[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":3629},["ShallowReactive",2],{"navigation_docs":3,"learnalog_locale_counterpart__en_intro-to-economics_04-market-structures":1782,"-zh-intro-to-economics-04-market-structures":1783,"-zh-intro-to-economics-04-market-structures-surround":3624},[4,1038],{"title":5,"path":6,"stem":7,"children":8},"En","\u002Fen","en",[9,12,58,250,406,477,534,715,798,824,943],{"title":10,"path":6,"stem":11},"","en\u002Findex",{"title":13,"path":14,"stem":15,"children":16},"Research Skills and Academic Writing","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002Findex",[17,18,22,26,30,34,38,42,46,50,54],{"title":13,"path":14,"stem":15},{"title":19,"path":20,"stem":21},"1. Research Questions, Scope, and Feasibility","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F01-research-questions-and-planning","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F01-research-questions-and-planning",{"title":23,"path":24,"stem":25},"2. Search, Evaluate, and Read Evidence","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F02-reading-and-literature-matrix","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F02-reading-and-literature-matrix",{"title":27,"path":28,"stem":29},"3. From Sources to Synthesis and Argument","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F03-arguments-outlines-and-paragraphs","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F03-arguments-outlines-and-paragraphs",{"title":31,"path":32,"stem":33},"4. Literature Review and a Defensible Gap","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review",{"title":35,"path":36,"stem":37},"5. Research Design, Evidence, and Core Sections","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F05-core-sections-and-evidence","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F05-core-sections-and-evidence",{"title":39,"path":40,"stem":41},"6. Citation, Paraphrasing, Integrity, and AI","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F06-citation-paraphrasing-and-integrity","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F06-citation-paraphrasing-and-integrity",{"title":43,"path":44,"stem":45},"7. Revision, Review, and Submission","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F07-revision-style-and-submission","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F07-revision-style-and-submission",{"title":47,"path":48,"stem":49},"8. Research Workbook","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template",{"title":51,"path":52,"stem":53},"9. Research Workflow and Tools","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F09-tools-for-academic-writing-and-literature-management","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F09-tools-for-academic-writing-and-literature-management",{"title":55,"path":56,"stem":57},"10. Worked Project — From Question to Defensible Conclusion","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F10-worked-example-from-block-structure-to-question-chain","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F10-worked-example-from-block-structure-to-question-chain",{"title":59,"path":60,"stem":61,"children":62,"page":249},"Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting","en\u002Faccounting",[63,69,87,93,193],{"title":64,"path":65,"stem":66,"children":67},"Accounting — From Evidence to Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002F00-index","en\u002Faccounting\u002F00-index",[68],{"title":64,"path":65,"stem":66},{"title":70,"path":71,"stem":72,"children":73},"Accounting Appendix","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[74,75,79,83],{"title":70,"path":71,"stem":72},{"title":76,"path":77,"stem":78},"Worked Examples and Error Diagnosis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F24-examples-pitfalls","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F24-examples-pitfalls",{"title":80,"path":81,"stem":82},"Accounting Glossary","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F26-glossary","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F26-glossary",{"title":84,"path":85,"stem":86},"Reading and Evidence Map","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F27-reading-map","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F27-reading-map",{"title":88,"path":89,"stem":90,"children":91},"Northstar Record-to-Decision Capstone","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[92],{"title":88,"path":89,"stem":90},{"title":94,"path":95,"stem":96,"children":97},"Financial Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002Findex",[98,99,117,131,165,179],{"title":94,"path":95,"stem":96},{"title":100,"path":101,"stem":102,"children":103},"1. Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002Findex",[104,105,109,113],{"title":100,"path":101,"stem":102},{"title":106,"path":107,"stem":108},"Objectives and Qualitative Characteristics","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F01-objectives-qualitative-characteristics","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F01-objectives-qualitative-characteristics",{"title":110,"path":111,"stem":112},"Equation and Elements","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F02-equation-elements","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F02-equation-elements",{"title":114,"path":115,"stem":116},"Accrual Basis, Estimates and Periods","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F03-accounting-bases-principles","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F03-accounting-bases-principles",{"title":118,"path":119,"stem":120,"children":121},"2. Recording Transactions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002Findex",[122,123,127],{"title":118,"path":119,"stem":120},{"title":124,"path":125,"stem":126},"Double-Entry and Debit\u002FCredit","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F04-double-entry-dr-cr","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F04-double-entry-dr-cr",{"title":128,"path":129,"stem":130},"Accounting Cycle","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F05-accounting-cycle","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F05-accounting-cycle",{"title":132,"path":133,"stem":134,"children":135},"3. Measurement and Adjustments","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002Findex",[136,137,141,145,149,153,157,161],{"title":132,"path":133,"stem":134},{"title":138,"path":139,"stem":140},"Revenue Recognition","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F07-revenue-recognition","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F07-revenue-recognition",{"title":142,"path":143,"stem":144},"Inventory","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F08-inventory","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F08-inventory",{"title":146,"path":147,"stem":148},"Receivables and Expected Credit Losses","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F09-receivables","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F09-receivables",{"title":150,"path":151,"stem":152},"Property, Plant and Equipment","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F10-ppe","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F10-ppe",{"title":154,"path":155,"stem":156},"Intangible Assets","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F11-intangibles","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F11-intangibles",{"title":158,"path":159,"stem":160},"Leases","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F12-leases","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F12-leases",{"title":162,"path":163,"stem":164},"Current and Deferred Income Tax","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F13-income-tax","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F13-income-tax",{"title":166,"path":167,"stem":168,"children":169},"4. Reporting and Cash","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002Findex",[170,171,175],{"title":166,"path":167,"stem":168},{"title":172,"path":173,"stem":174},"Linked Financial Statements","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F06-financial-statements","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F06-financial-statements",{"title":176,"path":177,"stem":178},"Cash, Reconciliation and Internal Control","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F14-cash-control","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F14-cash-control",{"title":180,"path":181,"stem":182,"children":183},"5. Analysis and Comparison","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002Findex",[184,185,189],{"title":180,"path":181,"stem":182},{"title":186,"path":187,"stem":188},"Ratio Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F15-ratio-analysis","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F15-ratio-analysis",{"title":190,"path":191,"stem":192},"IFRS versus US GAAP","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F25-ifrs-gaap","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F25-ifrs-gaap",{"title":194,"path":195,"stem":196,"children":197},"Management Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002Findex",[198,199,217,235],{"title":194,"path":195,"stem":196},{"title":200,"path":201,"stem":202,"children":203},"1. Cost Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002Findex",[204,205,209,213],{"title":200,"path":201,"stem":202},{"title":206,"path":207,"stem":208},"Cost Concepts and Behaviour","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F16-cost-concepts","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F16-cost-concepts",{"title":210,"path":211,"stem":212},"Costing Systems","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F17-costing-systems","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F17-costing-systems",{"title":214,"path":215,"stem":216},"Variable and Absorption Costing","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F19-variable-vs-absorption","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F19-variable-vs-absorption",{"title":218,"path":219,"stem":220,"children":221},"2. Planning and Control","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002Findex",[222,223,227,231],{"title":218,"path":219,"stem":220},{"title":224,"path":225,"stem":226},"Cost–Volume–Profit Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F18-cvp-analysis","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F18-cvp-analysis",{"title":228,"path":229,"stem":230},"Budgeting and Variance Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F20-budgeting-variances","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F20-budgeting-variances",{"title":232,"path":233,"stem":234},"Performance Measurement","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F21-performance-measurement","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F21-performance-measurement",{"title":236,"path":237,"stem":238,"children":239},"3. Decisions and Investment","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002Findex",[240,241,245],{"title":236,"path":237,"stem":238},{"title":242,"path":243,"stem":244},"Short-Term Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F22-short-term-decisions","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F22-short-term-decisions",{"title":246,"path":247,"stem":248},"Capital Budgeting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F23-capital-budgeting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F23-capital-budgeting",false,{"title":251,"path":252,"stem":253,"children":254,"page":249},"Business Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics",[255,261,279,305,335,365,383,400],{"title":256,"path":257,"stem":258,"children":259},"Business Analytics — From Data to Defensible Action","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-index","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-index",[260],{"title":256,"path":257,"stem":258},{"title":262,"path":263,"stem":264,"children":265},"0. Decision and Data Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[266,267,271,275],{"title":262,"path":263,"stem":264},{"title":268,"path":269,"stem":270},"Decision Framing","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F01-decision-framing","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F01-decision-framing",{"title":272,"path":273,"stem":274},"Data Contracts","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F02-data-contracts","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F02-data-contracts",{"title":276,"path":277,"stem":278},"Reproducible Analytics Workflow","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F03-reproducible-workflow","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F03-reproducible-workflow",{"title":280,"path":281,"stem":282,"children":283},"1. Descriptive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002Findex",[284,285,289,293,297,301],{"title":280,"path":281,"stem":282},{"title":286,"path":287,"stem":288},"Distributions and Exploratory Data Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F04-distributions-eda","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F04-distributions-eda",{"title":290,"path":291,"stem":292},"KPIs and Denominators","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F05-kpis-denominators","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F05-kpis-denominators",{"title":294,"path":295,"stem":296},"Segments, Cohorts and Funnels","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F06-segmentation-cohorts-funnels","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F06-segmentation-cohorts-funnels",{"title":298,"path":299,"stem":300},"Visual Evidence and Data Stories","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F07-visualisation-story","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F07-visualisation-story",{"title":302,"path":303,"stem":304},"Experiments and Causal Boundaries","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F08-experiments-causal-boundary","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F08-experiments-causal-boundary",{"title":306,"path":307,"stem":308,"children":309},"2. Predictive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002Findex",[310,311,315,319,323,327,331],{"title":306,"path":307,"stem":308},{"title":312,"path":313,"stem":314},"Validation, Baselines and Leakage","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F09-validation-leakage","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F09-validation-leakage",{"title":316,"path":317,"stem":318},"Regression and Forecasting","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F10-regression-forecasting","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F10-regression-forecasting",{"title":320,"path":321,"stem":322},"Classification