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Search, Evaluate, and Read Evidence","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F02-reading-and-literature-matrix","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F02-reading-and-literature-matrix",{"title":27,"path":28,"stem":29},"3. From Sources to Synthesis and Argument","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F03-arguments-outlines-and-paragraphs","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F03-arguments-outlines-and-paragraphs",{"title":31,"path":32,"stem":33},"4. Literature Review and a Defensible Gap","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review",{"title":35,"path":36,"stem":37},"5. Research Design, Evidence, and Core Sections","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F05-core-sections-and-evidence","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F05-core-sections-and-evidence",{"title":39,"path":40,"stem":41},"6. Citation, Paraphrasing, Integrity, and AI","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F06-citation-paraphrasing-and-integrity","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F06-citation-paraphrasing-and-integrity",{"title":43,"path":44,"stem":45},"7. Revision, Review, and Submission","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F07-revision-style-and-submission","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F07-revision-style-and-submission",{"title":47,"path":48,"stem":49},"8. Research Workbook","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template",{"title":51,"path":52,"stem":53},"9. Research Workflow and Tools","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F09-tools-for-academic-writing-and-literature-management","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F09-tools-for-academic-writing-and-literature-management",{"title":55,"path":56,"stem":57},"10. Worked Project — From Question to Defensible Conclusion","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F10-worked-example-from-block-structure-to-question-chain","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F10-worked-example-from-block-structure-to-question-chain",{"title":59,"path":60,"stem":61,"children":62,"page":249},"Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting","en\u002Faccounting",[63,69,87,93,193],{"title":64,"path":65,"stem":66,"children":67},"Accounting — From Evidence to Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002F00-index","en\u002Faccounting\u002F00-index",[68],{"title":64,"path":65,"stem":66},{"title":70,"path":71,"stem":72,"children":73},"Accounting Appendix","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[74,75,79,83],{"title":70,"path":71,"stem":72},{"title":76,"path":77,"stem":78},"Worked Examples and Error Diagnosis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F24-examples-pitfalls","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F24-examples-pitfalls",{"title":80,"path":81,"stem":82},"Accounting Glossary","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F26-glossary","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F26-glossary",{"title":84,"path":85,"stem":86},"Reading and Evidence Map","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F27-reading-map","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F27-reading-map",{"title":88,"path":89,"stem":90,"children":91},"Northstar Record-to-Decision Capstone","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[92],{"title":88,"path":89,"stem":90},{"title":94,"path":95,"stem":96,"children":97},"Financial Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002Findex",[98,99,117,131,165,179],{"title":94,"path":95,"stem":96},{"title":100,"path":101,"stem":102,"children":103},"1. Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002Findex",[104,105,109,113],{"title":100,"path":101,"stem":102},{"title":106,"path":107,"stem":108},"Objectives and Qualitative Characteristics","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F01-objectives-qualitative-characteristics","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F01-objectives-qualitative-characteristics",{"title":110,"path":111,"stem":112},"Equation and Elements","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F02-equation-elements","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F02-equation-elements",{"title":114,"path":115,"stem":116},"Accrual Basis, Estimates and Periods","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F03-accounting-bases-principles","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F03-accounting-bases-principles",{"title":118,"path":119,"stem":120,"children":121},"2. Recording Transactions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002Findex",[122,123,127],{"title":118,"path":119,"stem":120},{"title":124,"path":125,"stem":126},"Double-Entry and Debit\u002FCredit","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F04-double-entry-dr-cr","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F04-double-entry-dr-cr",{"title":128,"path":129,"stem":130},"Accounting Cycle","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F05-accounting-cycle","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F05-accounting-cycle",{"title":132,"path":133,"stem":134,"children":135},"3. Measurement and Adjustments","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002Findex",[136,137,141,145,149,153,157,161],{"title":132,"path":133,"stem":134},{"title":138,"path":139,"stem":140},"Revenue Recognition","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F07-revenue-recognition","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F07-revenue-recognition",{"title":142,"path":143,"stem":144},"Inventory","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F08-inventory","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F08-inventory",{"title":146,"path":147,"stem":148},"Receivables and Expected Credit Losses","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F09-receivables","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F09-receivables",{"title":150,"path":151,"stem":152},"Property, Plant and Equipment","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F10-ppe","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F10-ppe",{"title":154,"path":155,"stem":156},"Intangible Assets","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F11-intangibles","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F11-intangibles",{"title":158,"path":159,"stem":160},"Leases","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F12-leases","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F12-leases",{"title":162,"path":163,"stem":164},"Current and Deferred Income Tax","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F13-income-tax","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F13-income-tax",{"title":166,"path":167,"stem":168,"children":169},"4. Reporting and Cash","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002Findex",[170,171,175],{"title":166,"path":167,"stem":168},{"title":172,"path":173,"stem":174},"Linked Financial Statements","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F06-financial-statements","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F06-financial-statements",{"title":176,"path":177,"stem":178},"Cash, Reconciliation