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Search, Evaluate, and Read Evidence","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F02-reading-and-literature-matrix","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F02-reading-and-literature-matrix",{"title":27,"path":28,"stem":29},"3. From Sources to Synthesis and Argument","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F03-arguments-outlines-and-paragraphs","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F03-arguments-outlines-and-paragraphs",{"title":31,"path":32,"stem":33},"4. Literature Review and a Defensible Gap","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review",{"title":35,"path":36,"stem":37},"5. Research Design, Evidence, and Core Sections","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F05-core-sections-and-evidence","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F05-core-sections-and-evidence",{"title":39,"path":40,"stem":41},"6. Citation, Paraphrasing, Integrity, and AI","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F06-citation-paraphrasing-and-integrity","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F06-citation-paraphrasing-and-integrity",{"title":43,"path":44,"stem":45},"7. Revision, Review, and Submission","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F07-revision-style-and-submission","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F07-revision-style-and-submission",{"title":47,"path":48,"stem":49},"8. Research Workbook","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template",{"title":51,"path":52,"stem":53},"9. Research Workflow and Tools","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F09-tools-for-academic-writing-and-literature-management","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F09-tools-for-academic-writing-and-literature-management",{"title":55,"path":56,"stem":57},"10. Worked Project — From Question to Defensible Conclusion","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F10-worked-example-from-block-structure-to-question-chain","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F10-worked-example-from-block-structure-to-question-chain",{"title":59,"path":60,"stem":61,"children":62,"page":249},"Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting","en\u002Faccounting",[63,69,87,93,193],{"title":64,"path":65,"stem":66,"children":67},"Accounting — From Evidence to Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002F00-index","en\u002Faccounting\u002F00-index",[68],{"title":64,"path":65,"stem":66},{"title":70,"path":71,"stem":72,"children":73},"Accounting Appendix","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[74,75,79,83],{"title":70,"path":71,"stem":72},{"title":76,"path":77,"stem":78},"Worked Examples and Error Diagnosis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F24-examples-pitfalls","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F24-examples-pitfalls",{"title":80,"path":81,"stem":82},"Accounting Glossary","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F26-glossary","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F26-glossary",{"title":84,"path":85,"stem":86},"Reading and Evidence Map","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F27-reading-map","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F27-reading-map",{"title":88,"path":89,"stem":90,"children":91},"Northstar Record-to-Decision Capstone","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[92],{"title":88,"path":89,"stem":90},{"title":94,"path":95,"stem":96,"children":97},"Financial Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002Findex",[98,99,117,131,165,179],{"title":94,"path":95,"stem":96},{"title":100,"path":101,"stem":102,"children":103},"1. Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002Findex",[104,105,109,113],{"title":100,"path":101,"stem":102},{"title":106,"path":107,"stem":108},"Objectives and Qualitative Characteristics","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F01-objectives-qualitative-characteristics","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F01-objectives-qualitative-characteristics",{"title":110,"path":111,"stem":112},"Equation and Elements","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F02-equation-elements","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F02-equation-elements",{"title":114,"path":115,"stem":116},"Accrual Basis, Estimates and Periods","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F03-accounting-bases-principles","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F03-accounting-bases-principles",{"title":118,"path":119,"stem":120,"children":121},"2. Recording Transactions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002Findex",[122,123,127],{"title":118,"path":119,"stem":120},{"title":124,"path":125,"stem":126},"Double-Entry and Debit\u002FCredit","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F04-double-entry-dr-cr","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F04-double-entry-dr-cr",{"title":128,"path":129,"stem":130},"Accounting Cycle","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F05-accounting-cycle","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F05-accounting-cycle",{"title":132,"path":133,"stem":134,"children":135},"3. Measurement and Adjustments","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002Findex",[136,137,141,145,149,153,157,161],{"title":132,"path":133,"stem":134},{"title":138,"path":139,"stem":140},"Revenue Recognition","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F07-revenue-recognition","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F07-revenue-recognition",{"title":142,"path":143,"stem":144},"Inventory","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F08-inventory","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F08-inventory",{"title":146,"path":147,"stem":148},"Receivables and Expected Credit Losses","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F09-receivables","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F09-receivables",{"title":150,"path":151,"stem":152},"Property, Plant and Equipment","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F10-ppe","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F10-ppe",{"title":154,"path":155,"stem":156},"Intangible Assets","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F11-intangibles","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F11-intangibles",{"title":158,"path":159,"stem":160},"Leases","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F12-leases","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F12-leases",{"title":162,"path":163,"stem":164},"Current and Deferred Income Tax","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F13-income-tax","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F13-income-tax",{"title":166,"path":167,"stem":168,"children":169},"4. Reporting and Cash","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002Findex",[170,171,175],{"title":166,"path":167,"stem":168},{"title":172,"path":173,"stem":174},"Linked Financial Statements","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F06-financial-statements","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F06-financial-statements",{"title":176,"path":177,"stem":178},"Cash, Reconciliation and Internal Control","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F14-cash-control","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F14-cash-control",{"title":180,"path":181,"stem":182,"children":183},"5. Analysis and Comparison","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002Findex",[184,185,189],{"title":180,"path":181,"stem":182},{"title":186,"path":187,"stem":188},"Ratio Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F15-ratio-analysis","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F15-ratio-analysis",{"title":190,"path":191,"stem":192},"IFRS versus US GAAP","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F25-ifrs-gaap","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F25-ifrs-gaap",{"title":194,"path":195,"stem":196,"children":197},"Management Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002Findex",[198,199,217,235],{"title":194,"path":195,"stem":196},{"title":200,"path":201,"stem":202,"children":203},"1. Cost Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002Findex",[204,205,209,213],{"title":200,"path":201,"stem":202},{"title":206,"path":207,"stem":208},"Cost Concepts and Behaviour","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F16-cost-concepts","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F16-cost-concepts",{"title":210,"path":211,"stem":212},"Costing Systems","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F17-costing-systems","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F17-costing-systems",{"title":214,"path":215,"stem":216},"Variable and Absorption Costing","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F19-variable-vs-absorption","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F19-variable-vs-absorption",{"title":218,"path":219,"stem":220,"children":221},"2. Planning and Control","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002Findex",[222,223,227,231],{"title":218,"path":219,"stem":220},{"title":224,"path":225,"stem":226},"Cost–Volume–Profit Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F18-cvp-analysis","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F18-cvp-analysis",{"title":228,"path":229,"stem":230},"Budgeting and Variance Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F20-budgeting-variances","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F20-budgeting-variances",{"title":232,"path":233,"stem":234},"Performance Measurement","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F21-performance-measurement","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F21-performance-measurement",{"title":236,"path":237,"stem":238,"children":239},"3. Decisions and Investment","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002Findex",[240,241,245],{"title":236,"path":237,"stem":238},{"title":242,"path":243,"stem":244},"Short-Term Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F22-short-term-decisions","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F22-short-term-decisions",{"title":246,"path":247,"stem":248},"Capital Budgeting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F23-capital-budgeting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F23-capital-budgeting",false,{"title":251,"path":252,"stem":253,"children":254,"page":249},"Business Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics",[255,261,279,305,335,365,383,400],{"title":256,"path":257,"stem":258,"children":259},"Business Analytics — From Data to Defensible Action","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-index","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-index",[260],{"title":256,"path":257,"stem":258},{"title":262,"path":263,"stem":264,"children":265},"0. Decision and Data Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[266,267,271,275],{"title":262,"path":263,"stem":264},{"title":268,"path":269,"stem":270},"Decision Framing","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F01-decision-framing","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F01-decision-framing",{"title":272,"path":273,"stem":274},"Data Contracts","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F02-data-contracts","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F02-data-contracts",{"title":276,"path":277,"stem":278},"Reproducible Analytics Workflow","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F03-reproducible-workflow","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F03-reproducible-workflow",{"title":280,"path":281,"stem":282,"children":283},"1. Descriptive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002Findex",[284,285,289,293,297,301],{"title":280,"path":281,"stem":282},{"title":286,"path":287,"stem":288},"Distributions and Exploratory Data Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F04-distributions-eda","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F04-distributions-eda",{"title":290,"path":291,"stem":292},"KPIs and Denominators","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F05-kpis-denominators","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F05-kpis-denominators",{"title":294,"path":295,"stem":296},"Segments, Cohorts and Funnels","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F06-segmentation-cohorts-funnels","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F06-segmentation-cohorts-funnels",{"title":298,"path":299,"stem":300},"Visual Evidence and Data