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Search, Evaluate, and Read Evidence","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F02-reading-and-literature-matrix","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F02-reading-and-literature-matrix",{"title":27,"path":28,"stem":29},"3. From Sources to Synthesis and Argument","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F03-arguments-outlines-and-paragraphs","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F03-arguments-outlines-and-paragraphs",{"title":31,"path":32,"stem":33},"4. Literature Review and a Defensible Gap","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review",{"title":35,"path":36,"stem":37},"5. Research Design, Evidence, and Core Sections","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F05-core-sections-and-evidence","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F05-core-sections-and-evidence",{"title":39,"path":40,"stem":41},"6. Citation, Paraphrasing, Integrity, and AI","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F06-citation-paraphrasing-and-integrity","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F06-citation-paraphrasing-and-integrity",{"title":43,"path":44,"stem":45},"7. Revision, Review, and Submission","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F07-revision-style-and-submission","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F07-revision-style-and-submission",{"title":47,"path":48,"stem":49},"8. Research Workbook","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template",{"title":51,"path":52,"stem":53},"9. Research Workflow and Tools","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F09-tools-for-academic-writing-and-literature-management","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F09-tools-for-academic-writing-and-literature-management",{"title":55,"path":56,"stem":57},"10. Worked Project — From Question to Defensible Conclusion","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F10-worked-example-from-block-structure-to-question-chain","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F10-worked-example-from-block-structure-to-question-chain",{"title":59,"path":60,"stem":61,"children":62,"page":249},"Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting","en\u002Faccounting",[63,69,87,93,193],{"title":64,"path":65,"stem":66,"children":67},"Accounting — From Evidence to Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002F00-index","en\u002Faccounting\u002F00-index",[68],{"title":64,"path":65,"stem":66},{"title":70,"path":71,"stem":72,"children":73},"Accounting Appendix","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[74,75,79,83],{"title":70,"path":71,"stem":72},{"title":76,"path":77,"stem":78},"Worked Examples and Error Diagnosis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F24-examples-pitfalls","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F24-examples-pitfalls",{"title":80,"path":81,"stem":82},"Accounting Glossary","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F26-glossary","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F26-glossary",{"title":84,"path":85,"stem":86},"Reading and Evidence Map","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F27-reading-map","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F27-reading-map",{"title":88,"path":89,"stem":90,"children":91},"Northstar Record-to-Decision Capstone","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[92],{"title":88,"path":89,"stem":90},{"title":94,"path":95,"stem":96,"children":97},"Financial Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002Findex",[98,99,117,131,165,179],{"title":94,"path":95,"stem":96},{"title":100,"path":101,"stem":102,"children":103},"1. Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002Findex",[104,105,109,113],{"title":100,"path":101,"stem":102},{"title":106,"path":107,"stem":108},"Objectives and Qualitative Characteristics","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F01-objectives-qualitative-characteristics","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F01-objectives-qualitative-characteristics",{"title":110,"path":111,"stem":112},"Equation and Elements","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F02-equation-elements","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F02-equation-elements",{"title":114,"path":115,"stem":116},"Accrual Basis, Estimates and Periods","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F03-accounting-bases-principles","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F03-accounting-bases-principles",{"title":118,"path":119,"stem":120,"children":121},"2. Recording Transactions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002Findex",[122,123,127],{"title":118,"path":119,"stem":120},{"title":124,"path":125,"stem":126},"Double-Entry and Debit\u002FCredit","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F04-double-entry-dr-cr","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F04-double-entry-dr-cr",{"title":128,"path":129,"stem":130},"Accounting Cycle","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F05-accounting-cycle","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F05-accounting-cycle",{"title":132,"path":133,"stem":134,"children":135},"3. Measurement and Adjustments","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002Findex",[136,137,141,145,149,153,157,161],{"title":132,"path":133,"stem":134},{"title":138,"path":139,"stem":140},"Revenue Recognition","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F07-revenue-recognition","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F07-revenue-recognition",{"title":142,"path":143,"stem":144},"Inventory","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F08-inventory","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F08-inventory",{"title":146,"path":147,"stem":148},"Receivables and Expected Credit Losses","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F09-receivables","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F09-receivables",{"title":150,"path":151,"stem":152},"Property, Plant and Equipment","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F10-ppe","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F10-ppe",{"title":154,"path":155,"stem":156},"Intangible Assets","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F11-intangibles","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F11-intangibles",{"title":158,"path":159,"stem":160},"Leases","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F12-leases","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F12-leases",{"title":162,"path":163,"stem":164},"Current and Deferred Income Tax","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F13-income-tax","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F13-income-tax",{"title":166,"path":167,"stem":168,"children":169},"4. Reporting and Cash","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002Findex",[170,171,175],{"title":166,"path":167,"stem":168},{"title":172,"path":173,"stem":174},"Linked Financial Statements","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F06-financial-statements","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F06-financial-statements",{"title":176,"path":177,"stem":178},"Cash, Reconciliation and Internal Control","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F14-cash-control","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F14-cash-control",{"title":180,"path":181,"stem":182,"children":183},"5. Analysis and Comparison","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002Findex",[184,185,189],{"title":180,"path":181,"stem":182},{"title":186,"path":187,"stem":188},"Ratio Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F15-ratio-analysis","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F15-ratio-analysis",{"title":190,"path":191,"stem":192},"IFRS versus US GAAP","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F25-ifrs-gaap","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F25-ifrs-gaap",{"title":194,"path":195,"stem":196,"children":197},"Management Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002Findex",[198,199,217,235],{"title":194,"path":195,"stem":196},{"title":200,"path":201,"stem":202,"children":203},"1. Cost Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002Findex",[204,205,209,213],{"title":200,"path":201,"stem":202},{"title":206,"path":207,"stem":208},"Cost Concepts and Behaviour","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F16-cost-concepts","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F16-cost-concepts",{"title":210,"path":211,"stem":212},"Costing Systems","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F17-costing-systems","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F17-costing-systems",{"title":214,"path":215,"stem":216},"Variable and Absorption Costing","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F19-variable-vs-absorption","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F19-variable-vs-absorption",{"title":218,"path":219,"stem":220,"children":221},"2. Planning and Control","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002Findex",[222,223,227,231],{"title":218,"path":219,"stem":220},{"title":224,"path":225,"stem":226},"Cost–Volume–Profit Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F18-cvp-analysis","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F18-cvp-analysis",{"title":228,"path":229,"stem":230},"Budgeting and Variance Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F20-budgeting-variances","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F20-budgeting-variances",{"title":232,"path":233,"stem":234},"Performance Measurement","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F21-performance-measurement","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F21-performance-measurement",{"title":236,"path":237,"stem":238,"children":239},"3. Decisions and Investment","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002Findex",[240,241,245],{"title":236,"path":237,"stem":238},{"title":242,"path":243,"stem":244},"Short-Term Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F22-short-term-decisions","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F22-short-term-decisions",{"title":246,"path":247,"stem":248},"Capital Budgeting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F23-capital-budgeting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F23-capital-budgeting",false,{"title":251,"path":252,"stem":253,"children":254,"page":249},"Business Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics",[255,261,279,305,335,365,383,400],{"title":256,"path":257,"stem":258,"children":259},"Business Analytics — From Data to Defensible Action","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-index","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-index",[260],{"title":256,"path":257,"stem":258},{"title":262,"path":263,"stem":264,"children":265},"0. Decision and Data Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[266,267,271,275],{"title":262,"path":263,"stem":264},{"title":268,"path":269,"stem":270},"Decision Framing","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F01-decision-framing","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F01-decision-framing",{"title":272,"path":273,"stem":274},"Data Contracts","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F02-data-contracts","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F02-data-contracts",{"title":276,"path":277,"stem":278},"Reproducible