and Internal Control","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F14-cash-control","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F14-cash-control",{"title":180,"path":181,"stem":182,"children":183},"5. Analysis and Comparison","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002Findex",[184,185,189],{"title":180,"path":181,"stem":182},{"title":186,"path":187,"stem":188},"Ratio Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F15-ratio-analysis","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F15-ratio-analysis",{"title":190,"path":191,"stem":192},"IFRS versus US GAAP","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F25-ifrs-gaap","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F25-ifrs-gaap",{"title":194,"path":195,"stem":196,"children":197},"Management Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002Findex",[198,199,217,235],{"title":194,"path":195,"stem":196},{"title":200,"path":201,"stem":202,"children":203},"1. Cost Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002Findex",[204,205,209,213],{"title":200,"path":201,"stem":202},{"title":206,"path":207,"stem":208},"Cost Concepts and Behaviour","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F16-cost-concepts","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F16-cost-concepts",{"title":210,"path":211,"stem":212},"Costing Systems","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F17-costing-systems","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F17-costing-systems",{"title":214,"path":215,"stem":216},"Variable and Absorption Costing","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F19-variable-vs-absorption","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F19-variable-vs-absorption",{"title":218,"path":219,"stem":220,"children":221},"2. Planning and Control","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002Findex",[222,223,227,231],{"title":218,"path":219,"stem":220},{"title":224,"path":225,"stem":226},"Cost–Volume–Profit Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F18-cvp-analysis","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F18-cvp-analysis",{"title":228,"path":229,"stem":230},"Budgeting and Variance Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F20-budgeting-variances","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F20-budgeting-variances",{"title":232,"path":233,"stem":234},"Performance Measurement","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F21-performance-measurement","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F21-performance-measurement",{"title":236,"path":237,"stem":238,"children":239},"3. Decisions and Investment","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002Findex",[240,241,245],{"title":236,"path":237,"stem":238},{"title":242,"path":243,"stem":244},"Short-Term Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F22-short-term-decisions","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F22-short-term-decisions",{"title":246,"path":247,"stem":248},"Capital Budgeting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F23-capital-budgeting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F23-capital-budgeting",false,{"title":251,"path":252,"stem":253,"children":254,"page":249},"Business Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics",[255,261,279,305,335,365,383,400],{"title":256,"path":257,"stem":258,"children":259},"Business Analytics — From Data to Defensible Action","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-index","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-index",[260],{"title":256,"path":257,"stem":258},{"title":262,"path":263,"stem":264,"children":265},"0. Decision and Data Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[266,267,271,275],{"title":262,"path":263,"stem":264},{"title":268,"path":269,"stem":270},"Decision Framing","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F01-decision-framing","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F01-decision-framing",{"title":272,"path":273,"stem":274},"Data Contracts","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F02-data-contracts","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F02-data-contracts",{"title":276,"path":277,"stem":278},"Reproducible Analytics Workflow","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F03-reproducible-workflow","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F03-reproducible-workflow",{"title":280,"path":281,"stem":282,"children":283},"1. Descriptive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002Findex",[284,285,289,293,297,301],{"title":280,"path":281,"stem":282},{"title":286,"path":287,"stem":288},"Distributions and Exploratory Data Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F04-distributions-eda","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F04-distributions-eda",{"title":290,"path":291,"stem":292},"KPIs and Denominators","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F05-kpis-denominators","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F05-kpis-denominators",{"title":294,"path":295,"stem":296},"Segments, Cohorts and Funnels","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F06-segmentation-cohorts-funnels","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F06-segmentation-cohorts-funnels",{"title":298,"path":299,"stem":300},"Visual Evidence and Data Stories","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F07-visualisation-story","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F07-visualisation-story",{"title":302,"path":303,"stem":304},"Experiments and Causal Boundaries","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F08-experiments-causal-boundary","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F08-experiments-causal-boundary",{"title":306,"path":307,"stem":308,"children":309},"2. Predictive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002Findex",[310,311,315,319,323,327,331],{"title":306,"path":307,"stem":308},{"title":312,"path":313,"stem":314},"Validation, Baselines and Leakage","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F09-validation-leakage","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F09-validation-leakage",{"title":316,"path":317,"stem":318},"Regression and Forecasting","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F10-regression-forecasting","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F10-regression-forecasting",{"title":320,"path":321,"stem":322},"Classification and Calibration","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F11-classification-calibration","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F11-classification-calibration",{"title":324,"path":325,"stem":326},"Trees and Ensembles","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F12-trees-ensembles","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F12-trees-ensembles",{"title":328,"path":329,"stem":330},"Decision Metrics and Thresholds","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F13-decision-metrics-thresholds","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F13-decision-metrics-thresholds",{"title":332,"path":333,"stem":334},"Explainability, Monitoring and