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Search, Evaluate, and Read Evidence","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F02-reading-and-literature-matrix","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F02-reading-and-literature-matrix",{"title":27,"path":28,"stem":29},"3. From Sources to Synthesis and Argument","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F03-arguments-outlines-and-paragraphs","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F03-arguments-outlines-and-paragraphs",{"title":31,"path":32,"stem":33},"4. Literature Review and a Defensible Gap","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review",{"title":35,"path":36,"stem":37},"5. Research Design, Evidence, and Core Sections","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F05-core-sections-and-evidence","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F05-core-sections-and-evidence",{"title":39,"path":40,"stem":41},"6. Citation, Paraphrasing, Integrity, and AI","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F06-citation-paraphrasing-and-integrity","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F06-citation-paraphrasing-and-integrity",{"title":43,"path":44,"stem":45},"7. Revision, Review, and Submission","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F07-revision-style-and-submission","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F07-revision-style-and-submission",{"title":47,"path":48,"stem":49},"8. Research Workbook","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template",{"title":51,"path":52,"stem":53},"9. Research Workflow and Tools","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F09-tools-for-academic-writing-and-literature-management","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F09-tools-for-academic-writing-and-literature-management",{"title":55,"path":56,"stem":57},"10. Worked Project — From Question to Defensible Conclusion","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F10-worked-example-from-block-structure-to-question-chain","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F10-worked-example-from-block-structure-to-question-chain",{"title":59,"path":60,"stem":61,"children":62,"page":249},"Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting","en\u002Faccounting",[63,69,87,93,193],{"title":64,"path":65,"stem":66,"children":67},"Accounting — From Evidence to Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002F00-index","en\u002Faccounting\u002F00-index",[68],{"title":64,"path":65,"stem":66},{"title":70,"path":71,"stem":72,"children":73},"Accounting Appendix","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[74,75,79,83],{"title":70,"path":71,"stem":72},{"title":76,"path":77,"stem":78},"Worked Examples and Error Diagnosis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F24-examples-pitfalls","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F24-examples-pitfalls",{"title":80,"path":81,"stem":82},"Accounting Glossary","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F26-glossary","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F26-glossary",{"title":84,"path":85,"stem":86},"Reading and Evidence Map","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F27-reading-map","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F27-reading-map",{"title":88,"path":89,"stem":90,"children":91},"Northstar Record-to-Decision Capstone","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[92],{"title":88,"path":89,"stem":90},{"title":94,"path":95,"stem":96,"children":97},"Financial Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002Findex",[98,99,117,131,165,179],{"title":94,"path":95,"stem":96},{"title":100,"path":101,"stem":102,"children":103},"1. Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002Findex",[104,105,109,113],{"title":100,"path":101,"stem":102},{"title":106,"path":107,"stem":108},"Objectives and Qualitative Characteristics","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F01-objectives-qualitative-characteristics","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F01-objectives-qualitative-characteristics",{"title":110,"path":111,"stem":112},"Equation and Elements","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F02-equation-elements","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F02-equation-elements",{"title":114,"path":115,"stem":116},"Accrual Basis, Estimates and Periods","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F03-accounting-bases-principles","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F03-accounting-bases-principles",{"title":118,"path":119,"stem":120,"children":121},"2. Recording Transactions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002Findex",[122,123,127],{"title":118,"path":119,"stem":120},{"title":124,"path":125,"stem":126},"Double-Entry and Debit\u002FCredit","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F04-double-entry-dr-cr","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F04-double-entry-dr-cr",{"title":128,"path":129,"stem":130},"Accounting Cycle","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F05-accounting-cycle","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F05-accounting-cycle",{"title":132,"path":133,"stem":134,"children":135},"3. Measurement and Adjustments","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002Findex",[136,137,141,145,149,153,157,161],{"title":132,"path":133,"stem":134},{"title":138,"path":139,"stem":140},"Revenue Recognition","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F07-revenue-recognition","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F07-revenue-recognition",{"title":142,"path":143,"stem":144},"Inventory","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F08-inventory","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F08-inventory",{"title":146,"path":147,"stem":148},"Receivables and Expected Credit Losses","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F09-receivables","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F09-receivables",{"title":150,"path":151,"stem":152},"Property, Plant and Equipment","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F10-ppe","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F10-ppe",{"title":154,"path":155,"stem":156},"Intangible Assets","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F11-intangibles","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F11-intangibles",{"title":158,"path":159,"stem":160},"Leases","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F12-leases","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F12-leases",{"title":162,"path":163,"stem":164},"Current and Deferred Income Tax","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F13-income-tax","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F13-income-tax",{"title":166,"path":167,"stem":168,"children":169},"4. Reporting and Cash","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002Findex",[170,171,175],{"title":166,"path":167,"stem":168},{"title":172,"path":173,"stem":174},"Linked Financial Statements","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F06-financial-statements","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F06-financial-statements",{"title":176,"path":177,"stem":178},"Cash, Reconciliation and Internal Control","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F14-cash-control","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F14-cash-control",{"title":180,"path":181,"stem":182,"children":183},"5. Analysis and Comparison","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002Findex",[184,185,189],{"title":180,"path":181,"stem":182},{"title":186,"path":187,"stem":188},"Ratio Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F15-ratio-analysis","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F15-ratio-analysis",{"title":190,"path":191,"stem":192},"IFRS versus US GAAP","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F25-ifrs-gaap","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F25-ifrs-gaap",{"title":194,"path":195,"stem":196,"children":197},"Management Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002Findex",[198,199,217,235],{"title":194,"path":195,"stem":196},{"title":200,"path":201,"stem":202,"children":203},"1. Cost Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002Findex",[204,205,209,213],{"title":200,"path":201,"stem":202},{"title":206,"path":207,"stem":208},"Cost Concepts and Behaviour","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F16-cost-concepts","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F16-cost-concepts",{"title":210,"path":211,"stem":212},"Costing Systems","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F17-costing-systems","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F17-costing-systems",{"title":214,"path":215,"stem":216},"Variable and Absorption Costing","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F19-variable-vs-absorption","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F19-variable-vs-absorption",{"title":218,"path":219,"stem":220,"children":221},"2. Planning and Control","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002Findex",[222,223,227,231],{"title":218,"path":219,"stem":220},{"title":224,"path":225,"stem":226},"Cost–Volume–Profit Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F18-cvp-analysis","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F18-cvp-analysis",{"title":228,"path":229,"stem":230},"Budgeting and Variance Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F20-budgeting-variances","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F20-budgeting-variances",{"title":232,"path":233,"stem":234},"Performance Measurement","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F21-performance-measurement","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F21-performance-measurement",{"title":236,"path":237,"stem":238,"children":239},"3. Decisions and Investment","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002Findex",[240,241,245],{"title":236,"path":237,"stem":238},{"title":242,"path":243,"stem":244},"Short-Term Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F22-short-term-decisions","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F22-short-term-decisions",{"title":246,"path":247,"stem":248},"Capital Budgeting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F23-capital-budgeting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F23-capital-budgeting",false,{"title":251,"path":252,"stem":253,"children":254,"page":249},"Business Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics",[255,261,279,305,335,365,383,400],{"title":256,"path":257,"stem":258,"children":259},"Business Analytics — From Data to Defensible Action","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-index","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-index",[260],{"title":256,"path":257,"stem":258},{"title":262,"path":263,"stem":264,"children":265},"0. Decision and Data Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[266,267,271,275],{"title":262,"path":263,"stem":264},{"title":268,"path":269,"stem":270},"Decision Framing","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F01-decision-framing","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F01-decision-framing",{"title":272,"path":273,"stem":274},"Data Contracts","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F02-data-contracts","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F02-data-contracts",{"title":276,"path":277,"stem":278},"Reproducible Analytics Workflow","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F03-reproducible-workflow","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F03-reproducible-workflow",{"title":280,"path":281,"stem":282,"children":283},"1. Descriptive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002Findex",[284,285,289,293,297,301],{"title":280,"path":281,"stem":282},{"title":286,"path":287,"stem":288},"Distributions