Analytics Workflow","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F03-reproducible-workflow","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F03-reproducible-workflow",{"title":280,"path":281,"stem":282,"children":283},"1. Descriptive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002Findex",[284,285,289,293,297,301],{"title":280,"path":281,"stem":282},{"title":286,"path":287,"stem":288},"Distributions and Exploratory Data Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F04-distributions-eda","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F04-distributions-eda",{"title":290,"path":291,"stem":292},"KPIs and Denominators","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F05-kpis-denominators","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F05-kpis-denominators",{"title":294,"path":295,"stem":296},"Segments, Cohorts and Funnels","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F06-segmentation-cohorts-funnels","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F06-segmentation-cohorts-funnels",{"title":298,"path":299,"stem":300},"Visual Evidence and Data Stories","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F07-visualisation-story","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F07-visualisation-story",{"title":302,"path":303,"stem":304},"Experiments and Causal Boundaries","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F08-experiments-causal-boundary","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F08-experiments-causal-boundary",{"title":306,"path":307,"stem":308,"children":309},"2. Predictive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002Findex",[310,311,315,319,323,327,331],{"title":306,"path":307,"stem":308},{"title":312,"path":313,"stem":314},"Validation, Baselines and Leakage","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F09-validation-leakage","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F09-validation-leakage",{"title":316,"path":317,"stem":318},"Regression and Forecasting","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F10-regression-forecasting","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F10-regression-forecasting",{"title":320,"path":321,"stem":322},"Classification and Calibration","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F11-classification-calibration","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F11-classification-calibration",{"title":324,"path":325,"stem":326},"Trees and Ensembles","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F12-trees-ensembles","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F12-trees-ensembles",{"title":328,"path":329,"stem":330},"Decision Metrics and Thresholds","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F13-decision-metrics-thresholds","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F13-decision-metrics-thresholds",{"title":332,"path":333,"stem":334},"Explainability, Monitoring and Drift","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F14-explainability-drift","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F14-explainability-drift",{"title":336,"path":337,"stem":338,"children":339},"3. Prescriptive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002Findex",[340,341,345,349,353,357,361],{"title":336,"path":337,"stem":338},{"title":342,"path":343,"stem":344},"Decision-Making under Uncertainty","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F15-decision-uncertainty","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F15-decision-uncertainty",{"title":346,"path":347,"stem":348},"Linear Optimisation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F16-linear-optimization","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F16-linear-optimization",{"title":350,"path":351,"stem":352},"Inventory and Allocation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F17-inventory-allocation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F17-inventory-allocation",{"title":354,"path":355,"stem":356},"Queueing and Simulation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F18-queueing-simulation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F18-queueing-simulation",{"title":358,"path":359,"stem":360},"Pricing and Revenue Management","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F19-pricing-experimentation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F19-pricing-experimentation",{"title":362,"path":363,"stem":364},"Causal Targeting and Policy Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F20-causal-targeting","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F20-causal-targeting",{"title":366,"path":367,"stem":368,"children":369},"4. Deployment and Governance","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002Findex",[370,371,375,379],{"title":366,"path":367,"stem":368},{"title":372,"path":373,"stem":374},"Data Products and Monitoring","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F21-data-products-monitoring","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F21-data-products-monitoring",{"title":376,"path":377,"stem":378},"Governance, Fairness and Privacy","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F22-governance-fairness-privacy","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F22-governance-fairness-privacy",{"title":380,"path":381,"stem":382},"Adoption and Business Value","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F23-adoption-value","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F23-adoption-value",{"title":384,"path":385,"stem":386,"children":387},"Appendix and Revision Tools","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[388,389,393,397],{"title":384,"path":385,"stem":386},{"title":390,"path":391,"stem":392},"Formula and Decision Map","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F24-formula-map","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F24-formula-map",{"title":394,"path":395,"stem":396},"Worked Examples and Pitfalls","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F25-worked-examples-pitfalls","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F25-worked-examples-pitfalls",{"title":84,"path":398,"stem":399},"\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F26-reading-map","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F26-reading-map",{"title":401,"path":402,"stem":403,"children":404},"Capstone — The Evening Delivery Promise","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[405],{"title":401,"path":402,"stem":403},{"title":407,"path":408,"stem":409,"children":410,"page":249},"Financial Economic Time Series","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series",[411,417,423,429,435,441,447,453,459,465,471],{"title":412,"path":413,"stem":414,"children":415},"Financial and Economic Time Series — Course Guide","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F00-intro","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[416],{"title":412,"path":413,"stem":414},{"title":418,"path":419,"stem":420,"children":421},"Three Versions of Time Series","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F01-bridge","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F01-bridge\u002Findex",[422],{"title":418,"path":419,"stem":420},{"title":424,"path":425,"stem":426,"children":427},"Data, Clocks, and Transformations","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F02-data-transformations","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F02-data-transformations\u002Findex",[428],{"title":424,"path":425,"stem":426},{"title":430,"path":431,"stem":432,"children":433},"Predictive Regressions and Persistent Predictors","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F03-predictive-regressions","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F03-predictive-regressions\u002Findex",[434],{"title":430,"path":431,"stem":432},{"title":436,"path":437,"stem":438,"children":439},"Volatility, Tails, and Financial Risk","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F04-volatility-risk","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F04-volatility-risk\u002Findex",[440],{"title":436,"path":437,"stem":438},{"title":442,"path":443,"stem":444,"children":445},"Unit Roots, Cointegration, and Error Correction","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F05-unit-roots-cointegration","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F05-unit-roots-cointegration\u002Findex",[446],{"title":442,"path":443,"stem":444},{"title":448,"path":449,"stem":450,"children":451},"VAR, Structural Identification, and Local Projections","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F06-var-identification","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F06-var-identification\u002Findex",[452],{"title":448,"path":449,"stem":450},{"title":454,"path":455,"stem":456,"children":457},"State Space, Mixed Frequency, and Nowcasting","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F07-state-space-nowcasting","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F07-state-space-nowcasting\u002Findex",[458],{"title":454,"path":455,"stem":456},{"title":460,"path":461,"stem":462,"children":463},"Forecast Evaluation for Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F08-forecast-evaluation","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F08-forecast-evaluation\u002Findex",[464],{"title":460,"path":461,"stem":462},{"title":466,"path":467,"stem":468,"children":469},"Integrated R Laboratory","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F09-r-laboratory","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F09-r-laboratory\u002Findex",[470],{"title":466,"path":467,"stem":468},{"title":472,"path":473,"stem":474,"children":475},"Capstones, Data, and Reading Ladder","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F10-capstone-readings","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F10-capstone-readings\u002Findex",[476],{"title":472,"path":473,"stem":474},{"title":478,"path":479,"stem":480,"children":481,"page":249},"Intro To Economics","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics","en\u002Fintro-to-economics",[482,486,490,494,498,502,506,510,514,518,522,526,530],{"title":483,"path":484,"stem":485},"Introduction to Economics — Decisions, Markets, and the Macroeconomy","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F00-intro",{"title":487,"path":488,"stem":489},"Chapter 1 — Choice, Opportunity Cost, and Trade","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F01-foundations","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F01-foundations",{"title":491,"path":492,"stem":493},"Chapter 2 — Demand, Supply, Equilibrium, and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F02-demand-and-supply","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F02-demand-and-supply",{"title":495,"path":496,"stem":497},"Chapter 3 — Elasticity, Revenue, and Tax Incidence","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F03-elasticity","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F03-elasticity",{"title":499,"path":500,"stem":501},"Chapter 4 — Firms, Market Power, and Market Failure","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F04-market-structures","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F04-market-structures",{"title":503,"path":504,"stem":505},"Chapter 5 — GDP, Income, Wealth, and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F05-gdp-and-wealth","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F05-gdp-and-wealth",{"title":507,"path":508,"stem":509},"Chapter 