and Calibration","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F11-classification-calibration","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F11-classification-calibration",{"title":324,"path":325,"stem":326},"Trees and Ensembles","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F12-trees-ensembles","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F12-trees-ensembles",{"title":328,"path":329,"stem":330},"Decision Metrics and Thresholds","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F13-decision-metrics-thresholds","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F13-decision-metrics-thresholds",{"title":332,"path":333,"stem":334},"Explainability, Monitoring and Drift","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F14-explainability-drift","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F14-explainability-drift",{"title":336,"path":337,"stem":338,"children":339},"3. Prescriptive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002Findex",[340,341,345,349,353,357,361],{"title":336,"path":337,"stem":338},{"title":342,"path":343,"stem":344},"Decision-Making under Uncertainty","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F15-decision-uncertainty","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F15-decision-uncertainty",{"title":346,"path":347,"stem":348},"Linear Optimisation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F16-linear-optimization","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F16-linear-optimization",{"title":350,"path":351,"stem":352},"Inventory and Allocation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F17-inventory-allocation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F17-inventory-allocation",{"title":354,"path":355,"stem":356},"Queueing and Simulation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F18-queueing-simulation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F18-queueing-simulation",{"title":358,"path":359,"stem":360},"Pricing and Revenue Management","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F19-pricing-experimentation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F19-pricing-experimentation",{"title":362,"path":363,"stem":364},"Causal Targeting and Policy Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F20-causal-targeting","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F20-causal-targeting",{"title":366,"path":367,"stem":368,"children":369},"4. Deployment and Governance","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002Findex",[370,371,375,379],{"title":366,"path":367,"stem":368},{"title":372,"path":373,"stem":374},"Data Products and Monitoring","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F21-data-products-monitoring","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F21-data-products-monitoring",{"title":376,"path":377,"stem":378},"Governance, Fairness and Privacy","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F22-governance-fairness-privacy","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F22-governance-fairness-privacy",{"title":380,"path":381,"stem":382},"Adoption and Business Value","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F23-adoption-value","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F23-adoption-value",{"title":384,"path":385,"stem":386,"children":387},"Appendix and Revision Tools","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[388,389,393,397],{"title":384,"path":385,"stem":386},{"title":390,"path":391,"stem":392},"Formula and Decision Map","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F24-formula-map","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F24-formula-map",{"title":394,"path":395,"stem":396},"Worked Examples and Pitfalls","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F25-worked-examples-pitfalls","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F25-worked-examples-pitfalls",{"title":84,"path":398,"stem":399},"\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F26-reading-map","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F26-reading-map",{"title":401,"path":402,"stem":403,"children":404},"Capstone — The Evening Delivery Promise","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[405],{"title":401,"path":402,"stem":403},{"title":407,"path":408,"stem":409,"children":410,"page":249},"Financial Economic Time Series","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series",[411,417,423,429,435,441,447,453,459,465,471],{"title":412,"path":413,"stem":414,"children":415},"Financial and Economic Time Series — Course Guide","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F00-intro","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[416],{"title":412,"path":413,"stem":414},{"title":418,"path":419,"stem":420,"children":421},"Three Versions of Time Series","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F01-bridge","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F01-bridge\u002Findex",[422],{"title":418,"path":419,"stem":420},{"title":424,"path":425,"stem":426,"children":427},"Data, Clocks, and Transformations","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F02-data-transformations","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F02-data-transformations\u002Findex",[428],{"title":424,"path":425,"stem":426},{"title":430,"path":431,"stem":432,"children":433},"Predictive Regressions and Persistent Predictors","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F03-predictive-regressions","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F03-predictive-regressions\u002Findex",[434],{"title":430,"path":431,"stem":432},{"title":436,"path":437,"stem":438,"children":439},"Volatility, Tails, and Financial Risk","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F04-volatility-risk","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F04-volatility-risk\u002Findex",[440],{"title":436,"path":437,"stem":438},{"title":442,"path":443,"stem":444,"children":445},"Unit Roots, Cointegration, and Error Correction","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F05-unit-roots-cointegration","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F05-unit-roots-cointegration\u002Findex",[446],{"title":442,"path":443,"stem":444},{"title":448,"path":449,"stem":450,"children":451},"VAR, Structural Identification, and Local Projections","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F06-var-identification","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F06-var-identification\u002Findex",[452],{"title":448,"path":449,"stem":450},{"title":454,"path":455,"stem":456,"children":457},"State Space, Mixed Frequency, and Nowcasting","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F07-state-space-nowcasting","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F07-state-space-nowcasting\u002Findex",[458],{"title":454,"path":455,"stem":456},{"title":460,"path":461,"stem":462,"children":463},"Forecast Evaluation for Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F08-forecast-evaluation","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F08-forecast-evaluation\u002Findex",[464],{"title":460,"path":461,"stem":462},{"title":466,"path":467,"stem":468,"children":469},"Integrated R Laboratory","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F09-r-laboratory","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F09-r-laboratory\u002Findex",[470],{"title":466,"path":467,"stem":468},{"title":472,"path":473,"stem":474,"children":475},"Capstones, Data, and Reading Ladder","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F10-capstone-readings","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F10-capstone-readings\u002Findex",[476],{"title":472,"path":473,"stem":474},{"title":478,"path":479,"stem":480,"children":481,"page":249},"Intro To Economics","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics","en\u002Fintro-to-economics",[482,486,490,494,498,502,506,510,514,518,522,526,530],{"title":483,"path":484,"stem":485},"Introduction to Economics — Decisions, Markets, and the Macroeconomy","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F00-intro",{"title":487,"path":488,"stem":489},"Chapter 1 — Choice, Opportunity Cost, and Trade","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F01-foundations","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F01-foundations",{"title":491,"path":492,"stem":493},"Chapter 2 — Demand, Supply, Equilibrium, and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F02-demand-and-supply","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F02-demand-and-supply",{"title":495,"path":496,"stem":497},"Chapter 3 — Elasticity, Revenue, and Tax Incidence","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F03-elasticity","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F03-elasticity",{"title":499,"path":500,"stem":501},"Chapter 4 — Firms, Market Power, and Market Failure","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F04-market-structures","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F04-market-structures",{"title":503,"path":504,"stem":505},"Chapter 5 — GDP, Income, Wealth, and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F05-gdp-and-wealth","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F05-gdp-and-wealth",{"title":507,"path":508,"stem":509},"Chapter 6 — Inflation, Purchasing Power, and Labour Markets","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F06-inflation-and-unemployment","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F06-inflation-and-unemployment",{"title":511,"path":512,"stem":513},"Chapter 7 — Productivity, Technology, and Economic Growth","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F07-economic-growth","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F07-economic-growth",{"title":515,"path":516,"stem":517},"Chapter 8 — Money, Credit, and Banking","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F08-money-and-banking","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F08-money-and-banking",{"title":519,"path":520,"stem":521},"Chapter 9 — Business Cycles, AD–AS, and Monetary Policy","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F09-monetary-policy-and-ad-as","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F09-monetary-policy-and-ad-as",{"title":523,"path":524,"stem":525},"Chapter 10 — Fiscal Policy, Distribution, and Public Debt","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F10-fiscal-policy","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F10-fiscal-policy",{"title":527,"path":528,"stem":529},"Chapter 11 — Trade, Capital Flows, and Exchange Rates","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F11-open-economy-and-exchange-rates","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F11-open-economy-and-exchange-rates",{"title":531,"path":532,"stem":533},"Chapter 12 — Integrated Economic Analysis Studio","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F12-review-and-case-studies","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F12-review-and-case-studies",{"title":535,"path":536,"stem":537,"children":538,"page":249},"Microeconometrics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics",[539,557,563,581,603,629,651,673,691,709],{"title":540,"path":541,"stem":542,"children":543},"0. Causal Questions and Designs","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002Findex",[544,545,549,553],{"title":540,"path":541,"stem":542},{"title":546,"path":547,"stem":548},"Causal Questions and Estimands","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F01-causal-question-estimands","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F01-causal-question-estimands",{"title":550,"path":551,"stem":552},"Potential Outcomes and Experiments","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F02-potential-outcomes-experiments","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F02-potential-outcomes-experiments",{"title":554,"path":555,"stem":556},"Causal Diagrams and Controls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F03-dags-controls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F03-dags-controls",{"title":558,"path":559,"stem":560,"children":561},"Microeconometrics — Designing Credible Counterfactuals","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-index","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-index",[562],{"title":558,"path":559,"stem":560},{"title":564,"path":565,"stem":566,"children":567},"1. Regression and Inference","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002Findex",[568,569,573,577],{"title":564,"path":565,"stem":566},{"title":570,"path":571,"stem":572},"OLS as a Projection","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F04-ols-projection","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F04-ols-projection",{"title":574,"path":575,"stem":576},"FWL, Selection and Controls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F05-fwl-selection-controls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F05-fwl-selection-controls",{"title":578,"path":579,"stem":580},"Inference and Clustering","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F06-inference-clustering","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F06-inference-clustering",{"title":582,"path":583,"stem":584,"children":585},"2. Instruments and Panel Data","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002Findex",[586,587,591,595,599],{"title":582,"path":583,"stem":584},{"title":588,"path":589,"stem":590},"Instrumental Variables","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F07-iv-identification","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F07-iv-identification",{"title":592,"path":593,"stem":594},"Weak Instruments and LATE","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F08-weak-iv-late","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F08-weak-iv-late",{"title":596,"path":597,"stem":598},"Panel Fixed Effects","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F09-panel-fixed-effects","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F09-panel-fixed-effects",{"title":600,"path":601,"stem":602},"Dynamic Panels and Limits","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F10-dynamic-panel","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F10-dynamic-panel",{"title":604,"path":605,"stem":606,"children":607},"3. Policy Evaluation