and Exploratory Data Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F04-distributions-eda","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F04-distributions-eda",{"title":290,"path":291,"stem":292},"KPIs and Denominators","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F05-kpis-denominators","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F05-kpis-denominators",{"title":294,"path":295,"stem":296},"Segments, Cohorts and Funnels","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F06-segmentation-cohorts-funnels","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F06-segmentation-cohorts-funnels",{"title":298,"path":299,"stem":300},"Visual Evidence and Data Stories","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F07-visualisation-story","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F07-visualisation-story",{"title":302,"path":303,"stem":304},"Experiments and Causal Boundaries","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F08-experiments-causal-boundary","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F08-experiments-causal-boundary",{"title":306,"path":307,"stem":308,"children":309},"2. Predictive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002Findex",[310,311,315,319,323,327,331],{"title":306,"path":307,"stem":308},{"title":312,"path":313,"stem":314},"Validation, Baselines and Leakage","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F09-validation-leakage","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F09-validation-leakage",{"title":316,"path":317,"stem":318},"Regression and Forecasting","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F10-regression-forecasting","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F10-regression-forecasting",{"title":320,"path":321,"stem":322},"Classification and Calibration","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F11-classification-calibration","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F11-classification-calibration",{"title":324,"path":325,"stem":326},"Trees and Ensembles","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F12-trees-ensembles","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F12-trees-ensembles",{"title":328,"path":329,"stem":330},"Decision Metrics and Thresholds","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F13-decision-metrics-thresholds","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F13-decision-metrics-thresholds",{"title":332,"path":333,"stem":334},"Explainability, Monitoring and Drift","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F14-explainability-drift","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F14-explainability-drift",{"title":336,"path":337,"stem":338,"children":339},"3. Prescriptive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002Findex",[340,341,345,349,353,357,361],{"title":336,"path":337,"stem":338},{"title":342,"path":343,"stem":344},"Decision-Making under Uncertainty","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F15-decision-uncertainty","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F15-decision-uncertainty",{"title":346,"path":347,"stem":348},"Linear Optimisation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F16-linear-optimization","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F16-linear-optimization",{"title":350,"path":351,"stem":352},"Inventory and Allocation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F17-inventory-allocation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F17-inventory-allocation",{"title":354,"path":355,"stem":356},"Queueing and Simulation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F18-queueing-simulation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F18-queueing-simulation",{"title":358,"path":359,"stem":360},"Pricing and Revenue Management","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F19-pricing-experimentation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F19-pricing-experimentation",{"title":362,"path":363,"stem":364},"Causal Targeting and Policy Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F20-causal-targeting","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F20-causal-targeting",{"title":366,"path":367,"stem":368,"children":369},"4. Deployment and Governance","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002Findex",[370,371,375,379],{"title":366,"path":367,"stem":368},{"title":372,"path":373,"stem":374},"Data Products and Monitoring","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F21-data-products-monitoring","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F21-data-products-monitoring",{"title":376,"path":377,"stem":378},"Governance, Fairness and Privacy","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F22-governance-fairness-privacy","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F22-governance-fairness-privacy",{"title":380,"path":381,"stem":382},"Adoption and Business Value","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F23-adoption-value","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F23-adoption-value",{"title":384,"path":385,"stem":386,"children":387},"Appendix and Revision Tools","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[388,389,393,397],{"title":384,"path":385,"stem":386},{"title":390,"path":391,"stem":392},"Formula and Decision Map","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F24-formula-map","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F24-formula-map",{"title":394,"path":395,"stem":396},"Worked Examples and Pitfalls","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F25-worked-examples-pitfalls","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F25-worked-examples-pitfalls",{"title":84,"path":398,"stem":399},"\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F26-reading-map","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F26-reading-map",{"title":401,"path":402,"stem":403,"children":404},"Capstone — The Evening Delivery Promise","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[405],{"title":401,"path":402,"stem":403},{"title":407,"path":408,"stem":409,"children":410,"page":249},"Financial Economic Time Series","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series",[411,417,423,429,435,441,447,453,459,465,471],{"title":412,"path":413,"stem":414,"children":415},"Financial and Economic Time Series — Course Guide","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F00-intro","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[416],{"title":412,"path":413,"stem":414},{"title":418,"path":419,"stem":420,"children":421},"Three Versions of Time Series","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F01-bridge","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F01-bridge\u002Findex",[422],{"title":418,"path":419,"stem":420},{"title":424,"path":425,"stem":426,"children":427},"Data, Clocks, and Transformations","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F02-data-transformations","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F02-data-transformations\u002Findex",[428],{"title":424,"path":425,"stem":426},{"title":430,"path":431,"stem":432,"children":433},"Predictive Regressions and Persistent Predictors","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F03-predictive-regressions","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F03-predictive-regressions\u002Findex",[434],{"title":430,"path":431,"stem":432},{"title":436,"path":437,"stem":438,"children":439},"Volatility, Tails, and Financial Risk","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F04-volatility-risk","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F04-volatility-risk\u002Findex",[440],{"title":436,"path":437,"stem":438},{"title":442,"path":443,"stem":444,"children":445},"Unit Roots, Cointegration, and Error Correction","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F05-unit-roots-cointegration","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F05-unit-roots-cointegration\u002Findex",[446],{"title":442,"path":443,"stem":444},{"title":448,"path":449,"stem":450,"children":451},"VAR, Structural Identification, and Local Projections","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F06-var-identification","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F06-var-identification\u002Findex",[452],{"title":448,"path":449,"stem":450},{"title":454,"path":455,"stem":456,"children":457},"State Space, Mixed Frequency, and Nowcasting","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F07-state-space-nowcasting","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F07-state-space-nowcasting\u002Findex",[458],{"title":454,"path":455,"stem":456},{"title":460,"path":461,"stem":462,"children":463},"Forecast Evaluation for Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F08-forecast-evaluation","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F08-forecast-evaluation\u002Findex",[464],{"title":460,"path":461,"stem":462},{"title":466,"path":467,"stem":468,"children":469},"Integrated R Laboratory","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F09-r-laboratory","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F09-r-laboratory\u002Findex",[470],{"title":466,"path":467,"stem":468},{"title":472,"path":473,"stem":474,"children":475},"Capstones, Data, and Reading Ladder","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F10-capstone-readings","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F10-capstone-readings\u002Findex",[476],{"title":472,"path":473,"stem":474},{"title":478,"path":479,"stem":480,"children":481,"page":249},"Intro To Economics","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics","en\u002Fintro-to-economics",[482,486,490,494,498,502,506,510,514,518,522,526,530],{"title":483,"path":484,"stem":485},"Introduction to Economics — Decisions, Markets, and the Macroeconomy","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F00-intro",{"title":487,"path":488,"stem":489},"Chapter 1 — Choice, Opportunity Cost, and Trade","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F01-foundations","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F01-foundations",{"title":491,"path":492,"stem":493},"Chapter 2 — Demand, Supply, Equilibrium, and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F02-demand-and-supply","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F02-demand-and-supply",{"title":495,"path":496,"stem":497},"Chapter 3 — Elasticity, Revenue, and Tax Incidence","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F03-elasticity","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F03-elasticity",{"title":499,"path":500,"stem":501},"Chapter 4 — Firms, Market Power, and Market Failure","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F04-market-structures","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F04-market-structures",{"title":503,"path":504,"stem":505},"Chapter 5 — GDP, Income, Wealth, and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F05-gdp-and-wealth","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F05-gdp-and-wealth",{"title":507,"path":508,"stem":509},"Chapter 6 — Inflation, Purchasing Power, and Labour Markets","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F06-inflation-and-unemployment","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F06-inflation-and-unemployment",{"title":511,"path":512,"stem":513},"Chapter 7 — Productivity, Technology, and Economic Growth","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F07-economic-growth","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F07-economic-growth",{"title":515,"path":516,"stem":517},"Chapter 8 — Money, Credit, and