6 — Inflation, Purchasing Power, and Labour Markets","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F06-inflation-and-unemployment","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F06-inflation-and-unemployment",{"title":511,"path":512,"stem":513},"Chapter 7 — Productivity, Technology, and Economic Growth","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F07-economic-growth","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F07-economic-growth",{"title":515,"path":516,"stem":517},"Chapter 8 — Money, Credit, and Banking","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F08-money-and-banking","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F08-money-and-banking",{"title":519,"path":520,"stem":521},"Chapter 9 — Business Cycles, AD–AS, and Monetary Policy","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F09-monetary-policy-and-ad-as","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F09-monetary-policy-and-ad-as",{"title":523,"path":524,"stem":525},"Chapter 10 — Fiscal Policy, Distribution, and Public Debt","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F10-fiscal-policy","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F10-fiscal-policy",{"title":527,"path":528,"stem":529},"Chapter 11 — Trade, Capital Flows, and Exchange Rates","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F11-open-economy-and-exchange-rates","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F11-open-economy-and-exchange-rates",{"title":531,"path":532,"stem":533},"Chapter 12 — Integrated Economic Analysis Studio","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F12-review-and-case-studies","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F12-review-and-case-studies",{"title":535,"path":536,"stem":537,"children":538,"page":249},"Microeconometrics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics",[539,557,563,581,603,629,651,673,691,709],{"title":540,"path":541,"stem":542,"children":543},"0. Causal Questions and Designs","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002Findex",[544,545,549,553],{"title":540,"path":541,"stem":542},{"title":546,"path":547,"stem":548},"Causal Questions and Estimands","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F01-causal-question-estimands","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F01-causal-question-estimands",{"title":550,"path":551,"stem":552},"Potential Outcomes and Experiments","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F02-potential-outcomes-experiments","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F02-potential-outcomes-experiments",{"title":554,"path":555,"stem":556},"Causal Diagrams and Controls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F03-dags-controls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F03-dags-controls",{"title":558,"path":559,"stem":560,"children":561},"Microeconometrics — Designing Credible Counterfactuals","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-index","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-index",[562],{"title":558,"path":559,"stem":560},{"title":564,"path":565,"stem":566,"children":567},"1. Regression and Inference","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002Findex",[568,569,573,577],{"title":564,"path":565,"stem":566},{"title":570,"path":571,"stem":572},"OLS as a Projection","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F04-ols-projection","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F04-ols-projection",{"title":574,"path":575,"stem":576},"FWL, Selection and Controls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F05-fwl-selection-controls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F05-fwl-selection-controls",{"title":578,"path":579,"stem":580},"Inference and Clustering","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F06-inference-clustering","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F06-inference-clustering",{"title":582,"path":583,"stem":584,"children":585},"2. Instruments and Panel Data","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002Findex",[586,587,591,595,599],{"title":582,"path":583,"stem":584},{"title":588,"path":589,"stem":590},"Instrumental Variables","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F07-iv-identification","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F07-iv-identification",{"title":592,"path":593,"stem":594},"Weak Instruments and LATE","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F08-weak-iv-late","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F08-weak-iv-late",{"title":596,"path":597,"stem":598},"Panel Fixed Effects","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F09-panel-fixed-effects","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F09-panel-fixed-effects",{"title":600,"path":601,"stem":602},"Dynamic Panels and Limits","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F10-dynamic-panel","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F10-dynamic-panel",{"title":604,"path":605,"stem":606,"children":607},"3. Policy Evaluation Designs","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002Findex",[608,609,613,617,621,625],{"title":604,"path":605,"stem":606},{"title":610,"path":611,"stem":612},"Difference-in-Differences","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F11-did-core","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F11-did-core",{"title":614,"path":615,"stem":616},"Staggered DID and Event Studies","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F12-staggered-event-studies","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F12-staggered-event-studies",{"title":618,"path":619,"stem":620},"Regression Discontinuity","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F13-rdd","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F13-rdd",{"title":622,"path":623,"stem":624},"Matching, Weighting and Overlap","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F14-matching-weighting","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F14-matching-weighting",{"title":626,"path":627,"stem":628},"Synthetic Control","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F15-synthetic-control","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F15-synthetic-control",{"title":630,"path":631,"stem":632,"children":633},"Module 4 — Choice and Limited Outcomes","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002Findex",[634,635,639,643,647],{"title":630,"path":631,"stem":632},{"title":636,"path":637,"stem":638},"Binary Choice","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F16-binary-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F16-binary-choice",{"title":640,"path":641,"stem":642},"Multinomial and Ordered Choice","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F17-multinomial-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F17-multinomial-choice",{"title":644,"path":645,"stem":646},"Count Outcomes","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F18-count-outcomes","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F18-count-outcomes",{"title":648,"path":649,"stem":650},"Censoring, Truncation and Selection","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F19-censoring-selection","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F19-censoring-selection",{"title":652,"path":653,"stem":654,"children":655},"Module 5 — Modern Causal Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002Findex",[656,657,661,665,669],{"title":652,"path":653,"stem":654},{"title":658,"path":659,"stem":660},"Double Machine Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F20-dml","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F20-dml",{"title":662,"path":663,"stem":664},"Heterogeneity and Policy Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F21-heterogeneity-policy","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F21-heterogeneity-policy",{"title":666,"path":667,"stem":668},"Sensitivity and Partial Identification","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F22-sensitivity-partial-id","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F22-sensitivity-partial-id",{"title":670,"path":671,"stem":672},"External Validity and Transport","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F23-external-validity","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F23-external-validity",{"title":674,"path":675,"stem":676,"children":677},"Module 6 — From Data to Auditable Evidence","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002Findex",[678,679,683,687],{"title":674,"path":675,"stem":676},{"title":680,"path":681,"stem":682},"Data Provenance","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F24-data-provenance","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F24-data-provenance",{"title":684,"path":685,"stem":686},"Reproducibility and Reporting","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F25-reproducibility-reporting","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F25-reproducibility-reporting",{"title":688,"path":689,"stem":690},"Paper and Evidence Audit","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F26-paper-audit","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F26-paper-audit",{"title":692,"path":693,"stem":694,"children":695},"Appendix — Revision and Evidence Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[696,697,701,705],{"title":692,"path":693,"stem":694},{"title":698,"path":699,"stem":700},"Formula and Design Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F27-formula-design-map","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F27-formula-design-map",{"title":702,"path":703,"stem":704},"Ten Worked Microeconometric Pitfalls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F28-worked-pitfalls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F28-worked-pitfalls",{"title":706,"path":707,"stem":708},"Reading and Software Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F29-reading-software-map","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F29-reading-software-map",{"title":710,"path":711,"stem":712,"children":713},"Capstone — Should Northbridge Expand Pathways?","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[714],{"title":710,"path":711,"stem":712},{"title":716,"path":717,"stem":718,"children":719,"page":249},"Microeconomics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics",[720,726,732,738,744,750,756,762,768,774,780,786,792],{"title":721,"path":722,"stem":723,"children":724},"Advanced Microeconomics — Course Guide","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[725],{"title":721,"path":722,"stem":723},{"title":727,"path":728,"stem":729,"children":730},"Module 1 — Choice, Duality, and Revealed Preference","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F01-fundations","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F01-fundations\u002Findex",[731],{"title":727,"path":728,"stem":729},{"title":733,"path":734,"stem":735,"children":736},"Module 2 — Comparative Statics and Welfare Measurement","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F02-comparative-statics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F02-comparative-statics\u002Findex",[737],{"title":733,"path":734,"stem":735},{"title":739,"path":740,"stem":741,"children":742},"Module 3 — Choice under Risk and Insurance","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F03-uncertainty","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F03-uncertainty\u002Findex",[743],{"title":739,"path":740,"stem":741},{"title":745,"path":746,"stem":747,"children":748},"Module 