2367},[1940,1941]," 是技术增长率，",[1831,2836,2838,2852],{"className":2837},[1838],[1831,2839,2841],{"className":2840},[1842],[1844,2842,2843],{"xmlns":1846},[1849,2844,2845,2849],{},[1852,2846,2847],{},[1855,2848,2590],{},[1920,2850,2851],{"encoding":1922},"\\delta",[1831,2853,2855],{"className":2854,"ariaHidden":1899},[1927],[1831,2856,2858,2861],{"className":2857},[1931],[1831,2859],{"className":2860,"style":2282},[1935],[1831,2862,2590],{"className":2863,"style":2735},[1940,1941]," 是折旧率。",[1798,2866,2867],{},"稳态满足：",[1831,2869,2871],{"className":2870},[1834],[1831,2872,2874,2925],{"className":2873},[1838],[1831,2875,2877],{"className":2876},[1842],[1844,2878,2879],{"xmlns":1846,"display":1847},[1849,2880,2881,2922],{},[1852,2882,2883,2885,2887,2889,2896,2898,2900,2902,2904,2906,2908,2910,2912,2914,2920],{},[1855,2884,2564],{},[1855,2886,2423],{},[1859,2888,1874],{"stretchy":1873},[1863,2890,2891,2893],{},[1855,2892,2253],{},[1859,2894,2895],{},"∗",[1859,2897,1885],{"stretchy":1873},[1859,2899,1861],{},[1859,2901,1874],{"stretchy":1873},[1855,2903,2579],{},[1859,2905,2582],{},[1855,2907,2585],{},[1859,2909,2582],{},[1855,2911,2590],{},[1859,2913,1885],{"stretchy":1873},[1863,2915,2916,2918],{},[1855,2917,2253],{},[1859,2919,2895],{},[1855,2921,2440],{"mathvariant":2260},[1920,2923,2924],{"encoding":1922},"sf(k^*)=(n+g+\\delta)k^*.",[1831,2926,2928,2985,3006,3024],{"className":2927,"ariaHidden":1899},[1927],[1831,2929,2931,2934,2937,2940,2943,2973,2976,2979,2982],{"className":2930},[1931],[1831,2932],{"className":2933,"style":2302},[1935],[1831,2935,2564],{"className":2936},[1940,1941],[1831,2938,2423],{"className":2939,"style":2474},[1940,1941],[1831,2941,1874],{"className":2942},[2010],[1831,2944,2946,2949],{"className":2945},[1940],[1831,2947,2253],{"className":2948,"style":2286},[1940,1941],[1831,2950,2952],{"className":2951},[1971],[1831,2953,2955],{"className":2954},[1975],[1831,2956,2958],{"className":2957},[1979],[1831,2959,2962],{"className":2960,"style":2961},[1983],"height:0.7387em;",[1831,2963,2964,2967],{"style":1987},[1831,2965],{"className":2966,"style":1992},[1991],[1831,2968,2970],{"className":2969},[1996,1997,1998,1999],[1831,2971,2895],{"className":2972},[2054,1999],[1831,2974,1885],{"className":2975},[2020],[1831,2977],{"className":2978,"style":1946},[1902],[1831,2980,1861],{"className":2981},[1950],[1831,2983],{"className":2984,"style":1946},[1902],[1831,2986,2988,2991,2994,2997,3000,3003],{"className":2987},[1931],[1831,2989],{"className":2990,"style":2302},[1935],[1831,2992,1874],{"className":2993},[2010],[1831,2995,2579],{"className":2996},[1940,1941],[1831,2998],{"className":2999,"style":1942},[1902],[1831,3001,2582],{"className":3002},[2054],[1831,3004],{"className":3005,"style":1942},[1902],[1831,3007,3009,3012,3015,3018,3021],{"className":3008},[1931],[1831,3010],{"className":3011,"style":2713},[1935],[1831,3013,2585],{"className":3014,"style":2367},[1940,1941],[1831,3016],{"className":3017,"style":1942},[1902],[1831,3019,2582],{"className":3020},[2054],[1831,3022],{"className":3023,"style":1942},[1902],[1831,3025,3027,3030,3033,3036,3065],{"className":3026},[1931],[1831,3028],{"className":3029,"style":2302},[1935],[1831,3031,2590],{"className":3032,"style":2735},[1940,1941],[1831,3034,1885],{"className