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Search, Evaluate, and Read Evidence","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F02-reading-and-literature-matrix","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F02-reading-and-literature-matrix",{"title":27,"path":28,"stem":29},"3. From Sources to Synthesis and Argument","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F03-arguments-outlines-and-paragraphs","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F03-arguments-outlines-and-paragraphs",{"title":31,"path":32,"stem":33},"4. Literature Review and a Defensible Gap","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review",{"title":35,"path":36,"stem":37},"5. Research Design, Evidence, and Core Sections","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F05-core-sections-and-evidence","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F05-core-sections-and-evidence",{"title":39,"path":40,"stem":41},"6. Citation, Paraphrasing, Integrity, and AI","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F06-citation-paraphrasing-and-integrity","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F06-citation-paraphrasing-and-integrity",{"title":43,"path":44,"stem":45},"7. Revision, Review, and Submission","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F07-revision-style-and-submission","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F07-revision-style-and-submission",{"title":47,"path":48,"stem":49},"8. Research Workbook","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template",{"title":51,"path":52,"stem":53},"9. Research Workflow and Tools","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F09-tools-for-academic-writing-and-literature-management","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F09-tools-for-academic-writing-and-literature-management",{"title":55,"path":56,"stem":57},"10. Worked Project — From Question to Defensible Conclusion","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F10-worked-example-from-block-structure-to-question-chain","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F10-worked-example-from-block-structure-to-question-chain",{"title":59,"path":60,"stem":61,"children":62,"page":249},"Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting","en\u002Faccounting",[63,69,87,93,193],{"title":64,"path":65,"stem":66,"children":67},"Accounting — From Evidence to Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002F00-index","en\u002Faccounting\u002F00-index",[68],{"title":64,"path":65,"stem":66},{"title":70,"path":71,"stem":72,"children":73},"Accounting Appendix","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[74,75,79,83],{"title":70,"path":71,"stem":72},{"title":76,"path":77,"stem":78},"Worked Examples and Error Diagnosis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F24-examples-pitfalls","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F24-examples-pitfalls",{"title":80,"path":81,"stem":82},"Accounting Glossary","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F26-glossary","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F26-glossary",{"title":84,"path":85,"stem":86},"Reading and Evidence Map","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F27-reading-map","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F27-reading-map",{"title":88,"path":89,"stem":90,"children":91},"Northstar Record-to-Decision Capstone","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[92],{"title":88,"path":89,"stem":90},{"title":94,"path":95,"stem":96,"children":97},"Financial Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002Findex",[98,99,117,131,165,179],{"title":94,"path":95,"stem":96},{"title":100,"path":101,"stem":102,"children":103},"1. Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002Findex",[104,105,109,113],{"title":100,"path":101,"stem":102},{"title":106,"path":107,"stem":108},"Objectives and Qualitative Characteristics","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F01-objectives-qualitative-characteristics","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F01-objectives-qualitative-characteristics",{"title":110,"path":111,"stem":112},"Equation and Elements","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F02-equation-elements","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F02-equation-elements",{"title":114,"path":115,"stem":116},"Accrual Basis, Estimates and Periods","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F03-accounting-bases-principles","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F03-accounting-bases-principles",{"title":118,"path":119,"stem":120,"children":121},"2. Recording Transactions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002Findex",[122,123,127],{"title":118,"path":119,"stem":120},{"title":124,"path":125,"stem":126},"Double-Entry and Debit\u002FCredit","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F04-double-entry-dr-cr","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F04-double-entry-dr-cr",{"title":128,"path":129,"stem":130},"Accounting Cycle","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F05-accounting-cycle","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F05-accounting-cycle",{"title":132,"path":133,"stem":134,"children":135},"3. Measurement and Adjustments","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002Findex",[136,137,141,145,149,153,157,161],{"title":132,"path":133,"stem":134},{"title":138,"path":139,"stem":140},"Revenue Recognition","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F07-revenue-recognition","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F07-revenue-recognition",{"title":142,"path":143,"stem":144},"Inventory","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F08-inventory","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F08-inventory",{"title":146,"path":147,"stem":148},"Receivables and Expected Credit Losses","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F09-receivables","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F09-receivables",{"title":150,"path":151,"stem":152},"Property, Plant and Equipment","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F10-ppe","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F10-ppe",{"title":154,"path":155,"stem":156},"Intangible Assets","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F11-intangibles","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F11-intangibles",{"title":158,"path":159,"stem":160},"Leases","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F12-leases","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F12-leases",{"title":162,"path":163,"stem":164},"Current and Deferred Income Tax","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F13-income-tax","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F13-income-tax",{"title":166,"path":167,"stem":168,"children":169},"4. Reporting and Cash","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002Findex",[170,171,175],{"title":166,"path":167,"stem":168},{"title":172,"path":173,"stem":174},"Linked Financial Statements","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F06-financial-statements","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F06-financial-statements",{"title":176,"path":177,"stem":178},"Cash, Reconciliation and Internal