Stories","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F07-visualisation-story","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F07-visualisation-story",{"title":302,"path":303,"stem":304},"Experiments and Causal Boundaries","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F08-experiments-causal-boundary","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F08-experiments-causal-boundary",{"title":306,"path":307,"stem":308,"children":309},"2. Predictive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002Findex",[310,311,315,319,323,327,331],{"title":306,"path":307,"stem":308},{"title":312,"path":313,"stem":314},"Validation, Baselines and Leakage","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F09-validation-leakage","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F09-validation-leakage",{"title":316,"path":317,"stem":318},"Regression and Forecasting","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F10-regression-forecasting","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F10-regression-forecasting",{"title":320,"path":321,"stem":322},"Classification and Calibration","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F11-classification-calibration","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F11-classification-calibration",{"title":324,"path":325,"stem":326},"Trees and Ensembles","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F12-trees-ensembles","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F12-trees-ensembles",{"title":328,"path":329,"stem":330},"Decision Metrics and Thresholds","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F13-decision-metrics-thresholds","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F13-decision-metrics-thresholds",{"title":332,"path":333,"stem":334},"Explainability, Monitoring and Drift","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F14-explainability-drift","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F14-explainability-drift",{"title":336,"path":337,"stem":338,"children":339},"3. Prescriptive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002Findex",[340,341,345,349,353,357,361],{"title":336,"path":337,"stem":338},{"title":342,"path":343,"stem":344},"Decision-Making under Uncertainty","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F15-decision-uncertainty","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F15-decision-uncertainty",{"title":346,"path":347,"stem":348},"Linear Optimisation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F16-linear-optimization","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F16-linear-optimization",{"title":350,"path":351,"stem":352},"Inventory and Allocation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F17-inventory-allocation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F17-inventory-allocation",{"title":354,"path":355,"stem":356},"Queueing and Simulation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F18-queueing-simulation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F18-queueing-simulation",{"title":358,"path":359,"stem":360},"Pricing and Revenue Management","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F19-pricing-experimentation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F19-pricing-experimentation",{"title":362,"path":363,"stem":364},"Causal Targeting and Policy Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F20-causal-targeting","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F20-causal-targeting",{"title":366,"path":367,"stem":368,"children":369},"4. Deployment and Governance","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002Findex",[370,371,375,379],{"title":366,"path":367,"stem":368},{"title":372,"path":373,"stem":374},"Data Products and Monitoring","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F21-data-products-monitoring","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F21-data-products-monitoring",{"title":376,"path":377,"stem":378},"Governance, Fairness and Privacy","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F22-governance-fairness-privacy","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F22-governance-fairness-privacy",{"title":380,"path":381,"stem":382},"Adoption and Business Value","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F23-adoption-value","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F23-adoption-value",{"title":384,"path":385,"stem":386,"children":387},"Appendix and Revision Tools","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[388,389,393,397],{"title":384,"path":385,"stem":386},{"title":390,"path":391,"stem":392},"Formula and Decision Map","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F24-formula-map","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F24-formula-map",{"title":394,"path":395,"stem":396},"Worked Examples and Pitfalls","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F25-worked-examples-pitfalls","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F25-worked-examples-pitfalls",{"title":84,"path":398,"stem":399},"\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F26-reading-map","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F26-reading-map",{"title":401,"path":402,"stem":403,"children":404},"Capstone — The Evening Delivery Promise","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[405],{"title":401,"path":402,"stem":403},{"title":407,"path":408,"stem":409,"children":410,"page":249},"Financial Economic Time Series","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series",[411,417,423,429,435,441,447,453,459,465,471],{"title":412,"path":413,"stem":414,"children":415},"Financial and Economic Time Series — Course Guide","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F00-intro","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[416],{"title":412,"path":413,"stem":414},{"title":418,"path":419,"stem":420,"children":421},"Three Versions of Time Series","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F01-bridge","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F01-bridge\u002Findex",[422],{"title":418,"path":419,"stem":420},{"title":424,"path":425,"stem":426,"children":427},"Data, Clocks, and Transformations","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F02-data-transformations","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F02-data-transformations\u002Findex",[428],{"title":424,"path":425,"stem":426},{"title":430,"path":431,"stem":432,"children":433},"Predictive Regressions and Persistent Predictors","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F03-predictive-regressions","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F03-predictive-regressions\u002Findex",[434],{"title":430,"path":431,"stem":432},{"title":436,"path":437,"stem":438,"children":439},"Volatility, Tails, and Financial Risk","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F04-volatility-risk","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F04-volatility-risk\u002Findex",[440],{"title":436,"path":437,"stem":438},{"title":442,"path":443,"stem":444,"children":445},"Unit Roots, Cointegration, and Error Correction","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F05-unit-roots-cointegration","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F05-unit-roots-cointegration\u002Findex",[446],{"title":442,"path":443,"stem":444},{"title":448,"path":449,"stem":450,"children":451},"VAR, Structural Identification, and Local Projections","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F06-var-identification","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F06-var-identification\u002Findex",[452],{"title":448,"path":449,"stem":450},{"title":454,"path":455,"stem":456,"children":457},"State Space, Mixed Frequency, and Nowcasting","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F07-state-space-nowcasting","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F07-state-space-nowcasting\u002Findex",[458],{"title":454,"path":455,"stem":456},{"title":460,"path":461,"stem":462,"children":463},"Forecast Evaluation for Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F08-forecast-evaluation","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F08-forecast-evaluation\u002Findex",[464],{"title":460,"path":461,"stem":462},{"title":466,"path":467,"stem":468,"children":469},"Integrated R Laboratory","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F09-r-laboratory","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F09-r-laboratory\u002Findex",[470],{"title":466,"path":467,"stem":468},{"title":472,"path":473,"stem":474,"children":475},"Capstones, Data, and Reading Ladder","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F10-capstone-readings","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F10-capstone-readings\u002Findex",[476],{"title":472,"path":473,"stem":474},{"title":478,"path":479,"stem":480,"children":481,"page":249},"Intro To Economics","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics","en\u002Fintro-to-economics",[482,486,490,494,498,502,506,510,514,518,522,526,530],{"title":483,"path":484,"stem":485},"Introduction to Economics — Decisions, Markets, and the Macroeconomy","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F00-intro",{"title":487,"path":488,"stem":489},"Chapter 1 — Choice, Opportunity Cost, and Trade","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F01-foundations","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F01-foundations",{"title":491,"path":492,"stem":493},"Chapter 2 — Demand, Supply, Equilibrium, and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F02-demand-and-supply","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F02-demand-and-supply",{"title":495,"path":496,"stem":497},"Chapter 3 — Elasticity, Revenue, and Tax Incidence","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F03-elasticity","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F03-elasticity",{"title":499,"path":500,"stem":501},"Chapter 4 — Firms, Market Power, and Market Failure","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F04-market-structures","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F04-market-structures",{"title":503,"path":504,"stem":505},"Chapter 5 — GDP, Income, Wealth, and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F05-gdp-and-wealth","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F05-gdp-and-wealth",{"title":507,"path":508,"stem":509},"Chapter 6 — Inflation, Purchasing Power, and Labour Markets","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F06-inflation-and-unemployment","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F06-inflation-and-unemployment",{"title":511,"path":512,"stem":513},"Chapter 7 — Productivity, Technology, and Economic Growth","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F07-economic-growth","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F07-economic-growth",{"title":515,"path":516,"stem":517},"Chapter 8 — Money, Credit, and Banking","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F08-money-and-banking","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F08-money-and-banking",{"title":519,"path":520,"stem":521},"Chapter 9 — Business Cycles, AD–AS, and Monetary Policy","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F09-monetary-policy-and-ad-as","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F09-monetary-policy-and-ad-as",{"title":523,"path":524,"stem":525},"Chapter 10 — Fiscal Policy, Distribution, and Public Debt","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F10-fiscal-policy","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F10-fiscal-policy",{"title":527,"path":528,"stem":529},"Chapter 11 — Trade, Capital Flows, and Exchange Rates","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F11-open-economy-and-exchange-rates","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F11-open-economy-and-exchange-rates",{"title":531,"path":532,"stem":533},"Chapter 12 — Integrated Economic Analysis Studio","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F12-review-and-case-studies","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F12-review-and-case-studies",{"title":535,"path":536,"stem":537,"children":538,"page":249},"Microeconometrics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics",[539,557,563,581,603,629,651,673,691,709],{"title":540,"path":541,"stem":542,"children":543},"0. Causal Questions and Designs","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002Findex",[544,545,549,553],{"title":540,"path":541,"stem":542},{"title":546,"path":547,"stem":548},"Causal Questions and Estimands","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F01-causal-question-estimands","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F01-causal-question-estimands",{"title":550,"path":551,"stem":552},"Potential