Designs","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002Findex",[608,609,613,617,621,625],{"title":604,"path":605,"stem":606},{"title":610,"path":611,"stem":612},"Difference-in-Differences","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F11-did-core","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F11-did-core",{"title":614,"path":615,"stem":616},"Staggered DID and Event Studies","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F12-staggered-event-studies","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F12-staggered-event-studies",{"title":618,"path":619,"stem":620},"Regression Discontinuity","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F13-rdd","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F13-rdd",{"title":622,"path":623,"stem":624},"Matching, Weighting and Overlap","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F14-matching-weighting","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F14-matching-weighting",{"title":626,"path":627,"stem":628},"Synthetic Control","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F15-synthetic-control","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F15-synthetic-control",{"title":630,"path":631,"stem":632,"children":633},"Module 4 — Choice and Limited Outcomes","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002Findex",[634,635,639,643,647],{"title":630,"path":631,"stem":632},{"title":636,"path":637,"stem":638},"Binary Choice","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F16-binary-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F16-binary-choice",{"title":640,"path":641,"stem":642},"Multinomial and Ordered Choice","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F17-multinomial-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F17-multinomial-choice",{"title":644,"path":645,"stem":646},"Count Outcomes","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F18-count-outcomes","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F18-count-outcomes",{"title":648,"path":649,"stem":650},"Censoring, Truncation and Selection","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F19-censoring-selection","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F19-censoring-selection",{"title":652,"path":653,"stem":654,"children":655},"Module 5 — Modern Causal Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002Findex",[656,657,661,665,669],{"title":652,"path":653,"stem":654},{"title":658,"path":659,"stem":660},"Double Machine Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F20-dml","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F20-dml",{"title":662,"path":663,"stem":664},"Heterogeneity and Policy Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F21-heterogeneity-policy","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F21-heterogeneity-policy",{"title":666,"path":667,"stem":668},"Sensitivity and Partial Identification","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F22-sensitivity-partial-id","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F22-sensitivity-partial-id",{"title":670,"path":671,"stem":672},"External Validity and Transport","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F23-external-validity","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F23-external-validity",{"title":674,"path":675,"stem":676,"children":677},"Module 6 — From Data to Auditable Evidence","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002Findex",[678,679,683,687],{"title":674,"path":675,"stem":676},{"title":680,"path":681,"stem":682},"Data Provenance","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F24-data-provenance","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F24-data-provenance",{"title":684,"path":685,"stem":686},"Reproducibility and Reporting","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F25-reproducibility-reporting","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F25-reproducibility-reporting",{"title":688,"path":689,"stem":690},"Paper and Evidence Audit","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F26-paper-audit","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F26-paper-audit",{"title":692,"path":693,"stem":694,"children":695},"Appendix — Revision and Evidence Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[696,697,701,705],{"title":692,"path":693,"stem":694},{"title":698,"path":699,"stem":700},"Formula and Design Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F27-formula-design-map","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F27-formula-design-map",{"title":702,"path":703,"stem":704},"Ten Worked Microeconometric Pitfalls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F28-worked-pitfalls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F28-worked-pitfalls",{"title":706,"path":707,"stem":708},"Reading and Software Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F29-reading-software-map","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F29-reading-software-map",{"title":710,"path":711,"stem":712,"children":713},"Capstone — Should Northbridge Expand Pathways?","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[714],{"title":710,"path":711,"stem":712},{"title":716,"path":717,"stem":718,"children":719,"page":249},"Microeconomics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics",[720,726,732,738,744,750,756,762,768,774,780,786,792],{"title":721,"path":722,"stem":723,"children":724},"Advanced Microeconomics — Course Guide","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[725],{"title":721,"path":722,"stem":723},{"title":727,"path":728,"stem":729,"children":730},"Module 1 — Choice, Duality, and Revealed Preference","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F01-fundations","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F01-fundations\u002Findex",[731],{"title":727,"path":728,"stem":729},{"title":733,"path":734,"stem":735,"children":736},"Module 2 — Comparative Statics and Welfare Measurement","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F02-comparative-statics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F02-comparative-statics\u002Findex",[737],{"title":733,"path":734,"stem":735},{"title":739,"path":740,"stem":741,"children":742},"Module 3 — Choice under Risk and Insurance","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F03-uncertainty","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F03-uncertainty\u002Findex",[743],{"title":739,"path":740,"stem":741},{"title":745,"path":746,"stem":747,"children":748},"Module 4 — General Equilibrium and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F04-general-equilibrium","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F04-general-equilibrium\u002Findex",[749],{"title":745,"path":746,"stem":747},{"title":751,"path":752,"stem":753,"children":754},"Module 5 — Static, Dynamic, and Repeated Games","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F05-game-theory","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F05-game-theory\u002Findex",[755],{"title":751,"path":752,"stem":753},{"title":757,"path":758,"stem":759,"children":760},"Module 6 — Oligopoly, Entry, and Algorithmic Pricing","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F06-oligopoly","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F06-oligopoly\u002Findex",[761],{"title":757,"path":758,"stem":759},{"title":763,"path":764,"stem":765,"children":766},"Module 7 — Information Economics and Contracts","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F07-information-economics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F07-information-economics\u002Findex",[767],{"title":763,"path":764,"stem":765},{"title":769,"path":770,"stem":771,"children":772},"Module 8 — Mechanism Design and Auctions","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F08-mechanism-design","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F08-mechanism-design\u002Findex",[773],{"title":769,"path":770,"stem":771},{"title":775,"path":776,"stem":777,"children":778},"Module 9 — Behavioural and Experimental Microeconomics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F09-behavioural-economics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F09-behavioural-economics\u002Findex",[779],{"title":775,"path":776,"stem":777},{"title":781,"path":782,"stem":783,"children":784},"Module 10 — Externalities, Public Goods, and Collective Action","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F10-externalities-public-goods","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F10-externalities-public-goods\u002Findex",[785],{"title":781,"path":782,"stem":783},{"title":787,"path":788,"stem":789,"children":790},"Module 11 — Matching and Market Design","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F11-market-design","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F11-market-design\u002Findex",[791],{"title":787,"path":788,"stem":789},{"title":793,"path":794,"stem":795,"children":796},"Module 12 — Integrated Microeconomic Design Studio","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F12-review","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F12-review\u002Findex",[797],{"title":793,"path":794,"stem":795},{"title":799,"path":800,"stem":801,"children":802},"Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground","en\u002Fplayground\u002Findex",[803,804,808,812,816,820],{"title":799,"path":800,"stem":801},{"title":805,"path":806,"stem":807},"Typst Plugin Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F01-typstex","en\u002Fplayground\u002F01-typstex",{"title":809,"path":810,"stem":811},"Citation Plugin Test","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F02-citation","en\u002Fplayground\u002F02-citation",{"title":813,"path":814,"stem":815},"Pyodide Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F03-pyodide","en\u002Fplayground\u002F03-pyodide",{"title":817,"path":818,"stem":819},"WebR Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F04-webr","en\u002Fplayground\u002F04-webr",{"title":821,"path":822,"stem":823},"Chart.js Visualizations","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F05-chartjs","en\u002Fplayground\u002F05-chartjs",{"title":825,"path":826,"stem":827,"children":828,"page":249},"Statistics For Insurance","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance",[829,835,857,883,905,927,937],{"title":830,"path":831,"stem":832,"children":833},"Statistics for General Insurance","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F01-intro","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F01-intro\u002Findex",[834],{"title":830,"path":831,"stem":832},{"title":836,"path":837,"stem":838,"children":839},"Claims Development and Reserving","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F02-chain-ladder","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F02-chain-ladder\u002Findex",[840,841,845,849,853],{"title":836,"path":837,"stem":838},{"title":842,"path":843,"stem":844},"Basic Chain Ladder","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F02-chain-ladder\u002F01-basic-chain","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F02-chain-ladder\u002F01-basic-chain",{"title":846,"path":847,"stem":848},"Frequency–Severity Reserving","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F02-chain-ladder\u002F02-average-per-claim","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F02-chain-ladder\u002F02-average-per-claim",{"title":850,"path":851,"stem":852},"Bornhuetter–Ferguson Method","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F02-chain-ladder\u002F03-b-f-method","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F02-chain-ladder\u002F03-b-f-method",{"title":854,"path":855,"stem":856},"Uncertainty and Diagnostics","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F02-chain-ladder\u002F04-uncertainty-diagnostics","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F02-chain-ladder\u002F04-uncertainty-diagnostics",{"title":858,"path":859,"stem":860,"children":861},"Frequency and Severity Models","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F03-common-dist","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F03-common-dist\u002Findex",[862,863,867,871,875,879],{"title":858,"path":859,"stem":860},{"title":864,"path":865,"stem":866},"Core Severity Models","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F03-common-dist\u002F01-loss-dist","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F03-common-dist\u002F01-loss-dist",{"title":868,"path":869,"stem":870},"Tail Models and Extreme Values","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F03-common-dist\u002F02-more-dist","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F03-common-dist\u002F02-more-dist",{"title":872,"path":873,"stem":874},"Claim Count Models","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F03-common-dist\u002F03-case-dist","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F03-common-dist\u002F03-case-dist",{"title":876,"path":877,"stem":878},"Fitting and Validating Loss Models","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F03-common-dist\u002F04-fit-dist","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F03-common-dist\u002F04-fit-dist",{"title":880,"path":881,"stem":882},"Mixtures and Heterogeneity","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F03-common-dist\u002F05-mix-dist","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F03-common-dist\u002F05-mix-dist",{"title":884,"path":885,"stem":886,"children":887},"Reinsurance as a Loss Transformation","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F04-reinsurance","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F04-reinsurance\u002Findex",[888,889,893,897,901],{"title":884,"path":885,"stem":886},{"title":890,"path":891,"stem":892},"Proportional Reinsurance","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F04-reinsurance\u002F01-proportional","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F04-reinsurance\u002F01-proportional",{"title":894,"path":895,"stem":896},"Excess-of-Loss Reinsurance","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F04-reinsurance\u002F02-excess","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F04-reinsurance\u002F02-excess",{"title":898,"path":899,"stem":900},"Inflation and Layer Erosion","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F04-reinsurance\u002F03-inflation","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F04-reinsurance\u002F03-inflation",{"title":902,"path":903,"stem":904},"Reinsurance Decision Lab","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F04-reinsurance\u002F04-examples","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F04-reinsurance\u002F04-examples",{"title":906,"path":907,"stem":908,"children":909},"Aggregate Risk and