Banking","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F08-money-and-banking","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F08-money-and-banking",{"title":519,"path":520,"stem":521},"Chapter 9 — Business Cycles, AD–AS, and Monetary Policy","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F09-monetary-policy-and-ad-as","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F09-monetary-policy-and-ad-as",{"title":523,"path":524,"stem":525},"Chapter 10 — Fiscal Policy, Distribution, and Public Debt","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F10-fiscal-policy","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F10-fiscal-policy",{"title":527,"path":528,"stem":529},"Chapter 11 — Trade, Capital Flows, and Exchange Rates","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F11-open-economy-and-exchange-rates","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F11-open-economy-and-exchange-rates",{"title":531,"path":532,"stem":533},"Chapter 12 — Integrated Economic Analysis Studio","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F12-review-and-case-studies","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F12-review-and-case-studies",{"title":535,"path":536,"stem":537,"children":538,"page":249},"Microeconometrics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics",[539,557,563,581,603,629,651,673,691,709],{"title":540,"path":541,"stem":542,"children":543},"0. Causal Questions and Designs","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002Findex",[544,545,549,553],{"title":540,"path":541,"stem":542},{"title":546,"path":547,"stem":548},"Causal Questions and Estimands","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F01-causal-question-estimands","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F01-causal-question-estimands",{"title":550,"path":551,"stem":552},"Potential Outcomes and Experiments","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F02-potential-outcomes-experiments","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F02-potential-outcomes-experiments",{"title":554,"path":555,"stem":556},"Causal Diagrams and Controls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F03-dags-controls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F03-dags-controls",{"title":558,"path":559,"stem":560,"children":561},"Microeconometrics — Designing Credible Counterfactuals","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-index","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-index",[562],{"title":558,"path":559,"stem":560},{"title":564,"path":565,"stem":566,"children":567},"1. Regression and Inference","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002Findex",[568,569,573,577],{"title":564,"path":565,"stem":566},{"title":570,"path":571,"stem":572},"OLS as a Projection","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F04-ols-projection","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F04-ols-projection",{"title":574,"path":575,"stem":576},"FWL, Selection and Controls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F05-fwl-selection-controls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F05-fwl-selection-controls",{"title":578,"path":579,"stem":580},"Inference and Clustering","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F06-inference-clustering","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F06-inference-clustering",{"title":582,"path":583,"stem":584,"children":585},"2. Instruments and Panel Data","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002Findex",[586,587,591,595,599],{"title":582,"path":583,"stem":584},{"title":588,"path":589,"stem":590},"Instrumental Variables","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F07-iv-identification","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F07-iv-identification",{"title":592,"path":593,"stem":594},"Weak Instruments and LATE","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F08-weak-iv-late","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F08-weak-iv-late",{"title":596,"path":597,"stem":598},"Panel Fixed Effects","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F09-panel-fixed-effects","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F09-panel-fixed-effects",{"title":600,"path":601,"stem":602},"Dynamic Panels and Limits","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F10-dynamic-panel","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F10-dynamic-panel",{"title":604,"path":605,"stem":606,"children":607},"3. Policy Evaluation Designs","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002Findex",[608,609,613,617,621,625],{"title":604,"path":605,"stem":606},{"title":610,"path":611,"stem":612},"Difference-in-Differences","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F11-did-core","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F11-did-core",{"title":614,"path":615,"stem":616},"Staggered DID and Event Studies","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F12-staggered-event-studies","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F12-staggered-event-studies",{"title":618,"path":619,"stem":620},"Regression Discontinuity","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F13-rdd","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F13-rdd",{"title":622,"path":623,"stem":624},"Matching, Weighting and Overlap","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F14-matching-weighting","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F14-matching-weighting",{"title":626,"path":627,"stem":628},"Synthetic Control","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F15-synthetic-control","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F15-synthetic-control",{"title":630,"path":631,"stem":632,"children":633},"Module 4 — Choice and Limited Outcomes","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002Findex",[634,635,639,643,647],{"title":630,"path":631,"stem":632},{"title":636,"path":637,"stem":638},"Binary Choice","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F16-binary-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F16-binary-choice",{"title":640,"path":641,"stem":642},"Multinomial and Ordered Choice","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F17-multinomial-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F17-multinomial-choice",{"title":644,"path":645,"stem":646},"Count Outcomes","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F18-count-outcomes","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F18-count-outcomes",{"title":648,"path":649,"stem":650},"Censoring, Truncation and Selection","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F19-censoring-selection","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F19-censoring-selection",{"title":652,"path":653,"stem":654,"children":655},"Module 5 — Modern Causal Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002Findex",[656,657,661,665,669],{"title":652,"path":653,"stem":654},{"title":658,"path":659,"stem":660},"Double Machine Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F20-dml","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F20-dml",{"title":662,"path":663,"stem":664},"Heterogeneity and Policy Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F21-heterogeneity-policy","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F21-heterogeneity-policy",{"title":666,"path":667,"stem":668},"Sensitivity and Partial Identification","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F22-sensitivity-partial-id","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F22-sensitivity-partial-id",{"title":670,"path":671,"stem":672},"External Validity and Transport","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F23-external-validity","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F23-external-validity",{"title":674,"path":675,"stem":676,"children":677},"Module 6 — From Data to Auditable Evidence","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002Findex",[678,679,683,687],{"title":674,"path":675,"stem":676},{"title":680,"path":681,"stem":682},"Data Provenance","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F24-data-provenance","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F24-data-provenance",{"title":684,"path":685,"stem":686},"Reproducibility and Reporting","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F25-reproducibility-reporting","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F25-reproducibility-reporting",{"title":688,"path":689,"stem":690},"Paper and Evidence Audit","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F26-paper-audit","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F26-paper-audit",{"title":692,"path":693,"stem":694,"children":695},"Appendix — Revision and Evidence Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[696,697,701,705],{"title":692,"path":693,"stem":694},{"title":698,"path":699,"stem":700},"Formula and Design Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F27-formula-design-map","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F27-formula-design-map",{"title":702,"path":703,"stem":704},"Ten Worked Microeconometric Pitfalls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F28-worked-pitfalls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F28-worked-pitfalls",{"title":706,"path":707,"stem":708},"Reading and Software Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F29-reading-software-map","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F29-reading-software-map",{"title":710,"path":711,"stem":712,"children":713},"Capstone — Should Northbridge Expand Pathways?","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[714],{"title":710,"path":711,"stem":712},{"title":716,"path":717,"stem":718,"children":719,"page":249},"Microeconomics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics",[720,726,732,738,744,750,756,762,768,774,780,786,792],{"title":721,"path":722,"stem":723,"children":724},"Advanced Microeconomics — Course Guide","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[725],{"title":721,"path":722,"stem":723},{"title":727,"path":728,"stem":729,"children":730},"Module 1 — Choice, Duality, and Revealed Preference","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F01-fundations","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F01-fundations\u002Findex",[731],{"title":727,"path":728,"stem":729},{"title":733,"path":734,"stem":735,"children":736},"Module 2 — Comparative Statics and Welfare Measurement","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F02-comparative-statics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F02-comparative-statics\u002Findex",[737],{"title":733,"path":734,"stem":735},{"title":739,"path":740,"stem":741,"children":742},"Module 3 — Choice under Risk and Insurance","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F03-uncertainty","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F03-uncertainty\u002Findex",[743],{"title":739,"path":740,"stem":741},{"title":745,"path":746,"stem":747,"children":748},"Module 4 — General Equilibrium and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F04-general-equilibrium","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F04-general-equilibrium\u002Findex",[749],{"title":745,"path":746,"stem":747},{"title":751,"path":752,"stem":753,"children":754},"Module 5 — Static, Dynamic, and Repeated Games","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F05-game-theory","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F05-game-theory\u002Findex",[755],{"title":751,"path":752,"stem":753},{"title":757,"path":758,"stem":759,"children":760},"Module 6 — Oligopoly, Entry, and Algorithmic Pricing","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F06-oligopoly","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F06-oligopoly\u002Findex",[761],{"title":757,"path":758,"stem":759},{"title":763,"path":764,"stem":765,"children":766},"Module 