":3035},[2020],[1831,3037,3039,3042],{"className":3038},[1940],[1831,3040,2253],{"className":3041,"style":2286},[1940,1941],[1831,3043,3045],{"className":3044},[1971],[1831,3046,3048],{"className":3047},[1975],[1831,3049,3051],{"className":3050},[1979],[1831,3052,3054],{"className":3053,"style":2961},[1983],[1831,3055,3056,3059],{"style":1987},[1831,3057],{"className":3058,"style":1992},[1991],[1831,3060,3062],{"className":3061},[1996,1997,1998,1999],[1831,3063,2895],{"className":3064},[2054,1999],[1831,3066,2440],{"className":3067},[1940],[1798,3069,3070],{},"储蓄提高会把经济带到更高的资本水平，但在没有持续技术进步时，边际报酬递减意味着人均增长最终停止。技术进步改变的是有效劳动和长期增长路径。",[1793,3072,3074],{"id":3073},"_3-一个直觉例子","3. 一个直觉例子",[1798,3076,3077],{},"国家 A 和 B 有相同技术与人口增长率，但 A 的储蓄率更高。A 可以拥有更高的稳态人均资本和产出，但不一定拥有更高的长期人均增长率。若 B 能持续提高技术、教育或制度质量，B 可能在水平上追赶甚至超过 A。",[1798,3079,3080],{},"这说明“投资更多”与“增长更快”要区分时间跨度：资本积累产生过渡增长，技术进步决定持续增长。",[1793,3082,3084],{"id":3083},"_4-黄金律资本水平","4. 黄金律资本水平",[1798,3086,3087],{},"如果目标是最大化稳态消费，储蓄率不应被当作越高越好。黄金律条件要求资本的边际产出与有效劳动增长和折旧成本相平衡，直觉是：额外资本的产出必须足以覆盖维持它的成本。",[1798,3089,3090],{},"过低储蓄会使资本不足；过高储蓄会把过多产出用于投资，压低当前消费。政策评价需要把当前代与未来代、风险和分配纳入，而不能只看总产出。",[1793,3092,3094],{"id":3093},"_5-增长核算","5. 增长核算",[1798,3096,3097],{},"对生产函数取对数微分，可得到近似增长分解：",[1831,3099,3101],{"className":3100},[1834],[1831,3102,3104,3162],{"className":3103},[1838],[1831,3105,3107],{"className":3106},[1842],[1844,3108,3109],{"xmlns":1846,"display":1847},[1849,3110,3111,3159],{},[1852,3112,3113,3120,3123,3125,3131,3133,3135,3137,3139,3141,3143,3149,3151,3157],{},[3114,3115,3116,3118],"msub",{},[1855,3117,2585],{},[1855,3119,1857],{},[1859,3121,3122],{},"≈",[1855,3124,1870],{},[3114,3126,3127,3129],{},[1855,3128,2585],{},[1855,3130,1867],{},[1859,3132,2582],{},[1859,3134,1874],{"stretchy":1873},[1889,3136,1891],{},[1859,3138,1894],{},[1855,3140,1870],{},[1859,3142,1885],{"stretchy":1873},[3114,3144,3145,3147],{},[1855,3146,2585],{},[1855,3148,1880],{},[1859,3150,2582],{},[3114,3152,3153,3155],{},[1855,3154,2585],{},[1855,3156,1877],{},[1855,3158,2440],{"mathvariant":2260},[1920,3160,3161],{"encoding":1922},"g_Y\\approx\\alpha g_K+(1-\\alpha)g_L+g_A.",[1831,3163,3165,3227,3285,3306,3367],{"className":3164,"ariaHidden":1899},[1927],[1831,3166,3168,3172,3218,3221,3224],{"className":3167},[1931],[1831,3169],{"className":3170,"style":3171},[1935],"height:0.6776em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[1831,3173,3175,3178],{"className":3174},[1940],[1831,3176,2585],{"className":3177,"style":2367},[1940,1941],[1831,3179,3181],{"className":3180},[1971],[1831,3182,3185,3209],{"className":3183},[1975,3184],"vlist-t2",[1831,3186,3188,3204],{"className":3187},[1979],[1831,3189,3192],{"className":3190,"style":3191},[1983],"height:0.3283em;",[1831,3193,3195,3198],{"style":3194},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0359em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1831,3196],{"className":3197,"style":1992},[1991],[1831,3199,3201],{"className":3200},[1996,1997,1998,1999],[1831,3202,1857],{"className":3203,"style":1942},[1940,1941,1999],[1831,3205,3208],{"className":3206},[3207],"vlist-s","​",[1831,3210,3212],{"className":3211},[1979],[1831,3213,3216],{"className":3214,"style":3215},[1983],"height:0.15em;",[1831,3217],{},[1831,3219],{"className":3220,"style":1946},[1902