4 — General Equilibrium and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F04-general-equilibrium","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F04-general-equilibrium\u002Findex",[749],{"title":745,"path":746,"stem":747},{"title":751,"path":752,"stem":753,"children":754},"Module 5 — Static, Dynamic, and Repeated Games","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F05-game-theory","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F05-game-theory\u002Findex",[755],{"title":751,"path":752,"stem":753},{"title":757,"path":758,"stem":759,"children":760},"Module 6 — Oligopoly, Entry, and Algorithmic Pricing","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F06-oligopoly","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F06-oligopoly\u002Findex",[761],{"title":757,"path":758,"stem":759},{"title":763,"path":764,"stem":765,"children":766},"Module 7 — Information Economics and Contracts","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F07-information-economics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F07-information-economics\u002Findex",[767],{"title":763,"path":764,"stem":765},{"title":769,"path":770,"stem":771,"children":772},"Module 8 — Mechanism Design and Auctions","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F08-mechanism-design","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F08-mechanism-design\u002Findex",[773],{"title":769,"path":770,"stem":771},{"title":775,"path":776,"stem":777,"children":778},"Module 9 — Behavioural and Experimental Microeconomics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F09-behavioural-economics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F09-behavioural-economics\u002Findex",[779],{"title":775,"path":776,"stem":777},{"title":781,"path":782,"stem":783,"children":784},"Module 10 — Externalities, Public Goods, and Collective Action","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F10-externalities-public-goods","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F10-externalities-public-goods\u002Findex",[785],{"title":781,"path":782,"stem":783},{"title":787,"path":788,"stem":789,"children":790},"Module 11 — Matching and Market Design","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F11-market-design","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F11-market-design\u002Findex",[791],{"title":787,"path":788,"stem":789},{"title":793,"path":794,"stem":795,"children":796},"Module 12 — Integrated Microeconomic Design Studio","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F12-review","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F12-review\u002Findex",[797],{"title":793,"path":794,"stem":795},{"title":799,"path":800,"stem":801,"children":802},"Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground","en\u002Fplayground\u002Findex",[803,804,808,812,816,820],{"title":799,"path":800,"stem":801},{"title":805,"path":806,"stem":807},"Typst Plugin Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F01-typstex","en\u002Fplayground\u002F01-typstex",{"title":809,"path":810,"stem":811},"Citation Plugin Test","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F02-citation","en\u002Fplayground\u002F02-citation",{"title":813,"path":814,"stem":815},"Pyodide Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F03-pyodide","en\u002Fplayground\u002F03-pyodide",{"title":817,"path":818,"stem":819},"WebR Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F04-webr","en\u002Fplayground\u002F04-webr",{"title":821,"path":822,"stem":823},"Chart.js 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文献综述的构建与写作","\u002Fzh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review","zh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review",{"title":1056,"path":1057,"stem":1058},"8. 文献综述清单与模板","\u002Fzh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template","zh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template",{"title":1060,"path":1061,"stem":1062},"10. 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Alpha 策略全流程","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F09-case-study","zh\u002Fquant\u002F09-case-study",{"title":1779,"path":1780,"stem":1781},"量化投资文献与软件图谱","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F10-reading-software-map","zh\u002Fquant\u002F10-reading-software-map",null,{"id":1784,"title":1428,"body":1785,"description":4999,"extension":5000,"features":1782,"hero":1782,"layout":1782,"locale":1782,"meta":5001,"navigation":1782,"path":1429,"published":5002,"seo":5003,"stem":1430,"__hash__":5004},"docs\u002Fzh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F01-national-accounts.md",{"type":1786,"value":1787,"toc":4974},"minimark",[1788,1792,1796,1800,1822,1826,1829,1857,1861,1864,1868,1873,1876,2120,2277,2280,2284,2287,2383,2386,2390,2393,2397,2400,2464,2468,2471,2747,2751,2754,2988,3219,3222,3380,3384,3387,3918,3921,3925,3997,4000,4004,4007,4100,4103,4235,4238,4371,4374,4377,4380,4583,4744,4747,4751,4754,4833,4836,4840,4843,4863,4866,4870,4873,4890,4893,4968,4971],[1789,1790,1428],"h1",{"id":1791},"第一章国民账户与宏观指标",[1793,1794,1795],"h2",{"id":1795},"学习目标",[1797,1798,1799],"p",{},"学完本章后，你应能够：",[1801,1802,1803,1807,1810,1813,1816,1819],"ul",{},[1804,1805,1806],"li",{},"解释 GDP 的生产、收入和支出三种核算方式为何在账户上相等；",[1804,1808,1809],{},"区分最终产品、中间产品、存量、流量、名义量和实际量；",[1804,1811,1812],{},"用一个小型两商品经济计算名义 GDP、实际 GDP 和 GDP 平减指数；",[1804,1814,1815],{},"解释 CPI 与 GDP 平减指数的覆盖范围差异；",[1804,1817,1818],{},"正确阅读失业率、劳动参与率和就业率；",[1804,1820,1821],{},"说明 GDP 作为福利指标的优点和盲点。",[1793,1823,1825],{"id":1824},"_1-先问测量对象是什么","1. 先问“测量对象是什么”",[1797,1827,1828],{},"宏观指标不是经济现实本身，而是对某一类经济活动的规则化记录。在打开数据之前，先写下四件事：",[1830,1831,1832,1839,1845,1851],"ol",{},[1804,1833,1834,1838],{},[1835,1836,1837],"strong",{},"对象："," 生产、收入、价格、就业、财富，还是金融交易？",[1804,1840,1841,1844],{},[1835,1842,1843],{},"时间："," 一个月、一个季度、一年，还是某一时点？",[1804,1846,1847,1850],{},[1835,1848,1849],{},"单位："," 货币、人数、小时、指数，还是比例？",[1804,1852,1853,1856],{},[1835,1854,1855],{},"覆盖范围："," 国内、国民、市场交易、家庭生产，还是政府活动？",[1858,1859],"mermaid-diagram",{"code64":1860,"locale":7},"Zmxvd2NoYXJ0IExSCiAgRmlybXNbIuS8geS4mueUn+S6pyJdIC0tPiBJbmNvbWVbIuW3pei1hOOAgeWIqea2puOAgeeojuaUtiJdCiAgSW5jb21lIC0tPiBTcGVuZGluZ1si5raI6LS544CB5oqV6LWE44CB5pS\u002F5bqc6LSt5Lmw44CB5YeA5Ye65Y+jIl0KICBTcGVuZGluZyAtLT4gRmlybXMKICBIb3VzZWhvbGRzWyLlrrbluq3kvpvnu5nlirPliqgiXSAtLT4gSW5jb21lCiAgR292ZXJubWVudFsi5pS\u002F5bqc5b6B56iO5LiO6LSt5LmwIl0gLS0+IFNwZW5kaW5n",[1797,1862,1863],{},"同一笔市场生产可以从生产者、收入接受者和支出者三个角度被记录。核算恒等式并不意味着经济学上的因果关系已经确定；它只说明同一笔交易在不同账户中的记录必须一致。",[1793,1865,1867],{"id":1866},"_2-gdp-的三种核算方法","2. GDP 的三种核算方法",[1869,1870,1872],"h3",{"id":1871},"_21-支出法","2.1 支出法",[1797,1874,1875],{},"最常用的支出恒等式是：",[1877,1878,1881],"span",{"className":1879},[1880],"katex-display",[1877,1882,1885,1961],{"className":1883},[1884],"katex",[1877,1886,1889],{"className":1887},[1888],"katex-mathml",[1890,1891,1894],"math",{"xmlns":1892,"display":1893},"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML","block",[1895,1896,1897,1956],"semantics",{},[1898,1899,1900,1904,1908,1911,1914,1917,1919,1922,1924,1927,1930,1934,1938,1940,1942,1944,1946,1949,1952],"mrow",{},[1901,1902,1903],"mi",{},"Y",[1905,1906,1907],"mo",{},"=",[1901,1909,1910],{},"C",[1905,1912,1913],{},"+",[1901,1915,1916],{},"I",[1905,1918,1913],{},[1901,1920,1921],{},"G",[1905,1923,1913],{},[1901,1925,1926],{},"N",[1901,1928,1929],{},"X",[1905,1931,1933],{"separator":1932},"true",",",[1935,1936],"mspace",{"width":1937},"2em",[1901,1939,1926],{},[1901,1941,1929],{},[1905,1943,1907],{},[1901,1945,1929],{},[1905,1947,1948],{},"−",[1901,1950,1951],{},"M",[1901,1953,1955],{"mathvariant":1954},"normal",".",[1957,1958,1960],"annotation",{"encoding":1959},"application\u002Fx-tex","Y=C+I+G+NX,\n\\qquad NX=X-M.",[1877,1962,1965,1991,2012,2031,2049,2090,2108],{"className":1963,"ariaHidden":1932},[1964],"katex-html",[1877,1966,1969,1974,1980,1984,1988],{"className":1967},[1968],"base",[1877,1970],{"className":1971,"style":1973},[1972],"strut","height:0.6833em;",[1877,1975,1903],{"className":1976,"style":1979},[1977,1978],"mord","mathnormal","margin-right:0.2222em;",[1877,1981],{"className":1982,"style":1983},[1935],"margin-right:0.2778em;",[1877,1985,1907],{"className":1986},[1987],"mrel",[1877,1989],{"className":1990,"style":1983},[1935],[1877,1992,1994,1998,2002,2005,2009],{"className":1993},[1968],[1877,1995],{"className":1996,"style":1997},[1972],"height:0.7667em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;",[1877,1999,1910],{"className":2000,"style":2001},[1977,1978],"margin-right:0.0715em;",[1877,2003],{"className":2004,"style":1979},[1935],[1877,2006,1913],{"className":2007},[2008],"mbin",[1877,2010],{"className":2011,"style":1979},[1935],[1877,2013,2015,2018,2022,2025,2028],{"className":2014},[1968],[1877,2016],{"className":2017,"style":1997},[1972],[1877,2019,1916],{"className":2020,"style":2021},[1977,1978],"margin-right:0.0785em;",[1877,2023],{"className":2024,"style":1979},[1935],[1877,2026,1913],{"className":2027},[2008],[1877,2029],{"className":2030,"style":1979},[1935],[1877,2032,2034,2037,2040,2043,2046],{"className":2033},[1968],[1877,2035],{"className":2036,"style":1997},[1972],[1877,2038,1921],{"className":2039},[1977,1978],[1877,2041],{"className":2042,"style":1979},[1935],[1877,2044,1913],{"className":2045},[2008],[1877,2047],{"className":2048,"style":1979},[1935],[1877,2050,2052,2056,2060,2063,2067,2071,2075,2078,2081,2084,2087],{"className":2051},[1968],[1877,2053],{"className":2054,"style":2055},[1972],"height:0.8778em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[1877,2057,1926],{"className":2058,"style":2059},[1977,1978],"margin-right:0.109em;",[1877,2061,1929],{"className":2062,"style":2021},[1977,1978],[1877,2064,1933],{"className":2065},[2066],"mpunct",[1877,2068],{"className":2069,"style":2070},[1935],"margin-right:2em;",[1877,2072],{"className":2073,"style":2074},[1935],"margin-right:0.1667em;",[1877,2076,1926],{"className":2077,"style":2059},[1977,1978],[1877,2079,1929],{"className":2080,"style":2021},[1977,1978],[1877,2082],{"className":2083,"style":1983},[1935],[1877,2085,1907],{"className":2086},[1987],[1877,2088],{"className":2089,"style":1983},[1935],[1877,2091,2093,2096,2099,2102,2105],{"className":2092},[1968],[1877,2094],{"className":2095,"style":1997},[1972],[1877,2097,1929],{"className":2098,"style":2021},[1977,1978],[1877,2100],{"className":2101,"style":1979},[1935],[1877,2103,1948],{"className":2104},[2008],[1877,2106],{"className":2107,"style":1979},[1935],[1877,2109,2111,2114,2117],{"className":2110},[1968],[1877,2112],{"className":2113,"style":1973},[1972],[1877,2115,1951],{"className":2116,"style":2059},[1977,1978],[1877,2118,1955],{"className":2119},[1977],[1801,2121,2122,2153,2184,2215,2246],{},[1804,2123,2124,2152],{},[1877,2125,2127,2140],{"className":2126},[1884],[1877,2128,2130],{"className":2129},[1888],[1890,2131,2132],{"xmlns":1892},[1895,2133,2134,2138],{},[1898,2135,2136],{},[1901,2137,1910],{},[1957,2139,1910],{"encoding":1959},[1877,2141,2143],{"className":2142,"ariaHidden":1932},[1964],[1877,2144,2146,2149],{"className":2145},[1968],[1877,2147],{"className":2148,"style":1973},[1972],[1877,2150,1910],{"className":2151,"style":2001},[1977,1978],"：居民消费；",[1804,2154,2155,2183],{},[1877,2156,2158,2171],{"className":2157},[1884],[1877,2159,2161],{"className":2160},[1888],[1890,2162,2163],{"xmlns":1892},[1895,2164,2165,2169],{},[1898,2166,2167],{},[1901,2168,1916],{},[1957,2170,1916],{"encoding":1959},[1877,2172,2174],{"className":2173,"ariaHidden":1932},[1964],[1877,2175,2177,2180],{"className":2176},[1968],[1877,2178],{"className":2179,"style":1973},[1972],[1877,2181,1916],{"className":2182,"style":2021},[1977,1978],"：固定资本投资、住宅投资和存货投资；",[1804,2185,2186,2214],{},[1877,2187,2189,2202],{"className":2188},[1884],[1877,2190,2192],{"className":2191},[1888],[1890,2193,2194],{"xmlns":1892},[1895,2195,2196,2200],{},[1898,2197,2198],{},[1901,2199,1921],{},[1957,2201,1921],{"encoding":1959},[1877,2203,2205],{"className":2204,"ariaHidden":1932},[1964],[1877,2206,2208,2211],{"className":2207},[1968],[1877,2209],{"className":2210,"style":1973},[1972],[1877,2212,1921],{"className":2213},[1977,1978],"：政府购买的商品与服务，不包括单纯的转移支付；",[1804,2216,2217,2245],{},[1877,2218,2220,2233],{"className":2219},[1884],[1877,2221,2223],{"className":2222},[1888],[1890,2224,2225],{"xmlns":1892},[1895,2226,2227,2231],{},[1898,2228,2229],{},[1901,2230,1929],{},[1957,2232,1929],{"encoding":1959},[1877,2234,2236],{"className":2235,"ariaHidden":1932},[1964],[1877,2237,2239,2242],{"className":2238},[1968],[1877,2240],{"className":2241,"style":1973},[1972],[1877,2243,1929],{"className":2244,"style":2021},[1977,1978],"：出口；",[1804,2247,2248,2276],{},[1877,2249,2251,2264],{"className":2250},[1884],[1877,2252,2254],{"className":2253},[1888],[1890,2255,2256],{"xmlns":1892},[1895,2257,2258,2262],{},[1898,2259,2260],{},[1901,2261,1951],{},[1957,2263,1951],{"encoding":1959},[1877,2265,2267],{"className":2266,"ariaHidden":1932},[1964],[1877,2268,2270,2273],{"className":2269},[1968],[1877,2271],{"className":2272,"style":1973},[1972],[1877,2274,1951],{"className":2275,"style":2059},[1977,1978],"：进口。",[1797,2278,2279],{},"这里的投资不是购买股票或债券，而是新增生产能力或库存。