7 — Information Economics and Contracts","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F07-information-economics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F07-information-economics\u002Findex",[767],{"title":763,"path":764,"stem":765},{"title":769,"path":770,"stem":771,"children":772},"Module 8 — Mechanism Design and Auctions","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F08-mechanism-design","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F08-mechanism-design\u002Findex",[773],{"title":769,"path":770,"stem":771},{"title":775,"path":776,"stem":777,"children":778},"Module 9 — Behavioural and Experimental Microeconomics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F09-behavioural-economics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F09-behavioural-economics\u002Findex",[779],{"title":775,"path":776,"stem":777},{"title":781,"path":782,"stem":783,"children":784},"Module 10 — Externalities, Public Goods, and Collective Action","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F10-externalities-public-goods","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F10-externalities-public-goods\u002Findex",[785],{"title":781,"path":782,"stem":783},{"title":787,"path":788,"stem":789,"children":790},"Module 11 — Matching and Market Design","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F11-market-design","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F11-market-design\u002Findex",[791],{"title":787,"path":788,"stem":789},{"title":793,"path":794,"stem":795,"children":796},"Module 12 — Integrated Microeconomic Design Studio","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F12-review","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F12-review\u002Findex",[797],{"title":793,"path":794,"stem":795},{"title":799,"path":800,"stem":801,"children":802},"Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground","en\u002Fplayground\u002Findex",[803,804,808,812,816,820],{"title":799,"path":800,"stem":801},{"title":805,"path":806,"stem":807},"Typst Plugin Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F01-typstex","en\u002Fplayground\u002F01-typstex",{"title":809,"path":810,"stem":811},"Citation Plugin Test","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F02-citation","en\u002Fplayground\u002F02-citation",{"title":813,"path":814,"stem":815},"Pyodide Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F03-pyodide","en\u002Fplayground\u002F03-pyodide",{"title":817,"path":818,"stem":819},"WebR Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F04-webr","en\u002Fplayground\u002F04-webr",{"title":821,"path":822,"stem":823},"Chart.js 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文献综述的构建与写作","\u002Fzh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review","zh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review",{"title":1056,"path":1057,"stem":1058},"8. 文献综述清单与模板","\u002Fzh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template","zh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template",{"title":1060,"path":1061,"stem":1062},"10. 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近似估计量的抽样分布。",[1800,1832,1833],{"id":1833},"实验规范",[1793,1835,1836],{},"每次实验按以下顺序记录：",[1838,1839,1840,1847,1853,1859,1865],"ol",{},[1810,1841,1842,1846],{},[1843,1844,1845],"strong",{},"Estimand","：想估计哪个总体参数？",[1810,1848,1849,1852],{},[1843,1850,1851],{},"DGP","：数据怎样生成，哪些变量可观测？",[1810,1854,1855,1858],{},[1843,1856,1857],{},"Estimator","：软件究竟计算了什么？",[1810,1860,1861,1864],{},[1843,1862,1863],{},"Inference","：标准误允许怎样的误差相关？",[1810,1866,1867,1870],{},[1843,1868,1869],{},"Interpretation","：结果是描述、预测还是因果？",[1872,1873,1875],"tip",{"title":1874},"浏览器运行环境","Python 单元由站点已有的 Pyodide 插件执行；R 单元由 webR 执行。首次点击会下载运行时，后续单元复用同一页面状态。代码仅使用 Pyodide 可加载包和 base R。",[1800,1877,1879],{"id":1878},"实验一从正规方程到-ols","实验一：从正规方程到 OLS",[1881,1882,1883],"h3",{"id":1883},"目标",[1793,1885,1886],{},"在线性模型",[1888,1889,1892],"span",{"className":1890},[1891],"katex-display",[1888,1893,1896,1965],{"className":1894},[1895],"katex",[1888,1897,1900],{"className":1898},[1899],"katex-mathml",[1901,1902,1905],"math",{"xmlns":1903,"display":1904},"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML","block",[1906,1907,1908,1960],"semantics",{},[1909,1910,1911,1921,1925,1934,1937,1944,1951,1953],"mrow",{},[1912,1913,1914,1918],"msub",{},[1915,1916,1917],"mi",{},"y",[1915,1919,1920],{},"i",[1922,1923,1924],"mo",{},"=",[1912,1926,1927,1930],{},[1915,1928,1929],{},"β",[1931,1932,1933],"mn",{},"0",[1922,1935,1936],{},"+",[1912,1938,1939,1941],{},[1915,1940,1929],{},[1931,1942,1943],{},"1",[1912,1945,1946,1949],{},[1915,1947,1948],{},"x",[1915,1950,1920],{},[1922,1952,1936],{},[1912,1954,1955,1958],{},[1915,1956,1957],{},"u",[1915,1959,1920],{},[1961,1962,1964],"annotation",{"encoding":1963},"application\u002Fx-tex","y_i=\\beta_0+\\beta_1x_i+u_i",[1888,1966,1970,2050,2111,2207],{"className":1967,"ariaHidden":1969},[1968],"katex-html","true",[1888,1971,1974,1979,2038,2043,2047],{"className":1972},[1973],"base",[1888,1975],{"className":1976,"style":1978},[1977],"strut","height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[1888,1980,1983,1988],{"className":1981},[1982],"mord",[1888,1984,1917],{"className":1985,"style":1987},[1982,1986],"mathnormal","margin-right:0.0359em;",[1888,1989,1992],{"className":1990},[1991],"msupsub",[1888,1993,1997,2029],{"className":1994},[1995,1996],"vlist-t","vlist-t2",[1888,1998,2001,2024],{"className":1999},[2000],"vlist-r",[1888,2002,2006],{"className":2003,"style":2005},[2004],"vlist","height:0.3117em;",[1888,2007,2009,2014],{"style":2008},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0359em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1888,2010],{"className":2011,"style":2013},[2012],"pstrut","height:2.7em;",[1888,2015,2021],{"className":2016},[2017,2018,2019,2020],"sizing","reset-size6","size3","mtight",[1888,2022,1920],{"className":2023},[1982,1986,2020],[1888,2025,2028],{"className":2026},[2027],"vlist-s","​",[1888,2030,2032],{"className":2031},[2000],[1888,2033,2036],{"className":2034,"style":2035},[2004],"height:0.15em;",[1888,2037],{},[1888,2039],{"className":2040,"style":2042},[2041],"mspace","margin-right:0.2778em;",[1888,2044,1924],{"className":2045},[2046],"mrel",[1888,2048],{"className":2049,"style":2042},[2041],[1888,2051,2053,2057,2100,2104,2108],{"className":2052},[1973],[1888,2054],{"className":2055,"style":2056},[1977],"height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[1888,2058,2060,2064],{"className":2059},[1982],[1888,2061,1929],{"className":2062,"style":2063},[1982,1986],"margin-right:0.0528em;",[1888,2065,2067],{"className":2066},[1991],[1888,2068,2070,2092],{"className":2069},[1995,1996],[1888,2071,2073,2089],{"className":2072},[2000],[1888,2074,2077],{"className":2075,"style":2076},[2004],"height:0.3011em;",[1888,2078,2080,2083],{"style":2079},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0528em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1888,2081],{"className":2082,"style":2013},[2012],[1888,2084,2086],{"className":2085},[2017,2018,2019,2020],[1888,2087,1933],{"className":2088},[1982,2020],[1888,2090,2028],{"className":2091},[2027],[1888,2093,2095],{"className":2094},[2000],[1888,2096,2098],{"className":2097,"style":2035},[2004],[1888,2099],{},[1888,2101],{"className":2102,"style":2103},[2041],"margin-right:0.2222em;",[1888,2105,1936],{"className":2106},[2107],"mbin",[1888,2109],{"className":2110,"style":2103},[2041],[1888,2112,2114,2117,2157,2198,2201,2204],{"className":2113},[1973],[1888,2115],{"className":2116,"style":2056},[1977],[1888,2118,2120,2123],{"className":2119},[1982],[1888,2121,1929],{"className":2122,"style":2063},[1982,1986],[1888,2124,2126],{"className":2125},[1991],[1888,2127,2129,2149],{"className":2128},[1995,1996],[1888,2130,2132,2146],{"className":2131},[2000],[1888,2133,2135],{"className":2134,"style":2076},[2004],[1888,2136,2137,2140],{"style":2079},[1888,2138],{"className":2139,"style":2013},[2012],[1888,2141,2143],{"className":2142},[2017,2018,2019,2020],[1888,2144,1943],{"className":2145},[1982,2020],[1888,2147,2028],{"className":2148},[2027],[1888,2150,2152],{"className":2151},[2000],[1888,2153,2155],{"className":2154,"style":2035},[2004],[1888,2156],{},[1888,2158,2160,2163],{"className":2159},[1982],[1888,2161,1948],{"className":2162},[1982,1986],[1888,2164,2166],{"className":2165},[1991],[1888,2167,2169,2190],{"className":2168},[1995,1996],[1888,2170,2172,2187],{"className":2171},[2000],[1888,2173,2175],{"className":2174,"style":2005},[2004],[1888,2176,2178,2181],{"style":2177},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1888,2179],{"className":2180,"style":2013},[2012],[1888,2182,2184],{"className":2183},[2017,2018,2019,2020],[1888,2185,1920],{"className":2186},[1982,1986,2020],[1888,2188,2028],{"className":2189},[2027],[1888,2191,2193],{"className":2192},[2000],[1888,2194,2196],{"className":2195,"style":2035},[2004],[1888,2197],{},[1888,2199],{"c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选择使残差平方和最小的系数：",[1888,2258,2260],{"className":2259},[1891],[1888,2261,2263,2325],{"className":2262},[1895],[1888,2264,2266],{"className":2265},[1899],[1901,2267,2268],{"xmlns":1903,"display":1904},[1906,2269,2270,2322],{},[1909,2271,2272,2280,2282,2286,2297,2299,2311,2317,2319],{},[2273,2274,2275,2277],"mover",{"accent":1969},[1915,2276,1929],{},[1922,2278,2279],{},"^",[1922,2281,1924],{},[1922,2283,2285],{"stretchy":2284},"false","(",[2287,2288,2289,2292],"msup",{},[1915,2290,2291],{},"X",[1922,2293,2296],{"mathvariant":2294,"lspace":2295,"rspace":2295},"normal","0em","′",[1915,2298,2291],{},[2287,2300,2301,2304],{},[1922,2302,2303],{"stretchy":2284},")",[1909,2305,2306,2309],{},[1922,2307,2308],{},"−",[1931,2310,1943],{},[2287,2312,2313,2315],{},[1915,2314,2291],{},[1922,2316,2296],{"mathvariant":2294,"lspace":2295,"rspace":2295},[1915,2318,1917],{},[1915,2320,2321],{"mathvariant":2294},".",[1961,2323,2324],{"encoding":1963},"\\hat\\beta=(X'X)^{-1}X'y.",[1888,2326,2328,2394],{"className":2327,"ariaHidden":1969},[1968],[1888,2329,2331,2335,2385,2388,2391],{"className":2330},[1973],[1888,2332],{"className":2333,"style":2334},[1977],"height:1.1523em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[1888,2336,2339],{"className":2337},[1982,2338],"accent",[1888,2340,2342,2376],{"className":2341},[1995,1996],[1888,2343,2345,2373],{"className":2344},[2000],[1888,2346,2349,2359],{"className":2347,"style":2348},[2004],"height:0.9579em;",[1888,2350,2352,2356],{"style":2351},"top:-3em;",[1888,2353],{"className":2354,"style":2355},[2012],"height:3em;",[1888,2357,1929],{"className":2358,"style":2063},[1982,1986],[1888,2360,2362,2365],{"style":2361},"top:-3.2634em;",[1888,2363],{"className":2364,"style":2355},[2012],[1888,2366,2370],{"className":2367,"style":2369},[2368],"accent-body","left:-0.1667em;",[1888,2371,2279],{"className":2372},[1982],[1888,2374,2028],{"className":2375},[2027],[1888,2377,2379],{"className":2378},[2000],[1888,2380,2383],{"className":2381,"style":2382},[2004],"height:0.1944em;",[1888,2384],{},[1888,2386],{"className":2387,"style":2042},[2041],[1888,2389,1924],{"className":2390},[2046],[1888,2392],{"className":2393,"style":2042},[2041],[1888,2395,2397,2401,2405,2440,2443,2480,2512,2515],{"className":2396},[1973],[1888,2398],{"className":2399,"style":2400},[1977],"height:1.1141em;vertical-align:-0.25em;",[1888,2402,2285],{"className":2403},[2404],"mopen",[1888,2406,2408,2412],{"className":2407},[1982],[1888,2409,2291],{"className":2410,"style":2411},[1982,1986],"margin-right:0.0785em;",[1888,2413,2415],{"className":2414},[1991],[1888,2416,2418],{"className":2417},[1995],[1888,2419,2421],{"className":2420},[2000],[1888,2422,2425],{"className":2423,"style":2424},[2004