Capital","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F05-risk-theory","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F05-risk-theory\u002Findex",[910,911,915,919,923],{"title":906,"path":907,"stem":908},{"title":912,"path":913,"stem":914},"Collective Risk Model","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F05-risk-theory\u002F01-collective","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F05-risk-theory\u002F01-collective",{"title":916,"path":917,"stem":918},"Individual Risk Model","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F05-risk-theory\u002F02-individual","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F05-risk-theory\u002F02-individual",{"title":920,"path":921,"stem":922},"Aggregate Risk Computation Lab","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F05-risk-theory\u002F03-examples","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F05-risk-theory\u002F03-examples",{"title":924,"path":925,"stem":926},"Tail Risk, Dependence, and Capital","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F05-risk-theory\u002F04-tail-capital","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F05-risk-theory\u002F04-tail-capital",{"title":928,"path":929,"stem":930,"children":931},"Surplus and Ruin Theory","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F06-ruin-theory","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F06-ruin-theory\u002Findex",[932,933],{"title":928,"path":929,"stem":930},{"title":934,"path":935,"stem":936},"Finite-Time Ruin Simulation","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F06-ruin-theory\u002F01-finite-time-simulation","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F06-ruin-theory\u002F01-finite-time-simulation",{"title":938,"path":939,"stem":940,"children":941},"Portfolio Risk Capstone","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F07-capstone","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F07-capstone\u002Findex",[942],{"title":938,"path":939,"stem":940},{"title":944,"path":945,"stem":946,"children":947,"page":249},"Time Series","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series","en\u002Ftime-series",[948,958,964,970,976,982,988,994,1016],{"title":949,"path":950,"stem":951,"children":952},"Classical Time Series — Course Guide","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F00-intro","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[953,954],{"title":949,"path":950,"stem":951},{"title":955,"path":956,"stem":957},"Preparation — Stationarity in 30 Minutes","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F00-intro\u002F01-stationary","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F00-intro\u002F01-stationary",{"title":959,"path":960,"stem":961,"children":962},"Module 1 — Processes, Dependence, and Stationarity","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F01-stochastic-process","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F01-stochastic-process\u002Findex",[963],{"title":959,"path":960,"stem":961},{"title":965,"path":966,"stem":967,"children":968},"Module 2 — ARMA, ARIMA, and Model Identification","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F02-arma","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F02-arma\u002Findex",[969],{"title":965,"path":966,"stem":967},{"title":971,"path":972,"stem":973,"children":974},"Module 3 — Linear Prediction and State-Space Recursions","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F03-prediction","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F03-prediction\u002Findex",[975],{"title":971,"path":972,"stem":973},{"title":977,"path":978,"stem":979,"children":980},"Module 4 — Estimation, Likelihood, and Inference","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F04-estimation","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F04-estimation\u002Findex",[981],{"title":977,"path":978,"stem":979},{"title":983,"path":984,"stem":985,"children":986},"Module 5 — Systems, Seasonality, and Cointegration","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F05-multi-ar","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F05-multi-ar\u002Findex",[987],{"title":983,"path":984,"stem":985},{"title":989,"path":990,"stem":991,"children":992},"Module 6 — Spectral Analysis, Cycles, and Filters","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F06-spectral-analysis","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F06-spectral-analysis\u002Findex",[993],{"title":989,"path":990,"stem":991},{"title":995,"path":996,"stem":997,"children":998},"R Matrix Laboratory","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F07-r-implementation","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F07-r-implementation\u002Findex",[999,1000,1004,1008,1012],{"title":995,"path":996,"stem":997},{"title":1001,"path":1002,"stem":1003},"R Matrix Lab 1 — Covariance Geometry","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F07-r-implementation\u002F01-covariance-matrices","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F07-r-implementation\u002F01-covariance-matrices",{"title":1005,"path":1006,"stem":1007},"R Matrix Lab 2 — AR Recursions and Yule–Walker Equations","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F07-r-implementation\u002F02-ar-recursions","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F07-r-implementation\u002F02-ar-recursions",{"title":1009,"path":1010,"stem":1011},"R Matrix Lab 3 — Prediction and Gaussian Likelihood","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F07-r-implementation\u002F03-prediction-likelihood","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F07-r-implementation\u002F03-prediction-likelihood",{"title":1013,"path":1014,"stem":1015},"R Matrix Lab 4 — State Space and Kalman Filtering","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F07-r-implementation\u002F04-state-space","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F07-r-implementation\u002F04-state-space",{"title":1017,"path":1018,"stem":1019,"children":1020},"Optional Python Appendix — Empirical Forecasting","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F08-python-implementation","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F08-python-implementation\u002Findex",[1021,1022,1026,1030,1034],{"title":1017,"path":1018,"stem":1019},{"title":1023,"path":1024,"stem":1025},"Optional Python Lab 1 — Explore Before Modeling","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F08-python-implementation\u002F01-exploration","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F08-python-implementation\u002F01-exploration",{"title":1027,"path":1028,"stem":1029},"Optional Python Lab 2 — Diagnose Stationarity","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F08-python-implementation\u002F02-stationarity","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F08-python-implementation\u002F02-stationarity",{"title":1031,"path":1032,"stem":1033},"Optional Python Lab 3 — Fit and Audit ARMA Errors","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F08-python-implementation\u002F03-arma-fitting","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F08-python-implementation\u002F03-arma-fitting",{"title":1035,"path":1036,"stem":1037},"Optional Python Lab 4 — Forecast, Backtest, and Monitor","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F08-python-implementation\u002F04-forecasting","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F08-python-implementation\u002F04-forecasting",{"title":1039,"path":1040,"stem":1041,"children":1042},"Zh","\u002Fzh","zh",[1043,1045,1063,1247,1323,1365,1421,1467,1543,1625,1633,1731],{"title":10,"path":1040,"stem":1044},"zh\u002Findex",{"title":1046,"path":1047,"stem":1048,"children":1049},"学术写作与文献综述","\u002Fzh\u002Facademic-writing","zh\u002Facademic-writing\u002Findex",[1050,1051,1055,1059],{"title":1046,"path":1047,"stem":1048},{"title":1052,"path":1053,"stem":1054},"4. 文献综述的构建与写作","\u002Fzh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review","zh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review",{"title":1056,"path":1057,"stem":1058},"8. 文献综述清单与模板","\u002Fzh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template","zh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template",{"title":1060,"path":1061,"stem":1062},"10. 从分块结构到问题链：文献综述示例","\u002Fzh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F10-从分块结构到问题链-文献综述示例","zh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F10-从分块结构到问题链-文献综述示例",{"title":59,"path":1064,"stem":1065,"children":1066,"page":249},"\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting","zh\u002Faccounting",[1067,1073,1087,1191],{"title":1068,"path":1069,"stem":1070,"children":1071},"会计学学习路线图","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002F00-index","zh\u002Faccounting\u002F00-index",[1072],{"title":1068,"path":1069,"stem":1070},{"title":1074,"path":1075,"stem":1076,"children":1077},"附录","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[1078,1079,1083],{"title":1074,"path":1075,"stem":1076},{"title":1080,"path":1081,"stem":1082},"综合示例与常见陷阱","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F24-examples-pitfalls","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F24-examples-pitfalls",{"title":1084,"path":1085,"stem":1086},"会计术语速查表","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F26-glossary","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F26-glossary",{"title":1088,"path":1089,"stem":1090,"children":1091},"金融会计","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002Findex",[1092,1093,1111,1125,1159,1173],{"title":1088,"path":1089,"stem":1090},{"title":1094,"path":1095,"stem":1096,"children":1097},"1. 基础","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002Findex",[1098,1099,1103,1107],{"title":1094,"path":1095,"stem":1096},{"title":1100,"path":1101,"stem":1102},"会计信息目标与质量特征","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F01-objectives-qualitative-characteristics","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F01-objectives-qualitative-characteristics",{"title":1104,"path":1105,"stem":1106},"会计等式与要素","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F02-equation-elements","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F02-equation-elements",{"title":1108,"path":1109,"stem":1110},"记账基础与原则","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F03-accounting-bases-principles","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F03-accounting-bases-principles",{"title":1112,"path":1113,"stem":1114,"children":1115},"2. 交易记录","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002Findex",[1116,1117,1121],{"title":1112,"path":1113,"stem":1114},{"title":1118,"path":1119,"stem":1120},"复式记账与借贷规则","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F04-double-entry-dr-cr","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F04-double-entry-dr-cr",{"title":1122,"path":1123,"stem":1124},"会计循环","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F05-accounting-cycle","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F05-accounting-cycle",{"title":1126,"path":1127,"stem":1128,"children":1129},"3. 计量与调整","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002Findex",[1130,1131,1135,1139,1143,1147,1151,1155],{"title":1126,"path":1127,"stem":1128},{"title":1132,"path":1133,"stem":1134},"收入确认","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F07-revenue-recognition","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F07-revenue-recognition",{"title":1136,"path":1137,"stem":1138},"存货","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F08-inventory","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F08-inventory",{"title":1140,"path":1141,"stem":1142},"应收账款","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F09-receivables","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F09-receivables",{"title":1144,"path":1145,"stem":1146},"固定资产","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F10-ppe","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F10-ppe",{"title":1148,"path":1149,"stem":1150},"无形资产","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F11-intangibles","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F11-intangibles",{"title":1152,"path":1153,"stem":1154},"租赁","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F12-leases","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F12-leases",{"title":1156,"path":1157,"stem":1158},"所得税","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F13-income-tax","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F13-income-tax",{"title":1160,"path":1161,"stem":1162,"children":1163},"4. 报表与现金","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002Findex",[1164,1165,1169],{"title":1160,"path":1161,"stem":1162},{"title":1166,"path":1167,"stem":1168},"财务报表","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F06-financial-statements","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F06-financial-statements",{"title":1170,"path":1171,"stem":1172},"现金控制","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F14-cash-control","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F14-cash-control",{"title":1174,"path":1175,"stem":1176,"children":1177},"5. 分析与比较","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002Findex",[1178,1179,1183,1187],{"title":1174,"path":1175,"stem":1176},{"title":1180,"path":1181,"stem":1182},"财务比率分析","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F15-ratio-analysis","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F15-ratio-analysis",{"title":1184,"path":1185,"stem":1186},"IFRS 与 US GAAP 对比","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F25-ifrs-gaap","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F25-ifrs-gaap",{"title":1188,"path":1189,"stem":1190},"2026 准则更新与报告案例","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F27-current-standards-2026","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F27-current-standards-2026",{"title":1192,"path":1193,"stem":1194,"children":1195},"管理会计","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002Findex",[1196,1197,1215,1233],{"title":1192,"path":1193,"stem":1194},{"title":1198,"path":1199,"stem":1200,"children":1201},"1. 成本基础","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002Findex",[1202,1203,1207,1211],{"title":1198,"path":1199,"stem":1200},{"title":1204,"path":1205,"stem":1206},"成本概念","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F16-cost-concepts","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F16-cost-concepts",{"title":1208,"path":1209,"stem":1210},"成本核算系统","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F17-costing-systems","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F17-costing-systems",{"title":1212,"path":1213,"stem":1214},"变动成本法 vs. 