Control","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F14-cash-control","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F14-cash-control",{"title":180,"path":181,"stem":182,"children":183},"5. Analysis and Comparison","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002Findex",[184,185,189],{"title":180,"path":181,"stem":182},{"title":186,"path":187,"stem":188},"Ratio Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F15-ratio-analysis","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F15-ratio-analysis",{"title":190,"path":191,"stem":192},"IFRS versus US GAAP","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F25-ifrs-gaap","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F25-ifrs-gaap",{"title":194,"path":195,"stem":196,"children":197},"Management Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002Findex",[198,199,217,235],{"title":194,"path":195,"stem":196},{"title":200,"path":201,"stem":202,"children":203},"1. Cost Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002Findex",[204,205,209,213],{"title":200,"path":201,"stem":202},{"title":206,"path":207,"stem":208},"Cost Concepts and Behaviour","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F16-cost-concepts","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F16-cost-concepts",{"title":210,"path":211,"stem":212},"Costing Systems","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F17-costing-systems","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F17-costing-systems",{"title":214,"path":215,"stem":216},"Variable and Absorption Costing","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F19-variable-vs-absorption","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F19-variable-vs-absorption",{"title":218,"path":219,"stem":220,"children":221},"2. Planning and Control","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002Findex",[222,223,227,231],{"title":218,"path":219,"stem":220},{"title":224,"path":225,"stem":226},"Cost–Volume–Profit Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F18-cvp-analysis","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F18-cvp-analysis",{"title":228,"path":229,"stem":230},"Budgeting and Variance Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F20-budgeting-variances","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F20-budgeting-variances",{"title":232,"path":233,"stem":234},"Performance Measurement","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F21-performance-measurement","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F21-performance-measurement",{"title":236,"path":237,"stem":238,"children":239},"3. Decisions and Investment","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002Findex",[240,241,245],{"title":236,"path":237,"stem":238},{"title":242,"path":243,"stem":244},"Short-Term Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F22-short-term-decisions","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F22-short-term-decisions",{"title":246,"path":247,"stem":248},"Capital Budgeting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F23-capital-budgeting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F23-capital-budgeting",false,{"title":251,"path":252,"stem":253,"children":254,"page":249},"Business Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics",[255,261,279,305,335,365,383,400],{"title":256,"path":257,"stem":258,"children":259},"Business Analytics — From Data to Defensible Action","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-index","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-index",[260],{"title":256,"path":257,"stem":258},{"title":262,"path":263,"stem":264,"children":265},"0. Decision and Data Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[266,267,271,275],{"title":262,"path":263,"stem":264},{"title":268,"path":269,"stem":270},"Decision Framing","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F01-decision-framing","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F01-decision-framing",{"title":272,"path":273,"stem":274},"Data Contracts","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F02-data-contracts","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F02-data-contracts",{"title":276,"path":277,"stem":278},"Reproducible Analytics Workflow","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F03-reproducible-workflow","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F03-reproducible-workflow",{"title":280,"path":281,"stem":282,"children":283},"1. Descriptive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002Findex",[284,285,289,293,297,301],{"title":280,"path":281,"stem":282},{"title":286,"path":287,"stem":288},"Distributions and Exploratory Data Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F04-distributions-eda","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F04-distributions-eda",{"title":290,"path":291,"stem":292},"KPIs and Denominators","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F05-kpis-denominators","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F05-kpis-denominators",{"title":294,"path":295,"stem":296},"Segments, Cohorts and Funnels","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F06-segmentation-cohorts-funnels","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F06-segmentation-cohorts-funnels",{"title":298,"path":299,"stem":300},"Visual Evidence and Data Stories","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F07-visualisation-story","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F07-visualisation-story",{"title":302,"path":303,"stem":304},"Experiments and Causal Boundaries","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F08-experiments-causal-boundary","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F08-experiments-causal-boundary",{"title":306,"path":307,"stem":308,"children":309},"2. Predictive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002Findex",[310,311,315,319,323,327,331],{"title":306,"path":307,"stem":308},{"title":312,"path":313,"stem":314},"Validation, Baselines and Leakage","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F09-validation-leakage","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F09-validation-leakage",{"title":316,"path":317,"stem":318},"Regression and Forecasting","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F10-regression-forecasting","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F10-regression-forecasting",{"title":320,"path":321,"stem":322},"Classification and Calibration","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F11-classification-calibration","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F11-classification-calibration",{"title":324,"path":325,"stem":326},"Trees and Ensembles","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F12-trees-ensembles","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F12-trees-ensembles",{"title":328,"path":329,"stem":330},"Decision Metrics and Thresholds","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F13-decision-metrics-thresholds","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F13-decision-metrics-thresholds",{"title":332,"path":333,"stem":334},"Explainability, Monitoring and Drift","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F14-explainability-drift","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F14-explainability-drift",{"title":336,"path":337,"stem":338,"children":339},"3. Prescriptive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002Findex",[340,341,345,349,353,357,361],{"title":336,"path":337,"stem":338},{"title":342,"path":343,"stem":344},"Decision-Making