],"height:0.8019em;",[1888,2426,2428,2431],{"style":2427},"top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1888,2429],{"className":2430,"style":2013},[2012],[1888,2432,2434],{"className":2433},[2017,2018,2019,2020],[1888,2435,2437],{"className":2436},[1982,2020],[1888,2438,2296],{"className":2439},[1982,2020],[1888,2441,2291],{"className":2442,"style":2411},[1982,1986],[1888,2444,2447,2450],{"className":2445},[2446],"mclose",[1888,2448,2303],{"className":2449},[2446],[1888,2451,2453],{"className":2452},[1991],[1888,2454,2456],{"className":2455},[1995],[1888,2457,2459],{"className":2458},[2000],[1888,2460,2463],{"className":2461,"style":2462},[2004],"height:0.8641em;",[1888,2464,2465,2468],{"style":2427},[1888,2466],{"className":2467,"style":2013},[2012],[1888,2469,2471],{"className":2470},[2017,2018,2019,2020],[1888,2472,2474,2477],{"className":2473},[1982,2020],[1888,2475,2308],{"className":2476},[1982,2020],[1888,2478,1943],{"className":2479},[1982,2020],[1888,2481,2483,2486],{"className":2482},[1982],[1888,2484,2291],{"className":2485,"style":2411},[1982,1986],[1888,2487,2489],{"className":2488},[1991],[1888,2490,2492],{"className":2491},[1995],[1888,2493,2495],{"className":2494},[2000],[1888,2496,2498],{"className":2497,"style":2424},[2004],[1888,2499,2500,2503],{"style":2427},[1888,2501],{"className":2502,"style":2013},[2012],[1888,2504,2506],{"className":2505},[2017,2018,2019,2020],[1888,2507,2509],{"className":2508},[1982,2020],[1888,2510,2296],{"className":2511},[1982,2020],[1888,2513,1917],{"className":2514,"style":1987},[1982,1986],[1888,2516,2321],{"className":2517},[1982],[1793,2519,2520],{},"下面用矩阵计算和回归软件计算同一个结果。",[2522,2523],"pyodide",{"code64":2524,"layout":2525,"locale":7,"packages":2526,"title":2527},"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","vertical","numpy, statsmodels","Python：手工 OLS 与软件结果",[2529,2530],"web-r",{"code64":2531,"layout":2525,"locale":7,"title":2532},"c2V0LnNlZWQoMTAxKQpzYW1wbGVfc2l6ZSA8LSAzMDAKeCA8LSBybm9ybShzYW1wbGVfc2l6ZSkKdSA8LSBybm9ybShzYW1wbGVfc2l6ZSwgc2QgPSAxLjIpCnkgPC0gMi4wICsgMS41ICogeCArIHUKClggPC0gY2JpbmQoaW50ZXJjZXB0ID0gMSwgeCA9IHgpCmJldGFfbWF0cml4IDwtIHNvbHZlKGNyb3NzcHJvZChYKSwgY3Jvc3Nwcm9kKFgsIHkpKQptb2RlbCA8LSBsbSh5IH4geCkKCnByaW50KGModHJ1ZV9pbnRlcmNlcHQgPSAyLjAsIHRydWVfc2xvcGUgPSAxLjUpKQpwcmludChyb3VuZChiZXRhX21hdHJpeCwgNCkpCnByaW50KHJvdW5kKGNvZWYobW9kZWwpLCA0KSkKcHJpbnQocm91bmQoY3Jvc3Nwcm9kKFgsIHJlc2lkKG1vZGVsKSksIDEwKSk=","R：手工 OLS 与 lm 结果",[1881,2534,2535],{"id":2535},"应当观察到什么",[1793,2537,2538],{},"两种实现的系数完全一致，且残差与每一列解释变量样本正交。系数不等于真值 1.5 是抽样误差，不是程序错误。把样本量从 300 改为 30，再多次运行，可以看到估计波动增大。",[1800,2540,2542],{"id":2541},"实验二遗漏变量偏误可以有方向","实验二：遗漏变量偏误可以有方向",[1881,2544,2545],{"id":2545},"数据生成过程",[1793,2547,2548],{},"假设能力同时影响教育和工资：",[1888,2550,2552],{"className":2551},[1891],[1888,2553,2555,2764],{"className":2554},[1895],[1888,2556,2558],{"className":2557},[1899],[1901,2559,2560],{"xmlns":1903,"display":1904},[1906,2561,2562,2761],{},[2563,2564,2567,2657],"mtable",{"rowspacing":2565,"columnalign":2566,"columnspacing":2295},"0.25em","right left",[2568,2569,2570,2607],"mtr",{},[2571,2572,2573],"mtd",{},[2574,2575,2576],"mstyle",{"scriptlevel":1933,"displaystyle":1969},[1909,2577,2578,2581,2584,2586,2589,2592,2595,2597,2600],{},[1915,2579,2580],{},"e",[1915,2582,2583],{},"d",[1915,2585,1957],{},[1915,2587,2588],{},"c",[1915,2590,2591],{},"a",[1915,2593,2594],{},"t",[1915,2596,1920],{},[1915,2598,2599],{},"o",[1912,2601,2602,2605],{},[1915,2603,2604],{},"n",[1915,2606,1920],{},[2571,2608,2609],{},[2574,2610,2611],{"scriptlevel":1933,"displaystyle":1969},[1909,2612,2613,2615,2617,2620,2622,2625,2627,2630,2632,2635,2637,2639,2645,2647,2654],{},[1909,2614],{},[1922,2616,1924],{},[1931,2618,2619],{},"12",[1922,2621,1936],{},[1931,2623,2624],{},"0.8",[1915,2626,2591],{},[1915,2628,2629],{},"b",[1915,2631,1920],{},[1915,2633,2634],{},"l",[1915,2636,1920],{},[1915,2638,2594],{},[1912,2640,2641,2643],{},[1915,2642,1917],{},[1915,2644,1920],{},[1922,2646,1936],{},[1912,2648,2649,2652],{},[1915,2650,2651],{},"v",[1915,2653,1920],{},[1922,2655,2656],{"separator":1969},",",[2568,2658,2659,2689],{},[2571,2660,2661],{},[2574,2662,2663],{"scriptlevel":1933,"displaystyle":1969},[1909,2664,2665,2668,2671,2673,2676,2678,2681,2687],{},[1915,2666,2667],{},"log",[1922,2669,2670],{},"⁡",[1922,2672,2285],{"stretchy":2284},[1915,2674,2675],{},"w",[1915,2677,2591],{},[1915,2679,2680],{},"g",[1912,2682,2683,2685],{},[1915,2684,2580],{},[1915,2686,1920],{},[1922,2688,2303],{"stretchy":2284},[2571,2690,2691],{},[2574,2692,2693],{"scriptlevel":1933,"displaystyle":1969},[1909,2694,2695,2697,2699,2701,2703,2706,2708,2710,2712,2714,2716,2718,2720,2722,2728,2730,2733,2735,2737,2739,2741,2743,2745,2751,2753,2759],{},[1909,2696],{},[1922,2698,1924],{},[1931,2700,1943],{},[1922,2702,1936],{},[1931,2704,2705],{},"0.10",[1915,2707,2580],{},[1915,2709,2583],{},[1915,2711,1957],{},[1915,2713,2588],{},[1915,2715,2591],{},[1915,2717,2594],{},[1915,2719,1920],{},[1915,2721,2599],{},[1912,2723,2724,2726],{},[1915,2725,2604],{},[1915,2727,1920],{},[1922,2729,1936],{},[1931,2731,2732],{},"0.50",[1915,2734,2591],{},[1915,2736,2629],{},[1915,2738,1920],{},[1915,2740,2634],{},[1915,2742,1920],{},[1915,2744,2594],{},[1912,2746,2747,2749],{},[1915,2748,1917],{},[1915,2750,1920],{},[1922,2752,1936],{},[1912,2754,2755,2757],{},[1915,2756,2580],{},[1915,2758,1920],{},[1915,2760,2321],{"mathvariant":2294},[1961,2762,2763],{"encoding":1963},"\\begin{aligned}\neducation_i &= 12+0.8ability_i+v_i,\\\\\n\\log(wage_i) &= 1+0.10education_i+0.50ability_i+e_i.\n\\end{aligned}",[1888,2765,2767],{"className":2766,"ariaHidden":1969},[1968],[1888,2768,2770,2774],{"className":2769},[1973],[1888,2771],{"className":2772,"style":2773},[1977],"height:2.7em;vertical-align:-1.1em;",[1888,2775,2777],{"className":2776},[1982],[1888,2778,2780,2952],{"className":2779},[2563],[1888,2781,2784],{"className":2782},[2783],"col-align-r",[1888,2785,2787,2943],{"className":2786},[1995,1996],[1888,2788,2790,2940],{"className":2789},[2000],[1888,2791,2794,2867],{"className":2792,"style":2793},[2004],"height:1.6em;",[1888,2795,2797,2800],{"style":2796},"top:-3.76em;",[1888,2798],{"className":2799,"style":2355},[2012],[1888,2801,2803,2806,2809,2812,2815,2818,2821,2824,2827],{"className":2802},[1982],[1888,2804,2580],{"className":2805},[1982,1986],[1888,2807,2583],{"className":2808},[1982,1986],[1888,2810,1957],{"className":2811},[1982,1986],[1888,2813,2588],{"className":2814},[1982,1986],[1888,2816,2591],{"className":2817},[1982,1986],[1888,2819,2594],{"className":2820},[1982,1986],[1888,2822,1920],{"className":2823},[1982,1986],[1888,2825,2599],{"className":2826},[1982,1986],[1888,2828,2830,2833],{"className":2829},[1982],[1888,2831,2604],{"className":2832},[1982,1986],[1888,2834,2836],{"className":2835},[1991],[1888,2837,2839,2859],{"className":2838},[1995,1996],[1888,2840,2842,2856],{"className":2841},[2000],[1888,2843,2845],{"className":2844,"style":2005},[2004],[1888,2846,2847,2850],{"style":2177},[1888,2848],{"className":2849,"style":2013},[2012],[1888,2851,2853],{"className":2852},[2017,2018,2019,2020],[1888,2854,1920],{"className":2855},[1982,1986,2020],[1888,2857,2028],{"className":2858},[2027],[1888,2860,2862],{"className":2861},[2000],[1888,2863,2865],{"className":2864,"style":2035},[2004],[1888,2866],{},[1888,2868,2870,2873],{"style":2869},"top:-2.26em;",[1888,2871],{"className":2872,"style":2355},[2012],[1888,2874,2876,2884,2887,2891,2894,2897,2937],{"className":2875},[1982],[1888,2877,2880,2881],{"className":2878},[2879],"mop","lo",[1888,2882,2680],{"style":2883},"margin-right:0.0139em;",[1888,2885,2285],{"className":2886},[2404],[1888,2888,2675],{"className":2889,"style":2890},[1982,1986],"margin-right:0.0269em;",[1888,2892,2591],{"className":2893},[1982,1986],[1888,2895,2680],{"className":2896,"style":1987},[1982,1986],[1888,2898,2900,2903],{"className":2899},[1982],[1888,2901,2580],{"className":2902},[1982,1986],[1888,2904,2906],{"className":2905},[1991],[1888,2907,2909,2929],{"className":2908},[1995,1996],[1888,2910,2912,2926],{"className":2911},[2000],[1888,2913,2915],{"className":2914,"style":2005},[2004],[1888,2916,2917,2920],{"style":2177},[1888,2918],{"className":2919,"style":2013},[2012],[1888,2921,2923],{"className":2922},[2017,2018,2019,2020],[1888,2924,1920],{"className":2925},[1982,1986,2020],[1888,2927,2028],{"className":2928},[2027],[1888,2930,2932],{"className":2931},[2000],[1888,2933,2935],{"className":2934,"style":2035},[2004],[1888,2936],{},[1888,2938,2303],{"className":2939},[2446],[1888,2941,2028],{"className":2942},[2027],[1888,2944,2946],{"className":2945},[2000],[1888,2947,2950],{"className":2948,"style":2949},[2004],"height:1.1em;",[1888,2951],{},[1888,2953,2956],{"className":2954},[2955],"col-align-l",[1888,2957,2959,3325],{"className":2958},[1995,1996],[1888,2960,2962,3322],{"className":2961},[2000],[1888,2963,2965,3107],{"className":2964,"style":2793},[2004],[1888,2966,2967,2970],{"style":2796},[1888,2968],{"className":2969,"style":2355},[2012],[1888,2971,2973,2976,2979,2982,2985,2988,2991,2994,2997,3000,3004,3008,3011,3014,3054,3057,3060,3063,3103],{"className":2972},[1982],[1888,2974],{"className":2975},[1982],[1888,2977],{"className":2978,"style":2042},[2041],[1888,2980,1924],{"className":2981},[2046],[1888,2983],{"className":2984,"style":2042},[2041],[1888,2986,2619],{"className":2987},[1982],[1888,2989],{"className":2990,"style":2103},[2041],[1888,2992,1936],{"className":2993},[2107],[1888,2995],{"className":2996,"style":2103},[2041],[1888,2998,2624],{"className":2999},[1982],[1888,3001,3003],{"className":3002},[1982,1986],"abi",[1888,3005,2634],{"className":3006,"style":3007},[1982,1986],"margin-right:0.0197em;",[1888,3009,1920],{"className":3010},[1982,1986],[1888,3012,2594],{"className":3013},[1982,1986],[1888,3015,3017,3020],{"className":3016},[1982],[1888,3018,1917],{"className":3019,"style":1987},[1982,1986],[1888,3021,3023],{"className":3022},[1991],[1888,3024,3026,3046],{"className":3025},[1995,1996],[1888,3027,3029,3043],{"className":3028},[2000],[1888,3030,3032],{"className":3031,"style":2005},[2004],[1888,3033,3034,3037],{"style":2008},[1888,3035],{"className":3036,"style":2013},[2012],[1888,3038,3040],{"className":3039},[2017,2018,2019,2020],[1888,3041,1920],{"className":3042},[1982,1986,2020],[1888,3044,2028],{"className":3045},[2027],[1888,3047,3049],{"className":3048},[2000],[1888,3050,3052],{"className":3051,"style":2035},[2004],[1888,3053],{},[1888,3055],{"className":3056,"style":2103},[20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0.10。