吸收成本法","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F19-variable-vs-absorption","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F19-variable-vs-absorption",{"title":1216,"path":1217,"stem":1218,"children":1219},"2. 计划与控制","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002Findex",[1220,1221,1225,1229],{"title":1216,"path":1217,"stem":1218},{"title":1222,"path":1223,"stem":1224},"本量利分析","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F18-cvp-analysis","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F18-cvp-analysis",{"title":1226,"path":1227,"stem":1228},"预算与差异分析","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F20-budgeting-variances","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F20-budgeting-variances",{"title":1230,"path":1231,"stem":1232},"绩效评价","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F21-performance-measurement","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F21-performance-measurement",{"title":1234,"path":1235,"stem":1236,"children":1237},"3. 决策与投资","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002Findex",[1238,1239,1243],{"title":1234,"path":1235,"stem":1236},{"title":1240,"path":1241,"stem":1242},"短期决策","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F22-short-term-decisions","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F22-short-term-decisions",{"title":1244,"path":1245,"stem":1246},"资本预算","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F23-capital-budgeting","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F23-capital-budgeting",{"title":1248,"path":1249,"stem":1250,"children":1251},"资产定价理论","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002Findex",[1252,1253,1259,1265,1271,1277,1283,1289,1295,1301,1307,1313,1319],{"title":1248,"path":1249,"stem":1250},{"title":1254,"path":1255,"stem":1256,"children":1257},"第一章：引言与基础","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F01-intro","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F01-intro\u002Findex",[1258],{"title":1254,"path":1255,"stem":1256},{"title":1260,"path":1261,"stem":1262,"children":1263},"第二章：效用理论与风险偏好","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F02-utility","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F02-utility\u002Findex",[1264],{"title":1260,"path":1261,"stem":1262},{"title":1266,"path":1267,"stem":1268,"children":1269},"第三章：均值-方差分析","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F03-mean-variance","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F03-mean-variance\u002Findex",[1270],{"title":1266,"path":1267,"stem":1268},{"title":1272,"path":1273,"stem":1274,"children":1275},"第四章：资本资产定价模型(CAPM)","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F04-capm","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F04-capm\u002Findex",[1276],{"title":1272,"path":1273,"stem":1274},{"title":1278,"path":1279,"stem":1280,"children":1281},"第五章：因子模型","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F05-factor-models","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F05-factor-models\u002Findex",[1282],{"title":1278,"path":1279,"stem":1280},{"title":1284,"path":1285,"stem":1286,"children":1287},"第六章：跨期资产定价","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F06-intertemporal","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F06-intertemporal\u002Findex",[1288],{"title":1284,"path":1285,"stem":1286},{"title":1290,"path":1291,"stem":1292,"children":1293},"第七章：期权定价理论","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F07-options","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F07-options\u002Findex",[1294],{"title":1290,"path":1291,"stem":1292},{"title":1296,"path":1297,"stem":1298,"children":1299},"第八章：固定收益证券","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F08-fixed-income","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F08-fixed-income\u002Findex",[1300],{"title":1296,"path":1297,"stem":1298},{"title":1302,"path":1303,"stem":1304,"children":1305},"第九章：市场有效性与异象","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F09-efficiency","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F09-efficiency\u002Findex",[1306],{"title":1302,"path":1303,"stem":1304},{"title":1308,"path":1309,"stem":1310,"children":1311},"第十章：数值方法与实证应用","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F10-empirical","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F10-empirical\u002Findex",[1312],{"title":1308,"path":1309,"stem":1310},{"title":1314,"path":1315,"stem":1316,"children":1317},"第十一章：资产定价浏览器交互实验","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F11-interactive-labs","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F11-interactive-labs\u002Findex",[1318],{"title":1314,"path":1315,"stem":1316},{"title":1320,"path":1321,"stem":1322},"第十二章：前沿文献与现代资产定价案例（2023—2026）","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F12-frontier-literature-2026","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F12-frontier-literature-2026",{"title":1324,"path":1325,"stem":1326,"children":1327},"计量经济学","\u002Fzh\u002Feconometrics","zh\u002Feconometrics\u002Findex",[1328,1329,1333,1337,1341,1345,1349,1353,1357,1361],{"title":1324,"path":1325,"stem":1326},{"title":1330,"path":1331,"stem":1332},"第一章：数据、概率与回归对象","\u002Fzh\u002Feconometrics\u002F01-data-and-regression","zh\u002Feconometrics\u002F01-data-and-regression",{"title":1334,"path":1335,"stem":1336},"第二章：OLS、矩阵与几何解释","\u002Fzh\u002Feconometrics\u002F02-ols-and-geometry","zh\u002Feconometrics\u002F02-ols-and-geometry",{"title":1338,"path":1339,"stem":1340},"第三章：统计推断与稳健标准误","\u002Fzh\u002Feconometrics\u002F03-inference-and-robustness","zh\u002Feconometrics\u002F03-inference-and-robustness",{"title":1342,"path":1343,"stem":1344},"第四章：内生性、工具变量与两阶段最小二乘","\u002Fzh\u002Feconometrics\u002F04-endogeneity-and-iv","zh\u002Feconometrics\u002F04-endogeneity-and-iv",{"title":1346,"path":1347,"stem":1348},"第五章：面板数据与时间序列","\u002Fzh\u002Feconometrics\u002F05-panel-and-time-series","zh\u002Feconometrics\u002F05-panel-and-time-series",{"title":1350,"path":1351,"stem":1352},"第六章：估计方法与因果设计的共同基础","\u002Fzh\u002Feconometrics\u002F06-estimation-and-causal-design","zh\u002Feconometrics\u002F06-estimation-and-causal-design",{"title":1354,"path":1355,"stem":1356},"第七章：可重复计量实证项目","\u002Fzh\u002Feconometrics\u002F07-reproducible-project","zh\u002Feconometrics\u002F07-reproducible-project",{"title":1358,"path":1359,"stem":1360},"第八章：计量经济学浏览器回归实验","\u002Fzh\u002Feconometrics\u002F08-interactive-regression-labs","zh\u002Feconometrics\u002F08-interactive-regression-labs",{"title":1362,"path":1363,"stem":1364},"第九章：前沿文献与现代计量案例（2023—2026）","\u002Fzh\u002Feconometrics\u002F09-frontier-literature-2026","zh\u002Feconometrics\u002F09-frontier-literature-2026",{"title":478,"path":1366,"stem":1367,"children":1368,"page":249},"\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics",[1369,1373,1377,1381,1385,1389,1393,1397,1401,1405,1409,1413,1417],{"title":1370,"path":1371,"stem":1372},"经济学导论 (微观与宏观)","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F00-intro","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F00-intro",{"title":1374,"path":1375,"stem":1376},"第1章：经济学基础原理","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F01-foundations","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F01-foundations",{"title":1378,"path":1379,"stem":1380},"第2章：需求与供给","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F02-demand-and-supply","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F02-demand-and-supply",{"title":1382,"path":1383,"stem":1384},"第3章：弹性","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F03-elasticity","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F03-elasticity",{"title":1386,"path":1387,"stem":1388},"第4章：市场结构","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F04-market-structures","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F04-market-structures",{"title":1390,"path":1391,"stem":1392},"第5章：GDP 与财富","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F05-gdp-and-wealth","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F05-gdp-and-wealth",{"title":1394,"path":1395,"stem":1396},"第6章：通货膨胀与失业","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F06-inflation-and-unemployment","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F06-inflation-and-unemployment",{"title":1398,"path":1399,"stem":1400},"第7章：经济增长","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F07-economic-growth","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F07-economic-growth",{"title":1402,"path":1403,"stem":1404},"第8章：货币与银行","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F08-money-and-banking","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F08-money-and-banking",{"title":1406,"path":1407,"stem":1408},"第9章：货币政策与 AD-AS 模型","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F09-monetary-policy-and-ad-as","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F09-monetary-policy-and-ad-as",{"title":1410,"path":1411,"stem":1412},"第10章：财政政策","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F10-fiscal-policy","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F10-fiscal-policy",{"title":1414,"path":1415,"stem":1416},"第11章：开放经济与汇率","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F11-open-economy-and-exchange-rates","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F11-open-economy-and-exchange-rates",{"title":1418,"path":1419,"stem":1420},"第12章：综合复习与案例分析","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F12-review-and-case-studies","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F12-review-and-case-studies",{"title":1422,"path":1423,"stem":1424,"children":1425},"宏观经济学","\u002Fzh\u002Fmacroeconomics","zh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002Findex",[1426,1427,1431,1435,1439,1443,1447,1451,1455,1459,1463],{"title":1422,"path":1423,"stem":1424},{"title":1428,"path":1429,"stem":1430},"第一章：国民账户与宏观指标","\u002Fzh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F01-national-accounts","zh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F01-national-accounts",{"title":1432,"path":1433,"stem":1434},"第二章：消费、投资与凯恩斯交叉","\u002Fzh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F02-consumption-investment","zh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F02-consumption-investment",{"title":1436,"path":1437,"stem":1438},"第三章：货币、银行与货币政策","\u002Fzh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F03-money-and-monetary-policy","zh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F03-money-and-monetary-policy",{"title":1440,"path":1441,"stem":1442},"第四章：AD–AS、通货膨胀与失业","\u002Fzh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F04-ad-as-inflation-unemployment","zh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F04-ad-as-inflation-unemployment",{"title":1444,"path":1445,"stem":1446},"第五章：财政政策、债务与稳定化","\u002Fzh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F05-fiscal-policy-and-debt","zh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F05-fiscal-policy-and-debt",{"title":1448,"path":1449,"stem":1450},"第六章：经济增长、生产率与发展","\u002Fzh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F06-growth-productivity","zh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F06-growth-productivity",{"title":1452,"path":1453,"stem":1454},"第七章：开放经济、汇率与国际收支","\u002Fzh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F07-open-economy","zh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F07-open-economy",{"title":1456,"path":1457,"stem":1458},"第八章：宏观研究项目与政策分析","\u002Fzh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F08-macro-research-project","zh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F08-macro-research-project",{"title":1460,"path":1461,"stem":1462},"第九章：宏观经济学浏览器交互实验","\u002Fzh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F09-interactive-policy-labs","zh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F09-interactive-policy-labs",{"title":1464,"path":1465,"stem":1466},"第十章：前沿文献与当代宏观案例（2023—2026）","\u002Fzh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F10-frontier-literature-2026","zh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F10-frontier-literature-2026",{"title":1468,"path":1469,"stem":1470,"children":1471},"微观计量经济学","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Findex",[1472,1473,1479,1485,1491,1497,1503,1509,1515,1521,1527,1533,1539],{"title":1468,"path":1469,"stem":1470},{"title":1474,"path":1475,"stem":1476,"children":1477},"第一章：微观计量与因果推断导论","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-intro","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-intro\u002Findex",[1478],{"title":1474,"path":1475,"stem":1476},{"title":1480,"path":1481,"stem":1482,"children":1483},"第二章：线性回归与 OLS","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-ols","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-ols\u002Findex",[1484],{"title":1480,"path":1481,"stem":1482},{"title":1486,"path":1487,"stem":1488,"children":1489},"第三章：工具变量法","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-iv","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-iv\u002Findex",[1490],{"title":1486,"path":1487,"stem":1488},{"title":1492,"path":1493,"stem":1494,"children":1495},"第四章：面板数据方法","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-panel","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-panel\u002Findex",[1496],{"title":1492,"path":1493,"stem":1494},{"title":1498,"path":1499,"stem":1500,"children":1501},"第五章：双重差分法","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-did","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-did\u002Findex",[1502],{"title":1498,"path":1499,"stem":1500},{"title":1504,"path":1505,"stem":1506,"children":1507},"第六章：断点回归设计","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-rdd","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-rdd\u002Findex",[1508],{"title":1504,"path":1505,"stem":1506},{"title":1510,"path":1511,"stem":1512,"children":1513},"第七章：匹配、倾向得分与加权","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F07-matching","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F07-matching\u002Findex",[1514],{"title":1510,"path":1511,"stem":1512},{"title":1516,"path":1517,"stem":1518,"children":1519},"第八章：离散选择模型","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F08-discrete-choice","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F08-discrete-choice\u002Findex",[1520],{"title":1516,"path":1517,"stem":1518},{"title":1522,"path":1523,"stem":1524,"children":1525},"第九章：计数数据与受限因变量","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F09-count-limited","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F09-count-limited\u002Findex",[1526],{"title":1522,"path":1523,"stem":1524},{"title":1528,"path":1529,"stem":1530,"children":1531},"第十章：合成控制法","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F10-synthetic-control","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F10-synthetic-control\u002Findex",[1532],{"title":1528,"path":1529,"stem":1530},{"title":1534,"path":1535,"stem":1536,"children":1537},"第十一章：机器学习与因果推断","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F11-ml-causal","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F11-ml-causal\u002Findex",[1538],{"title":1534,"path":1535,"stem":1536},{"title":1540,"path":1541,"stem":1542},"第十二章：前沿文献与现代微观案例（2024—2026）","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F12-frontier-literature-2026","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F12-frontier-literature-2026",{"title":716,"path":1544,"stem":1545,"children":1546,"page":249},"\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics",[1547,1553,1559,1565,1571,1577,1583,1589,1595,1601,1607,1613,1619],{"title":1548,"path":1549,"stem":1550,"children":1551},"微观经济学 