under Uncertainty","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F15-decision-uncertainty","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F15-decision-uncertainty",{"title":346,"path":347,"stem":348},"Linear Optimisation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F16-linear-optimization","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F16-linear-optimization",{"title":350,"path":351,"stem":352},"Inventory and Allocation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F17-inventory-allocation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F17-inventory-allocation",{"title":354,"path":355,"stem":356},"Queueing and Simulation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F18-queueing-simulation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F18-queueing-simulation",{"title":358,"path":359,"stem":360},"Pricing and Revenue Management","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F19-pricing-experimentation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F19-pricing-experimentation",{"title":362,"path":363,"stem":364},"Causal Targeting and Policy Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F20-causal-targeting","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F20-causal-targeting",{"title":366,"path":367,"stem":368,"children":369},"4. Deployment and Governance","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002Findex",[370,371,375,379],{"title":366,"path":367,"stem":368},{"title":372,"path":373,"stem":374},"Data Products and Monitoring","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F21-data-products-monitoring","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F21-data-products-monitoring",{"title":376,"path":377,"stem":378},"Governance, Fairness and Privacy","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F22-governance-fairness-privacy","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F22-governance-fairness-privacy",{"title":380,"path":381,"stem":382},"Adoption and Business Value","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F23-adoption-value","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F23-adoption-value",{"title":384,"path":385,"stem":386,"children":387},"Appendix and Revision Tools","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[388,389,393,397],{"title":384,"path":385,"stem":386},{"title":390,"path":391,"stem":392},"Formula and Decision Map","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F24-formula-map","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F24-formula-map",{"title":394,"path":395,"stem":396},"Worked Examples and Pitfalls","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F25-worked-examples-pitfalls","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F25-worked-examples-pitfalls",{"title":84,"path":398,"stem":399},"\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F26-reading-map","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F26-reading-map",{"title":401,"path":402,"stem":403,"children":404},"Capstone — The Evening Delivery Promise","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[405],{"title":401,"path":402,"stem":403},{"title":407,"path":408,"stem":409,"children":410,"page":249},"Financial Economic Time Series","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series",[411,417,423,429,435,441,447,453,459,465,471],{"title":412,"path":413,"stem":414,"children":415},"Financial and Economic Time Series — Course Guide","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F00-intro","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[416],{"title":412,"path":413,"stem":414},{"title":418,"path":419,"stem":420,"children":421},"Three Versions of Time Series","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F01-bridge","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F01-bridge\u002Findex",[422],{"title":418,"path":419,"stem":420},{"title":424,"path":425,"stem":426,"children":427},"Data, Clocks, and Transformations","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F02-data-transformations","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F02-data-transformations\u002Findex",[428],{"title":424,"path":425,"stem":426},{"title":430,"path":431,"stem":432,"children":433},"Predictive Regressions and Persistent Predictors","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F03-predictive-regressions","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F03-predictive-regressions\u002Findex",[434],{"title":430,"path":431,"stem":432},{"title":436,"path":437,"stem":438,"children":439},"Volatility, Tails, and Financial Risk","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F04-volatility-risk","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F04-volatility-risk\u002Findex",[440],{"title":436,"path":437,"stem":438},{"title":442,"path":443,"stem":444,"children":445},"Unit Roots, Cointegration, and Error Correction","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F05-unit-roots-cointegration","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F05-unit-roots-cointegration\u002Findex",[446],{"title":442,"path":443,"stem":444},{"title":448,"path":449,"stem":450,"children":451},"VAR, Structural Identification, and Local Projections","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F06-var-identification","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F06-var-identification\u002Findex",[452],{"title":448,"path":449,"stem":450},{"title":454,"path":455,"stem":456,"children":457},"State Space, Mixed Frequency, and Nowcasting","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F07-state-space-nowcasting","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F07-state-space-nowcasting\u002Findex",[458],{"title":454,"path":455,"stem":456},{"title":460,"path":461,"stem":462,"children":463},"Forecast Evaluation for Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F08-forecast-evaluation","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F08-forecast-evaluation\u002Findex",[464],{"title":460,"path":461,"stem":462},{"title":466,"path":467,"stem":468,"children":469},"Integrated R Laboratory","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F09-r-laboratory","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F09-r-laboratory\u002Findex",[470],{"title":466,"path":467,"stem":468},{"title":472,"path":473,"stem":474,"children":475},"Capstones, Data, and Reading Ladder","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F10-capstone-readings","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F10-capstone-readings\u002Findex",[476],{"title":472,"path":473,"stem":474},{"title":478,"path":479,"stem":480,"children":481,"page":249},"Intro To Economics","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics","en\u002Fintro-to-economics",[482,486,490,494,498,502,506,510,514,518,522,526,530],{"title":483,"path":484,"stem":485},"Introduction to Economics — Decisions, Markets, and the Macroeconomy","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F00-intro",{"title":487,"path":488,"stem":489},"Chapter 1 — Choice, Opportunity Cost, and Trade","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F01-foundations","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F01-foundations",{"title":491,"path":492,"stem":493},"Chapter 2 — Demand, Supply, Equilibrium, and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F02-demand-and-supply","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F02-demand-and-supply",{"title":495,"path":496,"stem":497},"Chapter 3 — Elasticity, Revenue, and Tax Incidence","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F03-elasticity","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F03-elasticity",{"title":499,"path":500,"stem":501},"Chapter 4 — Firms, Market Power, and Market Failure","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F04-market-structures","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F04-market-structures",{"title":503,"path":504,"stem":505},"Chapter 5 — GDP, Income, Wealth, and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F05-gdp-and-wealth","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F05-gdp-and-wealth",{"title":507,"path":508,"stem":509},"Chapter 6 — Inflation, Purchasing Power, and Labour Markets","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F06-inflation-and-unemployment","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F06-inflation-and-unemployment",{"title":511,"path":512,"stem":513},"Chapter 7 — Productivity, Technology, and Economic Growth","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F07-economic-growth","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F07-economic-growth",{"title":515,"path":516,"stem":517},"Chapter 8 — Money, Credit, and Banking","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F08-money-and-banking","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F08-money-and-banking",{"title":519,"path":520,"stem":521},"Chapter 9 — Business Cycles, AD–AS, and Monetary Policy","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F09-monetary-policy-and-ad-as","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F09-monetary-policy-and-ad-as",{"title":523,"path":524,"stem":525},"Chapter 10 — Fiscal Policy, Distribution, and Public Debt","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F10-fiscal-policy","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F10-fiscal-policy",{"title":527,"path":528,"stem":529},"Chapter 11 — Trade, Capital Flows, and Exchange Rates","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F11-open-economy-and-exchange-rates","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F11-open-economy-and-exchange-rates",{"title":531,"path":532,"stem":533},"Chapter 12 — Integrated Economic Analysis Studio","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F12-review-and-case-studies","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F12-review-and-case-studies",{"title":535,"path":536,"stem":537,"children":538,"page":249},"Microeconometrics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics",[539,557,563,581,603,629,651,673,691,709],{"title":540,"path":541,"stem":542,"children":543},"0. Causal Questions and Designs","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002Findex",[544,545,549,553],{"title":540,"path":541,"stem":542},{"title":546,"path":547,"stem":548},"Causal Questions and Estimands","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F01-causal-question-estimands","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F01-causal-question-estimands",{"title":550,"path":551,"stem":552},"Potential Outcomes and Experiments","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F02-potential-outcomes-experiments","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F02-potential-outcomes-experiments",{"title":554,"path":555,"stem":556},"Causal Diagrams and Controls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F03-dags-controls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F03-dags-controls",{"title":558,"path":559,"stem":560,"children":561},"Microeconometrics — Designing Credible Counterfactuals","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-index","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-index",[562],{"title":558,"path":559,"stem":560},{"title":564,"path":565,"stem":566,"children":567},"1. Regression and Inference","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002Findex",[568,569,573,577],{"title":564,"path":565,"stem":566},{"title":570,"path":571,"stem":572},"OLS as a Projection","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F04-ols-projection","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F04-ols-projection",{"title":574,"path":575,"stem":576},"FWL, Selection and Controls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F05-fwl-selection-controls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F05-fwl-selection-controls",{"title":578,"path":579,"stem":580},"Inference and Clustering","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F06-inference-clustering","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F06-inference-clustering",{"title":582,"path":583,"stem":584,"children":585},"2. Instruments and Panel Data","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002Findex",[586,587,591,595,599],{"title":582,"path":583,"stem":584},{"title":588,"path":589,"stem":590},"Instrumental Variables","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F07-iv-identification","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F07-iv-identification",{"title":592,"path":593,"stem":594},"Weak Instruments and LATE","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F08-weak-iv-late","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F08-weak-iv-late",{"title":596,"path":597,"stem":598},"Panel Fixed Effects","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F09-panel-fixed-effects","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F09-panel-fixed-effects",{"title":600,"path":601,"stem":602},"Dynamic Panels and Limits","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F10-dynamic-panel","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F10-dynamic-panel",{"title":604,"path":605,"stem":606,"children":607},"3. Policy Evaluation Designs","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002Findex",[608,609,613,617,621,625],{"title":604,"path":605,"stem":606},{"title":610,"path":611,"stem":612},"Difference-in-Differences","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F11-did-core","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F11-did-core",{"title":614,"path":615,"stem":616},"Staggered DID and Event Studies","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F12-staggered-event-studies","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F12-staggered-event-studies",{"title":618,"path":619,"stem":620},"Regression Discontinuity","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F13-rdd","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F13-rdd",{"title":622,"path":623,"stem":624},"Matching, Weighting and Overlap","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F14-matching-weighting","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F14-matching-weighting",{"title":626,"path":627,"stem":628},"Synthetic Control","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F15-synthetic-control","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F15-synthetic-control",{"title":630,"path":631,"stem":632,"children":633},"Module 4 — Choice and Limited Outcomes","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002Findex",[634,635,639,643,647],{"title":630,"path":631,"stem":632},{"title":636,"path":637,"stem":638},"Binary