Outcomes and Experiments","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F02-potential-outcomes-experiments","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F02-potential-outcomes-experiments",{"title":554,"path":555,"stem":556},"Causal Diagrams and Controls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F03-dags-controls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F03-dags-controls",{"title":558,"path":559,"stem":560,"children":561},"Microeconometrics — Designing Credible Counterfactuals","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-index","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-index",[562],{"title":558,"path":559,"stem":560},{"title":564,"path":565,"stem":566,"children":567},"1. Regression and Inference","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002Findex",[568,569,573,577],{"title":564,"path":565,"stem":566},{"title":570,"path":571,"stem":572},"OLS as a Projection","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F04-ols-projection","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F04-ols-projection",{"title":574,"path":575,"stem":576},"FWL, Selection and Controls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F05-fwl-selection-controls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F05-fwl-selection-controls",{"title":578,"path":579,"stem":580},"Inference and Clustering","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F06-inference-clustering","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F06-inference-clustering",{"title":582,"path":583,"stem":584,"children":585},"2. Instruments and Panel Data","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002Findex",[586,587,591,595,599],{"title":582,"path":583,"stem":584},{"title":588,"path":589,"stem":590},"Instrumental Variables","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F07-iv-identification","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F07-iv-identification",{"title":592,"path":593,"stem":594},"Weak Instruments and LATE","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F08-weak-iv-late","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F08-weak-iv-late",{"title":596,"path":597,"stem":598},"Panel Fixed Effects","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F09-panel-fixed-effects","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F09-panel-fixed-effects",{"title":600,"path":601,"stem":602},"Dynamic Panels and Limits","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F10-dynamic-panel","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F10-dynamic-panel",{"title":604,"path":605,"stem":606,"children":607},"3. Policy Evaluation Designs","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002Findex",[608,609,613,617,621,625],{"title":604,"path":605,"stem":606},{"title":610,"path":611,"stem":612},"Difference-in-Differences","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F11-did-core","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F11-did-core",{"title":614,"path":615,"stem":616},"Staggered DID and Event Studies","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F12-staggered-event-studies","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F12-staggered-event-studies",{"title":618,"path":619,"stem":620},"Regression Discontinuity","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F13-rdd","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F13-rdd",{"title":622,"path":623,"stem":624},"Matching, Weighting and Overlap","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F14-matching-weighting","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F14-matching-weighting",{"title":626,"path":627,"stem":628},"Synthetic Control","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F15-synthetic-control","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F15-synthetic-control",{"title":630,"path":631,"stem":632,"children":633},"Module 4 — Choice and Limited Outcomes","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002Findex",[634,635,639,643,647],{"title":630,"path":631,"stem":632},{"title":636,"path":637,"stem":638},"Binary Choice","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F16-binary-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F16-binary-choice",{"title":640,"path":641,"stem":642},"Multinomial and Ordered Choice","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F17-multinomial-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F17-multinomial-choice",{"title":644,"path":645,"stem":646},"Count Outcomes","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F18-count-outcomes","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F18-count-outcomes",{"title":648,"path":649,"stem":650},"Censoring, Truncation and Selection","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F19-censoring-selection","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F19-censoring-selection",{"title":652,"path":653,"stem":654,"children":655},"Module 5 — Modern Causal Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002Findex",[656,657,661,665,669],{"title":652,"path":653,"stem":654},{"title":658,"path":659,"stem":660},"Double Machine Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F20-dml","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F20-dml",{"title":662,"path":663,"stem":664},"Heterogeneity and Policy Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F21-heterogeneity-policy","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F21-heterogeneity-policy",{"title":666,"path":667,"stem":668},"Sensitivity and Partial Identification","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F22-sensitivity-partial-id","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F22-sensitivity-partial-id",{"title":670,"path":671,"stem":672},"External Validity and Transport","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F23-external-validity","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F23-external-validity",{"title":674,"path":675,"stem":676,"children":677},"Module 6 — From Data to Auditable Evidence","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002Findex",[678,679,683,687],{"title":674,"path":675,"stem":676},{"title":680,"path":681,"stem":682},"Data Provenance","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F24-data-provenance","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F24-data-provenance",{"title":684,"path":685,"stem":686},"Reproducibility and Reporting","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F25-reproducibility-reporting","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F25-reproducibility-reporting",{"title":688,"path":689,"stem":690},"Paper and Evidence Audit","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F26-paper-audit","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F26-paper-audit",{"title":692,"path":693,"stem":694,"children":695},"Appendix — Revision and Evidence Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[696,697,701,705],{"title":692,"path":693,"stem":694},{"title":698,"path":699,"stem":700},"Formula and Design Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F27-formula-design-map","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F27-formula-design-map",{"title":702,"path":703,"stem":704},"Ten Worked Microeconometric Pitfalls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F28-worked-pitfalls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F28-worked-pitfalls",{"title":706,"path":707,"stem":708},"Reading and Software Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F29-reading-software-map","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F29-reading-software-map",{"title":710,"path":711,"stem":712,"children":713},"Capstone — Should Northbridge Expand Pathways?","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[714],{"title":710,"path":711,"stem":712},{"title":716,"path":717,"stem":718,"children":719,"page":249},"Microeconomics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics",[720,726,732,738,744,750,756,762,768,774,780,786,792],{"title":721,"path":722,"stem":723,"children":724},"Advanced Microeconomics — Course Guide","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[725],{"title":721,"path":722,"stem":723},{"title":727,"path":728,"stem":729,"children":730},"Module 1 — Choice, Duality, and Revealed Preference","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F01-fundations","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F01-fundations\u002Findex",[731],{"title":727,"path":728,"stem":729},{"title":733,"path":734,"stem":735,"children":736},"Module 2 — Comparative Statics and Welfare Measurement","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F02-comparative-statics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F02-comparative-statics\u002Findex",[737],{"title":733,"path":734,"stem":735},{"title":739,"path":740,"stem":741,"children":742},"Module 3 — Choice under Risk and Insurance","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F03-uncertainty","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F03-uncertainty\u002Findex",[743],{"title":739,"path":740,"stem":741},{"title":745,"path":746,"stem":747,"children":748},"Module 4 — General Equilibrium and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F04-general-equilibrium","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F04-general-equilibrium\u002Findex",[749],{"title":745,"path":746,"stem":747},{"title":751,"path":752,"stem":753,"children":754},"Module 5 — Static, Dynamic, and Repeated Games","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F05-game-theory","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F05-game-theory\u002Findex",[755],{"title":751,"path":752,"stem":753},{"title":757,"path":758,"stem":759,"children":760},"Module 6 — Oligopoly, Entry, and Algorithmic Pricing","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F06-oligopoly","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F06-oligopoly\u002Findex",[761],{"title":757,"path":758,"stem":759},{"title":763,"path":764,"stem":765,"children":766},"Module 7 — Information Economics and Contracts","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F07-information-economics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F07-information-economics\u002Findex",[767],{"title":763,"path":764,"stem":765},{"title":769,"path":770,"stem":771,"children":772},"Module 8 — Mechanism Design and Auctions","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F08-mechanism-design","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F08-mechanism-design\u002Findex",[773],{"title":769,"path":770,"stem":771},{"title":775,"path":776,"stem":777,"children":778},"Module 9 — Behavioural and Experimental Microeconomics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F09-behavioural-economics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F09-behavioural-economics\u002Findex",[779],{"title":775,"path":776,"stem":777},{"title":781,"path":782,"stem":783,"children":784},"Module 10 — Externalities, Public Goods, and Collective Action","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F10-externalities-public-goods","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F10-externalities-public-goods\u002Findex",[785],{"title":781,"path":782,"stem":783},{"title":787,"path":788,"stem":789,"children":790},"Module 11 — Matching and Market Design","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F11-market-design","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F11-market-design\u002Findex",[791],{"title":787,"path":788,"stem":789},{"title":793,"path":794,"stem":795,"children":796},"Module 12 — Integrated Microeconomic Design Studio","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F12-review","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F12-review\u002Findex",[797],{"title":793,"path":794,"stem":795},{"title":799,"path":800,"stem":801,"children":802},"Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground","en\u002Fplayground\u002Findex",[803,804,808,812,816,820],{"title":799,"path":800,"stem":801},{"title":805,"path":806,"stem":807},"Typst Plugin Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F01-typstex","en\u002Fplayground\u002F01-typstex",{"title":809,"path":810,"stem":811},"Citation Plugin Test","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F02-citation","en\u002Fplayground\u002F02-citation",{"title":813,"path":814,"stem":815},"Pyodide Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F03-pyodide","en\u002Fplayground\u002F03-pyodide",{"title":817,"path":818,"stem":819},"WebR Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F04-webr","en\u002Fplayground\u002F04-webr",{"title":821,"path":822,"stem":823},"Chart.js 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文献综述的构建与写作","\u002Fzh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review","zh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review",{"title":1056,"path":1057,"stem":1058},"8. 