股票交易可能改变资产所有权，但不直接构成本期新生产。",[1869,2281,2283],{"id":2282},"_22-生产法","2.2 生产法",[1797,2285,2286],{},"生产法把各行业的增加值相加：",[1877,2288,2290],{"className":2289},[1880],[1877,2291,2293,2321],{"className":2292},[1884],[1877,2294,2296],{"className":2295},[1888],[1890,2297,2298],{"xmlns":1892,"display":1893},[1895,2299,2300,2318],{},[1898,2301,2302,2306,2308,2311,2313,2316],{},[2303,2304,2305],"mtext",{},"增加值",[1905,2307,1907],{},[2303,2309,2310],{},"产出价值",[1905,2312,1948],{},[2303,2314,2315],{},"中间投入价值",[1901,2317,1955],{"mathvariant":1954},[1957,2319,2320],{"encoding":1959},"\\text{增加值}=\\text{产出价值}-\\text{中间投入价值}.",[1877,2322,2324,2347,2368],{"className":2323,"ariaHidden":1932},[1964],[1877,2325,2327,2330,2338,2341,2344],{"className":2326},[1968],[1877,2328],{"className":2329,"style":1973},[1972],[1877,2331,2334],{"className":2332},[1977,2333],"text",[1877,2335,2305],{"className":2336},[1977,2337],"cjk_fallback",[1877,2339],{"className":2340,"style":1983},[1935],[1877,2342,1907],{"className":2343},[1987],[1877,2345],{"className":2346,"style":1983},[1935],[1877,2348,2350,2353,2359,2362,2365],{"className":2349},[1968],[1877,2351],{"className":2352,"style":1997},[1972],[1877,2354,2356],{"className":2355},[1977,2333],[1877,2357,2310],{"className":2358},[1977,2337],[1877,2360],{"className":2361,"style":1979},[1935],[1877,2363,1948],{"className":2364},[2008],[1877,2366],{"className":2367,"style":1979},[1935],[1877,2369,2371,2374,2380],{"className":2370},[1968],[1877,2372],{"className":2373,"style":1973},[1972],[1877,2375,2377],{"className":2376},[1977,2333],[1877,2378,2315],{"className":2379},[1977,2337],[1877,2381,1955],{"className":2382},[1977],[1797,2384,2385],{},"扣除中间投入是为了避免重复计算。例如，小麦卖给面包厂、面粉卖给面包店、面包卖给消费者时，GDP 应记录最终面包价值，或者记录每个环节的增加值，但不能把每次交易额全部相加。",[1869,2387,2389],{"id":2388},"_23-收入法","2.3 收入法",[1797,2391,2392],{},"生产活动创造的价值最终表现为劳动报酬、营业盈余、混合收入和生产税净额。收入法的具体分类取决于统计制度，但核心思想是：生产创造的价值必须流向某些收入项目。",[1793,2394,2396],{"id":2395},"_3-名义-gdp实际-gdp-与平减指数","3. 名义 GDP、实际 GDP 与平减指数",[1797,2398,2399],{},"看下面的两商品经济：",[2401,2402,2403,2426],"table",{},[2404,2405,2406],"thead",{},[2407,2408,2409,2413,2417,2420,2423],"tr",{},[2410,2411,2412],"th",{},"商品",[2410,2414,2416],{"align":2415},"right","基期价格",[2410,2418,2419],{"align":2415},"基期数量",[2410,2421,2422],{"align":2415},"当期价格",[2410,2424,2425],{"align":2415},"当期数量",[2427,2428,2429,2447],"tbody",{},[2407,2430,2431,2435,2438,2441,2444],{},[2432,2433,2434],"td",{},"面包",[2432,2436,2437],{"align":2415},"£2",[2432,2439,2440],{"align":2415},"100",[2432,2442,2443],{"align":2415},"£3",[2432,2445,2446],{"align":2415},"120",[2407,2448,2449,2452,2455,2458,2461],{},[2432,2450,2451],{},"咖啡",[2432,2453,2454],{"align":2415},"£4",[2432,2456,2457],{"align":2415},"50",[2432,2459,2460],{"align":2415},"£5",[2432,2462,2463],{"align":2415},"60",[1869,2465,2467],{"id":2466},"_31-名义-gdp","3.1 名义 GDP",[1797,2469,2470],{},"名义 GDP 使用当期价格和当期数量：",[1877,2472,2474],{"className":2473},[1880],[1877,2475,2477,2553],{"className":2476},[1884],[1877,2478,2480],{"className":2479},[1888],[1890,2481,2482],{"xmlns":1892,"display":1893},[1895,2483,2484,2550],{},[1898,2485,2486,2488,2491,2523,2525,2528,2531,2533,2535,2538,2540,2542,2544,2547],{},[1901,2487,1921],{},[1901,2489,2490],{},"D",[2492,2493,2494,2497,2501],"msubsup",{},[1901,2495,2496],{},"P",[2498,2499,2500],"mn",{},"1",[1898,2502,2503,2506,2509,2512,2515,2517,2520],{},[1901,2504,2505],{},"n",[1901,2507,2508],{},"o",[1901,2510,2511],{},"m",[1901,2513,2514],{},"i",[1901,2516,2505],{},[1901,2518,2519],{},"a",[1901,2521,2522],{},"l",[1905,2524,1907],{},[2498,2526,2527],{},"3",[1905,2529,2530],{},"×",[2498,2532,2446],{},[1905,2534,1913],{},[2498,2536,2537],{},"5",[1905,2539,2530],{},[2498,2541,2463],{},[1905,2543,1907],{},[1901,2545,2546],{"mathvariant":1954},"£",[2498,2548,2549],{},"660.",[1957,2551,2552],{"encoding":1959},"GDP^{nominal}_1=3\\times120+5\\times60=£660.",[1877,2554,2556,2662,2681,2699,2717,2736],{"className":2555,"ariaHidden":1932},[1964],[1877,2557,2559,2563,2566,2570,2653,2656,2659],{"className":2558},[1968],[1877,2560],{"className":2561,"style":2562},[1972],"height:1.1461em;vertical-align:-0.247em;",[1877,2564,1921],{"className":2565},[1977,1978],[1877,2567,2490],{"className":2568,"style":2569},[1977,1978],"margin-right:0.0278em;",[1877,2571,2573,2577],{"className":2572},[1977],[1877,2574,2496],{"className":2575,"style":2576},[1977,1978],"margin-right:0.1389em;",[1877,2578,2581],{"className":2579},[2580],"msupsub",[1877,2582,2586,2644],{"className":2583},[2584,2585],"vlist-t","vlist-t2",[1877,2587,2590,2639],{"className":2588},[2589],"vlist-r",[1877,2591,2595,2613],{"className":2592,"style":2594},[2593],"vlist","height:0.8991em;",[1877,2596,2598,2603],{"style":2597},"top:-2.453em;margin-left:-0.1389em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1877,2599],{"className":2600,"style":2602},[2601],"pstrut","height:2.7em;",[1877,2604,2610],{"className":2605},[2606,2607,2608,2609],"sizing","reset-size6","size3","mtight",[1877,2611,2500],{"className":2612},[1977,2609],[1877,2614,2616,2619],{"style":2615},"top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1877,2617],{"className":2618,"style":2602},[2601],[1877,2620,2622],{"className":2621},[2606,2607,2608,2609],[1877,2623,2625,2628,2631,2635],{"className":2624},[1977,2609],[1877,2626,2505],{"className":2627},[1977,1978,2609],[1877,2629,2508],{"className":2630},[1977,1978,2609],[1877,2632,2634],{"className":2633},[1977,1978,2609],"mina",[1877,2636,2522],{"className":2637,"style":2638},[1977,1978,2609],"margin-right:0.0197em;",[1877,2640,2643],{"className":2641},[2642],"vlist-s","​",[1877,2645,2647],{"className":2646},[2589],[1877,2648,2651],{"className":2649,"style":2650},[2593],"height:0.247em;",[1877,2652],{},[1877,2654],{"className":2655,"style":1983},[1935],[1877,2657,1907],{"className":2658},[1987],[1877,2660],{"className":2661,"style":1983},[1935],[1877,2663,2665,2669,2672,2675,2678],{"className":2664},[1968],[1877,2666],{"className":2667,"style":2668},[1972],"height:0.7278em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;",[1877,2670,2527],{"className":2671},[1977],[1877,2673],{"className":2674,"style":1979},[1935],[1877,2676,2530],{"className":2677},[2008],[1877,2679],{"className":2680,"style":1979},[1935],[1877,2682,2684,2687,2690,2693,2696],{"className":2683},[1968],[1877,2685],{"className":2686,"style":2668},[1972],[1877,2688,2446],{"className":2689},[1977],[1877,2691],{"className":2692,"style":1979},[1935],[1877,2694,1913],{"className":2695},[2008],[1877,2697],{"className":2698,"style":1979},[1935],[1877,2700,2702,2705,2708,2711,2714],{"className":2701},[1968],[1877,2703],{"className":2704,"style":2668},[1972],[1877,2706,2537],{"className":2707},[1977],[1877,2709],{"className":2710,"style":1979},[1935],[1877,2712,2530],{"className":2713},[2008],[1877,2715],{"className":2716,"style":1979},[1935],[1877,2718,2720,2724,2727,2730,2733],{"className":2719},[1968],[1877,2721],{"className":2722,"style":2723},[1972],"height:0.6444em;",[1877,2725,2463],{"className":2726},[1977],[1877,2728],{"className":2729,"style":1983},[1935],[1877,2731,1907],{"className":2732},[1987],[1877,2734],{"className":2735,"style":1983},[1935],[1877,2737,2739,2743],{"className":2738},[1968],[1877,2740],{"className":2741,"style":2742},[1972],"height:0.6944em;",[1877,2744,2746],{"className":2745},[1977],"£660.",[1869,2748,2750],{"id":2749},"_32-实际-gdp","3.2 实际 GDP",[1797,2752,2753],{},"以基期价格计算当期数量：",[1877,2755,2757],{"className":2756},[1880],[1877,2758,2760,2819],{"className":2759},[1884],[1877,2761,2763],{"className":2762},[1888],[1890,2764,2765],{"xmlns":1892,"display":1893},[1895,2766,2767,2816],{},[1898,2768,2769,2771,2773,2791,2793,2796,2798,2800,2802,2805,2807,2809,2811,2813],{},[1901,2770,1921],{},[1901,2772,2490],{},[2492,2774,2775,2777,2779],{},[1901,2776,2496],{},[2498,2778,2500],{},[1898,2780,2781,2784,2787,2789],{},[1901,2782,2783],{},"r",[1901,2785,2786],{},"e",[1901,2788,2519],{},[1901,2790,2522],{},[1905,2792,1907],{},[2498,2794,2795],{},"2",[1905,2797,2530],{},[2498,2799,2446],{},[1905,2801,1913],{},[2498,2803,2804],{},"4",[1905,2806,2530],{},[2498,2808,2463],{},[1905,2810,1907],{},[1901,2812,2546],{"mathvariant":1954},[2498,2814,2815],{},"480.",[1957,2817,2818],{"encoding":1959},"GDP^{real}_1=2\\times120+4\\times60=£480.",[1877,2820,2822,2906,2924,2942,2960,2978],{"className":2821,"ariaHidden":1932},[1964],[1877,2823,2825,2828,2831,2834,2897,2900,2903],{"className":2824},[1968],[1877,2826],{"className":2827,"style":2562},[1972],[1877,2829,1921],{"className":2830},[1977,1978],[1877,2832,2490],{"className":2833,"style":2569},[1977,1978],[1877,2835,2837,2840],{"className":2836},[1977],[1877,2838,2496],{"className":2839,"style":2576},[1977,1978],[1877,2841,2843],{"className":2842},[2580],[1877,2844,2846,2889],{"className":2845},[2584,2585],[1877,2847,2849,2886],{"className":2848},[2589],[1877,2850,2852,2863],{"className":2851,"style":2594},[2593],[1877,2853,2854,2857],{"style":2597},[1877,2855],{"className":2856,"style":2602},[2601],[1877,2858,2860],{"className":2859},[2606,2607,2608,2609],[1877,2861,2500],{"className":2862},[1977,2609],[1877,2864,2865,2868],{"style":2615},[1877,2866],{"className":2867,"style":2602},[2601],[1877,2869,2871],{"className":2870},[2606,2607,2608,2609],[1877,2872,2874,2877,2880,2883],{"className":2873},[1977,2609],[1877,2875,2783],{"className":2876,"style":2569},[1977,1978,2609],[1877,2878,2786],{"className":2879},[1977,1978,2609],[1877,2881,2519],{"className":2882},[1977,1978,2609],[1877,2884,2522],{"className":2885,"style":2638},[1977,1978,2609],[1877,2887,2643],{"className":2888},[2642],[1877,2890,2892],{"className":2891},[2589],[1877,2893,2895],{"className":2894,"style":2650},[2593],[1877,2896],{},[1877,2898],{"className":2899,"style":1983},[1935],[1877,2901,1907],{"className":2902},[1987],[1877,2904],{"className":2905,"style":1983},[1935],[1877