Choice","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F16-binary-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F16-binary-choice",{"title":640,"path":641,"stem":642},"Multinomial and Ordered Choice","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F17-multinomial-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F17-multinomial-choice",{"title":644,"path":645,"stem":646},"Count Outcomes","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F18-count-outcomes","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F18-count-outcomes",{"title":648,"path":649,"stem":650},"Censoring, Truncation and Selection","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F19-censoring-selection","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F19-censoring-selection",{"title":652,"path":653,"stem":654,"children":655},"Module 5 — Modern Causal Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002Findex",[656,657,661,665,669],{"title":652,"path":653,"stem":654},{"title":658,"path":659,"stem":660},"Double Machine Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F20-dml","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F20-dml",{"title":662,"path":663,"stem":664},"Heterogeneity and Policy Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F21-heterogeneity-policy","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F21-heterogeneity-policy",{"title":666,"path":667,"stem":668},"Sensitivity and Partial Identification","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F22-sensitivity-partial-id","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F22-sensitivity-partial-id",{"title":670,"path":671,"stem":672},"External Validity and Transport","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F23-external-validity","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F23-external-validity",{"title":674,"path":675,"stem":676,"children":677},"Module 6 — From Data to Auditable Evidence","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002Findex",[678,679,683,687],{"title":674,"path":675,"stem":676},{"title":680,"path":681,"stem":682},"Data Provenance","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F24-data-provenance","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F24-data-provenance",{"title":684,"path":685,"stem":686},"Reproducibility and Reporting","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F25-reproducibility-reporting","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F25-reproducibility-reporting",{"title":688,"path":689,"stem":690},"Paper and Evidence Audit","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F26-paper-audit","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F26-paper-audit",{"title":692,"path":693,"stem":694,"children":695},"Appendix — Revision and Evidence Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[696,697,701,705],{"title":692,"path":693,"stem":694},{"title":698,"path":699,"stem":700},"Formula and Design Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F27-formula-design-map","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F27-formula-design-map",{"title":702,"path":703,"stem":704},"Ten Worked Microeconometric Pitfalls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F28-worked-pitfalls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F28-worked-pitfalls",{"title":706,"path":707,"stem":708},"Reading and Software Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F29-reading-software-map","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F29-reading-software-map",{"title":710,"path":711,"stem":712,"children":713},"Capstone — Should Northbridge Expand Pathways?","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[714],{"title":710,"path":711,"stem":712},{"title":716,"path":717,"stem":718,"children":719,"page":249},"Microeconomics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics",[720,726,732,738,744,750,756,762,768,774,780,786,792],{"title":721,"path":722,"stem":723,"children":724},"Advanced Microeconomics — Course Guide","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[725],{"title":721,"path":722,"stem":723},{"title":727,"path":728,"stem":729,"children":730},"Module 1 — Choice, Duality, and Revealed Preference","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F01-fundations","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F01-fundations\u002Findex",[731],{"title":727,"path":728,"stem":729},{"title":733,"path":734,"stem":735,"children":736},"Module 2 — Comparative Statics and Welfare Measurement","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F02-comparative-statics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F02-comparative-statics\u002Findex",[737],{"title":733,"path":734,"stem":735},{"title":739,"path":740,"stem":741,"children":742},"Module 3 — Choice under Risk and Insurance","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F03-uncertainty","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F03-uncertainty\u002Findex",[743],{"title":739,"path":740,"stem":741},{"title":745,"path":746,"stem":747,"children":748},"Module 4 — General Equilibrium and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F04-general-equilibrium","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F04-general-equilibrium\u002Findex",[749],{"title":745,"path":746,"stem":747},{"title":751,"path":752,"stem":753,"children":754},"Module 5 — Static, Dynamic, and Repeated Games","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F05-game-theory","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F05-game-theory\u002Findex",[755],{"title":751,"path":752,"stem":753},{"title":757,"path":758,"stem":759,"children":760},"Module 6 — Oligopoly, Entry, and Algorithmic Pricing","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F06-oligopoly","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F06-oligopoly\u002Findex",[761],{"title":757,"path":758,"stem":759},{"title":763,"path":764,"stem":765,"children":766},"Module 7 — Information Economics and Contracts","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F07-information-economics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F07-information-economics\u002Findex",[767],{"title":763,"path":764,"stem":765},{"title":769,"path":770,"stem":771,"children":772},"Module 8 — Mechanism Design and Auctions","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F08-mechanism-design","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F08-mechanism-design\u002Findex",[773],{"title":769,"path":770,"stem":771},{"title":775,"path":776,"stem":777,"children":778},"Module 9 — Behavioural and Experimental Microeconomics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F09-behavioural-economics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F09-behavioural-economics\u002Findex",[779],{"title":775,"path":776,"stem":777},{"title":781,"path":782,"stem":783,"children":784},"Module 10 — Externalities, Public Goods, and Collective Action","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F10-externalities-public-goods","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F10-externalities-public-goods\u002Findex",[785],{"title":781,"path":782,"stem":783},{"title":787,"path":788,"stem":789,"children":790},"Module 11 — Matching and Market