文献综述清单与模板","\u002Fzh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template","zh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template",{"title":1060,"path":1061,"stem":1062},"10. 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Alpha 策略全流程","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F09-case-study","zh\u002Fquant\u002F09-case-study",{"title":1779,"path":1780,"stem":1781},"量化投资文献与软件图谱","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F10-reading-software-map","zh\u002Fquant\u002F10-reading-software-map",null,{"id":1784,"title":1432,"body":1785,"description":5567,"extension":5568,"features":1782,"hero":1782,"layout":1782,"locale":1782,"meta":5569,"navigation":1782,"path":1433,"published":5570,"seo":5571,"stem":1434,"__hash__":5572},"docs\u002Fzh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F02-consumption-investment.md",{"type":1786,"value":1787,"toc":5548},"minimark",[1788,1792,1796,1800,1803,1822,1826,1829,1945,1948,2036,2103,2107,2110,2374,2642,2852,2925,2929,2932,3575,3578,3582,3646,3849,3852,4155,4158,4412,4415,4669,4672,4675,4732,4920,4923,5072,5075,5079,5155,5158,5162,5165,5332,5335,5339,5342,5346,5349,5504,5507,5510,5522,5525,5542,5545],[1789,1790,1432],"h1",{"id":1791},"第二章消费投资与凯恩斯交叉",[1793,1794,1795],"h2",{"id":1795},"本章问题",[1797,1798,1799],"p",{},"在短期内，为什么一个家庭减少消费、企业推迟投资或政府增加购买，会让总产出发生超过初始冲击的变化？凯恩斯交叉模型提供了第一个清晰答案：一方的支出是另一方的收入，而收入变化又会反馈到消费。",[1793,1801,1802],{"id":1802},"学习目标",[1804,1805,1806,1810,1813,1816,1819],"ul",{},[1807,1808,1809],"li",{},"写出计划支出与实际产出的定义；",[1807,1811,1812],{},"推导简单封闭经济中的均衡产出和政府购买乘数；",[1807,1814,1815],{},"解释边际消费倾向、储蓄悖论和进口泄漏；",[1807,1817,1818],{},"区分自主消费、收入诱发消费、计划投资和意外库存变化；",[1807,1820,1821],{},"说明利率、预期、信用约束和不确定性为何使简单乘数只是基准。",[1793,1823,1825],{"id":1824},"_1-从支出和收入的循环开始","1. 从支出和收入的循环开始",[1797,1827,1828],{},"在一个没有政府和国外部门的简单经济中，家庭消费、企业投资和企业收入相互连接：",[1830,1831,1834],"span",{"className":1832},[1833],"katex-display",[1830,1835,1838,1879],{"className":1836},[1837],"katex",[1830,1839,1842],{"className":1840},[1841],"katex-mathml",[1843,1844,1847],"math",{"xmlns":1845,"display":1846},"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML","block",[1848,1849,1850,1874],"semantics",{},[1851,1852,1853,1857,1861,1864,1867,1870],"mrow",{},[1854,1855,1856],"mi",{},"Y",[1858,1859,1860],"mo",{},"=",[1854,1862,1863],{},"C",[1858,1865,1866],{},"+",[1854,1868,1869],{},"I",[1854,1871,1873],{"mathvariant":1872},"normal",".",[1875,1876,1878],"annotation",{"encoding":1877},"application\u002Fx-tex","Y=C+I.",[1830,1880,1884,1911,1932],{"className":1881,"ariaHidden":1883},[1882],"katex-html","true",[1830,1885,1888,1893,1899,1904,1908],{"className":1886},[1887],"base",[1830,1889],{"className":1890,"style":1892},[1891],"strut","height:0.6833em;",[1830,1894,1856],{"className":1895,"style":1898},[1896,1897],"mord","mathnormal","margin-right:0.2222em;",[1830,1900],{"className":1901,"style":1903},[1902],"mspace","margin-right:0.2778em;",[1830,1905,1860],{"className":1906},[1907],"mrel",[1830,1909],{"className":1910,"style":1903},[1902],[1830,1912,1914,1918,1922,1925,1929],{"className":1913},[1887],[1830,1915],{"className":1916,"style":1917},[1891],"height:0.7667em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;",[1830,1919,1863],{"className":1920,"style":1921},[1896,1897],"margin-right:0.0715em;",[1830,1923],{"className":1924,"style":1898},[1902],[1830,1926,1866],{"className":1927},[1928],"mbin",[1830,1930],{"className":1931,"style":1898},[1902],[1830,1933,1935,1938,1942],{"className":1934},[1887],[1830,1936],{"className":1937,"style":1892},[1891],[1830,1939,1869],{"className":1940,"style":1941},[1896,1897],"margin-right:0.0785em;",[1830,1943,1873],{"className":1944},[1896],[1797,1946,1947],{},"如果企业计划出售的产品没有被购买，库存意外增加，企业会减少下一期生产；如果计划支出超过当前产出，库存下降，企业会扩大生产。短期均衡要求计划支出等于实际产出：",[1830,1949,1951],{"className":1950},[1833],[1830,1952,1954,1987],{"className":1953},[1837],[1830,1955,1957],{"className":1956},[1841],[1843,1958,1959],{"xmlns":1845,"display":1846},[1848,1960,1961,1984],{},[1851,1962,1963,1965,1967,1970,1973,1977,1979,1982],{},[1854,1964,1856],{},[1858,1966,1860],{},[1854,1968,1969],{},"A",[1854,1971,1972],{},"E",[1858,1974,1976],{"stretchy":1975},"false","(",[1854,1978,1856],{},[1858,1980,1981],{"stretchy":1975},")",[1854,1983,1873],{"mathvariant":1872},[1875,1985,1986],{"encoding":1877},"Y=AE(Y).",[1830,1988,1990,2008],{"className":1989,"ariaHidden":1883},[1882],[1830,1991,1993,1996,1999,2002,2005],{"className":1992},[1887],[1830,1994],{"className":1995,"style":1892},[1891],[1830,1997,1856],{"className":1998,"style":1898},[1896,1897],[1830,2000],{"className":2001,"style":1903},[1902],[1830,2003,1860],{"className":2004},[1907],[1830,2006],{"className":2007,"style":1903},[1902],[1830,2009,2011,2015,2018,2022,2026,2029,2033],{"className":2010},[1887],[1830,2012],{"className":2013,"style":2014},[1891],"height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;",[1830,2016,1969],{"className":2017},[1896,1897],[1830,2019,1972],{"className":2020,"style":2021},[1896,1897],"margin-right:0.0576em;",[1830,2023,1976],{"className":2024},[2025],"mopen",[1830,2027,1856],{"className":2028,"style":1898},[1896,1897],[1830,2030,1981],{"className":2031},[2032],"mclose",[1830,2034,1873],{"className":2035},[1896],[1797,2037,2038,2039,2067,2068,2102],{},"这里的 ",[1830,2040,2042,2055],{"className":2041},[1837],[1830,2043,2045],{"className":2044},[1841],[1843,2046,2047],{"xmlns":1845},[1848,2048,2049,2053],{},[1851,2050,2051],{},[1854,2052,1856],{},[1875,2054,1856],{"encoding":1877},[1830,2056,2058],{"className":2057,"ariaHidden":1883},[1882],[1830,2059,2061,2064],{"className":2060},[1887],[1830,2062],{"className":2063,"style":1892},[1891],[1830,2065,1856],{"className":2066,"style":1898},[1896,1897]," 是实际产出，",[1830,2069,2071,2087],{"className":2070},[1837],[1830,2072,2074],{"className":2073},[1841],[1843,2075,2076],{"xmlns":1845},[1848,2077,2078,2084],{},[1851,2079,2080,2082],{},[1854,2081,1969],{},[1854,2083,1972],{},[1875,2085,2086],{"encoding":1877},"AE",[1830,2088,2090],{"className":2089,"ariaHidden":1883},[1882],[1830,2091,2093,2096,2099],{"className":2092},[1887],[1830,2094],{"className":2095,"style":1892},[1891],[1830,2097,1969],{"className":2098},[1896,1897],[1830,2100,1972],{"className":2101,"style":2021},[1896,1897]," 是计划总支出。二者相等是一个均衡条件，不代表经济已经达到充分就业或社会最优。",[1793,2104,2106],{"id":2105},"_2-消费函数与储蓄","2. 消费函数与储蓄",[1797,2108,2109],{},"最简单的线性消费函数是：",[1830,2111,2113],{"className":2112},[1833],[1830,2114,2116,2173],{"className":2115},[1837],[1830,2117,2119],{"className":2118},[1841],[1843,2120,2121],{"xmlns":1845,"display":1846},[1848,2122,2123,2170],{},[1851,2124,2125,2127,2129,2138,2140,2143,2150,2153,2156,2158,2161,2163,2165,2168],{},[1854,2126,1863],{},[1858,2128,1860],{},[2130,2131,2132,2134],"msub",{},[1854,2133,1863],{},[2135,2136,2137],"mn",{},"0",[1858,2139,1866],{},[1854,2141,2142],{},"c",[2130,2144,2145,2147],{},[1854,2146,1856],{},[1854,2148,2149],{},"d",[1858,2151,2152],{"separator":1883},",",[1902,2154],{"width":2155},"2em",[2135,2157,2137],{},[1858,2159,2160],{},"\u003C",[1854,2162,2142],{},[1858,2164,2160],{},[2135,2166,2167],{},"1",[1858,2169,2152],{"separator":1883},[1875,2171,2172],{"encoding":1877},"C=C_0+cY_d,\n\\qquad 0\u003Cc\u003C1,",[1830,2174,2176,2194,2266,2342,2361],{"className":2175,"ariaHidden":1883},[1882],[1830,2177,2179,2182,2185,2188,2191],{"className":2178},[1887],[1830,2180],{"className":2181,"style":1892},[1891],[1830,2183,1863],{"className":2184,"style":1921},[1896,1897],[1830,2186],{"className":2187,"style":1903},[1902],[1830,2189,1860],{"className":2190},[1907],[1830,2192],{"className":2193,"style":1903},[1902],[1830,2195,2197,2201,2257,2260,2263],{"className":2196},[1887],[1830,2198],{"className":2199,"style":2200},[1891],"height:0.8333em;vertical-align:-0.15em;",[1830,2202,2204,2207],{"className":2203},[1896],[1830,2205,1863],{"className":2206,"style":1921},[1896,1897],[1830,2208,2211],{"className":2209},[2210],"msupsub",[1830,2212,2216,2248],{"className":2213},[2214,2215],"vlist-t","vlist-t2",[1830,2217,2220,2243],{"className":2218},[2219],"vlist-r",[1830,2221,2225],{"className":2222,"style":2224},[2223],"vlist","height:0.3011em;",[1830,2226,2228,2233],{"style":2227},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0715em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1830,2229],{"className":2230,"style":2232},[2231],"pstrut","height:2.7em;",[1830,2234,2240],{"className":2235},[2236,2237,2238,2239],"sizing","reset-size6","size3","mtight",[1830,2241,2137],{"className":2242},[1896,2239],[1830,2244,2247],{"className":2245},[2246],"vlist-s","​",[1830,2249,2251],{"className":2250},[2219],[1830,2252,2255],{"className":2253,"style":2254},[2223],"height:0.15em;",[1830,2256],{},[1830,2258],{"className":2259,"style":1898},[1902],[1830,2261,1866],{"className":2262},[1928],[1830,2264],{"className":2265,"style":1898},[1902],[1830,2267,2269,2273,2276,2318,2322,2326,2330,2333,2336,2339],{"className":2268},[1887],[1830,2270],{"className":2271,"style":2272},[1891],"height:0.8778em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[1830,2274,2142],{"className":2275},[1896,1897],[1830,2277,2279,2282],{"className":2278},[1896],[1830,2280,1856],{"className":2281,"style":1898},[1896,1897],[1830,2283,2285],{"className":2284},[2210],[1830,2286,2288,2310],{"className":2287},[2214,2215],[1830,2289,2291,2307],{"className":2290},[2219],[1830,2292,2295],{"className":2293,"style":2294},[2223],"height:0.3361em;",[1830,2296,2298,2301],{"style":2297},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.2222em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1830,2299],{"className":2300,"style":2232},[2231],[1830,2302,2304],{"className":2303},[2236,2237,2238,2239],[1830,2305,2149],{"className":2306},[1896,1897,2239],[1830,2308,2247],{"className":2309},[2246],[1830,2311,2313],{"className":2312},[2219],[1830,2314,2316],{"className":2315,"style":2254},[2223],[1830,2317],{},[1830,2319,2152],{"className":2320},[2321],"mpunct",[1830,2323],{"className":2324,"style":2325},[1902],"margin-right:2em;",[1830,2327],{"className":2328,"style":2329},[1902],"margin-right:0.1667em;",[1830,2331,2137],{"className":2332},[1896],[1830,2334],{"className":2335,"style":1903},[1902],[1830,2337,2160],{"className":2338},[1907],[1830,2340],{"className":2341,"style":1903},[1902],[1830,2343,2345,2349,2352,2355,2358],{"className":2344},[1887],[1830,2346],{"className":2347,"style":2348},[1891],"height:0.5782em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;",[1830,2350,2142],{"className":2351},[1896,1897],[1830,2353],{"className":2354,"style":1903},[1902],[1830,2356,2160],{"className":2357},[1907],[1830,2359],{"className":2360,"style":1903},[1902],[1830,2362,2364,2368,2371],{"className":2363},[1887],[1830,2365],{"className":2366,"style":2367},[1891],"height:0.8389em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[1830,2369,2167],{"className":2370},[1896],[1830,2372,2152],{"className":2373},[2321],[1797,2375,2376,2377,2447,2448,2477,2478,2548,2549,2641],{},"其中 ",[1830,2378,2380,2398],{"className":2379},[1837],[1830,2381,2383],{"className":2382},[1841],[1843,2384,2385],{"xmlns":1845},[1848,2386,2387,2395],{},[1851,2388,2389],{},[2130,2390,2391,2393],{},[1854,2392,1863],{},[2135,2394,2137],{},[1875,2396,2397],{"encoding":1877},"C_0",[1830,2399,2401],{"className":2400,"ariaHidden":1883},[1882],[1830,2402,2404,2407],{"className":2403},[1887],[1830,2405],{"className":2406,"style":2200},[1891],[1830,2408,2410,2413],{"className":2409},[1896],[1830,2411,1863],{"className":2412,"style":1921},[1896,1897],[1830,2414,2416],{"className":2415},[2210],[1830,2417,2419,2439],{"className":2418},[2214,2215],[1830,2420,2422,2436],{"className":2421},[2219],[1830,2423,2425],{"className":2424,"style":2224},[2223],[1830,2426,2427,2430],{"style":2227},[1830,2428],{"className":2429,"style":2232},[2231],[1830,2431,2433],{"className":2432},[2236,2237,2238,2239],[1830,2434,2137],{"className":2435},[1896,2239],[1830,2437,2247],{"className":2438},[2246],[1830,2440,2442],{"className":2441},[2219],[1830,2443,2445],{"className":2444,"style":2254},[2223],[1830,2446],{}," 是自主消费，",[1830,2449,2451,2464],{"className":2450},[1837],[1830,2452,2454],{"className":2453},[1841],[1843,2455,2456],{"xmlns":1845},[1848,2457,2458,2462],{},[1851,2459,2460],{},[1854,2461,2142],{},[1875,2463,2142],{"encoding":1877},[1830,2465,2467],{"className":2466,"ariaHidden":1883},[1882],[1830,2468,2470,2474],{"className":2469},[1887],[1830,2471],{"className":2472,"style":2473},[1891],"height:0.4306em;",[1830,2475,2142],{"className":2476},[1896,1897]," 是边际消费倾向，",[1830,2479,2481,2499],{"className":2480},[1837],[1830,2482,2484],{"className":2483},[1841],[1843,2485,2486],{"xmlns":1845},[1848,2487,2488,2496],{},[1851,2489,2490],{},[2130,2491,2492,2494],{},[1854,2493,1856],{},[1854,2495,2149],{},[1875,2497,2498],{"encoding":1877},"Y_d",[1830,2500,2502],{"className":2501,"ariaHidden":1883},[1882],[1830,2503,2505,2508],{"className":2504},[1887],[1830,2506],{"className":2507,"style":2200},[1891],[1830,2509,2511,2514],{"className":2510},[1896],[1830,2512,1856],{"className":2513,"style":1898},[1896,1897],[1830,2515,2517],{"className":2516},[2210],[1830,2518,2520,2540],{"className":2519},[2214,2215],[1830,2521,2523,2537],{"className":2522},[2219],[1830,2524,2526],{"className":2525,"style":2294},[2223],[1830,2527,2528,2531],{"style":2297},[1830,2529],{"className":2530,"style":2232},[2231],[1830,2532,2534],{"className":2533},[2236,2237,2238,2239],[1830,2535,2149],{"className":2536},[1896,1897,2239],[1830,2538,2247],{"className":2539},[2246],[1830,2541,2543],{"className":2542},[2219],[1830,2544,2546],{"className":2545,"style":2254},[2223],[1830,2547],{}," 是可支配收入。