Drift","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F14-explainability-drift","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F14-explainability-drift",{"title":336,"path":337,"stem":338,"children":339},"3. Prescriptive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002Findex",[340,341,345,349,353,357,361],{"title":336,"path":337,"stem":338},{"title":342,"path":343,"stem":344},"Decision-Making under Uncertainty","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F15-decision-uncertainty","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F15-decision-uncertainty",{"title":346,"path":347,"stem":348},"Linear Optimisation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F16-linear-optimization","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F16-linear-optimization",{"title":350,"path":351,"stem":352},"Inventory and Allocation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F17-inventory-allocation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F17-inventory-allocation",{"title":354,"path":355,"stem":356},"Queueing and Simulation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F18-queueing-simulation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F18-queueing-simulation",{"title":358,"path":359,"stem":360},"Pricing and Revenue Management","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F19-pricing-experimentation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F19-pricing-experimentation",{"title":362,"path":363,"stem":364},"Causal Targeting and Policy Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F20-causal-targeting","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F20-causal-targeting",{"title":366,"path":367,"stem":368,"children":369},"4. Deployment and Governance","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002Findex",[370,371,375,379],{"title":366,"path":367,"stem":368},{"title":372,"path":373,"stem":374},"Data Products and Monitoring","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F21-data-products-monitoring","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F21-data-products-monitoring",{"title":376,"path":377,"stem":378},"Governance, Fairness and Privacy","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F22-governance-fairness-privacy","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F22-governance-fairness-privacy",{"title":380,"path":381,"stem":382},"Adoption and Business Value","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F23-adoption-value","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F23-adoption-value",{"title":384,"path":385,"stem":386,"children":387},"Appendix and Revision Tools","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[388,389,393,397],{"title":384,"path":385,"stem":386},{"title":390,"path":391,"stem":392},"Formula and Decision Map","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F24-formula-map","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F24-formula-map",{"title":394,"path":395,"stem":396},"Worked Examples and Pitfalls","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F25-worked-examples-pitfalls","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F25-worked-examples-pitfalls",{"title":84,"path":398,"stem":399},"\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F26-reading-map","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F26-reading-map",{"title":401,"path":402,"stem":403,"children":404},"Capstone — The Evening Delivery Promise","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[405],{"title":401,"path":402,"stem":403},{"title":407,"path":408,"stem":409,"children":410,"page":249},"Financial Economic Time Series","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series",[411,417,423,429,435,441,447,453,459,465,471],{"title":412,"path":413,"stem":414,"children":415},"Financial and Economic Time Series — Course Guide","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F00-intro","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[416],{"title":412,"path":413,"stem":414},{"title":418,"path":419,"stem":420,"children":421},"Three Versions of Time Series","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F01-bridge","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F01-bridge\u002Findex",[422],{"title":418,"path":419,"stem":420},{"title":424,"path":425,"stem":426,"children":427},"Data, Clocks, and Transformations","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F02-data-transformations","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F02-data-transformations\u002Findex",[428],{"title":424,"path":425,"stem":426},{"title":430,"path":431,"stem":432,"children":433},"Predictive Regressions and Persistent Predictors","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F03-predictive-regressions","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F03-predictive-regressions\u002Findex",[434],{"title":430,"path":431,"stem":432},{"title":436,"path":437,"stem":438,"children":439},"Volatility, Tails, and Financial Risk","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F04-volatility-risk","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F04-volatility-risk\u002Findex",[440],{"title":436,"path":437,"stem":438},{"title":442,"path":443,"stem":444,"children":445},"Unit Roots, Cointegration, and Error Correction","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F05-unit-roots-cointegration","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F05-unit-roots-cointegration\u002Findex",[446],{"title":442,"path":443,"stem":444},{"title":448,"path":449,"stem":450,"children":451},"VAR, Structural Identification, and Local Projections","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F06-var-identification","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F06-var-identification\u002Findex",[452],{"title":448,"path":449,"stem":450},{"title":454,"path":455,"stem":456,"children":457},"State Space, Mixed Frequency, and Nowcasting","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F07-state-space-nowcasting","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F07-state-space-nowcasting\u002Findex",[458],{"title":454,"path":455,"stem":456},{"title":460,"path":461,"stem":462,"children":463},"Forecast Evaluation for Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F08-forecast-evaluation","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F08-forecast-evaluation\u002Findex",[464],{"title":460,"path":461,"stem":462},{"title":466,"path":467,"stem":468,"children":469},"Integrated R Laboratory","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F09-r-laboratory","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F09-r-laboratory\u002Findex",[470],{"title":466,"path":467,"stem":468},{"title":472,"path":473,"stem":474,"children":475},"Capstones, Data, and Reading Ladder","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F10-capstone-readings","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F10-capstone-readings\u002Findex",[476],{"title":472,"path":473,"stem":474},{"title":478,"path":479,"stem":480,"children":481,"page":249},"Intro To Economics","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics","en\u002Fintro-to-economics",[482,486,490,494,498,502,506,510,514,518,522,526,530],{"title":483,"path":484,"stem":485},"Introduction to