Design","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F11-market-design","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F11-market-design\u002Findex",[791],{"title":787,"path":788,"stem":789},{"title":793,"path":794,"stem":795,"children":796},"Module 12 — Integrated Microeconomic Design Studio","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F12-review","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F12-review\u002Findex",[797],{"title":793,"path":794,"stem":795},{"title":799,"path":800,"stem":801,"children":802},"Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground","en\u002Fplayground\u002Findex",[803,804,808,812,816,820],{"title":799,"path":800,"stem":801},{"title":805,"path":806,"stem":807},"Typst Plugin Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F01-typstex","en\u002Fplayground\u002F01-typstex",{"title":809,"path":810,"stem":811},"Citation Plugin Test","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F02-citation","en\u002Fplayground\u002F02-citation",{"title":813,"path":814,"stem":815},"Pyodide Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F03-pyodide","en\u002Fplayground\u002F03-pyodide",{"title":817,"path":818,"stem":819},"WebR Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F04-webr","en\u002Fplayground\u002F04-webr",{"title":821,"path":822,"stem":823},"Chart.js 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文献综述的构建与写作","\u002Fzh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review","zh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review",{"title":1056,"path":1057,"stem":1058},"8. 文献综述清单与模板","\u002Fzh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template","zh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template",{"title":1060,"path":1061,"stem":1062},"10. 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与重抽样","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F07-bootstrap","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F07-bootstrap\u002Findex",[1726],{"title":1722,"path":1723,"stem":1724},{"title":1728,"path":1729,"stem":1730},"第十三章：前沿文献与现代统计案例（2023—2026）","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F03-frontier-literature-2026","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F03-frontier-literature-2026",{"title":1732,"path":1733,"stem":1734,"children":1735,"page":249},"Quant","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant","zh\u002Fquant",[1736,1742,1746,1750,1754,1758,1762,1766,1770,1774,1778],{"title":1737,"path":1738,"stem":1739,"children":1740},"量化投资——从可检验信号到可执行组合","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F00-index","zh\u002Fquant\u002F00-index",[1741],{"title":1737,"path":1738,"stem":1739},{"title":1743,"path":1744,"stem":1745},"数据获取与预处理","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F01-research-data","zh\u002Fquant\u002F01-research-data",{"title":1747,"path":1748,"stem":1749},"因子与交易信号","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F02-factor-and-signals","zh\u002Fquant\u002F02-factor-and-signals",{"title":1751,"path":1752,"stem":1753},"策略建模与回测","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F03-modeling-and-backtest","zh\u002Fquant\u002F03-modeling-and-backtest",{"title":1755,"path":1756,"stem":1757},"组合构建与风险建模（资产定价视角）","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F04-portfolio-and-risk","zh\u002Fquant\u002F04-portfolio-and-risk",{"title":1759,"path":1760,"stem":1761},"执行策略与市场微结构概览","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F05-execution-and-microstructure","zh\u002Fquant\u002F05-execution-and-microstructure",{"title":1763,"path":1764,"stem":1765},"策略上线、监控与迭代","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F06-production-and-monitoring","zh\u002Fquant\u002F06-production-and-monitoring",{"title":1767,"path":1768,"stem":1769},"量化工程与工具链概览","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F07-engineering-stack","zh\u002Fquant\u002F07-engineering-stack",{"title":1771,"path":1772,"stem":1773},"计量方法与实证检验","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F08-econometric-methods","zh\u002Fquant\u002F08-econometric-methods",{"title":1775,"path":1776,"stem":1777},"案例研究：多因子股票 Alpha 策略全流程","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F09-case-study","zh\u002Fquant\u002F09-case-study",{"title":1779,"path":1780,"stem":1781},"量化投资文献与软件图谱","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F10-reading-software-map","zh\u002Fquant\u002F10-reading-software-map",{"path":504},{"id":1784,"title":1390,"body":1785,"description":2783,"extension":2784,"features":2785,"hero":2785,"layout":2785,"locale":2785,"meta":2786,"navigation":2785,"path":1391,"published":2787,"seo":2788,"stem":1392,"__hash__":2789},"docs\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F05-gdp-and-wealth.md",{"type":1786,"value":1787,"toc":2761},"minimark",[1788,1793,1798,1807,1817,1823,1826,1829,1832,1858,1860,1864,1870,1878,1881,1964,1966,1970,1980,1983,2191,2196,2199,2204,2208,2213,2222,2226,2229,2244,2248,2251,2265,2267,2271,2274,2364,2379,2381,2385,2388,2391,2411,2418,2421,2442,2452,2454,2458,2461,2464,2624,2627,2631,2638,2664,2666,2669,2701,2703,2706,2749,2751,2755],[1789,1790,1792],"h1",{"id":1791},"第5章gdp-国内生产总值-衡量国家财富的终极账本","第5章：GDP (国内生产总值) —— 衡量国家财富的终极账本",[1794,1795,1797],"h2",{"id":1796},"_50-引言从微观企业到宏观经济的视角跳跃","5.0 引言：从“微观企业”到“宏观经济”的视角跳跃",[1799,1800,1801,1802,1806],"p",{},"在过去的四章里，我们是一群在地面上用放大镜观察经济学的人：我们在研究一杯奶茶的价格、一家工厂的成本、或者几家快递公司如何打商战。这叫做",[1803,1804,1805],"strong",{},"微观经济学 (Microeconomics)","。",[1799,1808,1809,1810,1813,1814,1806],{},"从本章开始，我们将坐上直升机，飞到几万米的高空俯瞰整片森林——我们不再关心单杯奶茶卖多少钱，我们关心的是",[1803,1811,1812],{},"整个国家所有行业在一年内制造了多少财富、国家整体的失业率是多少、以及全国的物价是不是在失控上涨","。这就叫做",[1803,1815,1816],{},"宏观经济学 (Macroeconomics)",[1799,1818,1819,1820,1806],{},"在宏观经济学的仪表盘上，最重要的那个“总分”指示器，就是 ",[1803,1821,1822],{},"GDP (Gross Domestic Product, 国内生产总值)",[1824,1825],"hr",{},[1794,1827,1828],{"id":1828},"学习目标",[1799,1830,1831],{},"学完本章后，你应该能够：",[1833,1834,1835,1839,1842,1849,1852,1855],"ol",{},[1836,1837,1838],"li",{},"准确定义 GDP，并解释定义中每个关键词。",[1836,1840,1841],{},"区分最终产品和中间产品，避免重复计算。",[1836,1843,1844,1845,1806],{},"使用支出法公式：",[1846,1847,1848],"code",{},"GDP = C + I + G + (X - M)",[1836,1850,1851],{},"区分名义 GDP 和实际 GDP。",[1836,1853,1854],{},"说明为什么比较生活水平时常用人均实际 GDP。",[1836,1856,1857],{},"识别 GDP 作为福利指标的主要局限。",[1824,1859],{},[1794,1861,1863],{"id":1862},"_51-什么是-gdp严谨的拆解","5.1 什么是 GDP？(严谨的拆解)",[1799,1865,1866,1869],{},[1803,1867,1868],{},"GDP（国内生产总值）"," 的官方定义是：",[1871,1872,1873],"blockquote",{},[1799,1874,1875],{},[1803,1876,1877],{},"在一个国家的地理领土范围内 (Domestic)，在一定时期内 (通常是一年)，所生产出来的所有最终产品与服务 (Final Goods and Services) 的市场总价值 (Market Value)。",[1799,1879,1880],{},"这句话里的每一个词都是考点，我们来逐一拆解：",[1833,1882,1883,1889,1915,1940],{},[1836,1884,1885,1888],{},[1803,1886,1887],{},"市场总价值 (Market Value)："," 我们不能把10万辆汽车和10万个苹果直接相加。数字是没有意义的，我们必须把它们都换算成货币（比如人民币或美元）。",[1836,1890,1891,1894,1895,1898,1899],{},[1803,1892,1893],{},"最终产品 (Final Goods)："," 必须是卖给",[1803,1896,1897],{},"最终消费者","的东西。\n",[1900,1901,1902,1909],"ul",{},[1836,1903,1904,1908],{},[1905,1906,1907],"em",{},"错误示范："," 汽车厂买了一块钢板（中间产品）花了500块，然后把钢板做成汽车卖了10万。如果你把钢板的500和汽车的10万都加进GDP，你就犯了**“重复计算 (Double Counting)”**的错误。",[1836,1910,1911,1914],{},[1905,1912,1913],{},"正确做法："," 只计算那辆最终卖给消费者的汽车（10万）。那500块的钢板价值已经包含在汽车售价里了。",[1836,1916,1917,1920,1921,1924,1925],{},[1803,1918,1919],{},"所生产的 (Produced)："," 必须是",[1803,1922,1923],{},"当年新创造","的价值。\n",[1900,1926,1927,1937],{},[1836,1928,1929,1932,1933,1936],{},[1905,1930,1931],{},"例子："," 你今年买了一套10年前建好的二手房。这套房子的总价",[1803,1934,1935],{},"不计入","今年的GDP（因为它10年前被造出来的时候已经算过一次了）。