若不考虑税收，",[1830,2550,2552,2574],{"className":2551},[1837],[1830,2553,2555],{"className":2554},[1841],[1843,2556,2557],{"xmlns":1845},[1848,2558,2559,2571],{},[1851,2560,2561,2567,2569],{},[2130,2562,2563,2565],{},[1854,2564,1856],{},[1854,2566,2149],{},[1858,2568,1860],{},[1854,2570,1856],{},[1875,2572,2573],{"encoding":1877},"Y_d=Y",[1830,2575,2577,2632],{"className":2576,"ariaHidden":1883},[1882],[1830,2578,2580,2583,2623,2626,2629],{"className":2579},[1887],[1830,2581],{"className":2582,"style":2200},[1891],[1830,2584,2586,2589],{"className":2585},[1896],[1830,2587,1856],{"className":2588,"style":1898},[1896,1897],[1830,2590,2592],{"className":2591},[2210],[1830,2593,2595,2615],{"className":2594},[2214,2215],[1830,2596,2598,2612],{"className":2597},[2219],[1830,2599,2601],{"className":2600,"style":2294},[2223],[1830,2602,2603,2606],{"style":2297},[1830,2604],{"className":2605,"style":2232},[2231],[1830,2607,2609],{"className":2608},[2236,2237,2238,2239],[1830,2610,2149],{"className":2611},[1896,1897,2239],[1830,2613,2247],{"className":2614},[2246],[1830,2616,2618],{"className":2617},[2219],[1830,2619,2621],{"className":2620,"style":2254},[2223],[1830,2622],{},[1830,2624],{"className":2625,"style":1903},[1902],[1830,2627,1860],{"className":2628},[1907],[1830,2630],{"className":2631,"style":1903},[1902],[1830,2633,2635,2638],{"className":2634},[1887],[1830,2636],{"className":2637,"style":1892},[1891],[1830,2639,1856],{"className":2640,"style":1898},[1896,1897],"，则储蓄为：",[1830,2643,2645],{"className":2644},[1833],[1830,2646,2648,2698],{"className":2647},[1837],[1830,2649,2651],{"className":2650},[1841],[1843,2652,2653],{"xmlns":1845,"display":1846},[1848,2654,2655,2695],{},[1851,2656,2657,2660,2662,2664,2667,2669,2671,2673,2679,2681,2683,2685,2687,2689,2691,2693],{},[1854,2658,2659],{},"S",[1858,2661,1860],{},[1854,2663,1856],{},[1858,2665,2666],{},"−",[1854,2668,1863],{},[1858,2670,1860],{},[1858,2672,2666],{},[2130,2674,2675,2677],{},[1854,2676,1863],{},[2135,2678,2137],{},[1858,2680,1866],{},[1858,2682,1976],{"stretchy":1975},[2135,2684,2167],{},[1858,2686,2666],{},[1854,2688,2142],{},[1858,2690,1981],{"stretchy":1975},[1854,2692,1856],{},[1854,2694,1873],{"mathvariant":1872},[1875,2696,2697],{"encoding":1877},"S=Y-C=-C_0+(1-c)Y.",[1830,2699,2701,2719,2737,2755,2813,2834],{"className":2700,"ariaHidden":1883},[1882],[1830,2702,2704,2707,2710,2713,2716],{"className":2703},[1887],[1830,2705],{"className":2706,"style":1892},[1891],[1830,2708,2659],{"className":2709,"style":2021},[1896,1897],[1830,2711],{"className":2712,"style":1903},[1902],[1830,2714,1860],{"className":2715},[1907],[1830,2717],{"className":2718,"style":1903},[1902],[1830,2720,2722,2725,2728,2731,2734],{"className":2721},[1887],[1830,2723],{"className":2724,"style":1917},[1891],[1830,2726,1856],{"className":2727,"style":1898},[1896,1897],[1830,2729],{"className":2730,"style":1898},[1902],[1830,2732,2666],{"className":2733},[1928],[1830,2735],{"className":2736,"style":1898},[1902],[1830,2738,2740,2743,2746,2749,2752],{"className":2739},[1887],[1830,2741],{"className":2742,"style":1892},[1891],[1830,2744,1863],{"className":2745,"style":1921},[1896,1897],[1830,2747],{"className":2748,"style":1903},[1902],[1830,2750,1860],{"className":2751},[1907],[1830,2753],{"className":2754,"style":1903},[1902],[1830,2756,2758,2761,2764,2804,2807,2810],{"className":2757},[1887],[1830,2759],{"className":2760,"style":2200},[1891],[1830,2762,2666],{"className":2763},[1896],[1830,2765,2767,2770],{"className":2766},[1896],[1830,2768,1863],{"className":2769,"style":1921},[1896,1897],[1830,2771,2773],{"className":2772},[2210],[1830,2774,2776,2796],{"className":2775},[2214,2215],[1830,2777,2779,2793],{"className":2778},[2219],[1830,2780,2782],{"className":2781,"style":2224},[2223],[1830,2783,2784,2787],{"style":2227},[1830,2785],{"className":2786,"style":2232},[2231],[1830,2788,2790],{"className":2789},[2236,2237,2238,2239],[1830,2791,2137],{"className":2792},[1896,2239],[1830,2794,2247],{"className":2795},[2246],[1830,2797,2799],{"className":2798},[2219],[1830,2800,2802],{"className":2801,"style":2254},[2223],[1830,2803],{},[1830,2805],{"className":2806,"style":1898},[1902],[1830,2808,1866],{"className":2809},[1928],[1830,2811],{"className":2812,"style":1898},[1902],[1830,2814,2816,2819,2822,2825,2828,2831],{"className":2815},[1887],[1830,2817],{"className":2818,"style":2014},[1891],[1830,2820,1976],{"className":2821},[2025],[1830,2823,2167],{"className":2824},[1896],[1830,2826],{"className":2827,"style":1898},[1902],[1830,2829,2666],{"className":2830},[1928],[1830,2832],{"className":2833,"style":1898},[1902],[1830,2835,2837,2840,2843,2846,2849],{"className":2836},[1887],[1830,2838],{"className":2839,"style":2014},[1891],[1830,2841,2142],{"className":2842},[1896,1897],[1830,2844,1981],{"className":2845},[2032],[1830,2847,1856],{"className":2848,"style":1898},[1896,1897],[1830,2850,1873],{"className":2851},[1896],[1797,2853,2854,2855,2895,2896,2924],{},"平均消费倾向 ",[1830,2856,2858,2877],{"className":2857},[1837],[1830,2859,2861],{"className":2860},[1841],[1843,2862,2863],{"xmlns":1845},[1848,2864,2865,2874],{},[1851,2866,2867,2869,2872],{},[1854,2868,1863],{},[1854,2870,2871],{"mathvariant":1872},"\u002F",[1854,2873,1856],{},[1875,2875,2876],{"encoding":1877},"C\u002FY",[1830,2878,2880],{"className":2879,"ariaHidden":1883},[1882],[1830,2881,2883,2886,2889,2892],{"className":2882},[1887],[1830,2884],{"className":2885,"style":2014},[1891],[1830,2887,1863],{"className":2888,"style":1921},[1896,1897],[1830,2890,2871],{"className":2891},[1896],[1830,2893,1856],{"className":2894,"style":1898},[1896,1897]," 与边际消费倾向 ",[1830,2897,2899,2912],{"className":2898},[1837],[1830,2900,2902],{"className":2901},[1841],[1843,2903,2904],{"xmlns":1845},[1848,2905,2906,2910],{},[1851,2907,2908],{},[1854,2909,2142],{},[1875,2911,2142],{"encoding":1877},[1830,2913,2915],{"className":2914,"ariaHidden":1883},[1882],[1830,2916,2918,2921],{"className":2917},[1887],[1830,2919],{"className":2920,"style":2473},[1891],[1830,2922,2142],{"className":2923},[1896,1897]," 不同。低收入时，自主消费可能使平均消费倾向高于 1；随着收入增加，平均消费倾向可以下降，即使边际消费倾向保持不变。",[2926,2927,2928],"h3",{"id":2928},"跨期选择的提醒",[1797,2930,2931],{},"更高层次的消费理论会把当前消费与未来消费联系起来：",[1830,2933,2935],{"className":2934},[1833],[1830,2936,2938,3059],{"className":2937},[1837],[1830,2939,2941],{"className":2940},[1841],[1843,2942,2943],{"xmlns":1845,"display":1846},[1848,2944,2945,3056],{},[1851,2946,2947,2950,2953,2956,2958,2965,2967,2979,2981,2984,2988,2990,2996,2998,3022,3024,3030,3032,3054],{},[1854,2948,2949],{},"max",[1858,2951,2952],{},"⁡",[1854,2954,2955],{},"U",[1858,2957,1976],{"stretchy":1975},[2130,2959,2960,2962],{},[1854,2961,1863],{},[1854,2963,2964],{},"t",[1858,2966,2152],{"separator":1883},[2130,2968,2969,2971],{},[1854,2970,1863],{},[1851,2972,2973,2975,2977],{},[1854,2974,2964],{},[1858,2976,1866],{},[2135,2978,2167],{},[1858,2980,1981],{"stretchy":1975},[1902,2982],{"width":2983},"1em",[2985,2986,2987],"mtext",{},"s.t.",[1902,2989],{"width":2983},[2130,2991,2992,2994],{},[1854,2993,1863],{},[1854,2995,2964],{},[1858,2997,1866],{},[2999,3000,3001,3013],"mfrac",{},[2130,3002,3003,3005],{},[1854,3004,1863],{},[1851,3006,3007,3009,3011],{},[1854,3008,2964],{},[1858,3010,1866],{},[2135,3012,2167],{},[1851,3014,3015,3017,3019],{},[2135,3016,2167],{},[1858,3018,1866],{},[1854,3020,3021],{},"r",[1858,3023,1860],{},[2130,3025,3026,3028],{},[1854,3027,1856],{},[1854,3029,2964],{},[1858,3031,1866],{},[2999,3033,3034,3046],{},[2130,3035,3036,3038],{},[1854,3037,1856],{},[1851,3039,3040,3042,3044],{},[1854,3041,2964],{},[1858,3043,1866],{},[2135,3045,2167],{},[1851,3047,3048,3050,3052],{},[2135,3049,2167],{},[1858,3051,1866],{},[1854,3053,3021],{},[1854,3055,1873],{"mathvariant":1872},[1875,3057,3058],{"encoding":1877},"\\max U(C_t,C_{t+1})\n\\quad\\text{s.t.}\\quad\nC_t+\\frac{C_{t+1}}{1+r}=Y_t+\\frac{Y_{t+1}}{1+r}.",[1830,3060,3062,3245,3391,3446],{"className":3061,"ariaHidden":1883},[1882],[1830,3063,3065,3068,3072,3075,3079,3082,3123,3126,3129,3179,3182,3186,3193,3196,3236,3239,3242],{"className":3064},[1887],[1830,3066],{"className":3067,"style":2014},[1891],[1830,3069,2949],{"className":3070},[3071],"mop",[1830,3073],{"className":3074,"style":2329},[1902],[1830,3076,2955],{"className":3077,"style":3078},[1896,1897],"margin-right:0.109em;",[1830,3080,1976],{"className":3081},[2025],[1830,3083,3085,3088],{"className":3084},[1896],[1830,3086,1863],{"className":3087,"style":1921},[1896,1897],[1830,3089,3091],{"className":3090},[2210],[1830,3092,3094,3115],{"className":3093},[2214,2215],[1830,3095,3097,3112],{"className":3096},[2219],[1830,3098,3101],{"className":3099,"style":3100},[2223],"height:0.2806em;",[1830,3102,3103,3106],{"style":2227},[1830,3104],{"className":3105,"style":2232},[2231],[1830,3107,3109],{"className":3108},[2236,2237,2238,2239],[1830,3110,2964],{"className":3111},[1896,1897,2239],[1830,3113,2247],{"className":3114},[2246],[1830,3116,3118],{"className":3117},[2219],[1830,3119,3121],{"className":3120,"style":2254},[2223],[1830,3122],{},[1830,3124,2152],{"className":3125},[2321],[1830,3127],{"className":3128,"style":2329},[1902],[1830,3130,3132,3135],{"className":3131},[1896],[1830,3133,1863],{"className":3134,"style":1921},[1896,1897],[1830,3136,3138],{"className":3137},[2210],[1830,3139,3141,3170],{"className":3140},[2214,2215],[1830,3142,3144,3167],{"className":3143},[2219],[1830,3145,3147],{"className":3146,"style":2224},[2223],[1830,3148,3149,3152],{"style":2227},[1830,3150],{"className":3151,"style":2232},[2231],[1830,3153,3155],{"className":3154},[2236,2237,2238,2239],[1830,3156,3158,3161,3164],{"className":3157},[1896,2239],[1830,3159,2964],{"className":3160},[1896,1897,2239],[1830,3162,1866],{"className":3163},[1928,2239],[1830,3165,2167],{"className":3166},[1896,2239],[1830,3168,2247],{"className":3169},[2246],[1830,3171,3173],{"className":3172},[2219],[1830,3174,3177],{"className":3175,"style":3176},[2223],"height:0.2083em;",[1830,3178],{},[1830,3180,1981],{"className":3181},[2032],[1830,3183],{"className":3184,"style":3185},[1902],"margin-right:1em;",[1830,3187,3190],{"className":3188},[1896,3189],"text",[1830,3191,2987],{"className":3192},[1896],[1830,3194],{"className":3195,"style":3185},[1902],[1830,3197,3199,3202],{"className":3198},[1896],[1830,3200,1863],{"className":3201,"style":1921},[1896,1897],[1830,3203,3205],{"className":3204},[2210],[1830,3206,3208,3228],{"className":3207},[2214,2215],[1830,3209,3211,3225],{"className":3210},[2219],[1830,3212,3214],{"className":3213,"style":3100},[2223],[1830,3215,3216,3219],{"style":2227},[1830,3217],{"className":3218,"style":2232},[2231],[1830,3220,3222],{"className":3221},[2236,2237,2238,2239],[1830,3223,2964],{"className":3224},[1896,1897,2239],[1830,3226,2247],{"className":3227},[2246],[1830,3229,3231],{"className":3230},[2219],[1830,3232,3234],{"className":3233,"style":2254},[2223],[1830,3235],{},[1830,3237],{"className":3238,"style":1898},[1902],[1830,3240,1866],{"className":3241},[1928],[1830,3243],{"className":3244,"style":1898},[1902],[1830,3246,3248,3252,3382,3385,3388],{"className":3247},[1887],[1830,3249],{"className":3250,"style":3251},[1891],"height:2.1297em;vertical-align:-0.7693em;",[1830,3253,3255,3259,3379],{"className":3254},[1896],[1830,3256],{"className":3257},[2025,3258],"nulldelimiter",[1830,3260,3262],{"className":3261},[2999],[1830,3263,3265,3370],{"className":3264},[2214,2215],[1830,3266,3268,3367],{"className":3267},[2219],[1830,3269,3272,3298,3309],{"className":3270,"style":3271},[2223],"height:1.3603em;",[1830,3273,3275