III","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F00-intro","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[1552],{"title":1548,"path":1549,"stem":1550},{"title":1554,"path":1555,"stem":1556,"children":1557},"消费者理论与分析基础","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F01-fundations","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F01-fundations\u002Findex",[1558],{"title":1554,"path":1555,"stem":1556},{"title":1560,"path":1561,"stem":1562,"children":1563},"比较静态分析与福利测度","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F02-comparative-statics","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F02-comparative-statics\u002Findex",[1564],{"title":1560,"path":1561,"stem":1562},{"title":1566,"path":1567,"stem":1568,"children":1569},"不确定性下的决策","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F03-uncertainty","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F03-uncertainty\u002Findex",[1570],{"title":1566,"path":1567,"stem":1568},{"title":1572,"path":1573,"stem":1574,"children":1575},"一般均衡与福利经济学","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F04-general-equilibrium","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F04-general-equilibrium\u002Findex",[1576],{"title":1572,"path":1573,"stem":1574},{"title":1578,"path":1579,"stem":1580,"children":1581},"博弈论：静态与动态博弈","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F05-game-theory","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F05-game-theory\u002Findex",[1582],{"title":1578,"path":1579,"stem":1580},{"title":1584,"path":1585,"stem":1586,"children":1587},"寡头垄断与策略性市场行为","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F06-oligopoly","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F06-oligopoly\u002Findex",[1588],{"title":1584,"path":1585,"stem":1586},{"title":1590,"path":1591,"stem":1592,"children":1593},"信息经济学：逆向选择与道德风险","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F07-information-economics","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F07-information-economics\u002Findex",[1594],{"title":1590,"path":1591,"stem":1592},{"title":1596,"path":1597,"stem":1598,"children":1599},"机制设计与拍卖理论","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F08-mechanism-design","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F08-mechanism-design\u002Findex",[1600],{"title":1596,"path":1597,"stem":1598},{"title":1602,"path":1603,"stem":1604,"children":1605},"行为与实验微观经济学","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F09-behavioural-economics","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F09-behavioural-economics\u002Findex",[1606],{"title":1602,"path":1603,"stem":1604},{"title":1608,"path":1609,"stem":1610,"children":1611},"外部性、公共物品与机制","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F10-externalities-public-goods","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F10-externalities-public-goods\u002Findex",[1612],{"title":1608,"path":1609,"stem":1610},{"title":1614,"path":1615,"stem":1616,"children":1617},"市场设计与匹配理论","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F11-market-design","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F11-market-design\u002Findex",[1618],{"title":1614,"path":1615,"stem":1616},{"title":1620,"path":1621,"stem":1622,"children":1623},"第十二章：微观经济学：回顾与前沿应用","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F12-review","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F12-review\u002Findex",[1624],{"title":1620,"path":1621,"stem":1622},{"title":799,"path":1626,"stem":1627,"children":1628,"page":249},"\u002Fzh\u002Fplayground","zh\u002Fplayground",[1629],{"title":1630,"path":1631,"stem":1632},"Chart.js 可视化","\u002Fzh\u002Fplayground\u002F05-chartjs","zh\u002Fplayground\u002F05-chartjs",{"title":1634,"path":1635,"stem":1636,"children":1637},"概率论与数理统计","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002Findex",[1638,1639,1645,1680,1727],{"title":1634,"path":1635,"stem":1636},{"title":1640,"path":1641,"stem":1642,"children":1643},"第零章：概率统计的对象与学习方法","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F00-intro","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[1644],{"title":1640,"path":1641,"stem":1642},{"title":1646,"path":1647,"stem":1648,"children":1649,"page":249},"01 Probability","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F01-probability","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F01-probability",[1650,1656,1662,1668,1674],{"title":1651,"path":1652,"stem":1653,"children":1654},"第一章：概率论基础","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F01-probability\u002F01-prob-theory","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F01-probability\u002F01-prob-theory\u002Findex",[1655],{"title":1651,"path":1652,"stem":1653},{"title":1657,"path":1658,"stem":1659,"children":1660},"第二章：随机变量与分布","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F01-probability\u002F02-random-variables","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F01-probability\u002F02-random-variables\u002Findex",[1661],{"title":1657,"path":1658,"stem":1659},{"title":1663,"path":1664,"stem":1665,"children":1666},"第三章：期望、方差与条件矩","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F01-probability\u002F03-moment","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F01-probability\u002F03-moment\u002Findex",[1667],{"title":1663,"path":1664,"stem":1665},{"title":1669,"path":1670,"stem":1671,"children":1672},"第四章：常见分布族与建模机制","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F01-probability\u002F04-families","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F01-probability\u002F04-families\u002Findex",[1673],{"title":1669,"path":1670,"stem":1671},{"title":1675,"path":1676,"stem":1677,"children":1678},"第五章：收敛与渐近理论","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F01-probability\u002F05-asymptotics","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F01-probability\u002F05-asymptotics\u002Findex",[1679],{"title":1675,"path":1676,"stem":1677},{"title":1681,"path":1682,"stem":1683,"children":1684,"page":249},"02 Statistics","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics",[1685,1691,1697,1703,1709,1715,1721],{"title":1686,"path":1687,"stem":1688,"children":1689},"第六章：抽样分布","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F01-sampling","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F01-sampling\u002Findex",[1690],{"title":1686,"path":1687,"stem":1688},{"title":1692,"path":1693,"stem":1694,"children":1695},"第七章：区间估计","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F02-interval-estimation","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F02-interval-estimation\u002Findex",[1696],{"title":1692,"path":1693,"stem":1694},{"title":1698,"path":1699,"stem":1700,"children":1701},"第八章：点估计理论","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F03-point-estimation","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F03-point-estimation\u002Findex",[1702],{"title":1698,"path":1699,"stem":1700},{"title":1704,"path":1705,"stem":1706,"children":1707},"第九章：点估计方法","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F04-pe-method","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F04-pe-method\u002Findex",[1708],{"title":1704,"path":1705,"stem":1706},{"title":1710,"path":1711,"stem":1712,"children":1713},"第十章：假设检验原理","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F05-hypothesis","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F05-hypothesis\u002Findex",[1714],{"title":1710,"path":1711,"stem":1712},{"title":1716,"path":1717,"stem":1718,"children":1719},"第十一章：常用检验方法与选择","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F06-hypothesis-method","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F06-hypothesis-method\u002Findex",[1720],{"title":1716,"path":1717,"stem":1718},{"title":1722,"path":1723,"stem":1724,"children":1725},"第十二章：Bootstrap 与重抽样","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F07-bootstrap","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F07-bootstrap\u002Findex",[1726],{"title":1722,"path":1723,"stem":1724},{"title":1728,"path":1729,"stem":1730},"第十三章：前沿文献与现代统计案例（2023—2026）","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F03-frontier-literature-2026","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F03-frontier-literature-2026",{"title":1732,"path":1733,"stem":1734,"children":1735,"page":249},"Quant","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant","zh\u002Fquant",[1736,1742,1746,1750,1754,1758,1762,1766,1770,1774,1778],{"title":1737,"path":1738,"stem":1739,"children":1740},"量化投资——从可检验信号到可执行组合","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F00-index","zh\u002Fquant\u002F00-index",[1741],{"title":1737,"path":1738,"stem":1739},{"title":1743,"path":1744,"stem":1745},"数据获取与预处理","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F01-research-data","zh\u002Fquant\u002F01-research-data",{"title":1747,"path":1748,"stem":1749},"因子与交易信号","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F02-factor-and-signals","zh\u002Fquant\u002F02-factor-and-signals",{"title":1751,"path":1752,"stem":1753},"策略建模与回测","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F03-modeling-and-backtest","zh\u002Fquant\u002F03-modeling-and-backtest",{"title":1755,"path":1756,"stem":1757},"组合构建与风险建模（资产定价视角）","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F04-portfolio-and-risk","zh\u002Fquant\u002F04-portfolio-and-risk",{"title":1759,"path":1760,"stem":1761},"执行策略与市场微结构概览","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F05-execution-and-microstructure","zh\u002Fquant\u002F05-execution-and-microstructure",{"title":1763,"path":1764,"stem":1765},"策略上线、监控与迭代","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F06-production-and-monitoring","zh\u002Fquant\u002F06-production-and-monitoring",{"title":1767,"path":1768,"stem":1769},"量化工程与工具链概览","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F07-engineering-stack","zh\u002Fquant\u002F07-engineering-stack",{"title":1771,"path":1772,"stem":1773},"计量方法与实证检验","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F08-econometric-methods","zh\u002Fquant\u002F08-econometric-methods",{"title":1775,"path":1776,"stem":1777},"案例研究：多因子股票 Alpha 策略全流程","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F09-case-study","zh\u002Fquant\u002F09-case-study",{"title":1779,"path":1780,"stem":1781},"量化投资文献与软件图谱","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F10-reading-software-map","zh\u002Fquant\u002F10-reading-software-map",{"path":500},{"id":1784,"title":1386,"body":1785,"description":3617,"extension":3618,"features":3619,"hero":3619,"layout":3619,"locale":3619,"meta":3620,"navigation":3619,"path":1387,"published":3621,"seo":3622,"stem":1388,"__hash__":3623},"docs\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F04-market-structures.md",{"type":1786,"value":1787,"toc":3590},"minimark",[1788,1793,1798,1802,1810,1817,1821,1824,1827,1830,1833,1852,1854,1858,1865,1870,1904,1918,1920,1924,1927,1930,1956,1971,1973,1977,1980,1983,2007,2023,2025,2029,2032,2035,2059,2075,2077,2081,2084,2087,2091,2095,2098,2542,2699,2702,3097,3159,3162,3182,3185,3188,3191,3258,3261,3281,3313,3315,3319,3322,3348,3351,3353,3356,3388,3390,3393,3437,3439,3443,3446,3565,3569,3576],[1789,1790,1792],"h1",{"id":1791},"第4章市场结构-market-structures-为什么有些行业卷到死有些却能躺着赚钱","第4章：市场结构 (Market Structures) —— 为什么有些行业卷到死，有些却能躺着赚钱？",[1794,1795,1797],"h2",{"id":1796},"_40-引言内卷与躺赢的经济学解释","4.0 引言：“内卷”与“躺赢”的经济学解释",[1799,1800,1801],"p",{},"如果仔细观察商业世界，你会发现一个非常残酷的现象：开一家街边餐饮店或咖啡馆，每天起早贪黑，利润却薄得可怜，撑不过一年的比比皆是；而同样是做生意，你老家的自来水公司或者国家电网却从来不需要打广告，更不担心没有客户，甚至每年光靠收固定费用就能实现巨额营收。",[1799,1803,1804,1805,1809],{},"为什么会有这种天壤之别？答案在于它们所处的",[1806,1807,1808],"strong",{},"市场结构 (Market Structures)"," 不同。",[1799,1811,1812,1813,1816],{},"在经济学中，我们根据行业里",[1806,1814,1815],{},"竞争的激烈程度","，将所有的商业形态划分在一个光谱上。光谱的最左端是极致的“内卷”，最右端是绝对的“躺赢”。",[1818,1819],"mermaid-diagram",{"code64":1820,"locale":7},"Zmxvd2NoYXJ0IExSCiAgICBBW+WujOWFqOernuS6iVxu5p6B6Ie05YaF5Y23XSAtLT4gQlvlnoTmlq3nq57kuolcbueZvuiKsem9kOaUvl0KICAgIEIgLS0+IENb5a+h5aS0XG7npZ7ku5nmiZPmnrZdCiAgICBDIC0tPiBEW+WehOaWrVxu54us5a2k5rGC6LSlXQogICAgCiAgICBzdHlsZSBBIGZpbGw6I2ZmY2NjYyxzdHJva2U6IzMzMyxzdHJva2Utd2lkdGg6MnB4CiAgICBzdHlsZSBEIGZpbGw6I2NjZTVmZixzdHJva2U6IzMzMyxzdHJva2Utd2lkdGg6MnB4",[1799,1822,1823],{},"本章我们将逐一拆解这四种经典的市场结构。",[1825,1826],"hr",{},[1794,1828,1829],{"id":1829},"学习目标",[1799,1831,1832],{},"学完本章后，你应该能够：",[1834,1835,1836,1840,1843,1846,1849],"ol",{},[1837,1838,1839],"li",{},"比较完全竞争、垄断竞争、寡头垄断和垄断的核心特征。",[1837,1841,1842],{},"解释产品差异化和进入壁垒如何影响定价权。",[1837,1844,1845],{},"判断企业是价格接受者还是价格制定者。",[1837,1847,1848],{},"根据市场结构推测企业常见竞争策略。",[1837,1850,1851],{},"说明为什么寡头市场必须考虑竞争对手反应。",[1825,1853],{},[1794,1855,1857],{"id":1856},"_41-完全竞争-perfect-competition极致的内卷","4.1 完全竞争 (Perfect Competition)：极致的“内卷”",[1799,1859,1860,1861,1864],{},"在光谱的最左端，是竞争最惨烈的",[1806,1862,1863],{},"完全竞争市场","。这是一种理论上的极端理想状态。",[1866,1867,1869],"h3",{"id":1868},"核心特征","核心特征：",[1834,1871,1872,1878,1888,1894],{},[1837,1873,1874,1877],{},[1806,1875,1876],{},"无数个买家和卖家："," 市场大到没有任何一个人或商家能影响整体局势。",[1837,1879,1880,1883,1884,1887],{},[1806,1881,1882],{},"产品同质化 (Homogeneous Products)："," 每家卖的东西",[1806,1885,1886],{},"完全一模一样","，没有任何区别。",[1837,1889,1890,1893],{},[1806,1891,1892],{},"自由进出 (Free Entry and Exit)："," 开店和关店没有任何门槛。",[1837,1895,1896,1899,1900,1903],{},[1806,1897,1898],{},"价格接受者 (Price Taker)："," 商家",[1806,1901,1902],{},"没有任何定价权","。市场定多少钱，你就只能卖多少钱。",[1905,1906,1907],"blockquote",{},[1799,1908,1909,1910,1913,1914],{},"💡 ",[1806,1911,1912],{},"本土案例：山东寿光的大白菜农","\n想象一下农贸市场里的白菜批发商。老李家种的白菜和老张家种的白菜，在消费者眼里没有任何区别（同质化）。