但是，你付给二手房中介的“2万元中介费”，属于今年新提供的服务价值，这2万元要计入今年的GDP。",[1836,1938,1939],{},"类似地，在闲鱼上交易二手iPhone，或者在股市里炒股（资金转移），都不计入GDP，因为没有创造“新的”商品或服务。",[1836,1941,1942,1945,1946],{},[1803,1943,1944],{},"地理领土范围内 (Domestic)："," 强调的是“Where（在哪里生产）”，而不是“Who（谁生产的）”。\n",[1900,1947,1948,1957],{},[1836,1949,1950,1952,1953,1956],{},[1905,1951,1931],{}," 美国的苹果公司在中国郑州富士康园区生产的iPhone，计入",[1803,1954,1955],{},"中国","的GDP（因为在中国领土上制造了就业和生产）。",[1836,1958,1959,1960,1963],{},"中国企业比亚迪在巴西建厂造的车，计入",[1803,1961,1962],{},"巴西","的GDP，不计入中国的GDP。",[1824,1965],{},[1794,1967,1969],{"id":1968},"_52-gdp-是怎么算出来的支出法","5.2 GDP 是怎么算出来的？(支出法)",[1799,1971,1972,1973,1976,1977,1806],{},"想象一个国家就是一个巨大的超市。要知道这个超市一年制造了多少价值，最简单的办法就是看",[1803,1974,1975],{},"这一年大家在这个超市里总共花了多少钱去买东西","。\n这就是计算 GDP 最经典的方法：",[1803,1978,1979],{},"支出法 (The Expenditure Approach)",[1799,1981,1982],{},"经济学家将全社会的支出分成了四大“金主爸爸”：",[1984,1985,1988],"span",{"className":1986},[1987],"katex-display",[1984,1989,1992,2056],{"className":1990},[1991],"katex",[1984,1993,1996],{"className":1994},[1995],"katex-mathml",[1997,1998,2001],"math",{"xmlns":1999,"display":2000},"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML","block",[2002,2003,2004,2052],"semantics",{},[2005,2006,2007,2011,2014,2017,2021,2024,2027,2030,2032,2034,2036,2040,2043,2046,2049],"mrow",{},[2008,2009,2010],"mi",{},"G",[2008,2012,2013],{},"D",[2008,2015,2016],{},"P",[2018,2019,2020],"mo",{},"=",[2008,2022,2023],{},"C",[2018,2025,2026],{},"+",[2008,2028,2029],{},"I",[2018,2031,2026],{},[2008,2033,2010],{},[2018,2035,2026],{},[2018,2037,2039],{"stretchy":2038},"false","(",[2008,2041,2042],{},"X",[2018,2044,2045],{},"−",[2008,2047,2048],{},"M",[2018,2050,2051],{"stretchy":2038},")",[2053,2054,1848],"annotation",{"encoding":2055},"application\u002Fx-tex",[1984,2057,2061,2095,2117,2136,2154,2177],{"className":2058,"ariaHidden":2060},[2059],"katex-html","true",[1984,2062,2065,2070,2075,2079,2083,2088,2092],{"className":2063},[2064],"base",[1984,2066],{"className":2067,"style":2069},[2068],"strut","height:0.6833em;",[1984,2071,2010],{"className":2072},[2073,2074],"mord","mathnormal",[1984,2076,2013],{"className":2077,"style":2078},[2073,2074],"margin-right:0.0278em;",[1984,2080,2016],{"className":2081,"style":2082},[2073,2074],"margin-right:0.1389em;",[1984,2084],{"className":2085,"style":2087},[2086],"mspace","margin-right:0.2778em;",[1984,2089,2020],{"className":2090},[2091],"mrel",[1984,2093],{"className":2094,"style":2087},[2086],[1984,2096,2098,2102,2106,2110,2114],{"className":2097},[2064],[1984,2099],{"className":2100,"style":2101},[2068],"height:0.7667em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;",[1984,2103,2023],{"className":2104,"style":2105},[2073,2074],"margin-right:0.0715em;",[1984,2107],{"className":2108,"style":2109},[2086],"margin-right:0.2222em;",[1984,2111,2026],{"className":2112},[2113],"mbin",[1984,2115],{"className":2116,"style":2109},[2086],[1984,2118,2120,2123,2127,2130,2133],{"className":2119},[2064],[1984,2121],{"className":2122,"style":2101},[2068],[1984,2124,2029],{"className":2125,"style":2126},[2073,2074],"margin-right:0.0785em;",[1984,2128],{"className":2129,"style":2109},[2086],[1984,2131,2026],{"className":2132},[2113],[1984,2134],{"className":2135,"style":2109},[2086],[1984,2137,2139,2142,2145,2148,2151],{"className":2138},[2064],[1984,2140],{"className":2141,"style":2101},[2068],[1984,2143,2010],{"className":2144},[2073,2074],[1984,2146],{"className":2147,"style":2109},[2086],[1984,2149,2026],{"className":2150},[2113],[1984,2152],{"className":2153,"style":2109},[2086],[1984,2155,2157,2161,2165,2168,2171,2174],{"className":2156},[2064],[1984,2158],{"className":2159,"style":2160},[2068],"height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;",[1984,2162,2039],{"className":2163},[2164],"mopen",[1984,2166,2042],{"className":2167,"style":2126},[2073,2074],[1984,2169],{"className":2170,"style":2109},[2086],[1984,2172,2045],{"className":2173},[2113],[1984,2175],{"className":2176,"style":2109},[2086],[1984,2178,2180,2183,2187],{"className":2179},[2064],[1984,2181],{"className":2182,"style":2160},[2068],[1984,2184,2048],{"className":2185,"style":2186},[2073,2074],"margin-right:0.109em;",[1984,2188,2051],{"className":2189},[2190],"mclose",[2192,2193,2195],"h3",{"id":2194},"_1-c-消费-consumption-普通老百姓","1. C: 消费 (Consumption) - 普通老百姓",[1799,2197,2198],{},"这是GDP中最大的一块（在中国和美国都是绝对大头）。",[1900,2200,2201],{},[1836,2202,2203],{},"包括：你买的牛肉面、新衣服、交的房租、看电影买的票、去医院看病的钱。",[2192,2205,2207],{"id":2206},"_2-i-投资-investment-企业老板与房地产","2. I: 投资 (Investment) - 企业老板与房地产",[1799,2209,2210],{},[1905,2211,2212],{},"注意：这里的“投资”不是指你买股票或买比特币！在经济学里，投资特指购买用于未来生产的实物资产。",[1900,2214,2215],{},[1836,2216,2217,2218,2221],{},"包括：工厂老板买了一台新的数控机床、企业盖了一栋新厂房、以及",[1803,2219,2220],{},"老百姓购买全新的一手商品房","（买新房在经济学上被视作投资，而不是日常消费）。如果工厂造了一批鞋子今年没卖出去，堆在仓库里，这也会作为“存货投资”计入当年的I当中。",[2192,2223,2225],{"id":2224},"_3-g-政府购买-government-purchases-国家政府","3. G: 政府购买 (Government Purchases) - 国家政府",[1799,2227,2228],{},"也就是各级政府花出去的钱（必须是换取了实际的产品或服务的钱）。",[1900,2230,2231,2234],{},[1836,2232,2233],{},"包括：政府修高铁、建跨海大桥的工程款；购买战斗机和坦克的钱；给公立学校老师和警察发放的工资。",[1836,2235,2236,2239,2240,2243],{},[1905,2237,2238],{},"不包括："," 政府发给老百姓的养老金、贫困补贴或消费券。这种钱学名叫做",[1803,2241,2242],{},"转移支付 (Transfer Payments)","，因为政府发这笔钱时并没有得到任何实物回报，这笔钱只有等到老百姓把它花在超市里，才会通过 (C消费) 计入GDP。",[2192,2245,2247],{"id":2246},"_4-x-m-净出口-net-exports-外国人","4. (X - M): 净出口 (Net Exports) - 外国人",[1799,2249,2250],{},"也就是 出口(Exports) 减去 进口(Imports)。",[1900,2252,2253,2259],{},[1836,2254,2255,2258],{},[1803,2256,2257],{},"出口 (X)："," 中国工厂造的假发卖到了非洲，因为是在中国境内生产的，要加进中国的GDP。",[1836,2260,2261,2264],{},[1803,2262,2263],{},"进口 (M)："," 你买了一台原装进口的德国相机，算在了你的消费(C)里。但这台相机不是中国制造的，所以我们要在算总账时把它扣除掉，这就是为什么要减去M。",[1824,2266],{},[1794,2268,2270],{"id":2269},"例题这些交易算不算-gdp","例题：这些交易算不算 GDP？",[1799,2272,2273],{},"假设以下事情都发生在中国境内的同一年：",[2275,2276,2277,2294],"table",{},[2278,2279,2280],"thead",{},[2281,2282,2283,2288,2291],"tr",{},[2284,2285,2287],"th",{"align":2286},"left","交易",[2284,2289,2290],{"align":2286},"是否计入 GDP",[2284,2292,2293],{"align":2286},"原因",[2295,2296,2297,2309,2320,2331,2342,2353],"tbody",{},[2281,2298,2299,2303,2306],{},[2300,2301,2302],"td",{"align":2286},"家庭购买一套新建商品房",[2300,2304,2305],{"align":2286},"计入，属于投资",[2300,2307,2308],{"align":2286},"新房是当年新生产的住宅资本",[2281,2310,2311,2314,2317],{},[2300,2312,2313],{"align":2286},"家庭购买一套 10 年前建成的二手房",[2300,2315,2316],{"align":2286},"不计入房屋总价",[2300,2318,2319],{"align":2286},"房子在 10 年前建成时已经算过",[2281,2321,2322,2325,2328],{},[2300,2323,2324],{"align":2286},"房产中介收取二手房佣金",[2300,2326,2327],{"align":2286},"计入，属于服务",[2300,2329,2330],{"align":2286},"中介服务是今年新提供的",[2281,2332,2333,2336,2339],{},[2300,2334,2335],{"align":2286},"面包店购买面粉做面包",[2300,2337,2338],{"align":2286},"不单独计入",[2300,2340,2341],{"align":2286},"面粉是中间产品，价值会包含在面包售价里",[2281,2343,2344,2347,2350],{},[2300,2345,2346],{"align":2286},"消费者购买最终面包",[2300,2348,2349],{"align":2286},"计入，属于消费",[2300,2351,2352],{"align":2286},"面包是最终产品",[2281,2354,2355,2358,2361],{},[2300,2356,2357],{"align":2286},"政府发放养老金",[2300,2359,2360],{"align":2286},"不直接计入",[2300,2362,2363],{"align":2286},"这是转移支付，不是政府购买当期产出",[1799,2365,2366,2367,2370,2371,2374,2375,2378],{},"考试时可以按三个问题判断：是不是",[1803,2368,2369],{},"本国境内","生产？是不是",[1803,2372,2373],{},"当年新生产","？