Economics — Decisions, Markets, and the Macroeconomy","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F00-intro",{"title":487,"path":488,"stem":489},"Chapter 1 — Choice, Opportunity Cost, and Trade","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F01-foundations","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F01-foundations",{"title":491,"path":492,"stem":493},"Chapter 2 — Demand, Supply, Equilibrium, and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F02-demand-and-supply","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F02-demand-and-supply",{"title":495,"path":496,"stem":497},"Chapter 3 — Elasticity, Revenue, and Tax Incidence","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F03-elasticity","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F03-elasticity",{"title":499,"path":500,"stem":501},"Chapter 4 — Firms, Market Power, and Market Failure","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F04-market-structures","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F04-market-structures",{"title":503,"path":504,"stem":505},"Chapter 5 — GDP, Income, Wealth, and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F05-gdp-and-wealth","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F05-gdp-and-wealth",{"title":507,"path":508,"stem":509},"Chapter 6 — Inflation, Purchasing Power, and Labour Markets","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F06-inflation-and-unemployment","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F06-inflation-and-unemployment",{"title":511,"path":512,"stem":513},"Chapter 7 — Productivity, Technology, and Economic Growth","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F07-economic-growth","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F07-economic-growth",{"title":515,"path":516,"stem":517},"Chapter 8 — Money, Credit, and Banking","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F08-money-and-banking","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F08-money-and-banking",{"title":519,"path":520,"stem":521},"Chapter 9 — Business Cycles, AD–AS, and Monetary Policy","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F09-monetary-policy-and-ad-as","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F09-monetary-policy-and-ad-as",{"title":523,"path":524,"stem":525},"Chapter 10 — Fiscal Policy, Distribution, and Public Debt","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F10-fiscal-policy","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F10-fiscal-policy",{"title":527,"path":528,"stem":529},"Chapter 11 — Trade, Capital Flows, and Exchange Rates","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F11-open-economy-and-exchange-rates","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F11-open-economy-and-exchange-rates",{"title":531,"path":532,"stem":533},"Chapter 12 — Integrated Economic Analysis Studio","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F12-review-and-case-studies","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F12-review-and-case-studies",{"title":535,"path":536,"stem":537,"children":538,"page":249},"Microeconometrics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics",[539,557,563,581,603,629,651,673,691,709],{"title":540,"path":541,"stem":542,"children":543},"0. Causal Questions and Designs","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002Findex",[544,545,549,553],{"title":540,"path":541,"stem":542},{"title":546,"path":547,"stem":548},"Causal Questions and Estimands","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F01-causal-question-estimands","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F01-causal-question-estimands",{"title":550,"path":551,"stem":552},"Potential Outcomes and Experiments","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F02-potential-outcomes-experiments","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F02-potential-outcomes-experiments",{"title":554,"path":555,"stem":556},"Causal Diagrams and Controls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F03-dags-controls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F03-dags-controls",{"title":558,"path":559,"stem":560,"children":561},"Microeconometrics — Designing Credible Counterfactuals","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-index","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-index",[562],{"title":558,"path":559,"stem":560},{"title":564,"path":565,"stem":566,"children":567},"1. Regression and Inference","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002Findex",[568,569,573,577],{"title":564,"path":565,"stem":566},{"title":570,"path":571,"stem":572},"OLS as a Projection","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F04-ols-projection","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F04-ols-projection",{"title":574,"path":575,"stem":576},"FWL, Selection and Controls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F05-fwl-selection-controls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F05-fwl-selection-controls",{"title":578,"path":579,"stem":580},"Inference and Clustering","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F06-inference-clustering","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F06-inference-clustering",{"title":582,"path":583,"stem":584,"children":585},"2. Instruments and Panel Data","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002Findex",[586,587,591,595,599],{"title":582,"path":583,"stem":584},{"title":588,"path":589,"stem":590},"Instrumental Variables","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F07-iv-identification","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F07-iv-identification",{"title":592,"path":593,"stem":594},"Weak Instruments and LATE","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F08-weak-iv-late","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F08-weak-iv-late",{"title":596,"path":597,"stem":598},"Panel Fixed Effects","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F09-panel-fixed-effects","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F09-panel-fixed-effects",{"title":600,"path":601,"stem":602},"Dynamic Panels and Limits","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F10-dynamic-panel","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F10-dynamic-panel",{"title":604,"path":605,"stem":606,"children":607},"3. Policy Evaluation Designs","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002Findex",[608,609,613,617,621,625],{"title":604,"path":605,"stem":606},{"title":610,"path":611,"stem":612},"Difference-in-Differences","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F11-did-core","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F11-did-core",{"title":614,"path":615,"stem":616},"Staggered DID and Event Studies","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F12-staggered-event-studies","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F12-staggered-event-studies",{"title":618,"path":619,"stem":620},"Regression Discontinuity","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F13-rdd","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F13-rdd",{"title":622,"path":623,"stem":624},"Matching, Weighting and