,2907,2909,2912,2915,2918,2921],{"className":2908},[1968],[1877,2910],{"className":2911,"style":2668},[1972],[1877,2913,2795],{"className":2914},[1977],[1877,2916],{"className":2917,"style":1979},[1935],[1877,2919,2530],{"className":2920},[2008],[1877,2922],{"className":2923,"style":1979},[1935],[1877,2925,2927,2930,2933,2936,2939],{"className":2926},[1968],[1877,2928],{"className":2929,"style":2668},[1972],[1877,2931,2446],{"className":2932},[1977],[1877,2934],{"className":2935,"style":1979},[1935],[1877,2937,1913],{"className":2938},[2008],[1877,2940],{"className":2941,"style":1979},[1935],[1877,2943,2945,2948,2951,2954,2957],{"className":2944},[1968],[1877,2946],{"className":2947,"style":2668},[1972],[1877,2949,2804],{"className":2950},[1977],[1877,2952],{"className":2953,"style":1979},[1935],[1877,2955,2530],{"className":2956},[2008],[1877,2958],{"className":2959,"style":1979},[1935],[1877,2961,2963,2966,2969,2972,2975],{"className":2962},[1968],[1877,2964],{"className":2965,"style":2723},[1972],[1877,2967,2463],{"className":2968},[1977],[1877,2970],{"className":2971,"style":1983},[1935],[1877,2973,1907],{"className":2974},[1987],[1877,2976],{"className":2977,"style":1983},[1935],[1877,2979,2981,2984],{"className":2980},[1968],[1877,2982],{"className":2983,"style":2742},[1972],[1877,2985,2987],{"className":2986},[1977],"£480.",[1877,2989,2991],{"className":2990},[1880],[1877,2992,2994,3050],{"className":2993},[1884],[1877,2995,2997],{"className":2996},[1888],[1890,2998,2999],{"xmlns":1892,"display":1893},[1895,3000,3001,3047],{},[1898,3002,3003,3005,3007,3024,3026,3028,3030,3032,3034,3036,3038,3040,3042,3044],{},[1901,3004,1921],{},[1901,3006,2490],{},[2492,3008,3009,3011,3014],{},[1901,3010,2496],{},[2498,3012,3013],{},"0",[1898,3015,3016,3018,3020,3022],{},[1901,3017,2783],{},[1901,3019,2786],{},[1901,3021,2519],{},[1901,3023,2522],{},[1905,3025,1907],{},[2498,3027,2795],{},[1905,3029,2530],{},[2498,3031,2440],{},[1905,3033,1913],{},[2498,3035,2804],{},[1905,3037,2530],{},[2498,3039,2457],{},[1905,3041,1907],{},[1901,3043,2546],{"mathvariant":1954},[2498,3045,3046],{},"400.",[1957,3048,3049],{"encoding":1959},"GDP^{real}_0=2\\times100+4\\times50=£400.",[1877,3051,3053,3137,3155,3173,3191,3209],{"className":3052,"ariaHidden":1932},[1964],[1877,3054,3056,3059,3062,3065,3128,3131,3134],{"className":3055},[1968],[1877,3057],{"className":3058,"style":2562},[1972],[1877,3060,1921],{"className":3061},[1977,1978],[1877,3063,2490],{"className":3064,"style":2569},[1977,1978],[1877,3066,3068,3071],{"className":3067},[1977],[1877,3069,2496],{"className":3070,"style":2576},[1977,1978],[1877,3072,3074],{"className":3073},[2580],[1877,3075,3077,3120],{"className":3076},[2584,2585],[1877,3078,3080,3117],{"className":3079},[2589],[1877,3081,3083,3094],{"className":3082,"style":2594},[2593],[1877,3084,3085,3088],{"style":2597},[1877,3086],{"className":3087,"style":2602},[2601],[1877,3089,3091],{"className":3090},[2606,2607,2608,2609],[1877,3092,3013],{"className":3093},[1977,2609],[1877,3095,3096,3099],{"style":2615},[1877,3097],{"className":3098,"style":2602},[2601],[1877,3100,3102],{"className":3101},[2606,2607,2608,2609],[1877,3103,3105,3108,3111,3114],{"className":3104},[1977,2609],[1877,3106,2783],{"className":3107,"style":2569},[1977,1978,2609],[1877,3109,2786],{"className":3110},[1977,1978,2609],[1877,3112,2519],{"className":3113},[1977,1978,2609],[1877,3115,2522],{"className":3116,"style":2638},[1977,1978,2609],[1877,3118,2643],{"className":3119},[2642],[1877,3121,3123],{"className":3122},[2589],[1877,3124,3126],{"className":3125,"style":2650},[2593],[1877,3127],{},[1877,3129],{"className":3130,"style":1983},[1935],[1877,3132,1907],{"className":3133},[1987],[1877,3135],{"className":3136,"style":1983},[1935],[1877,3138,3140,3143,3146,3149,3152],{"className":3139},[1968],[1877,3141],{"className":3142,"style":2668},[1972],[1877,3144,2795],{"className":3145},[1977],[1877,3147],{"className":3148,"style":1979},[1935],[1877,3150,2530],{"className":3151},[2008],[1877,3153],{"className":3154,"style":1979},[1935],[1877,3156,3158,3161,3164,3167,3170],{"className":3157},[1968],[1877,3159],{"className":3160,"style":2668},[1972],[1877,3162,2440],{"className":3163},[1977],[1877,3165],{"className":3166,"style":1979},[1935],[1877,3168,1913],{"className":3169},[2008],[1877,3171],{"className":3172,"style":1979},[1935],[1877,3174,3176,3179,3182,3185,3188],{"className":3175},[1968],[1877,3177],{"className":3178,"style":2668},[1972],[1877,3180,2804],{"className":3181},[1977],[1877,3183],{"className":3184,"style":1979},[1935],[1877,3186,2530],{"className":3187},[2008],[1877,3189],{"className":3190,"style":1979},[1935],[1877,3192,3194,3197,3200,3203,3206],{"className":3193},[1968],[1877,3195],{"className":3196,"style":2723},[1972],[1877,3198,2457],{"className":3199},[1977],[1877,3201],{"className":3202,"style":1983},[1935],[1877,3204,1907],{"className":3205},[1987],[1877,3207],{"className":3208,"style":1983},[1935],[1877,3210,3212,3215],{"className":3211},[1968],[1877,3213],{"className":3214,"style":2742},[1972],[1877,3216,3218],{"className":3217},[1977],"£400.",[1797,3220,3221],{},"实际 GDP 增长率为：",[1877,3223,3225],{"className":3224},[1880],[1877,3226,3228,3265],{"className":3227},[1884],[1877,3229,3231],{"className":3230},[1888],[1890,3232,3233],{"xmlns":1892,"display":1893},[1895,3234,3235,3262],{},[1898,3236,3237,3252,3254,3257,3260],{},[3238,3239,3240,3250],"mfrac",{},[1898,3241,3242,3245,3247],{},[2498,3243,3244],{},"480",[1905,3246,1948],{},[2498,3248,3249],{},"400",[2498,3251,3249],{},[1905,3253,1907],{},[2498,3255,3256],{},"20",[1901,3258,3259],{"mathvariant":1954},"%",[1901,3261,1955],{"mathvariant":1954},[1957,3263,3264],{"encoding":1959},"\\frac{480-400}{400}=20\\%.",[1877,3266,3268,3369],{"className":3267,"ariaHidden":1932},[1964],[1877,3269,3271,3275,3360,3363,3366],{"className":3270},[1968],[1877,3272],{"className":3273,"style":3274},[1972],"height:2.0074em;vertical-align:-0.686em;",[1877,3276,3278,3283,3356],{"className":3277},[1977],[1877,3279],{"className":3280},[3281,3282],"mopen","nulldelimiter",[1877,3284,3286],{"className":3285},[3238],[1877,3287,3289,3347],{"className":3288},[2584,2585],[1877,3290,3292,3344],{"className":3291},[2589],[1877,3293,3296,3309,3320],{"className":3294,"style":3295},[2593],"height:1.3214em;",[1877,3297,3299,3303],{"style":3298},"top:-2.314em;",[1877,3300],{"className":3301,"style":3302},[2601],"height:3em;",[1877,3304,3306],{"className":3305},[1977],[1877,3307,3249],{"className":3308},[1977],[1877,3310,3312,3315],{"style":3311},"top:-3.23em;",[1877,3313],{"className":3314,"style":3302},[2601],[1877,3316],{"className":3317,"style":3319},[3318],"frac-line","border-bottom-width:0.04em;",[1877,3321,3323,3326],{"style":3322},"top:-3.677em;",[1877,3324],{"className":3325,"style":3302},[2601],[1877,3327,3329,3332,3335,3338,3341],{"className":3328},[1977],[1877,3330,3244],{"className":3331},[1977],[1877,3333],{"className":3334,"style":1979},[1935],[1877,3336,1948],{"className":3337},[2008],[1877,3339],{"className":3340,"style":1979},[1935],[1877,3342,3249],{"className":3343},[1977],[1877,3345,2643],{"className":3346},[2642],[1877,3348,3350],{"className":3349},[2589],[1877,3351,3354],{"className":3352,"style":3353},[2593],"height:0.686em;",[1877,3355],{},[1877,3357],{"className":3358},[3359,3282],"mclose",[1877,3361],{"className":3362,"style":1983},[1935],[1877,3364,1907],{"className":3365},[1987],[1877,3367],{"className":3368,"style":1983},[1935],[1877,3370,3372,3376],{"className":3371},[1968],[1877,3373],{"className":3374,"style":3375},[1972],"height:0.8056em;vertical-align:-0.0556em;",[1877,3377,3379],{"className":3378},[1977],"20%.",[1869,3381,3383],{"id":3382},"_33-gdp-平减指数","3.3 GDP 平减指数",[1797,3385,3386],{},"GDP 平减指数是：",[1877,3388,3390],{"className":3389},[1880],[1877,3391,3393,3495],{"className":3392},[1884],[1877,3394,3396],{"className":3395},[1888],[1890,3397,3398],{"xmlns":1892,"display":1893},[1895,3399,3400,3492],{},[1898,3401,3402,3416,3418,3470,3472,3474,3476,3483,3485,3487,3489],{},[2492,3403,3404,3406,3408],{},[1901,3405,2496],{},[2498,3407,2500],{},[1898,3409,3410,3412,3414],{},[1901,3411,1921],{},[1901,3413,2490],{},[1901,3415,2496],{},[1905,3417,1907],{},[3238,3419,3420,3448],{},[1898,3421,3422,3424,3426],{},[1901,3423,1921],{},[1901,3425,2490],{},[2492,3427,3428,3430,3432],{},[1901,3429,2496],{},[2498,3431,2500],{},[1898,3433,3434,3436,3438,3440,3442,3444,3446],{},[1901,3435,2505],{},[1901,3437,2508],{},[1901,3439,2511],{},[1901,3441,2514],{},[1901,3443,2505],{},[1901,3445,2519],{},[1901,3447,2522],{},[1898,3449,3450,3452,3454],{},[1901,3451,1921],{},[1901,3453,2490],{},[2492,3455,3456,3458,3460],{},[1901,3457,2496],{},[2498,3459,2500],{},[1898,3461,3462,3464,3466,3468],{},[1901,3463,2783],{},[1901,3465,2786],{},[1901,3467,2519],{},[1901,3469,2522],{},[1905,3471,2530],{},[2498,3473,2440],{},[1905,3475,1907],{},[3238,3477,3478,3481],{},[2498,3479,3480],{},"660",[2498,3482,3244],{},[1905,3484,2530],{},[2498,3486,2440],{},[1905,3488,1907],{},[2498,3490,3491],{},"137.5.",[1957,3493,3494],{"encoding":1959},"P^{GDP}_1=\\frac{GDP^{nominal}_1}{GDP^{real}_1}\\times100\n=\\frac{660}{480}\\times100=137.5.",[1877,3496,3498,3575,3796,3814,3891,3909],{"className":3497,"ariaHidden":1932},[1964],[1877,3499,3501,3505,3566,3569,3572],{"className":3500},[1968],[1877,3502],{"className":3503,"style":3504},[1972],"height:1.1383em;vertical-align:-0.247em;",[1877,3506,3508,3511],{"className":3507},[1977],[1877,3509,2496],{"className":3510,"style":2576},[1977,1978],[1877,3512,3514],{"className":3513},[2580],[1877,3515,3517,3558],{"className":3516},[2584,2585],[1877,3518,3520,3555],{"className":3519},[2589],[1877,3521,3524,3535],{"className":3522,"style":3523},[2593],"height:0.8913em;",[1877,3525,3526,3529],{"style":2597},[1877,3527],{"className":3528,"style":2602},[2601],[1877,3530,3532],{"className":3531},[2606,2607,2608,2609],[1877,3533,2500],{"className":3534},[1977,2609],[1877,3536,3537,3540],{"style":2615},[1877,3538],{"className":3539,"style":2602},[2601],[1877,3541,3543],{"className":3542},[2606,2607,2608,2609],[1877,3544,3546,3549,3552],{"className":3545},[1977,2609],[1877,3547,1921],{"className":3548},[1977,1978,2609],[1877,3550,2490],{"className":3551,"style":2569},[1977,1978,2609],[1877,3553,2496],{"className":3554,"style":2576},[1977,1978,2609],[1877,3556,2643],{"className":3557},[2642],[1877,3559,3561],{"className":3560},[2589],[1877,3562,3564],{"className":3563,"style":2650},[2593],[1877,3565],{},[1877,3567],{"className":3568,"style":1983},[1935],[1877,3570,1907],{"className":3571},[1987],[1877,3573],{"className":3574,"style":1983},[1935],[1877,3576,3578,3582,3787,3790,3793],{"className":3577},[1968],[1877,3579],{"className":3580,"style":3581},[1972],"height:2.5133em;vertical-align:-0.9872em;",[1877,3583,3585,3588,3784],{"className":3584},[1977],[1877,3586],{"className":3587},[3281,3282],[1877,3589,3591],{"className":3590},[3238],[1877,3592,3594,3775],{"className":3593},[2584,2585],[1877,3595,3597,3772],{"className":3596},[2589],[1877,3598,3601,3683,3691],{"className":3599,"style":3600},[2593],"height:1.5261em;",[1877,3602,3604,3607],{"style":3603},"top:-2.2791em;",[1877,3605],{"className":3606,"style":3302},[2601],[1877,3608,3610,3613,3616],{"className":3609},[1977],[1877,3611,1921],{"className":3612},[1977,1978],[1877,3614,2490],{"className":3615,"style":2569},[1977,1978],[1877,3617,3619,3622],{"className":3618},[1977],[1877,3620,2496],{"className":3621,"style":2576},[1977,1978],[1877,3623,3625],{"className":3624},[2580],[