是不是",[1803,2376,2377],{},"最终产品或服务","？",[1824,2380],{},[1794,2382,2384],{"id":2383},"_53-名义-gdp-vs-实际-gdp-剥离通货膨胀的虚假繁荣","5.3 名义 GDP vs 实际 GDP (剥离通货膨胀的虚假繁荣)",[1799,2386,2387],{},"这是宏观经济学中极其容易被忽悠的一个陷阱。",[1799,2389,2390],{},"假设某国（比如我们叫它“苹果国”）只生产苹果，且只算一年的账：",[1900,2392,2393,2402],{},[1836,2394,2395,2398,2399,1806],{},[1803,2396,2397],{},"第1年："," 生产了 100个苹果，每个卖 1块钱。",[1846,2400,2401],{},"第1年的 GDP = 100元",[1836,2403,2404,2407,2408,1806],{},[1803,2405,2406],{},"第2年："," 依然只生产了 100个苹果。但是因为严重通货膨胀，每个苹果涨价到了 2块钱。",[1846,2409,2410],{},"第2年的 GDP = 200元",[1799,2412,2413,2414,2417],{},"如果你只看总数字（从100元到200元），你会觉得这个国家经济增长了100%！太棒了！\n但现实是残酷的：他们",[1803,2415,2416],{},"生产的实物依然只有100个苹果","，老百姓的生活水平根本没有变好，全都是物价上涨制造的幻觉。",[1799,2419,2420],{},"为了解决这个问题，经济学家引入了两个概念：",[1833,2422,2423,2433],{},[1836,2424,2425,2428,2429,2432],{},[1803,2426,2427],{},"名义 GDP (Nominal GDP)："," 用",[1803,2430,2431],{},"当年的真实价格","算出来的GDP。它包含了通货膨胀的水分（比如上面的200元）。",[1836,2434,2435,2438,2439,1806],{},[1803,2436,2437],{},"实际 GDP (Real GDP)："," 强制使用某个“过去的基准年”的固定价格来计算。它",[1803,2440,2441],{},"剔除了价格上涨因素，只衡量真实生产出物品数量的增加",[1799,2443,2444,2447,2448,2451],{},[1803,2445,2446],{},"结论："," 当我们在新闻上听到“今年我国GDP增长了5.2%”时，国家统计局公布的",[1803,2449,2450],{},"永远是经过通胀调整后的“实际 GDP (Real GDP) 增长率”","。只有实际GDP增长，才意味着这个国家真的生产出了比去年更多的肉、车子、和房子。",[1824,2453],{},[1794,2455,2457],{"id":2456},"_54-人均-gdp-与-老百姓的幸福感","5.4 人均 GDP 与 老百姓的幸福感",[1799,2459,2460],{},"如果印度的总GDP超过了瑞士，是不是意味着印度人比瑞士人更富裕？当然不是。印度的总分高，单纯是因为有14亿人在干活。",[1799,2462,2463],{},"要衡量普通老百姓的真实生活水平，我们必须看：",[1984,2465,2467],{"className":2466},[1987],[1984,2468,2470,2497],{"className":2469},[1991],[1984,2471,2473],{"className":2472},[1995],[1997,2474,2475],{"xmlns":1999,"display":2000},[2002,2476,2477,2494],{},[2005,2478,2479,2483,2485],{},[2480,2481,2482],"mtext",{},"人均实际 GDP (Real GDP per capita)",[2018,2484,2020],{},[2486,2487,2488,2491],"mfrac",{},[2480,2489,2490],{},"实际 GDP",[2480,2492,2493],{},"国家总人口",[2053,2495,2496],{"encoding":2055},"\\text{人均实际 GDP (Real GDP per capita)} = \\frac{\\text{实际 GDP}}{\\text{国家总人口}}",[1984,2498,2500,2528],{"className":2499,"ariaHidden":2060},[2059],[1984,2501,2503,2506,2519,2522,2525],{"className":2502},[2064],[1984,2504],{"className":2505,"style":2160},[2068],[1984,2507,2510,2515],{"className":2508},[2073,2509],"text",[1984,2511,2514],{"className":2512},[2073,2513],"cjk_fallback","人均实际",[1984,2516,2518],{"className":2517},[2073]," GDP (Real GDP per capita)",[1984,2520],{"className":2521,"style":2087},[2086],[1984,2523,2020],{"className":2524},[2091],[1984,2526],{"className":2527,"style":2087},[2086],[1984,2529,2531,2535],{"className":2530},[2064],[1984,2532],{"className":2533,"style":2534},[2068],"height:2.0463em;vertical-align:-0.686em;",[1984,2536,2538,2542,2621],{"className":2537},[2073],[1984,2539],{"className":2540},[2164,2541],"nulldelimiter",[1984,2543,2545],{"className":2544},[2486],[1984,2546,2550,2612],{"className":2547},[2548,2549],"vlist-t","vlist-t2",[1984,2551,2554,2607],{"className":2552},[2553],"vlist-r",[1984,2555,2559,2576,2587],{"className":2556,"style":2558},[2557],"vlist","height:1.3603em;",[1984,2560,2562,2567],{"style":2561},"top:-2.314em;",[1984,2563],{"className":2564,"style":2566},[2565],"pstrut","height:3em;",[1984,2568,2570],{"className":2569},[2073],[1984,2571,2573],{"className":2572},[2073,2509],[1984,2574,2493],{"className":2575},[2073,2513],[1984,2577,2579,2582],{"style":2578},"top:-3.23em;",[1984,2580],{"className":2581,"style":2566},[2565],[1984,2583],{"className":2584,"style":2586},[2585],"frac-line","border-bottom-width:0.04em;",[1984,2588,2590,2593],{"style":2589},"top:-3.677em;",[1984,2591],{"className":2592,"style":2566},[2565],[1984,2594,2596],{"className":2595},[2073],[1984,2597,2599,2603],{"className":2598},[2073,2509],[1984,2600,2602],{"className":2601},[2073,2513],"实际",[1984,2604,2606],{"className":2605},[2073]," GDP",[1984,2608,2611],{"className":2609},[2610],"vlist-s","​",[1984,2613,2615],{"className":2614},[2553],[1984,2616,2619],{"className":2617,"style":2618},[2557],"height:0.686em;",[1984,2620],{},[1984,2622],{"className":2623},[2190,2541],[1799,2625,2626],{},"这是目前衡量一个国家**“生活标准 (Standard of Living)”** 最好的单一指标。人均GDP高的国家（如挪威、美国、新加坡），通常拥有更长的平均寿命、更好的医疗条件以及更高的受教育程度。",[2192,2628,2630],{"id":2629},"但-gdp-不是万能的gdp的不计入项","🚨 但 GDP 不是万能的（GDP的不计入项）",[1799,2632,2633,2634,2637],{},"虽然GDP很强大，但它却有着致命的盲区（这是考试经常出题的地方）。以下这些能提高我们幸福感的东西，",[1803,2635,2636],{},"统统是不计入GDP的","：",[1833,2639,2640,2646,2652,2658],{},[1836,2641,2642,2645],{},[1803,2643,2644],{},"非市场交易与家务劳动："," 如果你花500块钱请保洁阿姨打扫卫生，计入GDP；如果你自己在家辛辛苦苦打扫了一天，不计入GDP。所以有人开玩笑说：“如果你跟你家的保洁阿姨结婚了，国家的GDP就会下降。”",[1836,2647,2648,2651],{},[1803,2649,2650],{},"地下经济 (Underground Economy)："," 无论是违法的（毒品交易、走私），还是合法的（街头摆摊不开发票、付现金逃税），因为政府追踪不到，都没法算进GDP。",[1836,2653,2654,2657],{},[1803,2655,2656],{},"环境污染与资源破坏："," 假设一家化工厂年产值100亿（增加GDP），但它把当地的河水全部严重污染了。老百姓因此得病遭受的痛苦，并不会在GDP中变成“负数”被扣除。",[1836,2659,2660,2663],{},[1803,2661,2662],{},"闲暇时间 (Leisure Time)："," 如果全国人民决定不再周末双休，改为全年无休007工作，国家的GDP一定会暴涨。但老百姓会更幸福吗？绝对不会。GDP无法衡量人们在周末陪伴家人的快乐。",[1824,2665],{},[1794,2667,2668],{"id":2668},"常见误区与考试陷阱",[1833,2670,2671,2677,2683,2689,2695],{},[1836,2672,2673,2676],{},[1803,2674,2675],{},"把二手商品交易计入当年 GDP。"," 二手商品在首次生产时已经计入，当年只计算相关新服务。",[1836,2678,2679,2682],{},[1803,2680,2681],{},"重复计算中间产品。"," 面粉、钢板等中间投入的价值已经包含在最终产品价格里。",[1836,2684,2685,2688],{},[1803,2686,2687],{},"把买股票当成 GDP 中的投资。"," 买股票只是金融资产转手，不是新增实物资本。",[1836,2690,2691,2694],{},[1803,2692,2693],{},"用名义 GDP 判断真实增长。"," 名义 GDP 上升可能只是因为价格上涨。",[1836,2696,2697,2700],{},[1803,2698,2699],{},"把 GDP 等同于幸福。"," GDP 衡量市场产出，不直接衡量分配、闲暇、健康、环境和安全感。",[1824,2702],{},[1794,2704,2705],{"id":2705},"自测题",[1833,2707,2708,2719,2729,2739],{},[1836,2709,2710,2711],{},"一辆德国生产的汽车进口到中国销售，对中国 GDP 有什么影响？\n",[1900,2712,2713],{},[1836,2714,2715,2718],{},[1803,2716,2717],{},"答案提示："," 购买会进入消费，但同时作为进口被扣除，所以不增加中国 GDP。",[1836,2720,2721,2722],{},"为什么新建厂房算投资，买股票不算 GDP 中的投资？\n",[1900,2723,2724],{},[1836,2725,2726,2728],{},[1803,2727,2717],{}," 新厂房是新增实物资本；股票交易只是已有金融资产的所有权转移。",[1836,2730,2731,2732],{},"如果名义 GDP 增长 8%，物价上涨 5%，实际 GDP 大约增长多少？\n",[1900,2733,2734],{},[1836,2735,2736,2738],{},[1803,2737,2717],{}," 粗略估算为 3%，即名义增长率减去通胀率。",[1836,2740,2741,2742],{},"为什么污染治理支出可能让 GDP 上升，但不一定说明福利提高？\n",[1900,2743,2744],{},[1836,2745,2746,2748],{},[1803,2747,2717],{}," 治理支出是市场活动，会计入 GDP；但原先污染造成的损害没有被充分扣除。",[1824,2750],{},[2192,2752,2754],{"id":2753},"结语","📝 结语",[1799,2756,2757,2758,1806],{},"GDP 就像是一个国家体检报告上的“体重和肌肉量”指标，它极其重要，能直观反映出一个国家的体量和生产力引擎有多强。但它并不是健康和幸福的唯一标准。\n当你赚的钱越来越多（GDP增长）时，你面临的另一个威胁就会悄然降临——手里的钱变得越来越不值钱。在下一章，我们将深入这只会吞噬国家财富的隐形怪兽：",[1803,2759,2760],{},"通货膨胀 (Inflation) 与生活成本",{"title":10,"searchDepth":2762,"depth":2762,"links":2763},2,[2764,2765,2766,2767,2774,2775,2776,2779,2780],{"id":1796,"depth":2762,"text":1797},{"id":1828,"depth":2762,"text":1828},{"id":1862,"depth":2762,"text":1863},{"id":1968,"depth":2762,"text":1969,"children":2768},[2769,2771,2772,2773],{"id":2194,"depth":2770,"text":2195},3,{"id":2206,"depth":2770,"text":2207},{"id":2224,"depth":2770,"text":2225},{"id":2246,"depth":2770,"text":2247},{"id":2269,"depth":2762,"text":2270},{"id":2383,"depth":2762,"text":2384},{"id":2456,"depth":2762,"text":2457,"children":2777},[2778],{"id":2629,"depth":2770,"text":2630},{"id":2668,"depth":2762,"text":2668},{"id":2705,"depth":2762,"text":2705,"children":2781},[2782],{"id":2753,"depth":2770,"text":2754},"理解 GDP、最终产品、生产边界和宏观经济衡量。","md",null,{},true,{"title":1390,"description":2783},"4iVCQ9KvOArvQnG4DyrAHlJsXwFvajgFEk-pQkDK8oo",[2791,2793],{"title":1386,"path":1387,"stem":1388,"description":2792,"children":-1},"比较完全竞争、垄断、垄断竞争和寡头垄断的核心逻辑。",{"title":1394,"path":1395,"stem":1396,"description":2794,"children":-1},"价格水平、通货膨胀、失业率和劳动力市场的基本衡量。",1785754749427]