,3279],{"style":3274},"top:-2.314em;",[1830,3276],{"className":3277,"style":3278},[2231],"height:3em;",[1830,3280,3282,3285,3288,3291,3294],{"className":3281},[1896],[1830,3283,2167],{"className":3284},[1896],[1830,3286],{"className":3287,"style":1898},[1902],[1830,3289,1866],{"className":3290},[1928],[1830,3292],{"className":3293,"style":1898},[1902],[1830,3295,3021],{"className":3296,"style":3297},[1896,1897],"margin-right:0.0278em;",[1830,3299,3301,3304],{"style":3300},"top:-3.23em;",[1830,3302],{"className":3303,"style":3278},[2231],[1830,3305],{"className":3306,"style":3308},[3307],"frac-line","border-bottom-width:0.04em;",[1830,3310,3312,3315],{"style":3311},"top:-3.677em;",[1830,3313],{"className":3314,"style":3278},[2231],[1830,3316,3318],{"className":3317},[1896],[1830,3319,3321,3324],{"className":3320},[1896],[1830,3322,1863],{"className":3323,"style":1921},[1896,1897],[1830,3325,3327],{"className":3326},[2210],[1830,3328,3330,3359],{"className":3329},[2214,2215],[1830,3331,3333,3356],{"className":3332},[2219],[1830,3334,3336],{"className":3335,"style":2224},[2223],[1830,3337,3338,3341],{"style":2227},[1830,3339],{"className":3340,"style":2232},[2231],[1830,3342,3344],{"className":3343},[2236,2237,2238,2239],[1830,3345,3347,3350,3353],{"className":3346},[1896,2239],[1830,3348,2964],{"className":3349},[1896,1897,2239],[1830,3351,1866],{"className":3352},[1928,2239],[1830,3354,2167],{"className":3355},[1896,2239],[1830,3357,2247],{"className":3358},[2246],[1830,3360,3362],{"className":3361},[2219],[1830,3363,3365],{"className":3364,"style":3176},[2223],[1830,3366],{},[1830,3368,2247],{"className":3369},[2246],[1830,3371,3373],{"className":3372},[2219],[1830,3374,3377],{"className":3375,"style":3376},[2223],"height:0.7693em;",[1830,3378],{},[1830,3380],{"className":3381},[2032,3258],[1830,3383],{"className":3384,"style":1903},[1902],[1830,3386,1860],{"className":3387},[1907],[1830,3389],{"className":3390,"style":1903},[1902],[1830,3392,3394,3397,3437,3440,3443],{"className":3393},[1887],[1830,3395],{"className":3396,"style":2200},[1891],[1830,3398,3400,3403],{"className":3399},[1896],[1830,3401,1856],{"className":3402,"style":1898},[1896,1897],[1830,3404,3406],{"className":3405},[2210],[1830,3407,3409,3429],{"className":3408},[2214,2215],[1830,3410,3412,3426],{"className":3411},[2219],[1830,3413,3415],{"className":3414,"style":3100},[2223],[1830,3416,3417,3420],{"style":2297},[1830,3418],{"className":3419,"style":2232},[2231],[1830,3421,3423],{"className":3422},[2236,2237,2238,2239],[1830,3424,2964],{"className":3425},[1896,1897,2239],[1830,3427,2247],{"className":3428},[2246],[1830,3430,3432],{"className":3431},[2219],[1830,3433,3435],{"className":3434,"style":2254},[2223],[1830,3436],{},[1830,3438],{"className":3439,"style":1898},[1902],[1830,3441,1866],{"className":3442},[1928],[1830,3444],{"className":3445,"style":1898},[1902],[1830,3447,3449,3452,3572],{"className":3448},[1887],[1830,3450],{"className":3451,"style":3251},[1891],[1830,3453,3455,3458,3569],{"className":3454},[1896],[1830,3456],{"className":3457},[2025,3258],[1830,3459,3461],{"className":3460},[2999],[1830,3462,3464,3561],{"className":3463},[2214,2215],[1830,3465,3467,3558],{"className":3466},[2219],[1830,3468,3470,3493,3501],{"className":3469,"style":3271},[2223],[1830,3471,3472,3475],{"style":3274},[1830,3473],{"className":3474,"style":3278},[2231],[1830,3476,3478,3481,3484,3487,3490],{"className":3477},[1896],[1830,3479,2167],{"className":3480},[1896],[1830,3482],{"className":3483,"style":1898},[1902],[1830,3485,1866],{"className":3486},[1928],[1830,3488],{"className":3489,"style":1898},[1902],[1830,3491,3021],{"className":3492,"style":3297},[1896,1897],[1830,3494,3495,3498],{"style":3300},[1830,3496],{"className":3497,"style":3278},[2231],[1830,3499],{"className":3500,"style":3308},[3307],[1830,3502,3503,3506],{"style":3311},[1830,3504],{"className":3505,"style":3278},[2231],[1830,3507,3509],{"className":3508},[1896],[1830,3510,3512,3515],{"className":3511},[1896],[1830,3513,1856],{"className":3514,"style":1898},[1896,1897],[1830,3516,3518],{"className":3517},[2210],[1830,3519,3521,3550],{"className":3520},[2214,2215],[1830,3522,3524,3547],{"className":3523},[2219],[1830,3525,3527],{"className":3526,"style":2224},[2223],[1830,3528,3529,3532],{"style":2297},[1830,3530],{"className":3531,"style":2232},[2231],[1830,3533,3535],{"className":3534},[2236,2237,2238,2239],[1830,3536,3538,3541,3544],{"className":3537},[1896,2239],[1830,3539,2964],{"className":3540},[1896,1897,2239],[1830,3542,1866],{"className":3543},[1928,2239],[1830,3545,2167],{"className":3546},[1896,2239],[1830,3548,2247],{"className":3549},[2246],[1830,3551,3553],{"className":3552},[2219],[1830,3554,3556],{"className":3555,"style":3176},[2223],[1830,3557],{},[1830,3559,2247],{"className":3560},[2246],[1830,3562,3564],{"className":3563},[2219],[1830,3565,3567],{"className":3566,"style":3376},[2223],[1830,3568],{},[1830,3570],{"className":3571},[2032,3258],[1830,3573,1873],{"className":3574},[1896],[1797,3576,3577],{},"因此，利率、预期收入、借贷约束和不确定性都会影响当前消费。凯恩斯交叉把消费函数当作给定，是为了先学习总需求反馈，而不是说现实消费只由当期收入决定。",[1793,3579,3581],{"id":3580},"_3-均衡产出推导","3. 均衡产出推导",[1797,3583,3584,3585,3614,3615,3645],{},"加入政府购买 ",[1830,3586,3588,3602],{"className":3587},[1837],[1830,3589,3591],{"className":3590},[1841],[1843,3592,3593],{"xmlns":1845},[1848,3594,3595,3600],{},[1851,3596,3597],{},[1854,3598,3599],{},"G",[1875,3601,3599],{"encoding":1877},[1830,3603,3605],{"className":3604,"ariaHidden":1883},[1882],[1830,3606,3608,3611],{"className":3607},[1887],[1830,3609],{"className":3610,"style":1892},[1891],[1830,3612,3599],{"className":3613},[1896,1897]," 和一次性税收 ",[1830,3616,3618,3632],{"className":3617},[1837],[1830,3619,3621],{"className":3620},[1841],[1843,3622,3623],{"xmlns":1845},[1848,3624,3625,3630],{},[1851,3626,3627],{},[1854,3628,3629],{},"T",[1875,3631,3629],{"encoding":1877},[1830,3633,3635],{"className":3634,"ariaHidden":1883},[1882],[1830,3636,3638,3641],{"className":3637},[1887],[1830,3639],{"className":3640,"style":1892},[1891],[1830,3642,3629],{"className":3643,"style":3644},[1896,1897],"margin-right:0.1389em;","：",[1830,3647,3649],{"className":3648},[1833],[1830,3650,3652,3698],{"className":3651},[1837],[1830,3653,3655],{"className":3654},[1841],[1843,3656,3657],{"xmlns":1845,"display":1846},[1848,3658,3659,3695],{},[1851,3660,3661,3663,3665,3671,3673,3675,3677,3679,3681,3683,3685,3687,3689,3691,3693],{},[1854,3662,1856],{},[1858,3664,1860],{},[2130,3666,3667,3669],{},[1854,3668,1863],{},[2135,3670,2137],{},[1858,3672,1866],{},[1854,3674,2142],{},[1858,3676,1976],{"stretchy":1975},[1854,3678,1856],{},[1858,3680,2666],{},[1854,3682,3629],{},[1858,3684,1981],{"stretchy":1975},[1858,3686,1866],{},[1854,3688,1869],{},[1858,3690,1866],{},[1854,3692,3599],{},[1854,3694,1873],{"mathvariant":1872},[1875,3696,3697],{"encoding":1877},"Y=C_0+c(Y-T)+I+G.",[1830,3699,3701,3719,3774,3798,3819,3837],{"className":3700,"ariaHidden":1883},[1882],[1830,3702,3704,3707,3710,3713,3716],{"className":3703},[1887],[1830,3705],{"className":3706,"style":1892},[1891],[1830,3708,1856],{"className":3709,"style":1898},[1896,1897],[1830,3711],{"className":3712,"style":1903},[1902],[1830,3714,1860],{"className":3715},[1907],[1830,3717],{"className":3718,"style":1903},[1902],[1830,3720,3722,3725,3765,3768,3771],{"className":3721},[1887],[1830,3723],{"className":3724,"style":2200},[1891],[1830,3726,3728,3731],{"className":3727},[1896],[1830,3729,1863],{"className":3730,"style":1921},[1896,1897],[1830,3732,3734],{"className":3733},[2210],[1830,3735,3737,3757],{"className":3736},[2214,2215],[1830,3738,3740,3754],{"className":3739},[2219],[1830,3741,3743],{"className":3742,"style":2224},[2223],[1830,3744,3745,3748],{"style":2227},[1830,3746],{"className":3747,"style":2232},[2231],[1830,3749,3751],{"className":3750},[2236,2237,2238,2239],[1830,3752,2137],{"className":3753},[1896,2239],[1830,3755,2247],{"className":3756},[2246],[1830,3758,3760],{"className":3759},[2219],[1830,3761,3763],{"className":3762,"style":2254},[2223],[1830,3764],{},[1830,3766],{"className":3767,"style":1898},[1902],[1830,3769,1866],{"className":3770},[1928],[1830,3772],{"className":3773,"style":1898},[1902],[1830,3775,3777,3780,3783,3786,3789,3792,3795],{"className":3776},[1887],[1830,3778],{"className":3779,"style":2014},[1891],[1830,3781,2142],{"className":3782},[1896,1897],[1830,3784,1976],{"className":3785},[2025],[1830,3787,1856],{"className":3788,"style":1898},[1896,1897],[1830,3790],{"className":3791,"style":1898},[1902],[1830,3793,2666],{"className":3794},[1928],[1830,3796],{"className":3797,"style":1898},[1902],[1830,3799,3801,3804,3807,3810,3813,3816],{"className":3800},[1887],[1830,3802],{"className":3803,"style":2014},[1891],[1830,3805,3629],{"className":3806,"style":3644},[1896,1897],[1830,3808,1981],{"className":3809},[2032],[1830,3811],{"className":3812,"style":1898},[1902],[1830,3814,1866],{"className":3815},[1928],[1830,3817],{"className":3818,"style":1898},[1902],[1830,3820,3822,3825,3828,3831,3834],{"className":3821},[1887],[1830,3823],{"className":3824,"style":1917},[1891],[1830,3826,1869],{"className":3827,"style":1941},[1896,1897],[1830,3829],{"className":3830,"style":1898},[1902],[1830,3832,1866],{"className":3833},[1928],[1830,3835],{"className":3836,"style":1898},[1902],[1830,3838,3840,3843,3846],{"className":3839},[1887],[1830,3841],{"className":3842,"style":1892},[1891],[1830,3844,3599],{"className":3845},[1896,1897],[1830,3847,1873],{"className":3848},[1896],[1797,3850,3851],{},"整理得：",[1830,3853,3855],{"className":3854},[1833],[1830,3856,3858,3918],{"className":3857},[1837],[1830,3859,3861],{"className":3860},[1841],[1843,3862,3863],{"xmlns":1845,"display":1846},[1848,3864,3865,3915],{},[1851,3866,3867,3875,3877,3889,3891,3897,3899,3901,3903,3905,3907,3909,3911,3913],{},[3868,3869,3870,3872],"msup",{},[1854,3871,1856],{},[1858,3873,3874],{},"∗",[1858,3876,1860],{},[2999,3878,3879,3881],{},[2135,3880,2167],{},[1851,3882,3883,3885,3887],{},[2135,3884,2167],{},[1858,3886,2666],{},[1854,3888,2142],{},[1858,3890,1976],{"stretchy":1975},[2130,3892,3893,3895],{},[1854,3894,1863],{},[2135,3896,2137],{},[1858,3898,2666],{},[1854,3900,2142],{},[1854,3902,3629],{},[1858,3904,1866],{},[1854,3906,1869],{},[1858,3908,1866],{},[1854,3910,3599],{},[1858,3912,1981],{"stretchy":1975},[1854,3914,1873],{"mathvariant":1872},[1875,3916,3917],{"encoding":1877},"Y^*=\\frac{1}{1-c}(C_0-cT+I+G).",[1830,3919,3921,3967,4101,4122,4140],{"className":3920,"ariaHidden":1883},[1882],[1830,3922,3924,3928,3958,3961,3964],{"className":3923},[1887],[1830,3925],{"className":3926,"style":3927},[1891],"height:0.7387em;",[1830,3929,3931,3934],{"className":3930},[1896],[1830,3932,1856],{"className":3933,"style":1898},[1896,1897],[1830,3935,3937],{"className":3936},[2210],[1830,3938,3940],{"className":3939},[2214],[1830,3941,3943],{"className":3942},[2219],[1830,3944,3946],{"className":3945,"style":3927},[2223],[1830,3947,3949,3952],{"style":3948},"top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1830,3950],{"className":3951,"style":2232},[2231],[1830,3953,3955],{"className":3954},[2236,2237,2238,2239],[1830,3956,3874],{"className":3957},[1928,2239],[1830,3959],{"className":3960,"style":1903},[1902],[1830,3962,1860],{"className":3963},[1907],[1830,3965],{"className":3966,"style":1903},[1902],[1830,3968,3970,3974,4049,4052,4092,4095,4098],{"className":3969},[1887],[1830,3971],{"className":3972,"style":3973},[1891],"height:2.0908em;vertical-align:-0.7693em;",[1830,3975,3977,3980,4046],{"className":3976},[1896],[1830,3978],{"className":3979},[2025,3258],[1830,3981,3983],{"className":3982},[2999],[1830,3984,3986,4038],{"className":3985},[2214,2215],[1830,3987,3989,4035],{"className":3988},[2219],[1830,3990,3993,4016,4024],{"className":3991,"style":3992},[2223],"height:1.3214em;",[1830,3994,3995,3998],{"style":3274},[1830,3996],{"className":3997,"style":3278},[2231],[1830,3999,4001,4004,4007,4010,4013],{"className":4000},[1896],[1830,4002,2167],{"className":4003},[1896],[1830,4005],{"className":4006,"style":1898},[1902],[1830,4008,2666],{"className":4009},[1928],[1830,4011],{"className":4012,"style":1898},[1902],[1830,4014,2142],{"className":4015},[1896,1897],[1830,4017,4018,4021],{"style":3300},[1830,4019],{"className":4020,"style":3278},[2231],[1830,4022],{"className":4023,"style":3308},[3307],[1830,4025,4026,4029],{"style":3311},[1830,4027],{"className":4028,"style":3278},[2231],[1830,4030,4032],{"className":4031},[1896],[1830,4033,2167],{"className":4034},[1896],[1830,4036,2247],{"className":4037},[2246],[1830,4039,4041],{"className":4040},[2219],[1830,4042,4044],{"className":4043,"style":3376},[2223],[1830,4045],{},[1830,4047],{"className":4048},[2032,3258],[1830,4050