若能力不可观测，短回归把部分能力效应归到教育上。",[2522,3337],{"code64":3338,"layout":2525,"locale":7,"packages":2526,"title":3339},"aW1wb3J0IG51bXB5IGFzIG5wCmltcG9ydCBzdGF0c21vZGVscy5hcGkgYXMgc20KCnJuZyA9IG5wLnJhbmRvbS5kZWZhdWx0X3JuZygyMDIpCnNhbXBsZV9zaXplID0gMTIwMAphYmlsaXR5ID0gcm5nLm5vcm1hbChzaXplPXNhbXBsZV9zaXplKQplZHVjYXRpb24gPSAxMiArIDAuOCAqIGFiaWxpdHkgKyBybmcubm9ybWFsKHNjYWxlPTEuMCwgc2l6ZT1zYW1wbGVfc2l6ZSkKbG9nX3dhZ2UgPSAoCiAgICAxLjAKICAgICsgMC4xMCAqIGVkdWNhdGlvbgogICAgKyAwLjUwICogYWJpbGl0eQogICAgKyBybmcubm9ybWFsKHNjYWxlPTAuNywgc2l6ZT1zYW1wbGVfc2l6ZSkKKQoKc2hvcnRfWCA9IHNtLmFkZF9jb25zdGFudChlZHVjYXRpb24pCmZ1bGxfWCA9IHNtLmFkZF9jb25zdGFudChucC5jb2x1bW5fc3RhY2soW2VkdWNhdGlvbiwgYWJpbGl0eV0pKQpzaG9ydF9tb2RlbCA9IHNtLk9MUyhsb2dfd2FnZSwgc2hvcnRfWCkuZml0KCkKZnVsbF9tb2RlbCA9IHNtLk9MUyhsb2dfd2FnZSwgZnVsbF9YKS5maXQoKQoKcHJpbnQoZiJUcnVlIGVkdWNhdGlvbiBlZmZlY3Q6ICAgICAgICB7MC4xMDouM2Z9IikKcHJpbnQoZiJTaG9ydCByZWdyZXNzaW9uIGNvZWZmaWNpZW50OiB7c2hvcnRfbW9kZWwucGFyYW1zWzFdOi4zZn0iKQpwcmludChmIkZ1bGwgcmVncmVzc2lvbiBjb2VmZmljaWVudDogIHtmdWxsX21vZGVsLnBhcmFtc1sxXTouM2Z9IikKcHJpbnQoZiJFZHVjYXRpb24tYWJpbGl0eSBjb3JyZWxhdGlvbjoge25wLmNvcnJjb2VmKGVkdWNhdGlvbiwgYWJpbGl0eSlbMCwxXTouM2Z9Iik=","Python：短回归与完整回归",[2529,3341],{"code64":3342,"layout":2525,"locale":7,"title":3343},"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","R：短回归与完整回归",[1881,3345,3346],{"id":3346},"偏误方向",[1793,3348,3349],{},"在单一遗漏变量情形，偏误近似为：",[1888,3351,3353],{"className":3352},[1891],[1888,3354,3356,3523],{"className":3355},[1895],[1888,3357,3359],{"className":3358},[1899],[1901,3360,3361],{"xmlns":1903,"display":1904},[1906,3362,3363,3520],{},[1909,3364,3365,3368,3370,3372,3375,3377,3405,3407,3409,3441,3518],{},[1915,3366,3367],{},"B",[1915,3369,1920],{},[1915,3371,2591],{},[1915,3373,3374],{},"s",[1922,3376,2285],{"stretchy":2284},[1912,3378,3379,3385],{},[2273,3380,3381,3383],{"accent":1969},[1915,3382,1929],{},[1922,3384,2279],{},[1909,3386,3387,3389,3391,3393,3395,3397,3399,3401,3403],{},[1915,3388,2580],{},[1915,3390,2583],{},[1915,3392,1957],{},[1915,3394,2588],{},[1915,3396,2591],{},[1915,3398,2594],{},[1915,3400,1920],{},[1915,3402,2599],{},[1915,3404,2604],{},[1922,3406,2303],{"stretchy":2284},[1922,3408,1924],{},[1912,3410,3411,3414],{},[1915,3412,3413],{},"γ",[1909,3415,3416,3418,3420,3422,3424,3426,3428,3430,3433,3435,3437,3439],{},[1915,3417,2591],{},[1915,3419,2629],{},[1915,3421,1920],{},[1915,3423,2634],{},[1915,3425,1920],{},[1915,3427,2594],{},[1915,3429,1917],{},[1922,3431,3432],{},"→",[1915,3434,2675],{},[1915,3436,2591],{},[1915,3438,2680],{},[1915,3440,2580],{},[3442,3443,3444,3489],"mfrac",{},[1909,3445,3446,3449,3451,3453,3455,3457,3459,3461,3463,3465,3467,3469,3471,3473,3475,3477,3479,3481,3483,3485,3487],{},[1915,3447,3448],{"mathvariant":2294},"Cov",[1922,3450,2670],{},[1922,3452,2285],{"stretchy":2284},[1915,3454,2580],{},[1915,3456,2583],{},[1915,3458,1957],{},[1915,3460,2588],{},[1915,3462,2591],{},[1915,3464,2594],{},[1915,3466,1920],{},[1915,3468,2599],{},[1915,3470,2604],{},[1922,3472,2656],{"separator":1969},[1915,3474,2591],{},[1915,3476,2629],{},[1915,3478,1920],{},[1915,3480,2634],{},[1915,3482,1920],{},[1915,3484,2594],{},[1915,3486,1917],{},[1922,3488,2303],{"stretchy":2284},[1909,3490,3491,3494,3496,3498,3500,3502,3504,3506,3508,3510,3512,3514,3516],{},[1915,3492,3493],{"mathvariant":2294},"Var",[1922,3495,2670],{},[1922,3497,2285],{"stretchy":2284},[1915,3499,2580],{},[1915,3501,2583],{},[1915,3503,1957],{},[1915,3505,2588],{},[1915,3507,2591],{},[1915,3509,2594],{},[1915,3511,1920],{},[1915,3513,2599],{},[1915,3515,2604],{},[1922,3517,2303],{"stretchy":2284},[1915,3519,2321],{"mathvariant":2294},[1961,3521,3522],{"encoding":1963},"Bias(\\hat\\beta_{education})\n=\\gamma_{ability\\to wage}\n\\frac{\\operatorname{Cov}(education,ability)}\n{\\operatorname{Var}(education)}.",[1888,3524,3526,3666],{"className":3525,"ariaHidden":1969},[1968],[1888,3527,3529,3533,3537,3541,3544,3547,3654,3657,3660,3663],{"className":3528},[1973],[1888,3530],{"className":3531,"style":3532},[1977],"height:1.2079em;vertical-align:-0.25em;",[1888,3534,3367],{"className":3535,"style":3536},[1982,1986],"margin-right:0.0502em;",[1888,3538,3540],{"className":3539},[1982,1986],"ia",[1888,3542,3374],{"className":3543},[1982,1986],[1888,3545,2285],{"className":3546},[2404],[1888,3548,3550,3592],{"className":3549},[1982],[1888,3551,3553],{"className":3552},[1982,2338],[1888,3554,3556,3584],{"className":3555},[1995,1996],[1888,3557,3559,3581],{"className":3558},[2000],[1888,3560,3562,3570],{"className":3561,"style":2348},[2004],[1888,3563,3564,3567],{"style":2351},[1888,3565],{"className":3566,"style":2355},[2012],[1888,3568,1929],{"className":3569,"style":2063},[1982,1986],[1888,3571,3572,3575],{"style":2361},[1888,3573],{"className":3574,"style":2355},[2012],[1888,3576,3578],{"className":3577,"style":2369},[2368],[1888,3579,2279],{"className":3580},[1982],[1888,3582,2028],{"className":3583},[2027],[1888,3585,3587],{"className":3586},[2000],[1888,3588,3590],{"className":3589,"style":2382},[2004],[1888,3591],{},[1888,3593,3595],{"className":3594},[1991],[1888,3596,3598,3646],{"className":3597},[1995,1996],[1888,3599,3601,3643],{"className":3600},[2000],[1888,3602,3605],{"className":3603,"style":3604},[2004],"height:0.3361em;",[1888,3606,3607,3610],{"style":2079},[1888,3608],{"className":3609,"style":2013},[2012],[1888,3611,3613],{"className":3612},[2017,2018,2019,2020],[1888,3614,3616,3619,3622,3625,3628,3631,3634,3637,3640],{"className":3615},[1982,2020],[1888,3617,2580],{"className":3618},[1982,1986,2020],[1888,3620,2583],{"className":3621},[1982,1986,2020],[1888,3623,1957],{"className":3624},[1982,1986,2020],[1888,3626,2588],{"className":3627},[1982,1986,2020],[1888,3629,2591],{"className":3630},[1982,1986,2020],[1888,3632,2594],{"className":3633},[1982,1986,2020],[1888,3635,1920],{"className":3636},[1982,1986,2020],[1888,3638,2599],{"className":3639},[1982,1986,2020],[1888,3641,2604],{"className":3642},[1982,1986,2020],[1888,3644,2028],{"className":3645},[2027],[1888,3647,3649],{"className":3648},[2000],[1888,3650,3652],{"className":3651,"style":2035},[2004],[1888,3653],{},[1888,3655,2303],{"className":3656},[2446],[1888,3658],{"className":3659,"style":2042},[2041],[1888,3661,1924],{"className":3662},[2046],[1888,3664],{"className":3665,"style":2042},[2041],[1888,3667,3669,3673,3746,3911],{"className":3668},[1973],[1888,3670],{"className":3671,"style":3672},[1977],"height:2.363em;vertical-align:-0.936em;",[1888,3674,3676,3680],{"className":3675},[1982],[1888,3677,3413],{"className":3678,"style":3679},[1982,1986],"margin-right:0.0556em;",[1888,3681,3683],{"className":3682},[1991],[1888,3684,3686,3737],{"className":3685},[1995,1996],[1888,3687,3689,3734],{"className":3688},[2000],[1888,3690,3692],{"className":3691,"style":3604},[2004],[1888,3693,3695,3698],{"style":3694},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0556em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1888,3696],{"className":3697,"style":2013},[2012],[1888,3699,3701],{"className":3700},[2017,2018,2019,2020],[1888,3702,3704,3707,3710,3713,3716,3719,3722,3725,3728,3731],{"className":3703},[1982,2020],[1888,3705,3003],{"className":3706},[1982,1986,2020],[1888,3708,2634],{"className":3709,"style":3007},[1982,1986,2020],[1888,3711,1920],{"className":3712},[1982,1986,2020],[1888,3714,2594],{"className":3715},[1982,1986,2020],[1888,3717,1917],{"className":3718,"style":1987},[1982,1986,2020],[1888,3720,3432],{"className":3721},[2046,2020],[1888,3723,2675],{"className":3724,"style":2890},[1982,1986,2020],[1888,3726,2591],{"className":3727},[1982,1986,2020],[1888,3729,2680],{"className":3730,"style":1987},[1982,1986,2020],[1888,3732,2580],{"className":3733},[1982,1986,2020],[1888,3735,2028],{"className":3736},[2027],[1888,3738,3740],{"className":3739},[2000],[1888,3741,3744],{"className":3742,"style":3743},[2004],"height:0.2861em;",[1888,3745],{},[1888,3747,3749,3753,3908],{"className":3748},[1982],[1888,3750],{"className":3751},[2404,3752],"nulldelimiter",[1888,3754,3756],{"className":3755},[3442],[1888,3757,3759,3899],{"className":3758},[1995,1996],[1888,3760,3762,3896],{"className":3761},[2000],[1888,3763,3766,3815,3826],{"className":3764,"style":3765},[2004],"height:1.427em;",[1888,3767,3769,3772],{"style":3768},"top:-2.314em;",[1888,3770],{"className":3771,"style":2355},[2012],[1888,3773,3775,3782,3785,3788,3791,3794,3797,3800,3803,3806,3809,3812],{"className":3774},[1982],[1888,3776,3778],{"className":3777},[2879],[1888,3779,3493],{"className":3780},[1982,3781],"mathrm",[1888,3783,2285],{"className":3784},[2404],[1888,3786,2580],{"className":3787},[1982,1986],[1888,3789,2583],{"className":3790},[1982,1986],[1888,3792,1957],{"className":3793},[1982,1986],[1888,3795,2588],{"className":3796},[1982,1986],[1888,3798,2591],{"className":3799},[1982,1986],[1888,3801,2594],{"className":3802},[1982,1986],[1888,3804,1920],{"className":3805},[1982,1986],[1888,3807,2599],{"className":3808},[1982,1986],[1888,3810,2604],{"className":3811},[1982,1986],[1888,3813,2303],{"className":3814},[2446],[1888,3816,3818,3821],{"style":3817},"top:-3.23em;",[1888,3819],{"className":3820,"style":2355},[2012],[1888,3822],{"className":3823,"style":3825},[3824],"frac-line","border-bottom-width:0.04em;",[1888,3827,3829,3832],{"style":3828},"top:-3.677em;",[1888,3830],{"className":3831,"style":2355},[2012],[1888,3833,3835,3841,3844,3847,3850,3853,3856,3859,3862,3865,3868,3871,3874,3878,3881,3884,3887,3890,3893],{"className":3834},[1982],[1888,3836,3838],{"className":3837},[2879],[1888,3839,3448],{"className":3840,"style":2883},[1982,3781],[1888,3842,2285],{"className":3843},[2404],[1888,3845,2580],{"className":3846},[1982,1986],[1888,3848,2583],{"className":3849},[1982,1986],[1888,3851,1957],{"className":3852},[1982,1986],[1888,3854,2588],{"className":3855},[1982,1986],[1888,3857,2591],{"className":3858},[1982,1986],[1888,3860,2594],{"className":3861},[1982,1986],[1888,3863,1920],{"className":3864},[1982,1986],[1888,3866,2599],{"className":3867},[1982,1986],[1888,3869,2604],{"className":3870},[1982,1986],[1888,3872,2656],{"className":3873},[3106],[1888,3875],{"className":3876,"style":3877},[2041],"margin-right:0.1667em;",[1888,3879,3003],{"className":3880},[1982,1986],[1888,3882,2634],{"className":3883,"style":3007},[1982,1986],[1888,3885,1920],{"className":3886},[1982,1986],[1888,3888,2594],{"className":3889},[1982,1986],[1888,3891,1917],{"className":3892,"style":1987},[1982,1986],[1888,3894,2303],{"className":3895},[2446],[1888,3897,2028],{"className":3898},[2027],[1888,3900,3902],{"className":3901},[2000],[1888,3903,3906],{"className":3904,"style":3905},[2004],"height:0.936em;",[1888,3907],{},[1888,3909],{"className":3910},[2446,3752],[1888,3912,2321],{"className":3913},[1982],[1793,3915,3916],{},"两个因子都为正，因此短回归向上偏。把能力对教育的系数改为负值，偏误方向会改变。真实数据中能力可能不可观测，加入代理变量也可能有测量误差，因此“控制更多变量”不等于自动恢复因果效应。",[1800,3918,3920],{"id":3919},"实验三异方差改变推断不一定改变系数","实验三：异方差改变推断，不一定改变系数",[1881,3922,2545],{"id":3923},"数据生成过程-1",[1793,3925,3926,3927,4009],{},"令误差标准差随 ",[1888,3928,3930,3953],{"className":3929},[1895],[1888,3931,3933],{"className":3932},[1899],[1901,3934,3935],{"xmlns":1903},[1906,3936,3937,3950],{},[1909,3938,3939,3942,3948],{},[1915,3940,3941],{"mathvariant":2294},"∣",[1912,3943,3944,3946],{},[1915,3945,1948],{},[1915,3947,1920],{},[1915,3949,3941],{"mathvariant":2294},[1961,3951,3952],{"encoding":1963},"|x_i|",[1888,3954,3956],{"className":3955,"ariaHidden":1969},[1968],[1888,3957,3959,3963,3966,4006],{"className":3958},[1973],[1888,3960],{"className":3961,"style":3962},[1977],"height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;",[1888,3964,3941],{"className":3965},[1982],[1888,3967,3969,3972],{"className":3968},[1982],[1888,3970,1948],{"className":3971},[1982,1986],[1888,3973,3975],{"className":3974},[1991],[1888,3976,3978,3998],{"className":3977},[1995,1996],[1888,3979,3981,3995],{"className":3980},[2000],[1888,3982,3984],{"className":3983,"style":2005},[2004],[1888,3985,3986,3989],{"style":2177},[1888,3987],{"className":3988,"style":2013},[2012],[1888,3990,3992],{"className":3991},[2017,2018,2019,2020],[1888,3993,1920],{"className":3994},[1982,1986,2020],[1888,3996,2028],{"className":3997},[2027],[1888,3999,4001],{"className":4000},[2000],[1888,4002,4004],{"className":4003,"style":2035},[2004],[1888,4005],{},[1888,4007,3941],{"className":4008},[1982]," 