Overlap","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F14-matching-weighting","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F14-matching-weighting",{"title":626,"path":627,"stem":628},"Synthetic Control","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F15-synthetic-control","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F15-synthetic-control",{"title":630,"path":631,"stem":632,"children":633},"Module 4 — Choice and Limited Outcomes","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002Findex",[634,635,639,643,647],{"title":630,"path":631,"stem":632},{"title":636,"path":637,"stem":638},"Binary Choice","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F16-binary-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F16-binary-choice",{"title":640,"path":641,"stem":642},"Multinomial and Ordered Choice","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F17-multinomial-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F17-multinomial-choice",{"title":644,"path":645,"stem":646},"Count Outcomes","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F18-count-outcomes","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F18-count-outcomes",{"title":648,"path":649,"stem":650},"Censoring, Truncation and Selection","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F19-censoring-selection","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F19-censoring-selection",{"title":652,"path":653,"stem":654,"children":655},"Module 5 — Modern Causal Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002Findex",[656,657,661,665,669],{"title":652,"path":653,"stem":654},{"title":658,"path":659,"stem":660},"Double Machine Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F20-dml","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F20-dml",{"title":662,"path":663,"stem":664},"Heterogeneity and Policy Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F21-heterogeneity-policy","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F21-heterogeneity-policy",{"title":666,"path":667,"stem":668},"Sensitivity and Partial Identification","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F22-sensitivity-partial-id","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F22-sensitivity-partial-id",{"title":670,"path":671,"stem":672},"External Validity and Transport","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F23-external-validity","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F23-external-validity",{"title":674,"path":675,"stem":676,"children":677},"Module 6 — From Data to Auditable Evidence","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002Findex",[678,679,683,687],{"title":674,"path":675,"stem":676},{"title":680,"path":681,"stem":682},"Data Provenance","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F24-data-provenance","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F24-data-provenance",{"title":684,"path":685,"stem":686},"Reproducibility and Reporting","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F25-reproducibility-reporting","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F25-reproducibility-reporting",{"title":688,"path":689,"stem":690},"Paper and Evidence Audit","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F26-paper-audit","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F26-paper-audit",{"title":692,"path":693,"stem":694,"children":695},"Appendix — Revision and Evidence Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[696,697,701,705],{"title":692,"path":693,"stem":694},{"title":698,"path":699,"stem":700},"Formula and Design Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F27-formula-design-map","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F27-formula-design-map",{"title":702,"path":703,"stem":704},"Ten Worked Microeconometric Pitfalls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F28-worked-pitfalls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F28-worked-pitfalls",{"title":706,"path":707,"stem":708},"Reading and Software Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F29-reading-software-map","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F29-reading-software-map",{"title":710,"path":711,"stem":712,"children":713},"Capstone — Should Northbridge Expand Pathways?","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[714],{"title":710,"path":711,"stem":712},{"title":716,"path":717,"stem":718,"children":719,"page":249},"Microeconomics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics",[720,726,732,738,744,750,756,762,768,774,780,786,792],{"title":721,"path":722,"stem":723,"children":724},"Advanced Microeconomics — Course Guide","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[725],{"title":721,"path":722,"stem":723},{"title":727,"path":728,"stem":729,"children":730},"Module 1 — Choice, Duality, and Revealed Preference","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F01-fundations","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F01-fundations\u002Findex",[731],{"title":727,"path":728,"stem":729},{"title":733,"path":734,"stem":735,"children":736},"Module 2 — Comparative Statics and Welfare Measurement","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F02-comparative-statics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F02-comparative-statics\u002Findex",[737],{"title":733,"path":734,"stem":735},{"title":739,"path":740,"stem":741,"children":742},"Module 3 — Choice under Risk and Insurance","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F03-uncertainty","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F03-uncertainty\u002Findex",[743],{"title":739,"path":740,"stem":741},{"title":745,"path":746,"stem":747,"children":748},"Module 4 — General Equilibrium and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F04-general-equilibrium","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F04-general-equilibrium\u002Findex",[749],{"title":745,"path":746,"stem":747},{"title":751,"path":752,"stem":753,"children":754},"Module 5 — Static, Dynamic, and Repeated Games","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F05-game-theory","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F05-game-theory\u002Findex",[755],{"title":751,"path":752,"stem":753},{"title":757,"path":758,"stem":759,"children":760},"Module 6 — Oligopoly, Entry, and Algorithmic Pricing","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F06-oligopoly","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F06-oligopoly\u002Findex",[761],{"title":757,"path":758,"stem":759},{"title":763,"path":764,"stem":765,"children":766},"Module 7 — Information Economics and Contracts","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F07-information-economics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F07-information-economics\u002Findex",[767],{"title":763,"path":764,"stem":765},{"title":769,"path":770,"stem":771,"children":772},"Module 8 — Mechanism Design and Auctions","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F08-mechanism-design","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F08-mechanism-design\u002Findex",[773],{"title":769,"path":770,"stem":771},{"title":775,"path":776,"stem":777,"children":778},"Module 9 — Behavioural and Experimental