,1976],{"className":4051},[2025],[1830,4053,4055,4058],{"className":4054},[1896],[1830,4056,1863],{"className":4057,"style":1921},[1896,1897],[1830,4059,4061],{"className":4060},[2210],[1830,4062,4064,4084],{"className":4063},[2214,2215],[1830,4065,4067,4081],{"className":4066},[2219],[1830,4068,4070],{"className":4069,"style":2224},[2223],[1830,4071,4072,4075],{"style":2227},[1830,4073],{"className":4074,"style":2232},[2231],[1830,4076,4078],{"className":4077},[2236,2237,2238,2239],[1830,4079,2137],{"className":4080},[1896,2239],[1830,4082,2247],{"className":4083},[2246],[1830,4085,4087],{"className":4086},[2219],[1830,4088,4090],{"className":4089,"style":2254},[2223],[1830,4091],{},[1830,4093],{"className":4094,"style":1898},[1902],[1830,4096,2666],{"className":4097},[1928],[1830,4099],{"className":4100,"style":1898},[1902],[1830,4102,4104,4107,4110,4113,4116,4119],{"className":4103},[1887],[1830,4105],{"className":4106,"style":1917},[1891],[1830,4108,2142],{"className":4109},[1896,1897],[1830,4111,3629],{"className":4112,"style":3644},[1896,1897],[1830,4114],{"className":4115,"style":1898},[1902],[1830,4117,1866],{"className":4118},[1928],[1830,4120],{"className":4121,"style":1898},[1902],[1830,4123,4125,4128,4131,4134,4137],{"className":4124},[1887],[1830,4126],{"className":4127,"style":1917},[1891],[1830,4129,1869],{"className":4130,"style":1941},[1896,1897],[1830,4132],{"className":4133,"style":1898},[1902],[1830,4135,1866],{"className":4136},[1928],[1830,4138],{"className":4139,"style":1898},[1902],[1830,4141,4143,4146,4149,4152],{"className":4142},[1887],[1830,4144],{"className":4145,"style":2014},[1891],[1830,4147,3599],{"className":4148},[1896,1897],[1830,4150,1981],{"className":4151},[2032],[1830,4153,1873],{"className":4154},[1896],[1797,4156,4157],{},"政府购买乘数为：",[1830,4159,4161],{"className":4160},[1833],[1830,4162,4164,4211],{"className":4163},[1837],[1830,4165,4167],{"className":4166},[1841],[1843,4168,4169],{"xmlns":1845,"display":1846},[1848,4170,4171,4208],{},[1851,4172,4173,4192,4194,4206],{},[2999,4174,4175,4186],{},[1851,4176,4177,4180],{},[1854,4178,4179],{"mathvariant":1872},"∂",[3868,4181,4182,4184],{},[1854,4183,1856],{},[1858,4185,3874],{},[1851,4187,4188,4190],{},[1854,4189,4179],{"mathvariant":1872},[1854,4191,3599],{},[1858,4193,1860],{},[2999,4195,4196,4198],{},[2135,4197,2167],{},[1851,4199,4200,4202,4204],{},[2135,4201,2167],{},[1858,4203,2666],{},[1854,4205,2142],{},[1858,4207,2152],{"separator":1883},[1875,4209,4210],{"encoding":1877},"\\frac{\\partial Y^*}{\\partial G}=\\frac{1}{1-c},",[1830,4212,4214,4329],{"className":4213,"ariaHidden":1883},[1882],[1830,4215,4217,4221,4320,4323,4326],{"className":4216},[1887],[1830,4218],{"className":4219,"style":4220},[1891],"height:2.0574em;vertical-align:-0.686em;",[1830,4222,4224,4227,4317],{"className":4223},[1896],[1830,4225],{"className":4226},[2025,3258],[1830,4228,4230],{"className":4229},[2999],[1830,4231,4233,4308],{"className":4232},[2214,2215],[1830,4234,4236,4305],{"className":4235},[2219],[1830,4237,4240,4255,4263],{"className":4238,"style":4239},[2223],"height:1.3714em;",[1830,4241,4242,4245],{"style":3274},[1830,4243],{"className":4244,"style":3278},[2231],[1830,4246,4248,4252],{"className":4247},[1896],[1830,4249,4179],{"className":4250,"style":4251},[1896],"margin-right:0.0556em;",[1830,4253,3599],{"className":4254},[1896,1897],[1830,4256,4257,4260],{"style":3300},[1830,4258],{"className":4259,"style":3278},[2231],[1830,4261],{"className":4262,"style":3308},[3307],[1830,4264,4265,4268],{"style":3311},[1830,4266],{"className":4267,"style":3278},[2231],[1830,4269,4271,4274],{"className":4270},[1896],[1830,4272,4179],{"className":4273,"style":4251},[1896],[1830,4275,4277,4280],{"className":4276},[1896],[1830,4278,1856],{"className":4279,"style":1898},[1896,1897],[1830,4281,4283],{"className":4282},[2210],[1830,4284,4286],{"className":4285},[2214],[1830,4287,4289],{"className":4288},[2219],[1830,4290,4293],{"className":4291,"style":4292},[2223],"height:0.6887em;",[1830,4294,4296,4299],{"style":4295},"top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1830,4297],{"className":4298,"style":2232},[2231],[1830,4300,4302],{"className":4301},[2236,2237,2238,2239],[1830,4303,3874],{"className":4304},[1928,2239],[1830,4306,2247],{"className":4307},[2246],[1830,4309,4311],{"className":4310},[2219],[1830,4312,4315],{"className":4313,"style":4314},[2223],"height:0.686em;",[1830,4316],{},[1830,4318],{"className":4319},[2032,3258],[1830,4321],{"className":4322,"style":1903},[1902],[1830,4324,1860],{"className":4325},[1907],[1830,4327],{"className":4328,"style":1903},[1902],[1830,4330,4332,4335,4409],{"className":4331},[1887],[1830,4333],{"className":4334,"style":3973},[1891],[1830,4336,4338,4341,4406],{"className":4337},[1896],[1830,4339],{"className":4340},[2025,3258],[1830,4342,4344],{"className":4343},[2999],[1830,4345,4347,4398],{"className":4346},[2214,2215],[1830,4348,4350,4395],{"className":4349},[2219],[1830,4351,4353,4376,4384],{"className":4352,"style":3992},[2223],[1830,4354,4355,4358],{"style":3274},[1830,4356],{"className":4357,"style":3278},[2231],[1830,4359,4361,4364,4367,4370,4373],{"className":4360},[1896],[1830,4362,2167],{"className":4363},[1896],[1830,4365],{"className":4366,"style":1898},[1902],[1830,4368,2666],{"className":4369},[1928],[1830,4371],{"className":4372,"style":1898},[1902],[1830,4374,2142],{"className":4375},[1896,1897],[1830,4377,4378,4381],{"style":3300},[1830,4379],{"className":4380,"style":3278},[2231],[1830,4382],{"className":4383,"style":3308},[3307],[1830,4385,4386,4389],{"style":3311},[1830,4387],{"className":4388,"style":3278},[2231],[1830,4390,4392],{"className":4391},[1896],[1830,4393,2167],{"className":4394},[1896],[1830,4396,2247],{"className":4397},[2246],[1830,4399,4401],{"className":4400},[2219],[1830,4402,4404],{"className":4403,"style":3376},[2223],[1830,4405],{},[1830,4407],{"className":4408},[2032,3258],[1830,4410,2152],{"className":4411},[2321],[1797,4413,4414],{},"税收乘数为：",[1830,4416,4418],{"className":4417},[1833],[1830,4419,4421,4469],{"className":4420},[1837],[1830,4422,4424],{"className":4423},[1841],[1843,4425,4426],{"xmlns":1845,"display":1846},[1848,4427,4428,4466],{},[1851,4429,4430,4448,4450,4452,4464],{},[2999,4431,4432,4442],{},[1851,4433,4434,4436],{},[1854,4435,4179],{"mathvariant":1872},[3868,4437,4438,4440],{},[1854,4439,1856],{},[1858,4441,3874],{},[1851,4443,4444,4446],{},[1854,4445,4179],{"mathvariant":1872},[1854,4447,3629],{},[1858,4449,1860],{},[1858,4451,2666],{},[2999,4453,4454,4456],{},[1854,4455,2142],{},[1851,4457,4458,4460,4462],{},[2135,4459,2167],{},[1858,4461,2666],{},[1854,4463,2142],{},[1854,4465,1873],{"mathvariant":1872},[1875,4467,4468],{"encoding":1877},"\\frac{\\partial Y^*}{\\partial T}=-\\frac{c}{1-c}.",[1830,4470,4472,4581],{"className":4471,"ariaHidden":1883},[1882],[1830,4473,4475,4478,4572,4575,4578],{"className":4474},[1887],[1830,4476],{"className":4477,"style":4220},[1891],[1830,4479,4481,4484,4569],{"className":4480},[1896],[1830,4482],{"className":4483},[2025,3258],[1830,4485,4487],{"className":4486},[2999],[1830,4488,4490,4561],{"className":4489},[2214,2215],[1830,4491,4493,4558],{"className":4492},[2219],[1830,4494,4496,4510,4518],{"className":4495,"style":4239},[2223],[1830,4497,4498,4501],{"style":3274},[1830,4499],{"className":4500,"style":3278},[2231],[1830,4502,4504,4507],{"className":4503},[1896],[1830,4505,4179],{"className":4506,"style":4251},[1896],[1830,4508,3629],{"className":4509,"style":3644},[1896,1897],[1830,4511,4512,4515],{"style":3300},[1830,4513],{"className":4514,"style":3278},[2231],[1830,4516],{"className":4517,"style":3308},[3307],[1830,4519,4520,4523],{"style":3311},[1830,4521],{"className":4522,"style":3278},[2231],[1830,4524,4526,4529],{"className":4525},[1896],[1830,4527,4179],{"className":4528,"style":4251},[1896],[1830,4530,4532,4535],{"className":4531},[1896],[1830,4533,1856],{"className":4534,"style":1898},[1896,1897],[1830,4536,4538],{"className":4537},[2210],[1830,4539,4541],{"className":4540},[2214],[1830,4542,4544],{"className":4543},[2219],[1830,4545,4547],{"className":4546,"style":4292},[2223],[1830,4548,4549,4552],{"style":4295},[1830,4550],{"className":4551,"style":2232},[2231],[1830,4553,4555],{"className":4554},[2236,2237,2238,2239],[1830,4556,3874],{"className":4557},[1928,2239],[1830,4559,2247],{"className":4560},[2246],[1830,4562,4564],{"className":4563},[2219],[1830,4565,4567],{"className":4566,"style":4314},[2223],[1830,4568],{},[1830,4570],{"className":4571},[2032,3258],[1830,4573],{"className":4574,"style":1903},[1902],[1830,4576,1860],{"className":4577},[1907],[1830,4579],{"className":4580,"style":1903},[1902],[1830,4582,4584,4588,4591,4666],{"className":4583},[1887],[1830,4585],{"className":4586,"style":4587},[1891],"height:1.8769em;vertical-align:-0.7693em;",[1830,4589,2666],{"className":4590},[1896],[1830,4592,4594,4597,4663],{"className":4593},[1896],[1830,4595],{"className":4596},[2025,3258],[1830,4598,4600],{"className":4599},[2999],[1830,4601,4603,4655],{"className":4602},[2214,2215],[1830,4604,4606,4652],{"className":4605},[2219],[1830,4607,4610,4633,4641],{"className":4608,"style":4609},[2223],"height:1.1076em;",[1830,4611,4612,4615],{"style":3274},[1830,4613],{"className":4614,"style":3278},[2231],[1830,4616,4618,4621,4624,4627,4630],{"className":4617},[1896],[1830,4619,2167],{"className":4620},[1896],[1830,4622],{"className":4623,"style":1898},[1902],[1830,4625,2666],{"className":4626},[1928],[1830,4628],{"className":4629,"style":1898},[1902],[1830,4631,2142],{"className":4632},[1896,1897],[1830,4634,4635,4638],{"style":3300},[1830,4636],{"className":4637,"style":3278},[2231],[1830,4639],{"className":4640,"style":3308},[3307],[1830,4642,4643,4646],{"style":3311},[1830,4644],{"className":4645,"style":3278},[2231],[1830,4647,4649],{"className":4648},[1896],[1830,4650,2142],{"className":4651},[1896,1897],[1830,4653,2247],{"className":4654},[2246],[1830,4656,4658],{"className":4657},[2219],[1830,4659,4661],{"className":4660,"style":3376},[2223],[1830,4662],{},[1830,4664],{"className":4665},[2032,3258],[1830,4667,1873],{"className":4668},[1896],[1797,4670,4671],{},"同样规模的政府购买和税收变化具有不同的产出效应，因为政府购买直接进入计划支出，而税收先改变可支配收入，再通过消费反馈。",[2926,4673,4674],{"id":4674},"数值例子",[1797,4676,4677,4678,4731],{},"若 ",[1830,4679,4681,4700],{"className":4680},[1837],[1830,4682,4684],{"className":4683},[1841],[1843,4685,4686],{"xmlns":1845},[1848,4687,4688,4697],{},[1851,4689,4690,4692,4694],{},[1854,4691,2142],{},[1858,4693,1860],{},[2135,4695,4696],{},"0.8",[1875,4698,4699],{"encoding":1877},"c=0.8",[1830,4701,4703,4721],{"className":4702,"ariaHidden":1883},[1882],[1830,4704,4706,4709,4712,4715,4718],{"className":4705},[1887],[1830,4707],{"className":4708,"style":2473},[1891],[1830,4710,2142],{"className":4711},[1896,1897],[1830,4713],{"className":4714,"style":1903},[1902],[1830,4716,1860],{"className":4717},[1907],[1830,4719],{"className":4720,"style":1903},[1902],[1830,4722,4724,4728],{"className":4723},[1887],[1830,4725],{"className":4726,"style":4727},[1891],"height:0.6444em;",[1830,4729,4696],{"className":4730},[1896],"，政府购买增加 10，模型预测产出增加：",[1830,4733,4735],{"className":4734},[1833],[1830,4736,4738,4780],{"className":4737},[1837],[1830,4739,4741],{"className":4740},[1841],[1843,4742,4743],{"xmlns":1845,"display":1846},[1848,4744,4745,4777],{},[1851,4746,4747,4750,4752,4754,4766,4769,4772,4774],{},[1854,4748,4749],{"mathvariant":1872},"Δ",[1854,4751,1856],{},[1858,4753,1860],{},[2999,4755,4756,4758],{},[2135,4757,2167],{},[1851,4759,4760,4762,4764],{},[2135,4761,2167],{},[1858,4763,2666],{},[2135,4765,4696],{},[1858,4767,4768],{},"×",[2135,4770,4771],{},"10",[1858,4773,1860],{},[2135,4775,4776],{},"50.",[1875,4778,4779],{"encoding":1877},"\\Delta