如果今天整个批发市场的大白菜行情是 1块钱一斤。老李要是敢标价 1块1，他一颗都卖不出去，因为买家立刻就会去隔壁老张那里买。老李唯一能做的，就是“接受”这1块钱的市价（Price Taker）。\n",[1915,1916,1917],"em",{},"结局：在完全竞争下，如果有利润，立刻就会有无数新人冲进来包地种白菜，供给增加导致价格下跌，直到所有的利润都被“卷”没（经济利润为零）。老板们赚到的仅仅是辛苦钱。",[1825,1919],{},[1794,1921,1923],{"id":1922},"_42-垄断-monopoly独孤求败的霸主","4.2 垄断 (Monopoly)：独孤求败的霸主",[1799,1925,1926],{},"光谱的最右端，是完全竞争的反面。这是一种几乎没有压力的存在。",[1866,1928,1869],{"id":1929},"核心特征-1",[1834,1931,1932,1938,1944,1950],{},[1837,1933,1934,1937],{},[1806,1935,1936],{},"只有一个卖家："," 他就是整个行业。",[1837,1939,1940,1943],{},[1806,1941,1942],{},"没有替代品 (No Close Substitutes)："," 消费者别无选择。",[1837,1945,1946,1949],{},[1806,1947,1948],{},"极高的准入门槛 (High Barriers to Entry)："," 别人根本进不来。原因可能是政府特许、拥有专利、或者控制了所有自然资源。",[1837,1951,1952,1955],{},[1806,1953,1954],{},"价格制定者 (Price Maker)："," 企业凭借强大的市场支配力，可以直接决定商品标价，以追求利润最大化。",[1905,1957,1958],{},[1799,1959,1909,1960,1963,1966,1967,1970],{},[1806,1961,1962],{},"本土案例：国家电网、12306 与 专利抗癌药",[1806,1964,1965],{},"中国铁路 (12306)"," 是一个典型的自然垄断。你想从北京坐高铁去上海，除了买中国铁路的票，绝无别家可选（没有任何替代的高铁公司）。建设一条横跨大半个中国的高铁线路需要惊人的资本、土地审批和基建能力，这构成了极高的",[1806,1968,1969],{},"资金与行政准入门槛","，民营企业根本不可能再修一条平行的高铁跟它竞争。因此，垄断企业拥有极强的定价权（虽然在中国，这类关乎民生的垄断企业很大程度上受政府价格管制，但在纯粹的自由市场中，垄断者往往会榨取极高的利润）。",[1825,1972],{},[1794,1974,1976],{"id":1975},"_43-垄断竞争-monopolistic-competition品牌与流量的战场","4.3 垄断竞争 (Monopolistic Competition)：品牌与流量的战场",[1799,1978,1979],{},"这是我们在日常生活中最常遇到的市场结构，它结合了前两者的部分特征。",[1866,1981,1869],{"id":1982},"核心特征-2",[1834,1984,1985,1991,2001],{},[1837,1986,1987,1990],{},[1806,1988,1989],{},"众多的卖家与买家："," 市场上有很多竞争者，进出门槛不高。",[1837,1992,1993,1996,1997,2000],{},[1806,1994,1995],{},"产品差异化 (Product Differentiation)："," 这是最关键的一点！大家卖的东西",[1806,1998,1999],{},"属于同一类，但在细节上有区别","（口味、包装、品牌故事）。",[1837,2002,2003,2006],{},[1806,2004,2005],{},"拥有一点定价权："," 因为差异化，商家有底气稍微定高一点价格。",[1905,2008,2009],{},[1799,2010,1909,2011,2014,2015,2018,2019,2022],{},[1806,2012,2013],{},"本土案例：步行街上的“奶茶大战”","\n看看你们大学门口或商业广场的奶茶街。那里有几十家店：喜茶、奈雪、霸王茶姬、茶百道、蜜雪冰城。\n它们竞争极度激烈（新店开张和倒闭每天都在发生），但它们",[1806,2016,2017],{},"并不是完全同质化","的：喜茶主打真果肉和高级感，霸王茶姬主打国风和原叶鲜奶茶，蜜雪冰城主打极致下沉的便宜。\n因为有“品牌忠诚度”这种东西的存在，如果霸王茶姬稍微涨价1块钱，它的铁粉依然会买单（不像卖大白菜的老李一涨价就死）。它们通过",[1806,2020,2021],{},"铺天盖地的营销、联名（比如和动漫IP联名）、包装设计","来制造差异化，从而在这个血海中杀出一条生路。",[1825,2024],{},[1794,2026,2028],{"id":2027},"_44-寡头垄断-oligopoly神仙打架与暗中默契","4.4 寡头垄断 (Oligopoly)：神仙打架与暗中默契",[1799,2030,2031],{},"在这个市场里，没有成百上千的小玩家，只有几个巨无霸。",[1866,2033,1869],{"id":2034},"核心特征-3",[1834,2036,2037,2043,2049],{},[1837,2038,2039,2042],{},[1806,2040,2041],{},"少数几个庞大的卖家 (A Few Large Dominant Firms)："," 这些巨头占据了市场的绝大份额。",[1837,2044,2045,2048],{},[1806,2046,2047],{},"极高的进入门槛："," 需要海量资金、技术或规模效应。",[1837,2050,2051,2054,2055,2058],{},[1806,2052,2053],{},"相互依存 (Mutual Interdependence)："," 一家巨头的决策，会极其严重地影响另一家巨头。因此，他们在做决策前，必须死死盯着对手（这里引入了高级经济学中的",[1806,2056,2057],{},"博弈论 Game Theory","）。",[1905,2060,2061],{},[1799,2062,1909,2063,2066,2067,2070,2071,2074],{},[1806,2064,2065],{},"本土案例：三大运营商 与 美团饿了么","\n中国的通信市场是典型的寡头垄断——",[1806,2068,2069],{},"中国移动、中国联通、中国电信","。由于架设全国基站网络的成本是天文数字，几十年来场内一直只有这三个玩家。\n寡头之间最怕的就是",[1806,2072,2073],{},"价格战 (Price War)","。如果联通突然宣布“流量终身免费”，移动和电信为了生存必须立刻跟进，最终导致三家集体利润暴跌。所以寡头们通常有一种暗中的默契（甚至是非法的明确串谋\u002F卡特尔），在暗中维持一个稳定的甚至偏高的定价水平，大家一起稳稳赚钱，避免两败俱伤。同样的例子还有中石油与中石化，或是早期外卖大战中烧掉数百亿后最终形成双寡头格局的美团与饿了么。",[1825,2076],{},[1794,2078,2080],{"id":2079},"_45-从传统市场结构到数字平台现在这门课发展到了哪里","4.5 从传统市场结构到数字平台：现在这门课发展到了哪里",[1799,2082,2083],{},"传统教材把市场结构讲成“卖家数量、进入壁垒、产品差异、定价权”的组合，这仍然是基础。但近年的数字经济研究提醒我们：在平台市场里，企业的定价权不只来自“有几家卖家”，还来自搜索排序、推荐算法、数据积累、网络效应和平台规则。",[1799,2085,2086],{},"举个简单例子。在线下商场里，一家奶茶店和隔壁奶茶店竞争，差异化主要来自口味、位置和品牌。但在外卖平台上，消费者先看到谁、优惠券发给谁、配送费怎么显示、评价如何排序，都会改变需求流向。平台本身不一定直接卖奶茶，却能通过规则改变每家店的实际竞争环境。",[2088,2089],"chart-js-figure",{"props64":2090},"eyJ0eXBlIjoibGluZSIsInRpdGxlIjoi5biC5Zy65pSv6YWN5Yqb5LuO5ZOq6YeM5p2lIiwic3VidGl0bGUiOiLkvKDnu5\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\u002FkuKXmoLzkvLDorqHlgLzvvIzogIzmmK\u002FluK7liqnkvaDnkIbop6PvvJrmlbDlrZflubPlj7DorqnluILlnLrlipvph4\u002FlpJrkuobkuIDmnaHmlbDmja7lkoznrpfms5XpgJrpgZPjgIIifQ==",[1866,2092,2094],{"id":2093},"论文精读平台和算法定价怎样改写市场结构","论文精读：平台和算法定价怎样改写市场结构",[1799,2096,2097],{},"先把 fundamental 写出来。传统寡头模型里，每家企业选择价格或产量，利润可以简化为：",[2099,2100,2103],"span",{"className":2101},[2102],"katex-display",[2099,2104,2107,2199],{"className":2105},[2106],"katex",[2099,2108,2111],{"className":2109},[2110],"katex-mathml",[2112,2113,2116],"math",{"xmlns":2114,"display":2115},"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML","block",[2117,2118,2119,2194],"semantics",{},[2120,2121,2122,2132,2136,2140,2146,2149,2156,2159,2166,2168,2174,2178,2188,2190],"mrow",{},[2123,2124,2125,2129],"msub",{},[2126,2127,2128],"mi",{},"π",[2126,2130,2131],{},"i",[2133,2134,2135],"mo",{},"=",[2133,2137,2139],{"stretchy":2138},"false","(",[2123,2141,2142,2144],{},[2126,2143,1799],{},[2126,2145,2131],{},[2133,2147,2148],{},"−",[2123,2150,2151,2154],{},[2126,2152,2153],{},"c",[2126,2155,2131],{},[2133,2157,2158],{"stretchy":2138},")",[2123,2160,2161,2164],{},[2126,2162,2163],{},"D",[2126,2165,2131],{},[2133,2167,2139],{"stretchy":2138},[2123,2169,2170,2172],{},[2126,2171,1799],{},[2126,2173,2131],{},[2133,2175,2177],{"separator":2176},"true",",",[2123,2179,2180,2182],{},[2126,2181,1799],{},[2120,2183,2184,2186],{},[2133,2185,2148],{},[2126,2187,2131],{},[2133,2189,2158],{"stretchy":2138},[2126,2191,2193],{"mathvariant":2192},"normal",".",[2195,2196,2198],"annotation",{"encoding":2197},"application\u002Fx-tex","\\pi_i=(p_i-c_i)D_i(p_i,p_{-i}).",[2099,2200,2203,2283,2346],{"className":2201,"ariaHidden":2176},[2202],"katex-html",[2099,2204,2207,2212,2271,2276,2280],{"className":2205},[2206],"base",[2099,2208],{"className":2209,"style":2211},[2210],"strut","height:0.5806em;vertical-align:-0.15em;",[2099,2213,2216,2221],{"className":2214},[2215],"mord",[2099,2217,2128],{"className":2218,"style":2220},[2215,2219],"mathnormal","margin-right:0.0359em;",[2099,2222,2225],{"className":2223},[2224],"msupsub",[2099,2226,2230,2262],{"className":2227},[2228,2229],"vlist-t","vlist-t2",[2099,2231,2234,2257],{"className":2232},[2233],"vlist-r",[2099,2235,2239],{"className":2236,"style":2238},[2237],"vlist","height:0.3117em;",[2099,2240,2242,2247],{"style":2241},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0359em;margin-right:0.05em;",[2099,2243],{"className":2244,"style":2246},[2245],"pstrut","height:2.7em;",[2099,2248,2254],{"className":2249},[2250,2251,2252,2253],"sizing","reset-size6","size3","mtight",[2099,2255,2131],{"className":2256},[2215,2219,2253],[2099,2258,2261],{"className":2259},[2260],"vlist-s","​",[2099,2263,2265],{"className":2264},[2233],[2099,2266,2269],{"className":2267,"style":2268},[2237],"height:0.15em;",[2099,2270],{},[2099,2272],{"className":2273,"style":2275},[2274],"mspace","margin-right:0.2778em;",[2099,2277,2135],{"className":2278},[2279],"mrel",[2099,2281],{"className":2282,"style":2275},[2274],[2099,2284,2286,2290,2294,2335,2339,2343],{"className":2285},[2206],[2099,2287],{"className":2288,"style":2289},[2210],"height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;",[2099,2291,2139],{"className":2292},[2293],"mopen",[2099,2295,2297,2300],{"className":2296},[2215],[2099,2298,1799],{"className":2299},[2215,2219],[2099,2301,2303],{"className":2302},[2224],[2099,2304,2306,2327],{"className":2305},[2228,2229],[2099,2307,2309,2324],{"className":2308},[2233],[2099,2310,2312],{"className":2311,"style":2238},[2237],[2099,2313,2315,2318],{"style":2314},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;",[2099,2316],{"className":2317,"style":2246},[2245],[2099,2319,2321],{"className":2320},[2250,2251,2252,2253],[2099,2322,2131],{"className":2323},[2215,2219,2253],[2099,2325,2261],{"className":2326},[2260],[2099,2328,2330],{"className":2329},[2233],[2099,2331,2333],{"className":2332,"style":2268},[2237],[2099,2334],{},[2099,2336],{"className":2337,"style":2338},[2274],"margin-right:0.2222em;",[2099,2340,2148],{"className":2341},[2342],"mbin",[2099,2344],{"className":2345,"style":2338},[2274],[2099,2347,2349,2352,2392,2396,2438,2441,2481,2485,2489,2536,2539],{"className":2348},[2206],[2099,2350],{"className":2351,"style":2289},[2210],[2099,2353,2355,2358],{"className":2354},[2215],[2099,2356,2153],{"className":2357},[2215,2219],[2099,2359,2361],{"className":2360},[2224],[2099,2362,2364,2384],{"className":2363},[2228,2229],[2099,2365,2367,2381],{"className":2366},[2233],[2099,2368,2370],{"className":2369,"style":2238},[2237],[2099,2371,2372,2375],{"style":2314},[2099,2373],{"className":2374,"style":2246},[2245],[2099,2376,2378],{"className":2377},[2250,2251,2252,2253],[2099,2379,2131],{"className":2380},[2215,2219,2253],[2099,2382,2261],{"className":2383},[2260],[2099,2385,2387],{"className":2386},[2233],[2099,2388,2390],{"className":2389,"style":2268},[2237],[2099,2391],{},[2099,2393,2158],{"className":2394},[2395],"mclose",[2099,2397,2399,2403],{"className":2398},[2215],[2099,2400,2163],{"className":2401,"style":2402},[2215,2219],"margin-right:0.0278em;",[2099,2404,2406],{"className":2405},[2224],[2099,2407,2409,2430],{"className":2408},[2228,2229],[2099,2410,2412,2427],{"className":2411},[2233],[2099,2413,2415],{"className":2414,"style":2238},[2237],[2099,2416,2418,2421],{"style":2417},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0278em;margin-right:0.05em;",[2099,2419],{"className":2420,"style":2246},[2245],[2099,2422,2424],{"className":2423},[2250,2251,2252,2253],[2099,2425,2131],{"className":2426},[2215,2219,2253],[2099,2428,2261],{"className":2429},[2260],[2099,2431,2433],{"className":2432},[2233],[2099,2434,2436],{"className":2435,"style":2268},[2237],[2099,2437],{},[2099,2439,2139],{"className":2440},[2293],[2099,2442,2444,2447],{"className":2443},[2215],[2099,2445,1799],{"className":2446},[2215,2219],[2099,2448,2450],{"className":2449},[2224],[2099,2451,2453,2473],{"className":2452},[2228,2229],[2099,2454,2456,2470],{"className":2455},[2233],[2099,2457,2459],{"className":2458,"style":2238},[2237],[2099,2460,2461,2464],{"style":2314},[2099,2462],{"className":2463,"style":2246},[2245],[2099,2465,2467],{"className":2466},[2250,2251,2252,2253],[2099,2468,2131],{"className":2469},[2215,2219,2253],[2099,2471,2261],{"className":2472},[2260],[2099,2474,2476],{"className":2475},[2233],[2099,2477,2479],{"className":2478,"style":2268},[2237],[2099,2480],{},[2099,2482,2177],{"className":2483},[2484],"mpunct",[2099,2486],{"className":2487,"style":2488},[2274],"margin-right:0.1667em;",[2099,2490,2492,2495],{"className":2491},[2215],[2099,2493,1799],{"className":2494},[2215,2219],[2099,2496,2498],{"className":2497},[2224],[2099,2499,2501,2527],{"className":2500},[2228,2229],[2099,2502,2504,2524],{"className":2503},[2233],[2099,2505,2507],{"className":2506,"style":2238},[2237],[2099,2508,2509,2512],{"style":2314},[2099,2510],{"className":2511,"style":2246},[2245],[2099,2513,2515],{"className":2514},[2250,2251,2252,2253],[2099,2516,2518,2521],{"className":2517},[2215,2253],[2099,2519,2148],{"className":2520},[2215,2253],[2099,2522,2131],{"className":2523},[2215,2219,2253],[2099,2525,2261],{"className":2526},[2260],[2099,2528,2530],{"className":2529},[2233],[2099,2531,2534],{"className":2532,"style":2533},[2237],"height:0.2083em;",[2099,2535],{},[2099,2537,2158],{"className":2538},[2395],[2099,2540,2193],{"className":2541},[2215],[1799,2543,2544,2545,2616,2617,2698],{},"这里的关键是相互依存：你的需求不仅取决于自己的价格 ",[2099,2546,2548,2566],{"className":2547},[2106],[2099,2549,2551],{"className":2550},[2110],[2112,2552,2553],{"xmlns":2114},[2117,2554,2555,2563],{},[2120,2556,2557],{},[2123,2558,2559,2561],{},[2126,2560,1799],{},[2126,2562,2131],{},[2195,2564,2565],{"encoding":2197},"p_i",[2099,2567,2569],{"className":2568,"ariaHidden":2176},[2202],[2099,2570,2572,2576],{"className":2571},[2206],[2099,2573],{"className":2574,"style":2575},[2210],"height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[2099,2577,2579,2582],{"className":2578},[2215],[2099,2580,1799],{"className":2581},[2215,2219],[2099,2583,2585],{"className":2584},[2224],[2099,2586,2588,2608],{"className":2587},[2228,2229],[2099,2589,2591,2605],{"className":2590},[2233],[2099,2592,2594],{"className":2593,"style":2238},[2237],[2099,2595,2596,2599],{"style":2314},[2099,2597],{"className":2598,"style":2246},[2245],[2099,2600,2602],{"className":2601},[2250,2251,2252,2253],[2099,2603,2131],{"className":2604},[2215,2219,2253],[2099,2606,2261],{"className":2607},[2260],[2099,2609,2611],{"className":2610},[2233],[2099,2612,2614],{"className":2613,"style":2268},[2237],[2099,2615],{},"，还取决于竞争对手价格 ",[2099,2618,2620,2642],{"className":2619},[2106],[2099,2621,2623],{"className":2622},[2110],[2112,2624,2625],{"xmlns":2114},[2117,2626,2627,2639],{},[2120,2628,2629],{},[2123,2630,2631,2633],{},[2126,2632,1799],{},[2120,2634,2635,2637],{},[2133,2636,2148],{},[2126,2638,2131],{},[2195,2640,2641],{"encoding":2197},"p_{-i}",[2099,2643,2645],{"className":2644,"ariaHidden":2176},[2202],[2099,2646,2648,2652],{"className":2647},[2206],[2099,2649],{"className":2650,"style":2651},[2210],"height:0.6389em;vertical-align:-0.2083em;",[2099,2653,2655,2658],{"className":2654},[2215],[2099,2656,1799],{"className":2657},[2215,2219],[2099,2659,2661],{"className":2660},[2224],[2099,2662,2664,2690],{"className":2663},[2228,2229],[2099,2665,2667,2687],{"className":2666},[2233],[2099,2668,2670],{"className":2669,"style":2238},[2237],[2099,2671,2672,2675],{"style":2314},[2099,2673],{"className":2674,"style":2246},[2245],[2099,2676,2678],{"className":2677},[2250,2251,2252,2253],[2099,2679,2681,2684],{"className":2680},[2215,2253],[2099,2682,2148],{"className":2683},[2215,2253],[2099,2685,2131],{"className":2686},[2215,2219,2253],[2099,2688,2261],{"className":2689},[2260],[2099,2691,2693],{"className":2692},[2233],[2099,2694,2696],{"className":2695,"style":2533},[2237],[2099,2697],{},". 这就是为什么寡头企业要考虑对手反应。",[1799,2700,2701],{},"数字平台把这个函数改了一层。