Microeconomics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F09-behavioural-economics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F09-behavioural-economics\u002Findex",[779],{"title":775,"path":776,"stem":777},{"title":781,"path":782,"stem":783,"children":784},"Module 10 — Externalities, Public Goods, and Collective Action","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F10-externalities-public-goods","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F10-externalities-public-goods\u002Findex",[785],{"title":781,"path":782,"stem":783},{"title":787,"path":788,"stem":789,"children":790},"Module 11 — Matching and Market Design","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F11-market-design","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F11-market-design\u002Findex",[791],{"title":787,"path":788,"stem":789},{"title":793,"path":794,"stem":795,"children":796},"Module 12 — Integrated Microeconomic Design Studio","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F12-review","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F12-review\u002Findex",[797],{"title":793,"path":794,"stem":795},{"title":799,"path":800,"stem":801,"children":802},"Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground","en\u002Fplayground\u002Findex",[803,804,808,812,816,820],{"title":799,"path":800,"stem":801},{"title":805,"path":806,"stem":807},"Typst Plugin Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F01-typstex","en\u002Fplayground\u002F01-typstex",{"title":809,"path":810,"stem":811},"Citation Plugin Test","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F02-citation","en\u002Fplayground\u002F02-citation",{"title":813,"path":814,"stem":815},"Pyodide Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F03-pyodide","en\u002Fplayground\u002F03-pyodide",{"title":817,"path":818,"stem":819},"WebR Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F04-webr","en\u002Fplayground\u002F04-webr",{"title":821,"path":822,"stem":823},"Chart.js 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文献综述的构建与写作","\u002Fzh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review","zh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review",{"title":1056,"path":1057,"stem":1058},"8. 文献综述清单与模板","\u002Fzh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template","zh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template",{"title":1060,"path":1061,"stem":1062},"10. 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策略全流程","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F09-case-study","zh\u002Fquant\u002F09-case-study",{"title":1779,"path":1780,"stem":1781},"量化投资文献与软件图谱","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F10-reading-software-map","zh\u002Fquant\u002F10-reading-software-map",{"path":492},{"id":1784,"title":1378,"body":1785,"description":2776,"extension":2777,"features":2778,"hero":2778,"layout":2778,"locale":2778,"meta":2779,"navigation":2778,"path":1379,"published":2780,"seo":2781,"stem":1380,"__hash__":2782},"docs\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F02-demand-and-supply.md",{"type":1786,"value":1787,"toc":2751},"minimark",[1788,1793,1798,1807,1818,1821,1824,1827,1830,1852,1854,1858,1863,1869,1882,1897,1901,1912,1924,1928,1940,1948,1952,1957,1961,1964,1977,1985,1999,2060,2062,2066,2070,2080,2084,2093,2096,2099,2104,2108,2111,2135,2174,2176,2180,2186,2196,2365,2368,2371,2376,2380,2383,2405,2423,2435,2437,2441,2448,2628,2632,2643,2650,2652,2655,2687,2689,2692,2735,2737,2741,2744],[1789,1790,1792],"h1",{"id":1791},"第2章需求与供给-demand-and-supply","第2章：需求与供给 (Demand and Supply)",[1794,1795,1797],"h2",{"id":1796},"_20-引言市场的两股力量","2.0 引言：市场的两股力量",[1799,1800,1801,1802,1806],"p",{},"在经济学中，",[1803,1804,1805],"strong",{},"市场 (Market)"," 并不一定是一个物理存在的场所（如菜市场或超市），它指的是任何使买方（Buyer）和卖方（Seller）能够互动并进行交易的机制安排。无论你在淘宝上网购二手书、在股票交易所买入苹果公司股票，还是在一家咖啡馆里点一杯拿铁，你都身处市场之中。",[1799,1808,1809,1810,1813,1814,1817],{},"描述市场运作核心的两股力量，就是",[1803,1811,1812],{},"需求 (Demand)"," 和 ",[1803,1815,1816],{},"供给 (Supply)","。你可以把它们想象成剪刀的两片刀刃，只有这两片刀刃相互咬合，才能“剪断”市场上的定价难题，决定商品最终能够以多少钱（Price）、卖出多少份（Quantity）。",[1799,1819,1820],{},"本章我们将拆解这把“剪刀”，分别从买方和卖方的角度去理解他们做出决策的经济学逻辑。",[1822,1823],"hr",{},[1794,1825,1826],{"id":1826},"学习目标",[1799,1828,1829],{},"学完本章后，你应该能够：",[1831,1832,1833,1837,1840,1843,1846,1849],"ol",{},[1834,1835,1836],"li",{},"准确定义需求、供给、需求量和供给量。",[1834,1838,1839],{},"解释为什么需求曲线向右下方倾斜、供给曲线向右上方倾斜。",[1834,1841,1842],{},"区分“沿着曲线移动”和“整条曲线移动”。",[1834,1844,1845],{},"判断需求或供给冲击对均衡价格和均衡数量的影响。",[1834,1847,1848],{},"解释短缺、过剩以及价格如何推动市场回到均衡。",[1834,1850,1851],{},"用比较静态分析讲清楚一条完整的因果链。",[1822,1853],{},[1794,1855,1857],{"id":1856},"_21-需求-demand买方的视角","2.1 需求 (Demand)：买方的视角",[1859,1860,1862],"h3",{"id":1861},"什么是需求","什么是需求？",[1799,1864,1801,1865,1868],{},[1803,1866,1867],{},"需求","与你的“愿望”或“渴望 (Want\u002FDesire)”不同。你可能非常“渴望”拥有一架私人飞机，但如果你的银行账户里只有几千块钱，这种渴望就构不成经济学意义上的“需求”。",[1799,1870,1871,1873,1874,1877,1878,1881],{},[1803,1872,1812],{}," 指的是在特定时期内，在各种可能的价格水平下，消费者",[1803,1875,1876],{},"愿意 (Willing)"," 且",[1803,1879,1880],{},"能够 (Able)"," 购买的某种商品或服务的数量。",[1883,1884,1885,1891],"ul",{},[1834,1886,1887,1890],{},[1803,1888,1889],{},"Willingness (购买意愿)："," 消费者主观上想买。",[1834,1892,1893,1896],{},[1803,1894,1895],{},"Ability (购买能力)："," 消费者客观上买得起。",[1859,1898,1900],{"id":1899},"需求法则-law-of-demand","需求法则 (Law of Demand)",[1799,1902,1903,1904,1907,1908,1911],{},"需求法则是经济学中最直观、也最广为人知的定律之一：",[1803,1905,1906],{},"在其他条件不变的情况下 (Ceteris Paribus)，某商品的价格越高，对其需求量就越小；反之，价格越低，需求量就越大。","\n价格 (P, Price) 和 需求量 (Qd, Quantity Demanded) 之间呈现",[1803,1909,1910],{},"反向相关 (inverse relationship)","。",[1913,1914,1915,1921],"blockquote",{},[1799,1916,1917,1918],{},"💡 ",[1803,1919,1920],{},"生活中的例子：双十一打折",[1799,1922,1923],{},"为什么“双十一”或“黑色星期五”会有那么多人熬夜清空购物车？因为商品价格降低了（P↓），所以大家愿意并有能力购买的数量增加了（Qd↑）。这也是为什么商店在清理换季库存时总会挂出大红色的 \"SALE\"（打折）招牌。",[1859,1925,1927],{"id":1926},"需求曲线-the-demand-curve","需求曲线 (The Demand Curve)",[1799,1929,1930,1931,1934,1935,1939],{},"如果我们将价格和需求量画在图表上，我们就会得到一条",[1803,1932,1933],{},"向下倾斜 (downward-sloping)"," 的需求曲线（通常被标记为 ",[1936,1937,1938],"code",{},"D","）。",[1913,1941,1942],{},[1799,1943,1944],{},[1945,1946,1947],"em",{},"说明：在经济学图表中，纵轴总是代表价格 (P)，横轴总是代表数量 (Q)。",[1949,1950],"mermaid-diagram",{"code64":1951,"locale":7},"eHljaGFydC1iZXRhCiAgICB0aXRsZSAi5biC5Zy66ZyA5rGC5puy57q\u002FIChEZW1hbmQgQ3VydmUpIgogICAgeC1heGlzICLmlbDph48gKFF1YW50aXR5KSBRIiBbMCwgMTAsIDIwLCAzMCwgNDAsIDUwLCA2MF0KICAgIHktYXhpcyAi5Lu35qC8IChQcmljZSkgUCIgMCAtLT4gNjAKICAgIGxpbmUgWzUwLCA0MCwgMzAsIDIwLCAxMCwgMCwgMF0=",[1799,1953,1954],{},[1945,1955,1956],{},"(注意：随价格降低，数量向右延伸，这表现了需求法则中量价负相关的特性。)",[1859,1958,1960],{"id":1959},"需求量变动-vs-需求变动-a-crucial-distinction","需求量变动 vs 需求变动 (A Crucial Distinction)",[1799,1962,1963],{},"许多初学者经常混淆这两个概念，但在考试和实际分析中，区分它们至关重要！",[1799,1965,1966,1969,1970,1973,1974,1911],{},[1803,1967,1968],{},"1. 需求量的变动 (Change in Quantity Demanded)","\n这仅仅是因为商品",[1803,1971,1972],{},"自身价格","发生变化而引起的。\n在图表上表现为：",[1803,1975,1976],{},"沿着同一条需求曲线的点在上下移动 (Movement ALONG the curve)",[1883,1978,1979],{},[1834,1980,1981,1984],{},[1945,1982,1983],{},"例子："," 星巴克拿铁今天半价（价格P下降）。于是你决定今天喝两杯而不是一杯。你的“需求量”增加了，但你依然在这条需求曲线上移动。",[1799,1986,1987,1990,1991,1994,1995,1998],{},[1803,1988,1989],{},"2. 需求的变动 (Change in Demand)","\n这是由商品价格",[1803,1992,1993],{},"以外","的因素发生的改变。这意味着即便价格没变，人们买的数量也变了。\n在图表上表现为：",[1803,1996,1997],{},"整条需求曲线的平移 (SHIFT of the curve)","。