1877,3626,3628,3674],{"className":3627},[2584,2585],[1877,3629,3631,3671],{"className":3630},[2589],[1877,3632,3635,3647],{"className":3633,"style":3634},[2593],"height:0.8309em;",[1877,3636,3638,3641],{"style":3637},"top:-2.4337em;margin-left:-0.1389em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1877,3639],{"className":3640,"style":2602},[2601],[1877,3642,3644],{"className":3643},[2606,2607,2608,2609],[1877,3645,2500],{"className":3646},[1977,2609],[1877,3648,3650,3653],{"style":3649},"top:-3.0448em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1877,3651],{"className":3652,"style":2602},[2601],[1877,3654,3656],{"className":3655},[2606,2607,2608,2609],[1877,3657,3659,3662,3665,3668],{"className":3658},[1977,2609],[1877,3660,2783],{"className":3661,"style":2569},[1977,1978,2609],[1877,3663,2786],{"className":3664},[1977,1978,2609],[1877,3666,2519],{"className":3667},[1977,1978,2609],[1877,3669,2522],{"className":3670,"style":2638},[1977,1978,2609],[1877,3672,2643],{"className":3673},[2642],[1877,3675,3677],{"className":3676},[2589],[1877,3678,3681],{"className":3679,"style":3680},[2593],"height:0.2663em;",[1877,3682],{},[1877,3684,3685,3688],{"style":3311},[1877,3686],{"className":3687,"style":3302},[2601],[1877,3689],{"className":3690,"style":3319},[3318],[1877,3692,3693,3696],{"style":3322},[1877,3694],{"className":3695,"style":3302},[2601],[1877,3697,3699,3702,3705],{"className":3698},[1977],[1877,3700,1921],{"className":3701},[1977,1978],[1877,3703,2490],{"className":3704,"style":2569},[1977,1978],[1877,3706,3708,3711],{"className":3707},[1977],[1877,3709,2496],{"className":3710,"style":2576},[1977,1978],[1877,3712,3714],{"className":3713},[2580],[1877,3715,3717,3763],{"className":3716},[2584,2585],[1877,3718,3720,3760],{"className":3719},[2589],[1877,3721,3724,3736],{"className":3722,"style":3723},[2593],"height:0.8491em;",[1877,3725,3727,3730],{"style":3726},"top:-2.4519em;margin-left:-0.1389em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1877,3728],{"className":3729,"style":2602},[2601],[1877,3731,3733],{"className":3732},[2606,2607,2608,2609],[1877,3734,2500],{"className":3735},[1977,2609],[1877,3737,3739,3742],{"style":3738},"top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1877,3740],{"className":3741,"style":2602},[2601],[1877,3743,3745],{"className":3744},[2606,2607,2608,2609],[1877,3746,3748,3751,3754,3757],{"className":3747},[1977,2609],[1877,3749,2505],{"className":3750},[1977,1978,2609],[1877,3752,2508],{"className":3753},[1977,1978,2609],[1877,3755,2634],{"className":3756},[1977,1978,2609],[1877,3758,2522],{"className":3759,"style":2638},[1977,1978,2609],[1877,3761,2643],{"className":3762},[2642],[1877,3764,3766],{"className":3765},[2589],[1877,3767,3770],{"className":3768,"style":3769},[2593],"height:0.2481em;",[1877,3771],{},[1877,3773,2643],{"className":3774},[2642],[1877,3776,3778],{"className":3777},[2589],[1877,3779,3782],{"className":3780,"style":3781},[2593],"height:0.9872em;",[1877,3783],{},[1877,3785],{"className":3786},[3359,3282],[1877,3788],{"className":3789,"style":1979},[1935],[1877,3791,2530],{"className":3792},[2008],[1877,3794],{"className":3795,"style":1979},[1935],[1877,3797,3799,3802,3805,3808,3811],{"className":3798},[1968],[1877,3800],{"className":3801,"style":2723},[1972],[1877,3803,2440],{"className":3804},[1977],[1877,3806],{"className":3807,"style":1983},[1935],[1877,3809,1907],{"className":3810},[1987],[1877,3812],{"className":3813,"style":1983},[1935],[1877,3815,3817,3820,3882,3885,3888],{"className":3816},[1968],[1877,3818],{"className":3819,"style":3274},[1972],[1877,3821,3823,3826,3879],{"className":3822},[1977],[1877,3824],{"className":3825},[3281,3282],[1877,3827,3829],{"className":3828},[3238],[1877,3830,3832,3871],{"className":3831},[2584,2585],[1877,3833,3835,3868],{"className":3834},[2589],[1877,3836,3838,3849,3857],{"className":3837,"style":3295},[2593],[1877,3839,3840,3843],{"style":3298},[1877,3841],{"className":3842,"style":3302},[2601],[1877,3844,3846],{"className":3845},[1977],[1877,3847,3244],{"className":3848},[1977],[1877,3850,3851,3854],{"style":3311},[1877,3852],{"className":3853,"style":3302},[2601],[1877,3855],{"className":3856,"style":3319},[3318],[1877,3858,3859,3862],{"style":3322},[1877,3860],{"className":3861,"style":3302},[2601],[1877,3863,3865],{"className":3864},[1977],[1877,3866,3480],{"className":3867},[1977],[1877,3869,2643],{"className":3870},[2642],[1877,3872,3874],{"className":3873},[2589],[1877,3875,3877],{"className":3876,"style":3353},[2593],[1877,3878],{},[1877,3880],{"className":3881},[3359,3282],[1877,3883],{"className":3884,"style":1979},[1935],[1877,3886,2530],{"className":3887},[2008],[1877,3889],{"className":3890,"style":1979},[1935],[1877,3892,3894,3897,3900,3903,3906],{"className":3893},[1968],[1877,3895],{"className":3896,"style":2723},[1972],[1877,3898,2440],{"className":3899},[1977],[1877,3901],{"className":3902,"style":1983},[1935],[1877,3904,1907],{"className":3905},[1987],[1877,3907],{"className":3908,"style":1983},[1935],[1877,3910,3912,3915],{"className":3911},[1968],[1877,3913],{"className":3914,"style":2723},[1972],[1877,3916,3491],{"className":3917},[1977],[1797,3919,3920],{},"它表示按照 GDP 所覆盖的一篮子国内最终产品，价格水平相对基期上升了约 37.5%。现实统计通常采用链式加权，以减少固定权重在结构变化时带来的偏差；学生应理解方向和口径，不要把这个教学例子的固定篮子当成现实统计制度。",[1793,3922,3924],{"id":3923},"_4-cpi-与-gdp-平减指数不是同一个指标","4. CPI 与 GDP 平减指数不是同一个指标",[2401,3926,3927,3940],{},[2404,3928,3929],{},[2407,3930,3931,3934,3937],{},[2410,3932,3933],{},"特征",[2410,3935,3936],{},"CPI",[2410,3938,3939],{},"GDP 平减指数",[2427,3941,3942,3953,3964,3975,3986],{},[2407,3943,3944,3947,3950],{},[2432,3945,3946],{},"篮子",[2432,3948,3949],{},"代表性居民消费篮子",[2432,3951,3952],{},"国内生产的最终产品篮子",[2407,3954,3955,3958,3961],{},[2432,3956,3957],{},"进口消费品",[2432,3959,3960],{},"通常包括",[2432,3962,3963],{},"不包括进口，因为进口不属于国内生产",[2407,3965,3966,3969,3972],{},[2432,3967,3968],{},"出口品",[2432,3970,3971],{},"不包括居民消费篮子中的出口",[2432,3973,3974],{},"包括国内生产后出口的最终品",[2407,3976,3977,3980,3983],{},[2432,3978,3979],{},"权重",[2432,3981,3982],{},"通常基于消费结构，调整有滞后",[2432,3984,3985],{},"随国内产出结构变化",[2407,3987,3988,3991,3994],{},[2432,3989,3990],{},"常见用途",[2432,3992,3993],{},"生活成本、工资和福利调整",[2432,3995,3996],{},"国内产出价格与实际 GDP 转换",[1797,3998,3999],{},"如果油价上升，一个能源进口国的 CPI 可能明显上升，而 GDP 平减指数的反应取决于国内生产结构和贸易价格。两者方向可能相同，但不必相等。",[1793,4001,4003],{"id":4002},"_5-失业就业与劳动市场","5. 失业、就业与劳动市场",[1797,4005,4006],{},"设劳动年龄人口分为就业者、失业者和不在劳动力中的人口：",[1877,4008,4010],{"className":4009},[1880],[1877,4011,4013,4040],{"className":4012},[1884],[1877,4014,4016],{"className":4015},[1888],[1890,4017,4018],{"xmlns":1892,"display":1893},[1895,4019,4020,4037],{},[1898,4021,4022,4025,4027,4030,4032,4035],{},[2303,4023,4024],{},"劳动力",[1905,4026,1907],{},[2303,4028,4029],{},"就业者",[1905,4031,1913],{},[2303,4033,4034],{},"失业者",[1901,4036,1955],{"mathvariant":1954},[1957,4038,4039],{"encoding":1959},"\\text{劳动力}=\\text{就业者}+\\text{失业者}.",[1877,4041,4043,4064,4085],{"className":4042,"ariaHidden":1932},[1964],[1877,4044,4046,4049,4055,4058,4061],{"className":4045},[1968],[1877,4047],{"className":4048,"style":1973},[1972],[1877,4050,4052],{"className":4051},[1977,2333],[1877,4053,4024],{"className":4054},[1977,2337],[1877,4056],{"className":4057,"style":1983},[1935],[1877,4059,1907],{"className":4060},[1987],[1877,4062],{"className":4063,"style":1983},[1935],[1877,4065,4067,4070,4076,4079,4082],{"className":4066},[1968],[1877,4068],{"className":4069,"style":1997},[1972],[1877,4071,4073],{"className":4072},[1977,2333],[1877,4074,4029],{"className":4075},[1977,2337],[1877,4077],{"className":4078,"style":1979},[1935],[1877,4080,1913],{"className":4081},[2008],[1877,4083],{"className":4084,"style":1979},[1935],[1877,4086,4088,4091,4097],{"className":4087},[1968],[1877,4089],{"className":4090,"style":1973},[1972],[1877,4092,4094],{"className":4093},[1977,2333],[1877,4095,4034],{"className":4096},[1977,2337],[1877,4098,1955],{"className":4099},[1977],[1797,4101,4102],{},"失业率为：",[1877,4104,4106],{"className":4105},[1880],[1877,4107,4109,4134],{"className":4108},[1884],[1877,4110,4112],{"className":4111},[1888],[1890,4113,4114],{"xmlns":1892,"display":1893},[1895,4115,4116,4131],{},[1898,4117,4118,4121,4123,4129],{},[1901,4119,4120],{},"u",[1905,4122,1907],{},[3238,4124,4125,4127],{},[2303,4126,4034],{},[2303,4128,4024],{},[1901,4130,1955],{"mathvariant":1954},[1957,4132,4133],{"encoding":1959},"u=\\frac{\\text{失业者}}{\\text{劳动力}}.",[1877,4135,4137,4156],{"className":4136,"ariaHidden":1932},[1964],[1877,4138,4140,4144,4147,4150,4153],{"className":4139},[1968],[1877,4141],{"className":4142,"style":4143},[1972],"height:0.4306em;",[1877,4145,4120],{"className":4146},[1977,1978],[1877,4148],{"className":4149,"style":1983},[1935],[1877,4151,1907],{"className":4152},[1987],[1877,4154],{"className":4155,"style":1983},[1935],[1877,4157,4159,4163,4232],{"className":4158},[1968],[1877,4160],{"className":4161,"style":4162},[1972],"height:2.0463em;vertical-align:-0.686em;",[1877,4164,4166,4169,4229],{"className":4165},[1977],[1877,4167],{"className":4168},[3281,3282],[1877,4170,4172],{"className":4171},[3238],[1877,4173,4175,4221],{"className":4174},[2584,2585],[1877,4176,4178,4218],{"className":4177},[2589],[1877,4179,4182,4196,4204],{"className":4180,"style":4181},[2593],"height:1.3603em;",[1877,4183,4184,4187],{"style":3298},[1877,4185],{"className":4186,"style":3302},[2601],[1877,4188,4190],{"className":4189},[1977],[1877,4191,4193],{"className":4192},[1977,2333],[1877,4194,4024],{"className":4195},[1977,2337],[1877,4197,4198,4201],{"style":3311},[1877,4199],{"className":4200,"style":3302},[2601],[1877,4202],{"className":4203,"style":3319},[3318],[1877,4205,4206,4209],{"style":3322},[1877,4207],{"className":4208,"style":3302},[2601],[1877,4210,4212],{"className":4211},[1977],[1877,4213,4215],{"className":4214},[1977,2333],[1877,4216,4034],{"className":4217},[1977,2337],[1877,4219,2643],{"className":4220},[2642],[1877,4222,4224],{"className":4223},[2589],[1877,4225,4227],{"className":4226,"style":3353},[2593],[1877,4228],{},[1877,4230],{"className":4231},[3359,3282],[1877,4233,1955],{"className":4234},[1977],[1797,4236,4237],{},"劳动参与率为：",[1877,4239,4241],{"className":4240},[1880],[1877,4242,4244,4270],{"className":4243},[1884],[1877,4245,4247],{"className":4246},[1888],[1890,4248,4249],{"xmlns":1892,"display":1893},[1895,4250,4251,4267],{},[1898,4252,4253,4256,4258,4265],{},[2303,4254,4255],{},"参与率",[1905,4257,1907],{},[3238,4259,4260,4262],{},[2303,4261,4024],{},[2303,4263,4264],{},"劳动年龄人口",[1901,4266,1955],{"mathvariant":1954},[1957,4268,4269],{"encoding":1959},"\\text{参与率}=\\frac{\\text{劳动力}}{\\text{劳动年龄人口}}.",[1877,4271,4273,4294],{"className":4272,"ariaHidden":1932},[1964],[1877,4274,4276,4279,4285,4288,4291],{"className":4275},[1968],[1877,4277],{"className":4278,"style":1973},[1972],[1877,4280,4282],{"className":4281},[1977,2333],[1877,4283,4255],{"className":4284},[1977,2337],[1877,4286],{"className":4287,"style":1983},[1935],[1877,4289,1907],{"className":4290},[1987],[1877,4292],{"className":4293,"style":1983},[1935],[1877,4295,4297,4300,4368],{"className":4296},[1968],[1877,4298],{"className":4299,"style":4162},[1972],[1877,4301,4303,4306,4365],{"className":4302},[1977],[1877,4304],{"className":4305},[3281,3282],[1877,4307,4309],{"className":4308},[3238],[1877,4310,4312,4357],{"className":4311},[2584,2585],[1877,4313,4315,4354],{"className":4314},[2589],[1877,4316,4318,4332,4340],{"className":4317,"style":4181},[2593],[1877,4319,4320,4323],{"style":3298},[1877,4321],{"className":4322,"style":3302},[2601],[1877,4324,4326],{"className":4325},[1977],[1877,4327,4329],{"className":4328},[1977,2333],[1877,4330,4264],{"className":4331},[1977,2337],[1877,4333,4334,4337],{"style":3311},[1877,4335],{"className":4336,"style":3302},[2601],[1877,4338],{"className":4339,"style":3319},[3318],[1877,4341,4342,4345],{"style":3322},[1877,4343],{"className":4344,"style":3302},[2601],[1877,4346,4348],{"className":4347},[1977],[1877,4349,4351],{"className":4350},[1977,2333],[1877,4352,4024],{"className":4353},[1977,2337],[1877,4355,2643],{"className":4356},[2642],[1877,4358,4360],{"className":4359},[2589],[1877,4361,4363],{"className":4362,"style":3353},[2593],[1877,4364],{},[1877,4366],{"className":4367},[3359,3282],[1877,4369,1955],{"className":4370},[1977],[1797,4372,4373],{},"一个人从失业状态退出劳动力市场，可能让失业率下降，但就业人数并没有增加。