增大：",[1888,4011,4013],{"className":4012},[1891],[1888,4014,4016,4067],{"className":4015},[1895],[1888,4017,4019],{"className":4018},[1899],[1901,4020,4021],{"xmlns":1903,"display":1904},[1906,4022,4023,4064],{},[1909,4024,4025,4031,4033,4035,4038,4040,4043,4045,4051,4053,4055,4062],{},[1912,4026,4027,4029],{},[1915,4028,1957],{},[1915,4030,1920],{},[1922,4032,1924],{},[1922,4034,2285],{"stretchy":2284},[1931,4036,4037],{},"0.5",[1922,4039,1936],{},[1931,4041,4042],{},"1.5",[1915,4044,3941],{"mathvariant":2294},[1912,4046,4047,4049],{},[1915,4048,1948],{},[1915,4050,1920],{},[1915,4052,3941],{"mathvariant":2294},[1922,4054,2303],{"stretchy":2284},[1912,4056,4057,4060],{},[1915,4058,4059],{},"ε",[1915,4061,1920],{},[1915,4063,2321],{"mathvariant":2294},[1961,4065,4066],{"encoding":1963},"u_i=(0.5+1.5|x_i|)\\varepsilon_i.",[1888,4068,4070,4125,4146],{"className":4069,"ariaHidden":1969},[1968],[1888,4071,4073,4076,4116,4119,4122],{"className":4072},[1973],[1888,4074],{"className":4075,"style":2213},[1977],[1888,4077,4079,4082],{"className":4078},[1982],[1888,4080,1957],{"className":4081},[1982,1986],[1888,4083,4085],{"className":4084},[1991],[1888,4086,4088,4108],{"className":4087},[1995,1996],[1888,4089,4091,4105],{"className":4090},[2000],[1888,4092,4094],{"className":4093,"style":2005},[2004],[1888,4095,4096,4099],{"style":2177},[1888,4097],{"className":4098,"style":2013},[2012],[1888,4100,4102],{"className":4101},[2017,2018,2019,2020],[1888,4103,1920],{"className":4104},[1982,1986,2020],[1888,4106,2028],{"className":4107},[2027],[1888,4109,4111],{"className":4110},[2000],[1888,4112,4114],{"className":4113,"style":2035},[2004],[1888,4115],{},[1888,4117],{"className":4118,"style":2042},[2041],[1888,4120,1924],{"className":4121},[2046],[1888,4123],{"className":4124,"style":2042},[2041],[1888,4126,4128,4131,4134,4137,4140,4143],{"className":4127},[1973],[1888,4129],{"className":4130,"style":3962},[1977],[1888,4132,2285],{"className":4133},[2404],[1888,4135,4037],{"className":4136},[1982],[1888,4138],{"className":4139,"style":2103},[2041],[1888,4141,1936],{"className":4142},[2107],[1888,4144],{"className":4145,"style":2103},[2041],[1888,4147,4149,4152,4156,4196,4199,4202,4242],{"className":4148},[1973],[1888,4150],{"className":4151,"style":3962},[1977],[1888,4153,4155],{"className":4154},[1982],"1.5∣",[1888,4157,4159,4162],{"className":4158},[1982],[1888,4160,1948],{"className":4161},[1982,1986],[1888,4163,4165],{"className":4164},[1991],[1888,4166,4168,4188],{"className":4167},[1995,1996],[1888,4169,4171,4185],{"className":4170},[2000],[1888,4172,4174],{"className":4173,"style":2005},[2004],[1888,4175,4176,4179],{"style":2177},[1888,4177],{"className":4178,"style":2013},[2012],[1888,4180,4182],{"className":4181},[2017,2018,2019,2020],[1888,4183,1920],{"className":4184},[1982,1986,2020],[1888,4186,2028],{"className":4187},[2027],[1888,4189,4191],{"className":4190},[2000],[1888,4192,4194],{"className":4193,"style":2035},[2004],[1888,4195],{},[1888,4197,3941],{"className":4198},[1982],[1888,4200,2303],{"className":4201},[2446],[1888,4203,4205,4208],{"className":4204},[1982],[1888,4206,4059],{"className":4207},[1982,1986],[1888,4209,4211],{"className":4210},[1991],[1888,4212,4214,4234],{"className":4213},[1995,1996],[1888,4215,4217,4231],{"className":4216},[2000],[1888,4218,4220],{"className":4219,"style":2005},[2004],[1888,4221,4222,4225],{"style":2177},[1888,4223],{"className":4224,"style":2013},[2012],[1888,4226,4228],{"className":4227},[2017,2018,2019,2020],[1888,4229,1920],{"className":4230},[1982,1986,2020],[1888,4232,2028],{"className":4233},[2027],[1888,4235,4237],{"className":4236},[2000],[1888,4238,4240],{"className":4239,"style":2035},[2004],[1888,4241],{},[1888,4243,2321],{"className":4244},[1982],[1793,4246,4247],{},"若条件均值仍为零，OLS 系数可以无偏或一致，但经典同方差标准误不再可靠。",[2522,4249],{"code64":4250,"layout":2525,"locale":7,"packages":2526,"title":4251},"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","Python：经典与 HC1 标准误",[2529,4253],{"code64":4254,"layout":2525,"locale":7,"title":4255},"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","R：手工计算 HC1 标准误",[1881,4257,4258],{"id":4258},"审计问题",[1807,4260,4261,4264,4267],{},[1810,4262,4263],{},"稳健标准误不修复内生性、遗漏变量或错误函数形式。",[1810,4265,4266],{},"小样本中 HC0、HC1、HC2、HC3 可能差异明显。",[1810,4268,4269],{},"若误差在群组或时间上相关，仅做异方差稳健仍然不够。",[1800,4271,4273],{"id":4272},"实验四工具变量与两阶段最小二乘","实验四：工具变量与两阶段最小二乘",[1881,4275,2545],{"id":4276},"数据生成过程-2",[1793,4278,4279,4280,4353],{},"令 ",[1888,4281,4283,4302],{"className":4282},[1895],[1888,4284,4286],{"className":4285},[1899],[1901,4287,4288],{"xmlns":1903},[1906,4289,4290,4299],{},[1909,4291,4292],{},[1912,4293,4294,4297],{},[1915,4295,4296],{},"z",[1915,4298,1920],{},[1961,4300,4301],{"encoding":1963},"z_i",[1888,4303,4305],{"className":4304,"ariaHidden":1969},[1968],[1888,4306,4308,4311],{"className":4307},[1973],[1888,4309],{"className":4310,"style":2213},[1977],[1888,4312,4314,4318],{"className":4313},[1982],[1888,4315,4296],{"className":4316,"style":4317},[1982,1986],"margin-right:0.044em;",[1888,4319,4321],{"className":4320},[1991],[1888,4322,4324,4345],{"className":4323},[1995,1996],[1888,4325,4327,4342],{"className":4326},[2000],[1888,4328,4330],{"className":4329,"style":2005},[2004],[1888,4331,4333,4336],{"style":4332},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.044em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1888,4334],{"className":4335,"style":2013},[2012],[1888,4337,4339],{"className":4338},[2017,2018,2019,2020],[1888,4340,1920],{"className":4341},[1982,1986,2020],[1888,4343,2028],{"className":4344},[2027],[1888,4346,4348],{"className":4347},[2000],[1888,4349,4351],{"className":4350,"style":2035},[2004],[1888,4352],{}," 影响教育，但不直接影响工资；能力同时影响教育和工资：",[1888,4355,4357],{"className":4356},[1891],[1888,4358,4360,4557],{"className":4359},[1895],[1888,4361,4363],{"className":4362},[1899],[1901,4364,4365],{"xmlns":1903,"display":1904},[1906,4366,4367,4554],{},[2563,4368,4369,4454],{"rowspacing":2565,"columnalign":2566,"columnspacing":2295},[2568,4370,4371,4399],{},[2571,4372,4373],{},[2574,4374,4375],{"scriptlevel":1933,"displaystyle":1969},[1909,4376,4377,4379,4381,4383,4385,4387,4389,4391,4393],{},[1915,4378,2580],{},[1915,4380,2583],{},[1915,4382,1957],{},[1915,4384,2588],{},[1915,4386,2591],{},[1915,4388,2594],{},[1915,4390,1920],{},[1915,4392,2599],{},[1912,4394,4395,4397],{},[1915,4396,2604],{},[1915,4398,1920],{},[2571,4400,4401],{},[2574,4402,4403],{"scriptlevel":1933,"displaystyle":1969},[1909,4404,4405,4407,4409,4411,4413,4416,4422,4424,4426,4428,4430,4432,4434,4436,4438,4444,4446,4452],{},[1909,4406],{},[1922,4408,1924],{},[1931,4410,2619],{},[1922,4412,1936],{},[1931,4414,4415],{},"0.9",[1912,4417,4418,4420],{},[1915,4419,4296],{},[1915,4421,1920],{},[1922,4423,1936],{},[1931,4425,4415],{},[1915,4427,2591],{},[1915,4429,2629],{},[1915,4431,1920],{},[1915,4433,2634],{},[1915,4435,1920],{},[1915,4437,2594],{},[1912,4439,4440,4442],{},[1915,4441,1917],{},[1915,4443,1920],{},[1922,4445,1936],{},[1912,4447,4448,4450],{},[1915,4449,2651],{},[1915,4451,1920],{},[1922,4453,2656],{"separator":1969},[2568,4455,4456,4482],{},[2571,4457,4458],{},[2574,4459,4460],{"scriptlevel":1933,"displaystyle":1969},[1909,4461,4462,4464,4466,4468,4470,4472,4474,4480],{},[1915,4463,2667],{},[1922,4465,2670],{},[1922,4467,2285],{"stretchy":2284},[1915,4469,2675],{},[1915,4471,2591],{},[1915,4473,2680],{},[1912,4475,4476,4478],{},[1915,4477,2580],{},[1915,4479,1920],{},[1922,4481,2303],{"stretchy":2284},[2571,4483,4484],{},[2574,4485,4486],{"scriptlevel":1933,"displaystyle":1969},[1909,4487,4488,4490,4492,4494,4496,4499,4501,4503,4505,4507,4509,4511,4513,4515,4521,4523,4526,4528,4530,4532,4534,4536,4538,4544,4546,4552],{},[1909,4489],{},[1922,4491,1924],{},[1931,4493,1943],{},[1922,4495,1936],{},[1931,4497,4498],{},"0.12",[1915,4500,2580],{},[1915,4502,2583],{},[1915,4504,1957],{},[1915,4506,2588],{},[1915,4508,2591],{},[1915,4510,2594],{},[1915,4512,1920],{},[1915,4514,2599],{},[1912,4516,4517,4519],{},[1915,4518,2604],{},[1915,4520,1920],{},[1922,4522,1936],{},[1931,4524,4525],{},"0.7",[1915,4527,2591],{},[1915,4529,2629],{},[1915,4531,1920],{},[1915,4533,2634],{},[1915,4535,1920],{},[1915,4537,2594],{},[1912,4539,4540,4542],{},[1915,4541,1917],{},[1915,4543,1920],{},[1922,4545,1936],{},[1912,4547,4548,4550],{},[1915,4549,2580],{},[1915,4551,1920],{},[1915,4553,2321],{"mathvariant":2294},[1961,4555,4556],{"encoding":1963},"\\begin{aligned}\neducation_i &= 12+0.9z_i+0.9ability_i+v_i,\\\\\n\\log(wage_i) &= 1+0.12education_i+0.7ability_i+e_i.\n\\end{aligned}",[1888,4558,4560],{"className":4559,"ariaHidden":1969},[1968],[1888,4561,4563,4566],{"className":4562},[1973],[1888,4564],{"className":4565,"style":2773},[1977],[1888,4567,4569],{"className":4568},[1982],[1888,4570,4572,4735],{"className":4571},[2563],[1888,4573,4575],{"className":4574},[2783],[1888,4576,4578,4727],{"className":4577},[1995,1996],[1888,4579,4581,4724],{"className":4580},[2000],[1888,4582,4584,4656],{"className":4583,"style":2793},[2004],[1888,4585,4586,4589],{"style":2796},[1888,4587],{"className":4588,"style":2355},[2012],[1888,4590,4592,4595,4598,4601,4604,4607,4610,4613,4616],{"className":4591},[1982],[1888,4593,2580],{"className":4594},[1982,1986],[1888,4596,2583],{"className":4597},[1982,1986],[1888,4599,1957],{"className":4600},[1982,1986],[1888,4602,2588],{"className":4603},[1982,1986],[1888,4605,2591],{"className":4606},[1982,1986],[1888,4608,2594],{"className":4609},[1982,1986],[1888,4611,1920],{"className":4612},[1982,1986],[1888,4614,2599],{"className":4615},[1982,1986],[1888,4617,4619,4622],{"className":4618},[1982],[1888,4620,2604],{"className":4621},[1982,1986],[1888,4623,4625],{"className":4624},[1991],[1888,4626,4628,4648],{"className":4627},[1995,1996],[1888,4629,4631,4645],{"className":4630},[2000],[1888,4632,4634],{"className":4633,"style":2005},[2004],[1888,4635,4636,4639],{"style":2177},[1888,4637],{"className":4638,"style":2013},[2012],[1888,4640,4642],{"className":4641},[2017,2018,2019,2020],[1888,4643,1920],{"className":4644},[1982,1986,2020],[1888,4646,2028],{"className":4647},[2027],[1888,4649,4651],{"className":4650},[2000],[1888,4652,4654],{"className":4653,"style":2035},[2004],[1888,4655],{},[1888,4657,4658,4661],{"style":2869},[1888,4659],{"className":4660,"style":2355},[2012],[1888,4662,4664,4669,4672,4675,4678,4681,4721],{"className":4663},[1982],[1888,4665,2880,4667],{"className":4666},[2879],[1888,4668,2680],{"style":2883},[1888,4670,2285],{"className":4671},[2404],[1888,4673,2675],{"className":4674,"style":2890},[1982,1986],[1888,4676,2591],{"className":4677},[1982,1986],[1888,4679,2680],{"className":4680,"style":1987},[1982,1986],[1888,4682,4684,4687],{"className":4683},[1982],[1888,4685,2580],{"className":4686},[1982,1986],[1888,4688,4690],{"className":4689},[1991],[1888,4691,4693,4713],{"className":4692},[1995,1996],[1888,4694,4696,4710],{"className":4695},[2000],[1888,4697,4699],{"className":4698,"style":2005},[2004],[1888,4700,4701,4704],{"style":2177},[1888,4702],{"className":4703,"style":2013},[2012],[1888,4705,4707],{"className":4706},[2017,2018,2019,2020],[1888,4708,1920],{"className":4709},[1982,1986,2020],[1888,4711,2028],{"className":4712},[2027],[1888,4714,4716],{"className":4715},[2000],[1888,4717,4719],{"className":4718,"style":2035},[2004],[1888,4720],{},[1888,4722,2303],{"className":4723},[2446],[1888,4725,2028],{"className":4726},[2027],[1888,4728,4730],{"className":4729},[2000],[1888,4731,4733],{"className":4732,"style":2949},[2004],[1888,4734],{},[1888,4736,4738],{"className":4737},[2955],[1888,4739,4741,5156],{"className":4740},[1995,1996],[1888,4742,4744,5153],{"className":4743},[2000],[1888,4745,4747,4938],{"className":4746,"style":2793},[2004],[1888,4748,4749,4752],{"style":2796},[1888,4750],{"className":4751,"style":2355},[2012],[1888,4753,4755,4758,4761,4764,4767,4770,4773,4776,4779,4782,4822,4825,4828,4831,4834,4837,4840,4843,4846,4886,4889,4892,4895,4935],{"className":4754},[1982],[1888,4756],{"className":4757},[1982],[1888,4759],{"className":4760,"style":2042},[2041],[1888,4762,1924],{"className":4763},[2046],[1888,4765],{"className":4766,"style":2042},[2041],[1888,4768,2619],{"className":4769},[1982],[1888,4771],{"className":4772,"style":2103},[2041],[1888,4774,1936],{"className":4775},[2107],[1888,4777],{"className":4778,"style":2103},[2041],[1888,4780,4415],{"className":4781},[1982],[1888,4783,4785,4788],{"className":4784},[1982],[1888,4786,4296],{"className":4787,"style":4317},[1982,1986],[1888,4789,4791],{"className":4790},[1991],[1888,4792,4794,4814],{"className":4793},[1995,1996],