Y=\\frac{1}{1-0.8}\\times10=50.",[1830,4781,4783,4804,4893,4911],{"className":4782,"ariaHidden":1883},[1882],[1830,4784,4786,4789,4792,4795,4798,4801],{"className":4785},[1887],[1830,4787],{"className":4788,"style":1892},[1891],[1830,4790,4749],{"className":4791},[1896],[1830,4793,1856],{"className":4794,"style":1898},[1896,1897],[1830,4796],{"className":4797,"style":1903},[1902],[1830,4799,1860],{"className":4800},[1907],[1830,4802],{"className":4803,"style":1903},[1902],[1830,4805,4807,4810,4884,4887,4890],{"className":4806},[1887],[1830,4808],{"className":4809,"style":3973},[1891],[1830,4811,4813,4816,4881],{"className":4812},[1896],[1830,4814],{"className":4815},[2025,3258],[1830,4817,4819],{"className":4818},[2999],[1830,4820,4822,4873],{"className":4821},[2214,2215],[1830,4823,4825,4870],{"className":4824},[2219],[1830,4826,4828,4851,4859],{"className":4827,"style":3992},[2223],[1830,4829,4830,4833],{"style":3274},[1830,4831],{"className":4832,"style":3278},[2231],[1830,4834,4836,4839,4842,4845,4848],{"className":4835},[1896],[1830,4837,2167],{"className":4838},[1896],[1830,4840],{"className":4841,"style":1898},[1902],[1830,4843,2666],{"className":4844},[1928],[1830,4846],{"className":4847,"style":1898},[1902],[1830,4849,4696],{"className":4850},[1896],[1830,4852,4853,4856],{"style":3300},[1830,4854],{"className":4855,"style":3278},[2231],[1830,4857],{"className":4858,"style":3308},[3307],[1830,4860,4861,4864],{"style":3311},[1830,4862],{"className":4863,"style":3278},[2231],[1830,4865,4867],{"className":4866},[1896],[1830,4868,2167],{"className":4869},[1896],[1830,4871,2247],{"className":4872},[2246],[1830,4874,4876],{"className":4875},[2219],[1830,4877,4879],{"className":4878,"style":3376},[2223],[1830,4880],{},[1830,4882],{"className":4883},[2032,3258],[1830,4885],{"className":4886,"style":1898},[1902],[1830,4888,4768],{"className":4889},[1928],[1830,4891],{"className":4892,"style":1898},[1902],[1830,4894,4896,4899,4902,4905,4908],{"className":4895},[1887],[1830,4897],{"className":4898,"style":4727},[1891],[1830,4900,4771],{"className":4901},[1896],[1830,4903],{"className":4904,"style":1903},[1902],[1830,4906,1860],{"className":4907},[1907],[1830,4909],{"className":4910,"style":1903},[1902],[1830,4912,4914,4917],{"className":4913},[1887],[1830,4915],{"className":4916,"style":4727},[1891],[1830,4918,4776],{"className":4919},[1896],[1797,4921,4922],{},"第一轮支出增加 10，第二轮收入增加后消费增加 8，第三轮消费增加 6.4，后续逐渐衰减：",[1830,4924,4926],{"className":4925},[1833],[1830,4927,4929,4967],{"className":4928},[1837],[1830,4930,4932],{"className":4931},[1841],[1843,4933,4934],{"xmlns":1845,"display":1846},[1848,4935,4936,4964],{},[1851,4937,4938,4940,4942,4945,4947,4950,4952,4955,4957,4960,4962],{},[2135,4939,4771],{},[1858,4941,1866],{},[2135,4943,4944],{},"8",[1858,4946,1866],{},[2135,4948,4949],{},"6.4",[1858,4951,1866],{},[2135,4953,4954],{},"5.12",[1858,4956,1866],{},[1858,4958,4959],{},"⋯",[1858,4961,1860],{},[2135,4963,4776],{},[1875,4965,4966],{"encoding":1877},"10+8+6.4+5.12+\\cdots=50.",[1830,4968,4970,4989,5007,5025,5043,5063],{"className":4969,"ariaHidden":1883},[1882],[1830,4971,4973,4977,4980,4983,4986],{"className":4972},[1887],[1830,4974],{"className":4975,"style":4976},[1891],"height:0.7278em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;",[1830,4978,4771],{"className":4979},[1896],[1830,4981],{"className":4982,"style":1898},[1902],[1830,4984,1866],{"className":4985},[1928],[1830,4987],{"className":4988,"style":1898},[1902],[1830,4990,4992,4995,4998,5001,5004],{"className":4991},[1887],[1830,4993],{"className":4994,"style":4976},[1891],[1830,4996,4944],{"className":4997},[1896],[1830,4999],{"className":5000,"style":1898},[1902],[1830,5002,1866],{"className":5003},[1928],[1830,5005],{"className":5006,"style":1898},[1902],[1830,5008,5010,5013,5016,5019,5022],{"className":5009},[1887],[1830,5011],{"className":5012,"style":4976},[1891],[1830,5014,4949],{"className":5015},[1896],[1830,5017],{"className":5018,"style":1898},[1902],[1830,5020,1866],{"className":5021},[1928],[1830,5023],{"className":5024,"style":1898},[1902],[1830,5026,5028,5031,5034,5037,5040],{"className":5027},[1887],[1830,5029],{"className":5030,"style":4976},[1891],[1830,5032,4954],{"className":5033},[1896],[1830,5035],{"className":5036,"style":1898},[1902],[1830,5038,1866],{"className":5039},[1928],[1830,5041],{"className":5042,"style":1898},[1902],[1830,5044,5046,5050,5054,5057,5060],{"className":5045},[1887],[1830,5047],{"className":5048,"style":5049},[1891],"height:0.3669em;",[1830,5051,4959],{"className":5052},[5053],"minner",[1830,5055],{"className":5056,"style":1903},[1902],[1830,5058,1860],{"className":5059},[1907],[1830,5061],{"className":5062,"style":1903},[1902],[1830,5064,5066,5069],{"className":5065},[1887],[1830,5067],{"className":5068,"style":4727},[1891],[1830,5070,4776],{"className":5071},[1896],[1797,5073,5074],{},"这就是乘数的经济直觉。每一轮都会有 20% 的收入进入储蓄而不是下一轮消费，因此级数收敛。",[1793,5076,5078],{"id":5077},"_4-为什么现实乘数通常不同","4. 为什么现实乘数通常不同",[5080,5081,5082,5095],"table",{},[5083,5084,5085],"thead",{},[5086,5087,5088,5092],"tr",{},[5089,5090,5091],"th",{},"泄漏或反馈",[5089,5093,5094],{},"对乘数的影响",[5096,5097,5098,5107,5115,5123,5131,5139,5147],"tbody",{},[5086,5099,5100,5104],{},[5101,5102,5103],"td",{},"比例税",[5101,5105,5106],{},"收入增加后税收增加，降低消费反馈。",[5086,5108,5109,5112],{},[5101,5110,5111],{},"进口",[5101,5113,5114],{},"一部分支出流向国外，不形成国内收入。",[5086,5116,5117,5120],{},[5101,5118,5119],{},"利率上升",[5101,5121,5122],{},"更高的总需求可能推高利率，挤出私人投资和耐用品消费。",[5086,5124,5125,5128],{},[5101,5126,5127],{},"预期变化",[5101,5129,5130],{},"家庭可能预期未来税收或债务负担，降低当前消费。",[5086,5132,5133,5136],{},[5101,5134,5135],{},"供给瓶颈",[5101,5137,5138],{},"需求增加可能更多体现为价格上涨而不是实际产出增加。",[5086,5140,5141,5144],{},[5101,5142,5143],{},"金融约束",[5101,5145,5146],{},"无法借贷的家庭和企业对收入冲击更敏感。",[5086,5148,5149,5152],{},[5101,5150,5151],{},"货币政策反应",[5101,5153,5154],{},"央行如何应对通胀和产出，会改变乘数。",[1797,5156,5157],{},"因此，在政策备忘录中写“乘数为 5”是不完整的。必须说明模型的短期、闲置资源、利率、税收、进口和政策反应假设。",[1793,5159,5161],{"id":5160},"_5-计划投资与预期","5. 计划投资与预期",[1797,5163,5164],{},"企业投资既受当前利率影响，也受未来销售、现金流、技术和不确定性影响。一个简单的投资函数可以写为：",[1830,5166,5168],{"className":5167},[1833],[1830,5169,5171,5212],{"className":5170},[1837],[1830,5172,5174],{"className":5173},[1841],[1843,5175,5176],{"xmlns":1845,"display":1846},[1848,5177,5178,5209],{},[1851,5179,5180,5182,5184,5190,5192,5195,5197,5199,5201,5203,5206],{},[1854,5181,1869],{},[1858,5183,1860],{},[2130,5185,5186,5188],{},[1854,5187,1869],{},[2135,5189,2137],{},[1858,5191,2666],{},[1854,5193,5194],{},"b",[1854,5196,3021],{},[1858,5198,2152],{"separator":1883},[1902,5200],{"width":2155},[1854,5202,5194],{},[1858,5204,5205],{},">",[2135,5207,5208],{},"0.",[1875,5210,5211],{"encoding":1877},"I=I_0-br,\n\\qquad b>0.",[1830,5213,5215,5233,5289,5323],{"className":5214,"ariaHidden":1883},[1882],[1830,5216,5218,5221,5224,5227,5230],{"className":5217},[1887],[1830,5219],{"className":5220,"style":1892},[1891],[1830,5222,1869],{"className":5223,"style":1941},[1896,1897],[1830,5225],{"className":5226,"style":1903},[1902],[1830,5228,1860],{"className":5229},[1907],[1830,5231],{"className":5232,"style":1903},[1902],[1830,5234,5236,5239,5280,5283,5286],{"className":5235},[1887],[1830,5237],{"className":5238,"style":2200},[1891],[1830,5240,5242,5245],{"className":5241},[1896],[1830,5243,1869],{"className":5244,"style":1941},[1896,1897],[1830,5246,5248],{"className":5247},[2210],[1830,5249,5251,5272],{"className":5250},[2214,2215],[1830,5252,5254,5269],{"className":5253},[2219],[1830,5255,5257],{"className":5256,"style":2224},[2223],[1830,5258,5260,5263],{"style":5259},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0785em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1830,5261],{"className":5262,"style":2232},[2231],[1830,5264,5266],{"className":5265},[2236,2237,2238,2239],[1830,5267,2137],{"className":5268},[1896,2239],[1830,5270,2247],{"className":5271},[2246],[1830,5273,5275],{"className":5274},[2219],[1830,5276,5278],{"className":5277,"style":2254},[2223],[1830,5279],{},[1830,5281],{"className":5282,"style":1898},[1902],[1830,5284,2666],{"className":5285},[1928],[1830,5287],{"className":5288,"style":1898},[1902],[1830,5290,5292,5296,5299,5302,5305,5308,5311,5314,5317,5320],{"className":5291},[1887],[1830,5293],{"className":5294,"style":5295},[1891],"height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[1830,5297,5194],{"className":5298},[1896,1897],[1830,5300,3021],{"className":5301,"style":3297},[1896,1897],[1830,5303,2152],{"className":5304},[2321],[1830,5306],{"className":5307,"style":2325},[1902],[1830,5309],{"className":5310,"style":2329},[1902],[1830,5312,5194],{"className":5313},[1896,1897],[1830,5315],{"className":5316,"style":1903},[1902],[1830,5318,5205],{"className":5319},[1907],[1830,5321],{"className":5322,"style":1903},[1902],[1830,5324,5326,5329],{"className":5325},[1887],[1830,5327],{"className":5328,"style":4727},[1891],[1830,5330,5208],{"className":5331},[1896],[1797,5333,5334],{},"当央行提高利率时，投资下降的直接机制清楚；但如果加息同时提高了金融机构的风险溢价，企业融资成本上升可能比无风险利率变化更大。研究生分析还要关注投资不可逆性和等待价值：不确定性上升可能让企业暂缓投资，而不是线性减少投资。",[1793,5336,5338],{"id":5337},"_6-储蓄悖论","6. 储蓄悖论",[1797,5340,5341],{},"在个体层面，增加储蓄可能是理性的；在存在闲置产能的短期宏观经济中，如果所有家庭同时减少消费，而投资和政府支出不变，收入可能下降，最终总储蓄未必增加。这不是说储蓄没有价值，而是说明微观合成需要考虑收入反馈和时间跨度。",[1793,5343,5345],{"id":5344},"研究生扩展从凯恩斯交叉到-is-曲线","研究生扩展：从凯恩斯交叉到 IS 曲线",[1797,5347,5348],{},"当利率进入投资函数，商品市场均衡变成：",[1830,5350,5352],{"className":5351},[1833],[1830,5353,5355,5399],{"className":5354},[1837],[1830,5356,5358],{"className":5357},[1841],[1843,5359,5360],{"xmlns":1845,"display":1846},[1848,5361,5362,5396],{},[1851,5363,5364,5366,5368,5370,5372,5374,5376,5378,5380,5382,5384,5386,5388,5390,5392,5394],{},[1854,5365,1856],{},[1858,5367,1860],{},[1854,5369,1863],{},[1858,5371,1976],{"stretchy":1975},[1854,5373,1856],{},[1858,5375,2666],{},[1854,5377,3629],{},[1858,5379,1981],{"stretchy":1975},[1858,5381,1866],{},[1854,5383,1869],{},[1858,5385,1976],{"stretchy":1975},[1854,5387,3021],{},[1858,5389,1981],{"stretchy":1975},[1858,5391,1866],{},[1854,5393,3599],{},[1854,5395,1873],{"mathvariant":1872},[1875,5397,5398],{"encoding":1877},"Y=C(Y-T)+I(r)+G.",[1830,5400,5402,5420,5444,5465,5492],{"className":5401,"ariaHidden":1883},[1882],[1830,5403,5405,5408,5411,5414,5417],{"className":5404},[1887],[1830,5406],{"className":5407,"style":1892},[1891],[1830,5409,1856],{"className":5410,"style":1898},[1896,1897],[1830,5412],{"className":5413,"style":1903},[1902],[1830,5415,1860],{"className":5416},[1907],[1830,5418],{"className":5419,"style":1903},[1902],[1830,5421,5423,5426,5429,5432,5435,5438,5441],{"className":5422},[1887],[1830,5424],{"className":5425,"style":2014},[1891],[1830,5427,1863],{"className":5428,"style":1921},[1896,1897],[1830,5430,1976],{"className":5431},[2025],[1830,5433,1856],{"className":5434,"style":1898},[1896,1897],[1830,5436],{"className":5437,"style":1898},[1902],[1830,5439,2666],{"className":5440},[1928],[1830,5442],{"className":5443,"style":1898},[1902],[1830,5445,5447,5450,5453,5456,5459,5462],{"className":5446},[1887],[1830,5448],{"className":5449,"style":2014},[1891],[1830,5451,3629],{"className":5452,"style":3644},[1896,1897],[1830,5454,1981],{"className":5455},[2032],[1830,5457],{"className":5458,"style":1898},[1902],[1830,5460,1866],{"className":5461},[1928],[1830,5463],{"className":5464,"style":1898},[1902],[1830,5466,5468,5471,5474,5477,5480,5483,5486,5489],{"className":5467},[1887],[1830,5469],{"className":5470,"style":2014},[1891],[1830,5472,1869],{"className":5473,"style":1941},[1896,1897],[1830,5475,1976],{"className":5476},[2025],[1830,5478,3021],{"className":5479,"style":3297},[1896,1897],[1830,5481,1981],{"className":5482},[2032],[1830,5484],{"className":5485,"style":1898},[1902],[1830,5487,1866],{"className":5488},[1928],[1830,5490],{"className":5491,"style":1898},[1902],[1830,5493,5495,5498,5501],{"className":5494},[1887],[1830,5496],{"className":5497,"style":1892},[1891],[1830,5499,3599],{"className":5500},[1896,1897],[1830,5502,1873],{"className":5503},[1896],[1797,5505,5506],{},"利率下降提高投资和均衡产出，因此商品市场均衡点形成一条向右下方倾斜的 IS 曲线。后续加入货币市场后，利率不再外生给定，财政扩张可能通过利率反馈产生挤出效应。",[1797,5508,5509],{},"研究生应问三个问题：",[5511,5512,5513,5516,5519],"ol",{},[1807,5514,5515],{},"这条曲线描述的是结构关系、约化形式，还是一组均衡条件？",[1807,5517,5518],{},"货币政策规则、预期和金融摩擦如何改变曲线斜率？",[1807,5520,5521],{},"如何用数据区分消费冲击、投资冲击和政策冲击？",[1793,5523,5524],{"id":5524},"自测题",[5511,5526,5527,5530,5533,5536,5539],{},[1807,5528,5529],{},"为什么政府购买乘数通常大于税收乘数的绝对值？",[1807,5531,5532],{},"如果边际消费倾向为 0.6，政府购买增加 50，简单模型中的产出变化是多少？",[1807,5534,5535],{},"进口为什么是开放经济中的乘数泄漏？",[1807,5537,5538],{},"“储蓄悖论”是否意味着家庭不应该储蓄？请区分个体与宏观层次。",[1807,5540,5541],{},"写出一个会使乘数变小的现实机制，并说明方向。",[1793,5543,5544],{"id":5544},"下一章",[1797,5546,5547],{},"本章把利率当作外生或简单进入投资。下一章将讨论货币、银行资产负债表和中央银行，解释利率如何成为宏观政策的核心传导变量。",{"title":10,"searchDepth":5549,"depth":5549,"links":5550},2,[5551,5552,5553,5554,5558,5561,5562,5563,5564,5565,5566],{"id":1795,"depth":5549,"text":1795},{"id":1802,"depth":5549,"text":1802},{"id":1824,"depth":5549,"text":1825},{"id":2105,"depth":5549,"text":2106,"children":5555},[5556],{"id":2928,"depth":5557,"text":2928},3,{"id":3580,"depth":5549,"text":3581,"children":5559},[5560],{"id":4674,"depth":5557,"text":4674},{"id":5077,"depth":5549,"text":5078},{"id":5160,"depth":5549,"text":5161},{"id":5337,"depth":5549,"text":5338},{"id":5344,"depth":5549,"text":5345},{"id":5524,"depth":5549,"text":5524},{"id":5544,"depth":5549,"text":5544},"从消费函数、投资支出和乘数机制理解短期产出决定。","md",{},true,{"title":1432,"description":5567},"0tktwbWA4GC3fHLIFX-Jac6nTy3tkskvxmg_RGr__-w",[5574,5576],{"title":1428,"path":1429,"stem":1430,"description":5575,"children":-1},"从生产、收入和支出三种视角理解 GDP、价格指数、就业和财富。",{"title":1436,"path":1437,"stem":1438,"description":5577,"children":-1},"从银行资产负债表、货币创造和利率传导理解中央银行政策。",1785754750226]