\n向右移动 (Rightward Shift) 代表需求增加，向左移动 (Leftward Shift) 代表需求减少。",[1913,2000,2001,2007],{},[1799,2002,2003,2004],{},"🎯 ",[1803,2005,2006],{},"导致需求曲线移动的 5 个关键因素 (SPITE)",[1883,2008,2009,2028,2034,2048,2054],{},[1834,2010,2011,2014],{},[1803,2012,2013],{},"S - Substitutes & Complements (替代品与互补品的价格)：",[1883,2015,2016,2022],{},[1834,2017,2018,2021],{},[1803,2019,2020],{},"替代品 (Substitutes)："," 功能相近的产品（百事可乐和可口可乐）。如果可口可乐涨价，百事可乐哪怕不改价，需求也会向右移动（增加）。",[1834,2023,2024,2027],{},[1803,2025,2026],{},"互补品 (Complements)："," 经常搭配使用的产品（打印机和墨盒，热狗和热狗面包，游戏机和手柄）。如果PS5游戏机降价大促，不仅购买PS5的人增加了，对应游戏手柄或光盘的需求曲线也会向右移动。",[1834,2029,2030,2033],{},[1803,2031,2032],{},"P - Population (人口\u002F买家数量)："," 市场里买家越多，整体需求越大。比如大学扩招新生，周边租房的需求就会大幅向右移动。",[1834,2035,2036,2039,2040,2043,2044,2047],{},[1803,2037,2038],{},"I - Income (收入)："," 当你的月薪翻倍，你可能会多买几杯星巴克（",[1803,2041,2042],{},"正常品 Normal Good","，需求右移）；但你可能会减少购买超市打折促销的廉价泡面（",[1803,2045,2046],{},"劣等品 Inferior Good","，需求左移）。",[1834,2049,2050,2053],{},[1803,2051,2052],{},"T - Tastes & Preferences (品味与偏好)："," 某种商品突然变得流行。比如某部现象级动漫播出后，相关周边手办的需求会瞬间增加（曲线右移）。",[1834,2055,2056,2059],{},[1803,2057,2058],{},"E - Expectations (预期)："," 对未来的预测。如果你预期下个月汽油要大涨价，你今天就会跑去把油箱加满（今天的汽油需求曲线就向右平移了）。",[1822,2061],{},[1794,2063,2065],{"id":2064},"_22-供给-supply卖方的视角","2.2 供给 (Supply)：卖方的视角",[1859,2067,2069],{"id":2068},"什么是供给","什么是供给？",[1799,2071,2072,2075,2076,2079],{},[1803,2073,2074],{},"供给","是指在特定时期内，各种可能的价格水平下，生产者或企业",[1803,2077,2078],{},"愿意且能够销售","的某种商品或服务的数量。和需求一样，它也需要兼具意愿（想卖）和能力（能造出来）。",[1859,2081,2083],{"id":2082},"供给法则-law-of-supply","供给法则 (Law of Supply)",[1799,2085,2086,2089,2090,1911],{},[1803,2087,2088],{},"在其他条件不变的情况下，物品的价格越高，供给量越大；价格越低，供给量越小。","\n价格 (P) 与 供给量 (Qs, Quantity Supplied) 呈现",[1803,2091,2092],{},"正向相关 (direct relationship)",[1799,2094,2095],{},"这背后的逻辑是利润动机 (Profit Motive)：如果苹果卖得越来越贵，农民就会觉得种苹果更有利可图，他们就会把原本种梨子的地改种苹果。",[1949,2097],{"code64":2098,"locale":7},"eHljaGFydC1iZXRhCiAgICB0aXRsZSAi5biC5Zy65L6b57uZ5puy57q\u002FIChTdXBwbHkgQ3VydmUpIgogICAgeC1heGlzICLmlbDph48gKFF1YW50aXR5KSBRIiBbMCwgMTAsIDIwLCAzMCwgNDAsIDUwLCA2MF0KICAgIHktYXhpcyAi5Lu35qC8IChQcmljZSkgUCIgMCAtLT4gNjAKICAgIGxpbmUgWzAsIDEwLCAyMCwgMzAsIDQwLCA1MCwgNjBd",[1799,2100,2101],{},[1945,2102,2103],{},"(供给曲线S向上倾斜。价格越高，厂家愿意生产的数量越多。)",[1859,2105,2107],{"id":2106},"供给量变动-vs-供给变动","供给量变动 vs 供给变动",[1799,2109,2110],{},"和需求部分一样，这也有一对需要区分的概念：",[1883,2112,2113,2125],{},[1834,2114,2115,2118,2119,2121,2122,1911],{},[1803,2116,2117],{},"供给量的变动 (Change in Quantity Supplied)："," 由商品",[1803,2120,1972],{},"变动引起。只在",[1803,2123,2124],{},"曲线上滑动 (Movement)",[1834,2126,2127,2130,2131,2134],{},[1803,2128,2129],{},"供给的变动 (Change in Supply)："," 由于非价格因素引起。表现为",[1803,2132,2133],{},"曲线平移 (Shift)","。向右代表供给增加（成本变低，大家都愿意卖），向左代表供给减少。",[1913,2136,2137,2142],{},[1799,2138,2003,2139],{},[1803,2140,2141],{},"导致供给曲线移动的 5 个关键因素",[1883,2143,2144,2150,2156,2162,2168],{},[1834,2145,2146,2149],{},[1803,2147,2148],{},"资源价格与生产成本 (Resource Prices\u002FCost)："," 芯片涨价了，生产手机的成本变高。在原有价格下，手机厂商变得无利可图，手机的供给量就会减少（供给曲线整体向左移动）。",[1834,2151,2152,2155],{},[1803,2153,2154],{},"技术进步 (Technology)："," 自动化机械臂和AI技术的引入使汽车生产效率翻倍，成本大幅度降低。福特汽车现在能够生产更多的汽车，汽车的供给曲线向右移动。",[1834,2157,2158,2161],{},[1803,2159,2160],{},"政策的影响：税收补贴与法规 (Taxes, Subsidies & Regulations)："," 政府对新能源车每辆补贴$5000（相当于成本降低，向右移动）；或者政府对工厂排放的废气征收重税（相当于成本升高，向左移动）。",[1834,2163,2164,2167],{},[1803,2165,2166],{},"卖方的数量 (Number of Sellers)："," 几家大型咖啡连锁店同时入驻某商业街，这条街上的咖啡供给量（即使咖啡的价格本身并没有变化）整体增加了（向右移动）。",[1834,2169,2170,2173],{},[1803,2171,2172],{},"卖方的预期 (Expectations)："," 如果燕麦奶厂商预期下个月原材料可能会大幅降价，他们可能会选择当下暂缓部分生产，等下个月成本更低时再大量上市（今天的供给会减少）。",[1822,2175],{},[1794,2177,2179],{"id":2178},"_23-市场均衡-market-equilibrium当买卖双方相遇","2.3 市场均衡 (Market Equilibrium)：当买卖双方相遇",[1799,2181,2182,2183,1911],{},"现在，我们将代表买方（D曲线）和代表卖方（S曲线）合二为一。两条曲线的交点，就是那个充满魔力的状态：",[1803,2184,2185],{},"市场均衡点 (Equilibrium Point)",[1799,2187,2188,2189,2192,2193,1911],{},"在均衡状态下，",[1803,2190,2191],{},"由于消费者的需求量 (Qd) 恰好等于生产者的供给量 (Qs)","，市场实现了",[1803,2194,2195],{},"出清 (Market Clearing)",[1883,2197,2198,2298],{},[1834,2199,2200,2201,1911],{},"在这个交点对应的价格，称为 ",[1803,2202,2203,2204,2297],{},"均衡价格 (Equilibrium Price, ",[2205,2206,2209,2239],"span",{"className":2207},[2208],"katex",[2205,2210,2213],{"className":2211},[2212],"katex-mathml",[2214,2215,2217],"math",{"xmlns":2216},"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML",[2218,2219,2220,2234],"semantics",{},[2221,2222,2223],"mrow",{},[2224,2225,2226,2230],"msup",{},[2227,2228,2229],"mi",{},"P",[2231,2232,2233],"mo",{},"∗",[2235,2236,2238],"annotation",{"encoding":2237},"application\u002Fx-tex","P^*",[2205,2240,2244],{"className":2241,"ariaHidden":2243},[2242],"katex-html","true",[2205,2245,2248,2253],{"className":2246},[2247],"base",[2205,2249],{"className":2250,"style":2252},[2251],"strut","height:0.6887em;",[2205,2254,2257,2262],{"className":2255},[2256],"mord",[2205,2258,2229],{"className":2259,"style":2261},[2256,2260],"mathnormal","margin-right:0.1389em;",[2205,2263,2266],{"className":2264},[2265],"msupsub",[2205,2267,2270],{"className":2268},[2269],"vlist-t",[2205,2271,2274],{"className":2272},[2273],"vlist-r",[2205,2275,2278],{"className":2276,"style":2252},[2277],"vlist",[2205,2279,2281,2286],{"style":2280},"top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;",[2205,2282],{"className":2283,"style":2285},[2284],"pstrut","height:2.7em;",[2205,2287,2293],{"className":2288},[2289,2290,2291,2292],"sizing","reset-size6","size3","mtight",[2205,2294,2233],{"className":2295},[2296,2292],"mbin",")",[1834,2299,2300,2301,1911],{},"在这个交点对应的数量，称为 ",[1803,2302,2303,2304,2297],{},"均衡数量 (Equilibrium Quantity, ",[2205,2305,2307,2326],{"className":2306},[2208],[2205,2308,2310],{"className":2309},[2212],[2214,2311,2312],{"xmlns":2216},[2218,2313,2314,2323],{},[2221,2315,2316],{},[2224,2317,2318,2321],{},[2227,2319,2320],{},"Q",[2231,2322,2233],{},[2235,2324,2325],{"encoding":2237},"Q^*",[2205,2327,2329],{"className":2328,"ariaHidden":2243},[2242],[2205,2330,2332,2336],{"className":2331},[2247],[2205,2333],{"className":2334,"style":2335},[2251],"height:0.8831em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[2205,2337,2339,2342],{"className":2338},[2256],[2205,2340,2320],{"className":2341},[2256,2260],[2205,2343,2345],{"className":2344},[2265],[2205,2346,2348],{"className":2347},[2269],[2205,2349,2351],{"className":2350},[2273],[2205,2352,2354],{"className":2353,"style":2252},[2277],[2205,2355,2356,2359],{"style":2280},[2205,2357],{"className":2358,"style":2285},[2284],[2205,2360,2362],{"className":2361},[2289,2290,2291,2292],[2205,2363,2233],{"className":2364},[2296,2292],[1799,2366,2367],{},"在这个点上，既没有人觉得价格太高卖不出去东西，也没有人觉得抢不到东西。市场达到了和谐的暂态。",[1949,2369],{"code64":2370,"locale":7},"eHljaGFydC1iZXRhCiAgICB0aXRsZSAi5biC5Zy65Z2H6KGhIChFcXVpbGlicml1bSkiCiAgICB4LWF4aXMgIuaVsOmHjyAoUXVhbnRpdHkpIFEiIFswLCAxMCwgMjAsIDMwLCA0MCwgNTAsIDYwXQogICAgeS1heGlzICLku7fmoLwgKFByaWNlKSBQIiAwIC0tPiA2MAogICAgbGluZSBbNTAsIDQwLCAzMCwgMjAsIDEwLCAwLCAwXQogICAgbGluZSBbMTAsIDIwLCAzMCwgNDAsIDUwLCA2MCwgNjBd",[1799,2372,2373],{},[1945,2374,2375],{},"(在图表中，两条线在 P=30, Q=20 处相交，这是一个稳定的状态)",[1859,2377,2379],{"id":2378},"为什么市场会自动趋向均衡","为什么市场会自动趋向均衡？",[1799,2381,2382],{},"看不见的手 (The Invisible Hand) 是如何运作的？假设一种情况发生在偏离均衡点的地方：",[1799,2384,2385,2388,2389,2392,2393,2396,2397,2400,2401,2404],{},[1803,2386,2387],{},"1. 过剩 (Surplus)：当 价格 > 均衡价格","\n假设最新的 iPhone 定价10万人民币一台。很多果粉觉得太贵了放弃购买（Qd降低），但由于利润诱人，苹果公司疯狂出货塞满仓库（Qs增加）。