平台会通过排序、推荐、补贴、配送费展示和评价系统影响需求，所以利润更像：",[2099,2703,2705],{"className":2704},[2102],[2099,2706,2708,2782],{"className":2707},[2106],[2099,2709,2711],{"className":2710},[2110],[2112,2712,2713],{"xmlns":2114,"display":2115},[2117,2714,2715,2779],{},[2120,2716,2717,2723,2725,2727,2733,2735,2741,2743,2749,2751,2757,2759,2769,2772,2775,2777],{},[2123,2718,2719,2721],{},[2126,2720,2128],{},[2126,2722,2131],{},[2133,2724,2135],{},[2133,2726,2139],{"stretchy":2138},[2123,2728,2729,2731],{},[2126,2730,1799],{},[2126,2732,2131],{},[2133,2734,2148],{},[2123,2736,2737,2739],{},[2126,2738,2153],{},[2126,2740,2131],{},[2133,2742,2158],{"stretchy":2138},[2123,2744,2745,2747],{},[2126,2746,2163],{},[2126,2748,2131],{},[2133,2750,2139],{"stretchy":2138},[2123,2752,2753,2755],{},[2126,2754,1799],{},[2126,2756,2131],{},[2133,2758,2177],{"separator":2176},[2123,2760,2761,2763],{},[2126,2762,1799],{},[2120,2764,2765,2767],{},[2133,2766,2148],{},[2126,2768,2131],{},[2133,2770,2771],{"separator":2176},";",[2126,2773,2774],{},"A",[2133,2776,2158],{"stretchy":2138},[2133,2778,2177],{"separator":2176},[2195,2780,2781],{"encoding":2197},"\\pi_i=(p_i-c_i)D_i(p_i,p_{-i};A),",[2099,2783,2785,2840,2898],{"className":2784,"ariaHidden":2176},[2202],[2099,2786,2788,2791,2831,2834,2837],{"className":2787},[2206],[2099,2789],{"className":2790,"style":2211},[2210],[2099,2792,2794,2797],{"className":2793},[2215],[2099,2795,2128],{"className":2796,"style":2220},[2215,2219],[2099,2798,2800],{"className":2799},[2224],[2099,2801,2803,2823],{"className":2802},[2228,2229],[2099,2804,2806,2820],{"className":2805},[2233],[2099,2807,2809],{"className":2808,"style":2238},[2237],[2099,2810,2811,2814],{"style":2241},[2099,2812],{"className":2813,"style":2246},[2245],[2099,2815,2817],{"className":2816},[2250,2251,2252,2253],[2099,2818,2131],{"className":2819},[2215,2219,2253],[2099,2821,2261],{"className":2822},[2260],[2099,2824,2826],{"className":2825},[2233],[2099,2827,2829],{"className":2828,"style":2268},[2237],[2099,2830],{},[2099,2832],{"className":2833,"style":2275},[2274],[2099,2835,2135],{"className":2836},[2279],[2099,2838],{"className":2839,"style":2275},[2274],[2099,2841,2843,2846,2849,2889,2892,2895],{"className":2842},[2206],[2099,2844],{"className":2845,"style":2289},[2210],[2099,2847,2139],{"className":2848},[2293],[2099,2850,2852,2855],{"className":2851},[2215],[2099,2853,1799],{"className":2854},[2215,2219],[2099,2856,2858],{"className":2857},[2224],[2099,2859,2861,2881],{"className":2860},[2228,2229],[2099,2862,2864,2878],{"className":2863},[2233],[2099,2865,2867],{"className":2866,"style":2238},[2237],[2099,2868,2869,2872],{"style":2314},[2099,2870],{"className":2871,"style":2246},[2245],[2099,2873,2875],{"className":2874},[2250,2251,2252,2253],[2099,2876,2131],{"className":2877},[2215,2219,2253],[2099,2879,2261],{"className":2880},[2260],[2099,2882,2884],{"className":2883},[2233],[2099,2885,2887],{"className":2886,"style":2268},[2237],[2099,2888],{},[2099,2890],{"className":2891,"style":2338},[2274],[2099,2893,2148],{"className":2894},[2342],[2099,2896],{"className":2897,"style":2338},[2274],[2099,2899,2901,2904,2944,2947,2987,2990,3030,3033,3036,3082,3085,3088,3091,3094],{"className":2900},[2206],[2099,2902],{"className":2903,"style":2289},[2210],[2099,2905,2907,2910],{"className":2906},[2215],[2099,2908,2153],{"className":2909},[2215,2219],[2099,2911,2913],{"className":2912},[2224],[2099,2914,2916,2936],{"className":2915},[2228,2229],[2099,2917,2919,2933],{"className":2918},[2233],[2099,2920,2922],{"className":2921,"style":2238},[2237],[2099,2923,2924,2927],{"style":2314},[2099,2925],{"className":2926,"style":2246},[2245],[2099,2928,2930],{"className":2929},[2250,2251,2252,2253],[2099,2931,2131],{"className":2932},[2215,2219,2253],[2099,2934,2261],{"className":2935},[2260],[2099,2937,2939],{"className":2938},[2233],[2099,2940,2942],{"className":2941,"style":2268},[2237],[2099,2943],{},[2099,2945,2158],{"className":2946},[2395],[2099,2948,2950,2953],{"className":2949},[2215],[2099,2951,2163],{"className":2952,"style":2402},[2215,2219],[2099,2954,2956],{"className":2955},[2224],[2099,2957,2959,2979],{"className":2958},[2228,2229],[2099,2960,2962,2976],{"className":2961},[2233],[2099,2963,2965],{"className":2964,"style":2238},[2237],[2099,2966,2967,2970],{"style":2417},[2099,2968],{"className":2969,"style":2246},[2245],[2099,2971,2973],{"className":2972},[2250,2251,2252,2253],[2099,2974,2131],{"className":2975},[2215,2219,2253],[2099,2977,2261],{"className":2978},[2260],[2099,2980,2982],{"className":2981},[2233],[2099,2983,2985],{"className":2984,"style":2268},[2237],[2099,2986],{},[2099,2988,2139],{"className":2989},[2293],[2099,2991,2993,2996],{"className":2992},[2215],[2099,2994,1799],{"className":2995},[2215,2219],[2099,2997,2999],{"className":2998},[2224],[2099,3000,3002,3022],{"className":3001},[2228,2229],[2099,3003,3005,3019],{"className":3004},[2233],[2099,3006,3008],{"className":3007,"style":2238},[2237],[2099,3009,3010,3013],{"style":2314},[2099,3011],{"className":3012,"style":2246},[2245],[2099,3014,3016],{"className":3015},[2250,2251,2252,2253],[2099,3017,2131],{"className":3018},[2215,2219,2253],[2099,3020,2261],{"className":3021},[2260],[2099,3023,3025],{"className":3024},[2233],[2099,3026,3028],{"className":3027,"style":2268},[2237],[2099,3029],{},[2099,3031,2177],{"className":3032},[2484],[2099,3034],{"className":3035,"style":2488},[2274],[2099,3037,3039,3042],{"className":3038},[2215],[2099,3040,1799],{"className":3041},[2215,2219],[2099,3043,3045],{"className":3044},[2224],[2099,3046,3048,3074],{"className":3047},[2228,2229],[2099,3049,3051,3071],{"className":3050},[2233],[2099,3052,3054],{"className":3053,"style":2238},[2237],[2099,3055,3056,3059],{"style":2314},[2099,3057],{"className":3058,"style":2246},[2245],[2099,3060,3062],{"className":3061},[2250,2251,2252,2253],[2099,3063,3065,3068],{"className":3064},[2215,2253],[2099,3066,2148],{"className":3067},[2215,2253],[2099,3069,2131],{"className":3070},[2215,2219,2253],[2099,3072,2261],{"className":3073},[2260],[2099,3075,3077],{"className":3076},[2233],[2099,3078,3080],{"className":3079,"style":2533},[2237],[2099,3081],{},[2099,3083,2771],{"className":3084},[2484],[2099,3086],{"className":3087,"style":2488},[2274],[2099,3089,2774],{"className":3090},[2215,2219],[2099,3092,2158],{"className":3093},[2395],[2099,3095,2177],{"className":3096},[2484],[1799,3098,3099,3100,3129,3130,3158],{},"其中 ",[2099,3101,3103,3116],{"className":3102},[2106],[2099,3104,3106],{"className":3105},[2110],[2112,3107,3108],{"xmlns":2114},[2117,3109,3110,3114],{},[2120,3111,3112],{},[2126,3113,2774],{},[2195,3115,2774],{"encoding":2197},[2099,3117,3119],{"className":3118,"ariaHidden":2176},[2202],[2099,3120,3122,3126],{"className":3121},[2206],[2099,3123],{"className":3124,"style":3125},[2210],"height:0.6833em;",[2099,3127,2774],{"className":3128},[2215,2219]," 表示平台分配需求的规则。这个小小的 ",[2099,3131,3133,3146],{"className":3132},[2106],[2099,3134,3136],{"className":3135},[2110],[2112,3137,3138],{"xmlns":2114},[2117,3139,3140,3144],{},[2120,3141,3142],{},[2126,3143,2774],{},[2195,3145,2774],{"encoding":2197},[2099,3147,3149],{"className":3148,"ariaHidden":2176},[2202],[2099,3150,3152,3155],{"className":3151},[2206],[2099,3153],{"className":3154,"style":3125},[2210],[2099,3156,2774],{"className":3157},[2215,2219]," 很重要：它说明平台不只是一个“市场场所”，而是会改变需求曲线本身的制度安排。",[1799,3160,3161],{},"这就是 Johnson, Rhodes and Wildenbeest (2023, DOI: 10.3386\u002Fw30630) 这类算法定价论文要解决的问题。基础寡头理论告诉我们，企业之间可能通过重复博弈形成默契；平台经济的问题是，如果卖家用算法自动定价，而平台又控制需求分配，算法之间的互动会不会更容易维持高价？读这类论文时，你应该把它拆成三层：",[1834,3163,3164,3170,3176],{},[1837,3165,3166,3169],{},[1806,3167,3168],{},"卖家层","：卖家不再手动调价，而是使用定价算法根据状态更新价格。",[1837,3171,3172,3175],{},[1806,3173,3174],{},"平台层","：平台通过搜索、排序或推荐把消费者流量分给不同卖家。",[1837,3177,3178,3181],{},[1806,3179,3180],{},"市场结果层","：价格是否更高，价格调整是否更同步，消费者剩余是否下降。",[1799,3183,3184],{},"Assad et al. (2023, DOI: 10.1093\u002Fqje\u002Fqjad038) 研究德国汽油市场中的算法定价，适合和本章寡头垄断放在一起读。传统课堂会说寡头害怕价格战，也可能形成默契；这篇论文让学生看到，当价格软件进入高频市场，企业之间的价格反应速度、同步性和利润结果都可能变化。它不是在证明“算法一定合谋”，而是在问算法是否改变了寡头竞争的动态过程。",[1799,3186,3187],{},"Tang and Xu (2025, DOI: 10.1111\u002Fjems.12630) 则更适合放在进入壁垒和市场势力的部分。数字技术采用可能提高效率，也可能强化市场权力。为什么？因为数据、自动化和推荐系统会降低强企业服务用户的边际成本，也会让它们更好地锁定用户需求。读这类论文时，不能只写“数字技术提高生产率”，还要问它是否改变了进入门槛、消费者搜索成本和企业定价权。",[1799,3189,3190],{},"把这些论文和本章四种市场结构对应起来，可以得到更系统的讲义框架：",[3192,3193,3194,3210],"table",{},[3195,3196,3197],"thead",{},[3198,3199,3200,3204,3207],"tr",{},[3201,3202,3203],"th",{},"Fundamental 概念",[3201,3205,3206],{},"平台市场中的具体问题",[3201,3208,3209],{},"读论文时要找的证据",[3211,3212,3213,3225,3236,3247],"tbody",{},[3198,3214,3215,3219,3222],{},[3216,3217,3218],"td",{},"产品差异化",[3216,3220,3221],{},"推荐系统让消费者看到的产品集合不同",[3216,3223,3224],{},"搜索排序、曝光量和点击转化如何影响需求。",[3198,3226,3227,3230,3233],{},[3216,3228,3229],{},"进入壁垒",[3216,3231,3232],{},"新商家进入平台后是否能获得流量",[3216,3234,3235],{},"平台是否控制默认排序、评价积累和数据访问。",[3198,3237,3238,3241,3244],{},[3216,3239,3240],{},"寡头互动",[3216,3242,3243],{},"算法是否让价格反应更快、更同步",[3216,3245,3246],{},"高频价格数据、算法采用时点、价格离散度变化。",[3198,3248,3249,3252,3255],{},[3216,3250,3251],{},"市场势力",[3216,3253,3254],{},"平台或头部卖家是否提高佣金\u002F价格而不失去用户",[3216,3256,3257],{},"价格、利润率、用户流失率和替代平台使用情况。",[1799,3259,3260],{},"所以，今天学市场结构时要保留三层判断：",[1834,3262,3263,3269,3275],{},[1837,3264,3265,3268],{},[1806,3266,3267],{},"经典结构层","：卖家数量、产品差异、进入壁垒和定价权。",[1837,3270,3271,3274],{},[1806,3272,3273],{},"平台规则层","：平台是否控制搜索、推荐、支付、评价、数据和处罚。",[1837,3276,3277,3280],{},[1806,3278,3279],{},"算法互动层","：价格是否由自动化规则更新，算法之间是否通过市场反馈形成稳定高价。",[1799,3282,3283,3284,3312],{},"如果你以后写外卖、网约车、直播电商、在线旅游或算法定价，不要只说“这是寡头市场”。更好的写法是：它在经典市场结构上接近寡头或垄断竞争，但平台规则 ",[2099,3285,3287,3300],{"className":3286},[2106],[2099,3288,3290],{"className":3289},[2110],[2112,3291,3292],{"xmlns":2114},[2117,3293,3294,3298],{},[2120,3295,3296],{},[2126,3297,2774],{},[2195,3299,2774],{"encoding":2197},[2099,3301,3303],{"className":3302,"ariaHidden":2176},[2202],[2099,3304,3306,3309],{"className":3305},[2206],[2099,3307],{"className":3308,"style":3125},[2210],[2099,3310,2774],{"className":3311},[2215,2219]," 改变了需求分配，算法定价又改变了企业之间的动态反应。这样才算真正把基础微观经济学和前沿论文接起来。",[1825,3314],{},[1794,3316,3318],{"id":3317},"引导案例大学门口咖啡店能涨价吗","引导案例：大学门口咖啡店能涨价吗？",[1799,3320,3321],{},"假设学校门口有一家咖啡店，想把拿铁从 20 元涨到 24 元。我们用市场结构来分析。",[1834,3323,3324,3330,3336,3342],{},[1837,3325,3326,3329],{},[1806,3327,3328],{},"先判断市场结构。"," 这大概率是垄断竞争：咖啡店很多，但每家有位置、口味、装修、座位和品牌差异。",[1837,3331,3332,3335],{},[1806,3333,3334],{},"看差异化够不够。"," 如果它离图书馆最近、座位舒服、很多学生习惯在那里自习，它就有一点定价权。",[1837,3337,3338,3341],{},[1806,3339,3340],{},"看替代品强不强。"," 如果隔壁三家店味道差不多还更便宜，涨价后学生很容易转身走人。",[1837,3343,3344,3347],{},[1806,3345,3346],{},"推测策略。"," 店家可能不会单纯涨价，而是搭配会员积分、新品、学习区座位等方式，强化差异化。",[1799,3349,3350],{},"这个案例说明：企业能不能涨价，不只看成本，也要看竞争者数量、产品差异和消费者转换成本。",[1825,3352],{},[1794,3354,3355],{"id":3355},"常见误区与考试陷阱",[1834,3357,3358,3364,3370,3376,3382],{},[1837,3359,3360,3363],{},[1806,3361,3362],{},"以为垄断一定违法。"," 有些垄断来自专利、自然垄断或政府特许，并不一定违法。",[1837,3365,3366,3369],{},[1806,3367,3368],{},"把垄断竞争误认为垄断。"," 垄断竞争有很多企业，也容易进入，只是每家有一点差异化。",[1837,3371,3372,3375],{},[1806,3373,3374],{},"以为完全竞争下企业没有会计利润。"," 教材说的是长期经济利润趋于零，不等于账面利润一定为零。",[1837,3377,3378,3381],{},[1806,3379,3380],{},"忽略进入壁垒。"," 当前卖家数量重要，未来有没有新竞争者也同样重要。",[1837,3383,3384,3387],{},[1806,3385,3386],{},"忘记寡头的相互依存。"," 寡头企业做决策时，必须预判竞争对手会如何反击。",[1825,3389],{},[1794,3391,3392],{"id":3392},"自测题",[1834,3394,3395,3407,3417,3427],{},[1837,3396,3397,3398],{},"为什么小麦农户通常是价格接受者？\n",[3399,3400,3401],"ul",{},[1837,3402,3403,3406],{},[1806,3404,3405],{},"答案提示："," 小麦高度同质化，单个农户规模很小，买家可以轻松换供应商。",[1837,3408,3409,3410],{},"为什么专利药企业可以定高价？\n",[3399,3411,3412],{},[1837,3413,3414,3416],{},[1806,3415,3405],{}," 专利形成法律进入壁垒，短期内阻止同类药品竞争。",[1837,3418,3419,3420],{},"餐饮市场为什么通常属于垄断竞争，而不是完全竞争？\n",[3399,3421,3422],{},[1837,3423,3424,3426],{},[1806,3425,3405],{}," 餐厅会通过口味、位置、服务、装修和品牌形成差异。",[1837,3428,3429,3430],{},"为什么寡头企业不敢随便打价格战？\n",[3399,3431,3432],{},[1837,3433,3434,3436],{},[1806,3435,3405],{}," 对手可能迅速跟进降价，最终大家利润都下降，市场份额却未必增加。",[1825,3438],{},[1794,3440,3442],{"id":3441},"总结市场结构光谱对比卡","总结：市场结构光谱对比卡",[1799,3444,3445],{},"为了应付考试或者做商业分析，你可以快速参考这张核心对比表：",[3192,3447,3448,3468],{},[3195,3449,3450],{},[3198,3451,3452,3456,3459,3462,3465],{},[3201,3453,3455],{"align":3454},"left","市场特征",[3201,3457,3458],{"align":3454},"完全竞争 (Perfect Competition)",[3201,3460,3461],{"align":3454},"垄断竞争 (Monopolistic Comp.)",[3201,3463,3464],{"align":3454},"寡头垄断 (Oligopoly)",[3201,3466,3467],{"align":3454},"彻底垄断 (Monopoly)",[3211,3469,3470,3489,3508,3527,3546],{},[3198,3471,3472,3477,3480,3483,3486],{},[3216,3473,3474],{"align":3454},[1806,3475,3476],{},"卖家数量",[3216,3478,3479],{"align":3454},"无数 (无数小店\u002F农户)",[3216,3481,3482],{"align":3454},"很多 (众多品牌店)",[3216,3484,3485],{"align":3454},"极少 (少数大厂)",[3216,3487,3488],{"align":3454},"唯一 (一家通吃)",[3198,3490,3491,3496,3499,3502,3505],{},[3216,3492,3493],{"align":3454},[1806,3494,3495],{},"产品差异",[3216,3497,3498],{"align":3454},"完全一样 (同质化)",[3216,3500,3501],{"align":3454},"有差异 (打品牌)",[3216,3503,3504],{"align":3454},"同质或差异均可",[3216,3506,3507],{"align":3454},"独一无二 (无可替代)",[3198,3509,3510,3515,3518,3521,3524],{},[3216,3511,3512],{"align":3454},[1806,3513,3514],{},"准入门槛",[3216,3516,3517],{"align":3454},"极低 \u002F 没有限制",[3216,3519,3520],{"align":3454},"低 (开个小吃店)",[3216,3522,3523],{"align":3454},"很高 (造大飞机)",[3216,3525,3526],{"align":3454},"极高 \u002F 无法进入",[3198,3528,3529,3534,3537,3540,3543],{},[3216,3530,3531],{"align":3454},[1806,3532,3533],{},"商家的定价权",[3216,3535,3536],{"align":3454},"0% (只能被动接受)",[3216,3538,3539],{"align":3454},"有一点点 (靠情怀溢价)",[3216,3541,3542],{"align":3454},"较强 (但怕对手打价格战)",[3216,3544,3545],{"align":3454},"100% (我说了算)",[3198,3547,3548,3553,3556,3559,3562],{},[3216,3549,3550],{"align":3454},[1806,3551,3552],{},"最典型的行为",[3216,3554,3555],{"align":3454},"拼产量，赚辛苦费",[3216,3557,3558],{"align":3454},"拼命打广告、搞联名",[3216,3560,3561],{"align":3454},"博弈论，暗中形成默契",[3216,3563,3564],{"align":3454},"限制产量、定高价",[1866,3566,3568],{"id":3567},"结语","📝 结语",[1799,3570,3571,3572,3575],{},"作为未来的创业者或投资人，看懂这四种结构至关重要。巴菲特常说投资要寻找有“护城河 (Moats)”的公司，翻译成经济学语言，其实就是",[1806,3573,3574],{},"寻找那些能够在残酷的“完全竞争”或“垄断竞争”泥潭中，成功建立极高准入门槛，从而向“寡头”甚至“垄断”右侧靠拢的优质企业","。",[1799,3577,3578,3579,3582,3583,3586,3587,3575],{},"到这里，我们已经涵盖了经济学在",[1806,3580,3581],{},"微观 (Micro)"," 层面的核心玩法：供给、需求、弹性和企业竞争。\n准备好深呼吸了吗？下一章开始，我们要将视角拉远，飞出个体企业的报表，去俯瞰整座山川——我们将进入",[1806,3584,3585],{},"宏观经济学 (Macroeconomics)"," 的世界，第一站：衡量一个国家总财富的终极指标——",[1806,3588,3589],{},"GDP (国内生产总值)",{"title":10,"searchDepth":3591,"depth":3591,"links":3592},2,[3593,3594,3595,3599,3602,3605,3608,3611,3612,3613,3614],{"id":1796,"depth":3591,"text":1797},{"id":1829,"depth":3591,"text":1829},{"id":1856,"depth":3591,"text":1857,"children":3596},[3597],{"id":1868,"depth":3598,"text":1869},3,{"id":1922,"depth":3591,"text":1923,"children":3600},[3601],{"id":1929,"depth":3598,"text":1869},{"id":1975,"depth":3591,"text":1976,"children":3603},[3604],{"id":1982,"depth":3598,"text":1869},{"id":2027,"depth":3591,"text":2028,"children":3606},[3607],{"id":2034,"depth":3598,"text":1869},{"id":2079,"depth":3591,"text":2080,"children":3609},[3610],{"id":2093,"depth":3598,"text":2094},{"id":3317,"depth":3591,"text":3318},{"id":3355,"depth":3591,"text":3355},{"id":3392,"depth":3591,"text":3392},{"id":3441,"depth":3591,"text":3442,"children":3615},[3616],{"id":3567,"depth":3598,"text":3568},"比较完全竞争、垄断、垄断竞争和寡头垄断的核心逻辑。","md",null,{},true,{"title":1386,"description":3617},"u-SznK-SIcAllo8vOjb0zA3Y6mKsuyXgwVhwGGB72wI",[3625,3627],{"title":1382,"path":1383,"stem":1384,"description":3626,"children":-1},"衡量消费者和生产者对价格、收入和市场变化的敏感程度。",{"title":1390,"path":1391,"stem":1392,"description":3628,"children":-1},"理解 GDP、最终产品、生产边界和宏观经济衡量。",1785754749241]