因此读宏观劳动力数据时，至少同时查看失业率、参与率、就业人口、工作时长和工资。",[1869,4375,4376],{"id":4376},"一个数字例子",[1797,4378,4379],{},"某地区劳动年龄人口为 1,000 万，其中就业 600 万、失业 50 万、不在劳动力中 350 万：",[1877,4381,4383],{"className":4382},[1880],[1877,4384,4386,4432],{"className":4385},[1884],[1877,4387,4389],{"className":4388},[1888],[1890,4390,4391],{"xmlns":1892,"display":1893},[1895,4392,4393,4429],{},[1898,4394,4395,4397,4399,4402,4405,4407,4409,4411,4413,4419,4422,4425,4427],{},[2303,4396,4024],{},[1905,4398,1907],{},[2498,4400,4401],{},"650",[2303,4403,4404],{},"万",[1905,4406,1933],{"separator":1932},[1935,4408],{"width":1937},[1901,4410,4120],{},[1905,4412,1907],{},[3238,4414,4415,4417],{},[2498,4416,2457],{},[2498,4418,4401],{},[1905,4420,4421],{},"≈",[2498,4423,4424],{},"7.7",[1901,4426,3259],{"mathvariant":1954},[1905,4428,1933],{"separator":1932},[1957,4430,4431],{"encoding":1959},"\\text{劳动力}=650\\text{万},\n\\qquad\nu=\\frac{50}{650}\\approx7.7\\%,",[1877,4433,4435,4456,4492,4569],{"className":4434,"ariaHidden":1932},[1964],[1877,4436,4438,4441,4447,4450,4453],{"className":4437},[1968],[1877,4439],{"className":4440,"style":1973},[1972],[1877,4442,4444],{"className":4443},[1977,2333],[1877,4445,4024],{"className":4446},[1977,2337],[1877,4448],{"className":4449,"style":1983},[1935],[1877,4451,1907],{"className":4452},[1987],[1877,4454],{"className":4455,"style":1983},[1935],[1877,4457,4459,4462,4465,4471,4474,4477,4480,4483,4486,4489],{"className":4458},[1968],[1877,4460],{"className":4461,"style":2055},[1972],[1877,4463,4401],{"className":4464},[1977],[1877,4466,4468],{"className":4467},[1977,2333],[1877,4469,4404],{"className":4470},[1977,2337],[1877,4472,1933],{"className":4473},[2066],[1877,4475],{"className":4476,"style":2070},[1935],[1877,4478],{"className":4479,"style":2074},[1935],[1877,4481,4120],{"className":4482},[1977,1978],[1877,4484],{"className":4485,"style":1983},[1935],[1877,4487,1907],{"className":4488},[1987],[1877,4490],{"className":4491,"style":1983},[1935],[1877,4493,4495,4498,4560,4563,4566],{"className":4494},[1968],[1877,4496],{"className":4497,"style":3274},[1972],[1877,4499,4501,4504,4557],{"className":4500},[1977],[1877,4502],{"className":4503},[3281,3282],[1877,4505,4507],{"className":4506},[3238],[1877,4508,4510,4549],{"className":4509},[2584,2585],[1877,4511,4513,4546],{"className":4512},[2589],[1877,4514,4516,4527,4535],{"className":4515,"style":3295},[2593],[1877,4517,4518,4521],{"style":3298},[1877,4519],{"className":4520,"style":3302},[2601],[1877,4522,4524],{"className":4523},[1977],[1877,4525,4401],{"className":4526},[1977],[1877,4528,4529,4532],{"style":3311},[1877,4530],{"className":4531,"style":3302},[2601],[1877,4533],{"className":4534,"style":3319},[3318],[1877,4536,4537,4540],{"style":3322},[1877,4538],{"className":4539,"style":3302},[2601],[1877,4541,4543],{"className":4542},[1977],[1877,4544,2457],{"className":4545},[1977],[1877,4547,2643],{"className":4548},[2642],[1877,4550,4552],{"className":4551},[2589],[1877,4553,4555],{"className":4554,"style":3353},[2593],[1877,4556],{},[1877,4558],{"className":4559},[3359,3282],[1877,4561],{"className":4562,"style":1983},[1935],[1877,4564,4421],{"className":4565},[1987],[1877,4567],{"className":4568,"style":1983},[1935],[1877,4570,4572,4576,4580],{"className":4571},[1968],[1877,4573],{"className":4574,"style":4575},[1972],"height:0.9444em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[1877,4577,4579],{"className":4578},[1977],"7.7%",[1877,4581,1933],{"className":4582},[2066],[1877,4584,4586],{"className":4585},[1880],[1877,4587,4589,4621],{"className":4588},[1884],[1877,4590,4592],{"className":4591},[1888],[1890,4593,4594],{"xmlns":1892,"display":1893},[1895,4595,4596,4618],{},[1898,4597,4598,4600,4602,4609,4611,4614,4616],{},[2303,4599,4255],{},[1905,4601,1907],{},[3238,4603,4604,4606],{},[2498,4605,4401],{},[2498,4607,4608],{},"1,000",[1905,4610,1907],{},[2498,4612,4613],{},"65",[1901,4615,3259],{"mathvariant":1954},[1901,4617,1955],{"mathvariant":1954},[1957,4619,4620],{"encoding":1959},"\\text{参与率}=\\frac{650}{1{,}000}=65\\%.",[1877,4622,4624,4645,4734],{"className":4623,"ariaHidden":1932},[1964],[1877,4625,4627,4630,4636,4639,4642],{"className":4626},[1968],[1877,4628],{"className":4629,"style":1973},[1972],[1877,4631,4633],{"className":4632},[1977,2333],[1877,4634,4255],{"className":4635},[1977,2337],[1877,4637],{"className":4638,"style":1983},[1935],[1877,4640,1907],{"className":4641},[1987],[1877,4643],{"className":4644,"style":1983},[1935],[1877,4646,4648,4652,4725,4728,4731],{"className":4647},[1968],[1877,4649],{"className":4650,"style":4651},[1972],"height:2.2019em;vertical-align:-0.8804em;",[1877,4653,4655,4658,4722],{"className":4654},[1977],[1877,4656],{"className":4657},[3281,3282],[1877,4659,4661],{"className":4660},[3238],[1877,4662,4664,4713],{"className":4663},[2584,2585],[1877,4665,4667,4710],{"className":4666},[2589],[1877,4668,4670,4691,4699],{"className":4669,"style":3295},[2593],[1877,4671,4672,4675],{"style":3298},[1877,4673],{"className":4674,"style":3302},[2601],[1877,4676,4678,4681,4687],{"className":4677},[1977],[1877,4679,2500],{"className":4680},[1977],[1877,4682,4684],{"className":4683},[1977],[1877,4685,1933],{"className":4686},[2066],[1877,4688,4690],{"className":4689},[1977],"000",[1877,4692,4693,4696],{"style":3311},[1877,4694],{"className":4695,"style":3302},[2601],[1877,4697],{"className":4698,"style":3319},[3318],[1877,4700,4701,4704],{"style":3322},[1877,4702],{"className":4703,"style":3302},[2601],[1877,4705,4707],{"className":4706},[1977],[1877,4708,4401],{"className":4709},[1977],[1877,4711,2643],{"className":4712},[2642],[1877,4714,4716],{"className":4715},[2589],[1877,4717,4720],{"className":4718,"style":4719},[2593],"height:0.8804em;",[1877,4721],{},[1877,4723],{"className":4724},[3359,3282],[1877,4726],{"className":4727,"style":1983},[1935],[1877,4729,1907],{"className":4730},[1987],[1877,4732],{"className":4733,"style":1983},[1935],[1877,4735,4737,4740],{"className":4736},[1968],[1877,4738],{"className":4739,"style":3375},[1972],[1877,4741,4743],{"className":4742},[1977],"65%.",[1797,4745,4746],{},"如果 10 万名失业者停止寻找工作，失业者变成 40 万、劳动力变成 640 万，失业率约为 6.25%，但就业人数仍为 600 万。指标变好看不等于劳动市场真正改善。",[1793,4748,4750],{"id":4749},"_6-存量流量与财富","6. 存量、流量与财富",[1797,4752,4753],{},"宏观学习中最容易混淆的一组概念是：",[2401,4755,4756,4769],{},[2404,4757,4758],{},[2407,4759,4760,4763,4766],{},[2410,4761,4762],{},"概念",[2410,4764,4765],{},"类型",[2410,4767,4768],{},"例子",[2427,4770,4771,4782,4793,4803,4813,4823],{},[2407,4772,4773,4776,4779],{},[2432,4774,4775],{},"GDP",[2432,4777,4778],{},"流量",[2432,4780,4781],{},"一年内生产的最终产品价值",[2407,4783,4784,4787,4790],{},[2432,4785,4786],{},"资本存量",[2432,4788,4789],{},"存量",[2432,4791,4792],{},"某一时点的机器、建筑和基础设施",[2407,4794,4795,4798,4800],{},[2432,4796,4797],{},"投资",[2432,4799,4778],{},[2432,4801,4802],{},"一年内新增资本和库存",[2407,4804,4805,4808,4810],{},[2432,4806,4807],{},"政府赤字",[2432,4809,4778],{},[2432,4811,4812],{},"某一年度支出减收入",[2407,4814,4815,4818,4820],{},[2432,4816,4817],{},"政府债务",[2432,4819,4789],{},[2432,4821,4822],{},"历年借款累积的未偿还余额",[2407,4824,4825,4828,4830],{},[2432,4826,4827],{},"财富",[2432,4829,4789],{},[2432,4831,4832],{},"家庭或国家在某一时点的资产减负债",[1797,4834,4835],{},"存量由过去的流量累积而来，但还会受到折旧、重估、灾害和汇率变化影响。研究生分析资产负债表时，不能简单地把某一期赤字机械地加到债务上而忽略估值变化。",[1793,4837,4839],{"id":4838},"_7-gdp-与福利为什么需要补充指标","7. GDP 与福利：为什么需要补充指标",[1797,4841,4842],{},"GDP 适合衡量市场生产和宏观活动规模，但不完整衡量福利。它通常没有充分反映：",[1801,4844,4845,4848,4851,4854,4857,4860],{},[1804,4846,4847],{},"家庭照料和无偿劳动；",[1804,4849,4850],{},"闲暇、健康和教育质量；",[1804,4852,4853],{},"环境损害与自然资本消耗；",[1804,4855,4856],{},"收入和财富分配；",[1804,4858,4859],{},"犯罪、灾害和防御性支出；",[1804,4861,4862],{},"产品质量、数字服务和地下经济的测量误差。",[1797,4864,4865],{},"这不是说 GDP “没有用”，而是说使用它回答问题时要限定问题。分析生活水平时，至少结合人均实际 GDP、收入分配、就业质量、健康、教育和环境指标。",[1793,4867,4869],{"id":4868},"研究生扩展测量与识别","研究生扩展：测量与识别",[1797,4871,4872],{},"研究生应进一步追问：",[1830,4874,4875,4878,4881,4884,4887],{},[1804,4876,4877],{},"价格指数的权重如何构造，链式指数如何处理新产品和质量变化？",[1804,4879,4880],{},"GDP 修订、季节调整和基准年变化会如何影响实时政策判断？",[1804,4882,4883],{},"潜在产出和产出缺口是直接观察量，还是依赖模型的估计量？",[1804,4885,4886],{},"失业率变化来自就业流、失业流还是劳动力退出？",[1804,4888,4889],{},"用宏观时间序列比较国家时，汇率、购买力平价和人口结构如何影响解释？",[1793,4891,4892],{"id":4892},"自测题",[1830,4894,4895,4898,4901,4904,4965],{},[1804,4896,4897],{},"为什么二手房交易通常不计入当期 GDP，但中介服务费可能计入？",[1804,4899,4900],{},"当进口消费品价格上涨时，CPI 与 GDP 平减指数可能如何不同？",[1804,4902,4903],{},"GDP 增长而人均 GDP 下降是否可能？需要什么人口变化？",[1804,4905,4906,4907,4935,4936,4964],{},"为什么政府转移支付不直接计入 ",[1877,4908,4910,4923],{"className":4909},[1884],[1877,4911,4913],{"className":4912},[1888],[1890,4914,4915],{"xmlns":1892},[1895,4916,4917,4921],{},[1898,4918,4919],{},[1901,4920,1921],{},[1957,4922,1921],{"encoding":1959},[1877,4924,4926],{"className":4925,"ariaHidden":1932},[1964],[1877,4927,4929,4932],{"className":4928},[1968],[1877,4930],{"className":4931,"style":1973},[1972],[1877,4933,1921],{"className":4934},[1977,1978],"，但受益者消费可能进入 ",[1877,4937,4939,4952],{"className":4938},[1884],[1877,4940,4942],{"className":4941},[1888],[1890,4943,4944],{"xmlns":1892},[1895,4945,4946,4950],{},[1898,4947,4948],{},[1901,4949,1910],{},[1957,4951,1910],{"encoding":1959},[1877,4953,4955],{"className":4954,"ariaHidden":1932},[1964],[1877,4956,4958,4961],{"className":4957},[1968],[1877,4959],{"className":4960,"style":1973},[1972],[1877,4962,1910],{"className":4963,"style":2001},[1977,1978],"？",[1804,4966,4967],{},"写出一个例子，说明宏观指标改善而某一群体福利下降。",[1793,4969,4970],{"id":4970},"小结与下一章",[1797,4972,4973],{},"本章的核心不是记住一组缩写，而是把每个宏观数字放回“对象—时间—单位—覆盖范围”的测量框架。下一章将从账户转向机制：家庭如何消费和储蓄，企业如何投资，以及这些决策如何构成短期总需求。",{"title":10,"searchDepth":4975,"depth":4975,"links":4976},2,[4977,4978,4979,4985,4990,4991,4994,4995,4996,4997,4998],{"id":1795,"depth":4975,"text":1795},{"id":1824,"depth":4975,"text":1825},{"id":1866,"depth":4975,"text":1867,"children":4980},[4981,4983,4984],{"id":1871,"depth":4982,"text":1872},3,{"id":2282,"depth":4982,"text":2283},{"id":2388,"depth":4982,"text":2389},{"id":2395,"depth":4975,"text":2396,"children":4986},[4987,4988,4989],{"id":2466,"depth":4982,"text":2467},{"id":2749,"depth":4982,"text":2750},{"id":3382,"depth":4982,"text":3383},{"id":3923,"depth":4975,"text":3924},{"id":4002,"depth":4975,"text":4003,"children":4992},[4993],{"id":4376,"depth":4982,"text":4376},{"id":4749,"depth":4975,"text":4750},{"id":4838,"depth":4975,"text":4839},{"id":4868,"depth":4975,"text":4869},{"id":4892,"depth":4975,"text":4892},{"id":4970,"depth":4975,"text":4970},"从生产、收入和支出三种视角理解 GDP、价格指数、就业和财富。","md",{},true,{"title":1428,"description":4999},"wn3P6mV629OlPFpUt-a_qFte45DGvwho5APdiABL7mE",[5006,5008],{"title":1422,"path":1423,"stem":1424,"description":5007,"children":-1},"面向本科生与研究生的宏观经济学课程，从国民账户、短期波动、政策分析到增长与开放经济。",{"title":1432,"path":1433,"stem":1434,"description":5009,"children":-1},"从消费函数、投资支出和乘数机制理解短期产出决定。",1785754750141]