\n此时，",[1803,2390,2391],{},"Qs > Qd","。这就产生了",[1803,2394,2395],{},"过剩","或",[1803,2398,2399],{},"供过于求","。\n",[1945,2402,2403],{},"自然修正的过程："," 库克看着堆积如山的手机存货，只能宣布降价打折来吸引买家，随着打折清理库存，价格被迫不断下降，直到价格跌回到那个人人都觉得合理、并且正好让库存卖空的均衡价格点为止。",[1799,2406,2407,2410,2411,2392,2414,2396,2417,2400,2420,2422],{},[1803,2408,2409],{},"2. 短缺 (Shortage)：当 价格 \u003C 均衡价格","\n再假设著名的网红烘焙店搞活动，所有的半熟芝士蛋糕只卖 1 块钱（这大大低于均衡价格）。在 1 块钱的价格下，买家疯抢（Qd激增），但老板觉得卖 1 块钱甚至无法覆盖包装盒成本因此只做了 10 个（Qs极少）。\n此时，",[1803,2412,2413],{},"Qd > Qs",[1803,2415,2416],{},"短缺",[1803,2418,2419],{},"供不应求",[1945,2421,2403],{}," 很快就会有黄牛入场，把原价的蛋糕炒作到 50 块，或者排队的顾客愿意付更高的小费加塞。老板一看这么多顾客拿着钞票抢购，便顺理成章地提高了蛋糕标价，增加产量。价格上升的过程中，一部分穷酸学生退出了排队，直到市场重新在中间的高价状态达成平衡。",[1913,2424,2425],{},[1799,2426,1917,2427,2430,2431,2434],{},[1803,2428,2429],{},"总结案例：网约车与“动态调价”系统 (Surge Pricing)","\n下大雨的时候，大家都不想淋雨搭公交，打车的需求急剧增加（D向右移动）；同时，司机觉得下雨天开车不安全、不想出车，路上的出租车变少了（S向左移动）。\n需求上升 + 供给下降 = ",[1803,2432,2433],{},"极其严重的短缺","。\n为了强行让这个失衡的市场恢复均衡，Uber 或滴滴的算法就会开启“雨天动态加价 2.5倍”。高昂的价格（P↑）能劝退一部分认为不划算宁愿等雨停的乘客（减少需求量），同时也会吸引待在家里的司机立刻出发接单（增加供给量）。最终价格锁定在一个能让有车可接、有客可拉的新的均衡点。",[1822,2436],{},[1794,2438,2440],{"id":2439},"_24-当曲线移动比较静态分析初步","2.4 当曲线移动：比较静态分析初步",[1799,2442,2443,2444,2447],{},"经济学家经常做的一件事叫做",[1803,2445,2446],{},"比较静态分析 (Comparative Statics)","。意思是，改变一个外在因素导致曲线移动，然后比较一下“旧均衡”和“新均衡”分别是什么样。我们在下表做一个快速的沙盘推演：",[2449,2450,2451,2468],"table",{},[2452,2453,2454],"thead",{},[2455,2456,2457,2462,2465],"tr",{},[2458,2459,2461],"th",{"align":2460},"left","市场情景设定",[2458,2463,2464],{"align":2460},"对曲线的影响",[2458,2466,2467],{"align":2460},"对均衡的影响 (新均衡点)",[2469,2470,2471,2516,2554,2591],"tbody",{},[2455,2472,2473,2486,2494],{},[2474,2475,2476,2479,2480,2479,2483],"td",{"align":2460},[1803,2477,2478],{},"年轻人都开始追求健康减肥"," ",[2481,2482],"br",{},[1945,2484,2485],{},"(目标市场：含糖奶茶)",[2474,2487,2488,2491,2493],{"align":2460},[1803,2489,2490],{},"奶茶需求(D) ⬇️ (向左移)",[2481,2492],{},"大家突然集体厌恶高糖饮料。",[2474,2495,2003,2496,2502,2503,2003,2505,2502,2511,2513],{"align":2460},[1945,2497,2498,2501],{},[1945,2499,2500],{},"价格 (P",") 下跌","*",[2481,2504],{},[1945,2506,2507,2510],{},[1945,2508,2509],{},"数量 (Q",") 下降",[2481,2512],{},[1945,2514,2515],{},"(奶茶店只能降价甚至关店)",[2455,2517,2518,2528,2536],{},[2474,2519,2520,2479,2523,2525],{"align":2460},[1803,2521,2522],{},"突发台风摧毁大片甘蔗农田",[2481,2524],{},[1945,2526,2527],{},"(目标市场：白糖)",[2474,2529,2530,2533,2535],{"align":2460},[1803,2531,2532],{},"白糖供给(S) ⬇️ (向左移)",[2481,2534],{},"原材料被毁，产出急剧减少。",[2474,2537,2003,2538,2502,2543,2003,2545,2502,2549,2551],{"align":2460},[1945,2539,2540,2542],{},[1945,2541,2500],{},") 上升",[2481,2544],{},[1945,2546,2547,2510],{},[1945,2548,2509],{},[2481,2550],{},[1945,2552,2553],{},"(白糖贵了并且更少了)",[2455,2555,2556,2566,2574],{},[2474,2557,2558,2479,2561,2563],{"align":2460},[1803,2559,2560],{},"新电池技术使笔记本电脑成本降低一半",[2481,2562],{},[1945,2564,2565],{},"(目标市场：笔记本电脑)",[2474,2567,2568,2571,2573],{"align":2460},[1803,2569,2570],{},"电脑供给(S) ⬆️ (向右移)",[2481,2572],{},"厂家可以在同样价钱下造更多。",[2474,2575,2003,2576,2502,2580,2003,2582,2502,2586,2588],{"align":2460},[1945,2577,2578,2501],{},[1945,2579,2500],{},[2481,2581],{},[1945,2583,2584,2542],{},[1945,2585,2509],{},[2481,2587],{},[1945,2589,2590],{},"(又便宜货又多，消费者狂喜)",[2455,2592,2593,2603,2611],{},[2474,2594,2595,2479,2598,2600],{"align":2460},[1803,2596,2597],{},"国家发放大量旅游消费券(发钱)",[2481,2599],{},[1945,2601,2602],{},"(目标市场：酒店住宿)",[2474,2604,2605,2608,2610],{"align":2460},[1803,2606,2607],{},"酒店需求(D) ⬆️ (向右移)",[2481,2609],{},"因为大家手上有了额外收入。",[2474,2612,2003,2613,2502,2617,2003,2619,2502,2623,2625],{"align":2460},[1945,2614,2615,2542],{},[1945,2616,2500],{},[2481,2618],{},[1945,2620,2621,2542],{},[1945,2622,2509],{},[2481,2624],{},[1945,2626,2627],{},"(酒店天天爆满且趁机大幅涨价)",[2629,2630],"model-curve-chart",{"props64":2631},"eyJ0aXRsZSI6IumcgOaxguWPs+enu+WmguS9leaUueWPmOW4guWcuuWdh+ihoSIsInN1YnRpdGxlIjoi5Lul6YWS5bqX5L2P5a6\u002F5biC5Zy65Li65L6L77ya5peF5ri45raI6LS55Yi45o+Q6auY6LSt5Lmw5oSP5oS\u002F77yM5L6b57uZ5puy57q\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\u002FmemHjOmcgOaxguWPs+enu+S9v+aWsOWdh+ihoeWQjOaXtuWvueW6lOabtOmrmOS7t+agvOWSjOabtOWkmuaIkOS6pOmHj+OAgiJ9",[1799,2633,2634,2635,2638,2639,2642],{},"这张图把表格里的“酒店需求上升”画成了从 ",[1936,2636,2637],{},"D0"," 到 ",[1936,2640,2641],{},"D1"," 的移动。供给曲线没有变，所以分析重点不是“价格沿着需求曲线走”，而是重新寻找供给与新需求的交点。做题时要把话说完整：外部因素让需求曲线右移，新的均衡价格上升，新的均衡数量也上升。",[1799,2644,2645,2646,2649],{},"如果需求和供给",[1803,2647,2648],{},"同时","发生变动呢？这里面其实有一个隐藏的规则：当两股力量同时作用时，均衡价格和数量中至少有一个方向是**不确定 (Ambiguous \u002F indeterminate)**的，取决于谁的变动幅度更大。这将在你在解题时成为一个非常有意思的分析挑战！",[1822,2651],{},[1794,2653,2654],{"id":2654},"常见误区与考试陷阱",[1831,2656,2657,2663,2669,2675,2681],{},[1834,2658,2659,2662],{},[1803,2660,2661],{},"销量上升就说“需求增加”。"," 如果是商品自身价格下降导致买得更多，那是需求量沿曲线移动，不是需求曲线右移。",[1834,2664,2665,2668],{},[1803,2666,2667],{},"忘记“其他条件不变”。"," 需求法则和供给法则都默认其他因素暂时不变。",[1834,2670,2671,2674],{},[1803,2672,2673],{},"移动错曲线。"," 生产成本变化通常移动供给曲线；收入、偏好、相关品价格变化通常移动需求曲线。",[1834,2676,2677,2680],{},[1803,2678,2679],{},"把短缺理解成“供给太少”。"," 短缺是指在某个价格下，需求量大于供给量。",[1834,2682,2683,2686],{},[1803,2684,2685],{},"以为价格和数量方向永远都确定。"," 当需求和供给同时移动时，价格或数量中常常有一个方向不确定。",[1822,2688],{},[1794,2690,2691],{"id":2691},"自测题",[1831,2693,2694,2705,2715,2725],{},[1834,2695,2696,2697],{},"咖啡降价后，人们买了更多咖啡。这是需求曲线移动，还是沿需求曲线移动？\n",[1883,2698,2699],{},[1834,2700,2701,2704],{},[1803,2702,2703],{},"答案提示："," 是沿需求曲线移动，因为变化来自咖啡自身价格。",[1834,2706,2707,2708],{},"新机器让笔记本电脑生产成本下降。电脑市场会怎样变化？\n",[1883,2709,2710],{},[1834,2711,2712,2714],{},[1803,2713,2703],{}," 供给曲线右移，均衡价格倾向于下降，均衡数量倾向于上升。",[1834,2716,2717,2718],{},"如果政府规定的最高租金低于市场均衡租金，会出现什么问题？\n",[1883,2719,2720],{},[1834,2721,2722,2724],{},[1803,2723,2703],{}," 会出现短缺，因为低价下想租房的人多于愿意出租的房源。",[1834,2726,2727,2728],{},"如果需求上升，同时供给下降，哪个结果可以确定？\n",[1883,2729,2730],{},[1834,2731,2732,2734],{},[1803,2733,2703],{}," 价格会上升；数量方向不确定，要看两条曲线移动幅度谁更大。",[1822,2736],{},[1859,2738,2740],{"id":2739},"结语","📝 结语",[1799,2742,2743],{},"需求与供给模型是经济学的通用语（Lingua Franca）。这把剪刀只要挥舞得当，你可以用来分析世界上所有自由市场化物品的现象——从房租的走势，到原油价格的跌宕，甚至劳动力市场中特定岗位的工资水平。",[1799,2745,2746,2747,2750],{},"掌握了这个基础，接下来的下一章我们将稍微拔高难度，讨论一个经常导致企业利润误判的问题——价格变化到底有多“敏感”？（提示：我们需要引入",[1803,2748,2749],{},"弹性 Elasticity"," 这个大杀器了）。",{"title":10,"searchDepth":2752,"depth":2752,"links":2753},2,[2754,2755,2756,2763,2768,2771,2772,2773],{"id":1796,"depth":2752,"text":1797},{"id":1826,"depth":2752,"text":1826},{"id":1856,"depth":2752,"text":1857,"children":2757},[2758,2760,2761,2762],{"id":1861,"depth":2759,"text":1862},3,{"id":1899,"depth":2759,"text":1900},{"id":1926,"depth":2759,"text":1927},{"id":1959,"depth":2759,"text":1960},{"id":2064,"depth":2752,"text":2065,"children":2764},[2765,2766,2767],{"id":2068,"depth":2759,"text":2069},{"id":2082,"depth":2759,"text":2083},{"id":2106,"depth":2759,"text":2107},{"id":2178,"depth":2752,"text":2179,"children":2769},[2770],{"id":2378,"depth":2759,"text":2379},{"id":2439,"depth":2752,"text":2440},{"id":2654,"depth":2752,"text":2654},{"id":2691,"depth":2752,"text":2691,"children":2774},[2775],{"id":2739,"depth":2759,"text":2740},"用需求、供给、均衡和曲线移动解释市场价格与交易量。","md",null,{},true,{"title":1378,"description":2776},"z6KLyksiqOb7JPzVqy90ge6I-ZHR0PYK2tiu45C8PAM",[2784,2786],{"title":1374,"path":1375,"stem":1376,"description":2785,"children":-1},"探索稀缺性、机会成本、边际分析与生产可能性边界等核心经济学概念。",{"title":1382,"path":1383,"stem":1384,"description":2787,"children":-1},"衡量消费者和生产者对价格、收入和市场变化的敏感程度。",1785754748433]