],[1831,3222,3122],{"className":3223},[1950],[1831,3225],{"className":3226,"style":1946},[1902],[1831,3228,3230,3233,3236,3276,3279,3282],{"className":3229},[1931],[1831,3231],{"className":3232,"style":2713},[1935],[1831,3234,1870],{"className":3235,"style":2006},[1940,1941],[1831,3237,3239,3242],{"className":3238},[1940],[1831,3240,2585],{"className":3241,"style":2367},[1940,1941],[1831,3243,3245],{"className":3244},[1971],[1831,3246,3248,3268],{"className":3247},[1975,3184],[1831,3249,3251,3265],{"className":3250},[1979],[1831,3252,3254],{"className":3253,"style":3191},[1983],[1831,3255,3256,3259],{"style":3194},[1831,3257],{"className":3258,"style":1992},[1991],[1831,3260,3262],{"className":3261},[1996,1997,1998,1999],[1831,3263,1867],{"className":3264,"style":1967},[1940,1941,1999],[1831,3266,3208],{"className":3267},[3207],[1831,3269,3271],{"className":3270},[1979],[1831,3272,3274],{"className":3273,"style":3215},[1983],[1831,3275],{},[1831,3277],{"className":3278,"style":1942},[1902],[1831,3280,2582],{"className":3281},[2054],[1831,3283],{"className":3284,"style":1942},[1902],[1831,3286,3288,3291,3294,3297,3300,3303],{"className":3287},[1931],[1831,3289],{"className":3290,"style":2302},[1935],[1831,3292,1874],{"className":3293},[2010],[1831,3295,1891],{"className":3296},[1940],[1831,3298],{"className":3299,"style":1942},[1902],[1831,3301,1894],{"className":3302},[2054],[1831,3304],{"className":3305,"style":1942},[1902],[1831,3307,3309,3312,3315,3318,3358,3361,3364],{"className":3308},[1931],[1831,3310],{"className":3311,"style":2302},[1935],[1831,3313,1870],{"className":3314,"style":2006},[1940,1941],[1831,3316,1885],{"className":3317},[2020],[1831,3319,3321,3324],{"className":3320},[1940],[1831,3322,2585],{"className":3323,"style":2367},[1940,1941],[1831,3325,3327],{"className":3326},[1971],[1831,3328,3330,3350],{"className":3329},[1975,3184],[1831,3331,3333,3347],{"className":3332},[1979],[1831,3334,3336],{"className":3335,"style":3191},[1983],[1831,3337,3338,3341],{"style":3194},[1831,3339],{"className":3340,"style":1992},[1991],[1831,3342,3344],{"className":3343},[1996,1997,1998,1999],[1831,3345,1880],{"className":3346},[1940,1941,1999],[1831,3348,3208],{"className":3349},[3207],[1831,3351,3353],{"className":3352},[1979],[1831,3354,3356],{"className":3355,"style":3215},[1983],[1831,3357],{},[1831,3359],{"className":3360,"style":1942},[1902],[1831,3362,2582],{"className":3363},[2054],[1831,3365],{"className":3366,"style":1942},[1902],[1831,3368,3370,3373,3413],{"className":3369},[1931],[1831,3371],{"className":3372,"style":2363},[1935],[1831,3374,3376,3379],{"className":3375},[1940],[1831,3377,2585],{"className":3378,"style":2367},[1940,1941],[1831,3380,3382],{"className":3381},[1971],[1831,3383,3385,3405],{"className":3384},[1975,3184],[1831,3386,3388,3402],{"className":3387},[1979],[1831,3389,3391],{"className":3390,"style":3191},[1983],[1831,3392,3393,3396],{"style":3194},[1831,3394],{"className":3395,"style":1992},[1991],[1831,3397,3399],{"className":3398},[1996,1997,1998,1999],[1831,3400,1877],{"className":3401},[1940,1941,1999],[1831,3403,3208],{"className":3404},[3207],[1831,3406,3408],{"className":3407},[1979],[1831,3409,3411],{"className":3410,"style":3215},[1983],[1831,3412],{},[1831,3414,2440],{"className":3415},[1940],[1798,3417,3418,3419,3489],{},"因此，全要素生产率增长 ",[1831,3420,3422,3440],{"className":3421},[1838],[1831,3423,3425],{"className":3424},[1842],[1844,3426,3427],{"xmlns":1846},[1849,3428,3429,3437],{},[1852,3430,3431],{},[3114,3432,3433,3435],{},[1855,3434,2585],{},[1855,3436,1877],{},[1920,3438,3439],{"encoding":1922},"g_A",[1831,3441,3443],{"className":3442,"ariaHidden":1899},[1927],[1831,3444,3446,3449],{"className":3445},[1931],[1831,3447],{"className":3448,"style":2363},[1935],[1831,3450,3452,3455],{"className":3451},[1940],[1831,3453,2585],{"className":3454,"style":2367},[1940,1941],[1831,3456,3458],{"className":3457},[1971],[1831,3459,3461,3481],{"className":3460},[1975,3184],[1831,3462,3464,3478],{"className":3463},[1979],[1831,3465,3467],{"className":3466,"style":3191},[1983],[1831,3468,3469,3472],{"style":3194},[1831,3470],{"className":3471,"style":1992},[1991],[1831,3473,3475],{"className":3474},[1996,1997,1998,1999],[1831,3476,1877],{"className":3477},[1940,1941,1999],[1831,3479,3208],{"className":3480},[3207],[1831,3482,3484],{"className":3483},[1979],[1831,3485,3487],{"className":3486,"style":3215},[1983],[1831,3488],{}," 是扣除资本和劳动投入贡献后剩余的生产增长。它可能反映技术，也可能混入产能利用、测量误差、管理、制度、资源重新配置和模型错设。",[1798,3491,3492],{},"不要把增长核算残差直接称为“技术进步”。研究生报告应说明生产函数、投入质量、资本利用率和测量限制。",[1793,3494,3496],{"id":3495},"_6-人力资本制度与发展","6. 人力资本、制度与发展",[1798,3498,3499],{},"长期发展差异不仅由机器数量解释。教育质量、健康、法治、产权、竞争、基础设施、金融中介、政治稳定和技术扩散都会影响生产率。",[1798,3501,3502],{},"制度变量常常与历史、地理、政治和选择过程共同决定，简单相关分析不能自动识别制度的因果效应。微观计量和发展经济学方法可以帮助评估教育、健康、现金转移和基础设施项目，但需要清楚的反事实设计。",[1793,3504,3506],{"id":3505},"_7-趋同与异质性","7. 趋同与异质性",[1798,3508,3509],{},"条件趋同意味着控制储蓄率、人口增长、技术、制度和人力资本后，较低初始收入经济体可能增长更快；它不等于所有国家无条件趋同。跨国比较还要处理购买力平价、人口结构、数据质量和测量误差。",[1793,3511,3512],{"id":3512},"研究生扩展",[1805,3514,3515,3518,3521,3524,3527],{},[1808,3516,3517],{},"内生增长与知识的非竞争性；",[1808,3519,3520],{},"创新、研发和创造性破坏；",[1808,3522,3523],{},"多部门结构转型与资源错配；",[1808,3525,3526],{},"气候约束下的绿色增长与自然资本；",[1808,3528,3529],{},"长期面板、历史制度与因果识别。",[1793,3531,3532],{"id":3532},"自测题",[3534,3535,3536,3539,3542,3545,3548],"ol",{},[1808,3537,3538],{},"为什么储蓄率提高会提高稳态水平，却不一定提高长期增长率？",[1808,3540,3541],{},"人均 GDP 增长能否在劳动生产率不变时发生？",[1808,3543,3544],{},"增长核算中的残差为什么不能直接等同于技术？",[1808,3546,3547],{},"“贫穷国家增长更快”需要哪些条件才可能成立？",[1808,3549,3550],{},"写出一个微观政策通过生产率影响宏观增长的例子。",[1793,3552,3553],{"id":3553},"下一章",[1798,3555,3556],{},"开放经济会把国内储蓄、投资、贸易、资本流动和汇率放进同一个约束中。下一章讨论这些联系如何限制宏观政策选择。",{"title":10,"searchDepth":3558,"depth":3558,"links":3559},2,[3560,3561,3562,3563,3564,3565,3566,3567,3568,3569,3570],{"id":1795,"depth":3558,"text":1796},{"id":1803,"depth":3558,"text":1803},{"id":1825,"depth":3558,"text":1826},{"id":3073,"depth":3558,"text":3074},{"id":3083,"depth":3558,"text":3084},{"id":3093,"depth":3558,"text":3094},{"id":3495,"depth":3558,"text":3496},{"id":3505,"depth":3558,"text":3506},{"id":3512,"depth":3558,"text":3512},{"id":3532,"depth":3558,"text":3532},{"id":3553,"depth":3558,"text":3553},"用 Solow 框架和增长分解解释长期生活水平差异。","md",{},true,{"title":1448,"description":3571},"7M-dGZ3BNaeMje7wCXBVLrc0DFXfyQbSMtMx2S4nV7Q",[3578,3580],{"title":1444,"path":1445,"stem":1446,"description":3579,"children":-1},"分析政府支出、税收、自动稳定器、公共债务和财政空间。",{"title":1452,"path":1453,"stem":1454,"description":3581,"children":-1},"分析贸易、资本流动、汇率制度和开放经济政策约束。",1785754750558]