[1888,4795,4797,4811],{"className":4796},[2000],[1888,4798,4800],{"className":4799,"style":2005},[2004],[1888,4801,4802,4805],{"style":4332},[1888,4803],{"className":4804,"style":2013},[2012],[1888,4806,4808],{"className":4807},[2017,2018,2019,2020],[1888,4809,1920],{"className":4810},[1982,1986,2020],[1888,4812,2028],{"className":4813},[2027],[1888,4815,4817],{"className":4816},[2000],[1888,4818,4820],{"className":4819,"style":2035},[2004],[1888,4821],{},[1888,4823],{"className":4824,"style":2103},[2041],[1888,4826,1936],{"className":4827},[2107],[1888,4829],{"className":4830,"style":2103},[2041],[1888,4832,4415],{"className":4833},[1982],[1888,4835,3003],{"className":4836},[1982,1986],[1888,4838,2634],{"className":4839,"style":3007},[1982,1986],[1888,4841,1920],{"className":4842},[1982,1986],[1888,4844,2594],{"className":4845},[1982,1986],[1888,4847,4849,4852],{"className":4848},[1982],[1888,4850,1917],{"className":4851,"style":1987},[1982,1986],[1888,4853,4855],{"className":4854},[1991],[1888,4856,4858,4878],{"className":4857},[1995,1996],[1888,4859,4861,4875],{"className":4860},[2000],[1888,4862,4864],{"className":4863,"style":2005},[2004],[1888,4865,4866,4869],{"style":2008},[1888,4867],{"className":4868,"style":2013},[2012],[1888,4870,4872],{"className":4871},[2017,2018,2019,2020],[1888,4873,1920],{"className":4874},[1982,1986,2020],[1888,4876,2028],{"className":4877},[2027],[1888,4879,4881],{"className":4880},[2000],[1888,4882,4884],{"className":4883,"style":2035},[2004],[1888,4885],{},[1888,4887],{"className":4888,"style":2103},[2041],[1888,4890,1936],{"className":4891},[2107],[1888,4893],{"className":4894,"style":2103},[2041],[1888,4896,4898,4901],{"className":4897},[1982],[1888,4899,2651],{"className":4900,"style":1987},[1982,1986],[1888,4902,4904],{"className":4903},[1991],[1888,4905,4907,4927],{"className":4906},[1995,1996],[1888,4908,4910,4924],{"className":4909},[2000],[1888,4911,4913],{"className":4912,"style":2005},[2004],[1888,4914,4915,4918],{"style":2008},[1888,4916],{"className":4917,"style":2013},[2012],[1888,4919,4921],{"className":4920},[2017,2018,2019,2020],[1888,4922,1920],{"className":4923},[1982,1986,2020],[1888,4925,2028],{"className":4926},[2027],[1888,4928,4930],{"className":4929},[2000],[1888,4931,4933],{"className":4932,"style":2035},[2004],[1888,4934],{},[1888,4936,2656],{"className":4937},[3106],[1888,4939,4940,4943],{"style":2869},[1888,4941],{"className":4942,"style":2355},[2012],[1888,4944,4946,4949,4952,4955,4958,4961,4964,4967,4970,4973,4976,4979,4982,4985,4988,4991,4994,4997,5037,5040,5043,5046,5049,5052,5055,5058,5061,5101,5104,5107,5110,5150],{"className":4945},[1982],[1888,4947],{"className":4948},[1982],[1888,4950],{"className":4951,"style":2042},[2041],[1888,4953,1924],{"className":4954},[2046],[1888,4956],{"className":4957,"style":2042},[2041],[1888,4959,1943],{"className":4960},[1982],[1888,4962],{"className":4963,"style":2103},[2041],[1888,4965,1936],{"className":4966},[2107],[1888,4968],{"className":4969,"style":2103},[2041],[1888,4971,4498],{"className":4972},[1982],[1888,4974,2580],{"className":4975},[1982,1986],[1888,4977,2583],{"className":4978},[1982,1986],[1888,4980,1957],{"className":4981},[1982,1986],[1888,4983,2588],{"className":4984},[1982,1986],[1888,4986,2591],{"className":4987},[1982,1986],[1888,4989,2594],{"className":4990},[1982,1986],[1888,4992,1920],{"className":4993},[1982,1986],[1888,4995,2599],{"className":4996},[1982,1986],[1888,4998,5000,5003],{"className":4999},[1982],[1888,5001,2604],{"className":5002},[1982,1986],[1888,5004,5006],{"className":5005},[1991],[1888,5007,5009,5029],{"className":5008},[1995,1996],[1888,5010,5012,5026],{"className":5011},[2000],[1888,5013,5015],{"className":5014,"style":2005},[2004],[1888,5016,5017,5020],{"style":2177},[1888,5018],{"className":5019,"style":2013},[2012],[1888,5021,5023],{"className":5022},[2017,2018,2019,2020],[1888,5024,1920],{"className":5025},[1982,1986,2020],[1888,5027,2028],{"className":5028},[2027],[1888,5030,5032],{"className":5031},[2000],[1888,5033,5035],{"className":5034,"style":2035},[2004],[1888,5036],{},[1888,5038],{"className":5039,"style":2103},[2041],[1888,5041,1936],{"className":5042},[2107],[1888,5044],{"className":5045,"style":2103},[2041],[1888,5047,4525],{"className":5048},[1982],[1888,5050,3003],{"className":5051},[1982,1986],[1888,5053,2634],{"className":5054,"style":3007},[1982,1986],[1888,5056,1920],{"className":5057},[1982,1986],[1888,5059,2594],{"className":5060},[1982,1986],[1888,5062,5064,5067],{"className":5063},[1982],[1888,5065,1917],{"className":5066,"style":1987},[1982,1986],[1888,5068,5070],{"className":5069},[1991],[1888,5071,5073,5093],{"className":5072},[1995,1996],[1888,5074,5076,5090],{"className":5075},[2000],[1888,5077,5079],{"className":5078,"style":2005},[2004],[1888,5080,5081,5084],{"style":2008},[1888,5082],{"className":5083,"style":2013},[2012],[1888,5085,5087],{"className":5086},[2017,2018,2019,2020],[1888,5088,1920],{"className":5089},[1982,1986,2020],[1888,5091,2028],{"className":5092},[2027],[1888,5094,5096],{"className":5095},[2000],[1888,5097,5099],{"className":5098,"style":2035},[2004],[1888,5100],{},[1888,5102],{"className":5103,"style":2103},[2041],[1888,5105,1936],{"className":5106},[2107],[1888,5108],{"className":5109,"style":2103},[2041],[1888,5111,5113,5116],{"className":5112},[1982],[1888,5114,2580],{"className":5115},[1982,1986],[1888,5117,5119],{"className":5118},[1991],[1888,5120,5122,5142],{"className":5121},[1995,1996],[1888,5123,5125,5139],{"className":5124},[2000],[1888,5126,5128],{"className":5127,"style":2005},[2004],[1888,5129,5130,5133],{"style":2177},[1888,5131],{"className":5132,"style":2013},[2012],[1888,5134,5136],{"className":5135},[2017,2018,2019,2020],[1888,5137,1920],{"className":5138},[1982,1986,2020],[1888,5140,2028],{"className":5141},[2027],[1888,5143,5145],{"className":5144},[2000],[1888,5146,5148],{"className":5147,"style":2035},[2004],[1888,5149],{},[1888,5151,2321],{"className":5152},[1982],[1888,5154,2028],{"className":5155},[2027],[1888,5157,5159],{"className":5158},[2000],[1888,5160,5162],{"className":5161,"style":2949},[2004],[1888,5163],{},[1793,5165,5166,5167,5236],{},"在模拟中，",[1888,5168,5170,5187],{"className":5169},[1895],[1888,5171,5173],{"className":5172},[1899],[1901,5174,5175],{"xmlns":1903},[1906,5176,5177,5185],{},[1909,5178,5179],{},[1912,5180,5181,5183],{},[1915,5182,4296],{},[1915,5184,1920],{},[1961,5186,4301],{"encoding":1963},[1888,5188,5190],{"className":5189,"ariaHidden":1969},[1968],[1888,5191,5193,5196],{"className":5192},[1973],[1888,5194],{"className":5195,"style":2213},[1977],[1888,5197,5199,5202],{"className":5198},[1982],[1888,5200,4296],{"className":5201,"style":4317},[1982,1986],[1888,5203,5205],{"className":5204},[1991],[1888,5206,5208,5228],{"className":5207},[1995,1996],[1888,5209,5211,5225],{"className":5210},[2000],[1888,5212,5214],{"className":5213,"style":2005},[2004],[1888,5215,5216,5219],{"style":4332},[1888,5217],{"className":5218,"style":2013},[2012],[1888,5220,5222],{"className":5221},[2017,2018,2019,2020],[1888,5223,1920],{"className":5224},[1982,1986,2020],[1888,5226,2028],{"className":5227},[2027],[1888,5229,5231],{"className":5230},[2000],[1888,5232,5234],{"className":5233,"style":2035},[2004],[1888,5235],{}," 与能力独立，因此相关性与排除限制按设计成立。",[2522,5238],{"code64":5239,"layout":2525,"locale":7,"packages":2526,"title":5240},"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","Python：OLS、第一阶段与 2SLS",[2529,5242],{"code64":5243,"layout":2525,"locale":7,"title":5244},"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","R：OLS、第一阶段与 2SLS",[1881,5246,5247],{"id":5247},"为什么要警告标准误",[1793,5249,5250],{},"把第一阶段拟合值直接放进普通 OLS 可以得到恰好相同的 2SLS 点估计，但普通第二阶段标准误忽略拟合值的估计误差。正式研究应使用专门 IV 估计器，并报告弱工具诊断、稳健或聚类标准误，以及排除限制的制度论证。",[1881,5252,5253],{"id":5253},"弱工具实验",[1793,5255,5256],{},"把第一阶段系数 0.9 改为 0.08，重复运行。你会看到第一阶段 F 值下降，2SLS 估计波动明显增大。显著的第一阶段也不能证明排除限制；它只提供相关性证据。",[1800,5258,5260],{"id":5259},"实验五固定效应的组内变换","实验五：固定效应的组内变换",[1881,5262,2545],{"id":5263},"数据生成过程-3",[1793,5265,5266,5267,5340],{},"个体特征 ",[1888,5268,5270,5289],{"className":5269},[1895],[1888,5271,5273],{"className":5272},[1899],[1901,5274,5275],{"xmlns":1903},[1906,5276,5277,5286],{},[1909,5278,5279],{},[1912,5280,5281,5284],{},[1915,5282,5283],{},"α",[1915,5285,1920],{},[1961,5287,5288],{"encoding":1963},"\\alpha_i",[1888,5290,5292],{"className":5291,"ariaHidden":1969},[1968],[1888,5293,5295,5298],{"className":5294},[1973],[1888,5296],{"className":5297,"style":2213},[1977],[1888,5299,5301,5305],{"className":5300},[1982],[1888,5302,5283],{"className":5303,"style":5304},[1982,1986],"margin-right:0.0037em;",[1888,5306,5308],{"className":5307},[1991],[1888,5309,5311,5332],{"className":5310},[1995,1996],[1888,5312,5314,5329],{"className":5313},[2000],[1888,5315,5317],{"className":5316,"style":2005},[2004],[1888,5318,5320,5323],{"style":5319},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0037em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1888,5321],{"className":5322,"style":2013},[2012],[1888,5324,5326],{"className":5325},[2017,2018,2019,2020],[1888,5327,1920],{"className":5328},[1982,1986,2020],[1888,5330,2028],{"className":5331},[2027],[1888,5333,5335],{"className":5334},[2000],[1888,5336,5338],{"className":5337,"style":2035},[2004],[1888,5339],{}," 同时影响解释变量和结果：",[1888,5342,5344],{"className":5343},[1891],[1888,5345,5347,5467],{"className":5346},[1895],[1888,5348,5350],{"className":5349},[1899],[1901,5351,5352],{"xmlns":1903,"display":1904},[1906,5353,5354,5464],{},[2563,5355,5356,5404],{"rowspacing":2565,"columnalign":2566,"columnspacing":2295},[2568,5357,5358,5372],{},[2571,5359,5360],{},[2574,5361,5362],{"scriptlevel":1933,"displaystyle":1969},[1912,5363,5364,5366],{},[1915,5365,1948],{},[1909,5367,5368,5370],{},[1915,5369,1920],{},[1915,5371,2594],{},[2571,5373,5374],{},[2574,5375,5376],{"scriptlevel":1933,"displaystyle":1969},[1909,5377,5378,5380,5382,5384,5390,5392,5402],{},[1909,5379],{},[1922,5381,1924],{},[1931,5383,2624],{},[1912,5385,5386,5388],{},[1915,5387,5283],{},[1915,5389,1920],{},[1922,5391,1936],{},[1912,5393,5394,5396],{},[1915,5395,2675],{},[1909,5397,5398,5400],{},[1915,5399,1920],{},[1915,5401,2594],{},[1922,5403,2656],{"separator":1969},[2568,5405,5406,5420],{},[2571,5407,5408],{},[2574,5409,5410],{"scriptlevel":1933,"displaystyle":1969},[1912,5411,5412,5414],{},[1915,5413,1917],{},[1909,5415,5416,5418],{},[1915,5417,1920],{},[1915,5419,2594],{},[2571,5421,5422],{},[2574,5423,5424],{"scriptlevel":1933,"displaystyle":1969},[1909,5425,5426,5428,5430,5432,5442,5444,5450,5452,5462],{},[1909,5427],{},[1922,5429,1924],{},[1931,5431,4042],{},[1912,5433,5434,5436],{},[1915,5435,1948],{},[1909,5437,5438,5440],{},[1915,5439,1920],{},[1915,5441,2594],{},[1922,5443,1936],{},[1912,5445,5446,5448],{},[1915,5447,5283],{},[1915,5449,1920],{},[1922,5451,1936],{},[1912,5453,5454,5456],{},[1915,5455,1957],{},[1909,5457,5458,5460],{},[1915,5459,1920],{},[1915,5461,2594],{},[1915,5463,2321],{"mathvariant":2294},[1961,5465,5466],{"encoding":1963},"\\begin{aligned}\nx_{it} &=0.8\\alpha_i+w_{it},\\\\\ny_{it} &=1.5x_{it}+\\alpha_i+u_{it}.\n\\end{aligned}",[1888,5468,5470],{"className":5469,"ariaHidden":1969},[1968],[1888,5471,5473,5476],{"className":5472},[1973],[1888,5474],{"className":5475,"style":2773},[1977],[1888,5477,5479],{"className":5478},[1982],[1888,5480,5482,5613],{"className":5481},[2563],[1888,5483,5485],{"className":5484},[2783],[1888,5486,5488,5605],{"className":5487},[1995,1996],[1888,5489,5491,5602],{"className":5490},[2000],[1888,5492,5494,5548],{"className":5493,"style":2793},[2004],[1888,5495,5496,5499],{"style":2796},[1888,5497],{"className":5498,"style":2355},[2012],[1888,5500,5502],{"className":5501},[1982],[1888,5503,5505,5508],{"className":5504},[1982],[1888,5506,1948],{"className":5507},[1982,1986],[1888,5509,5511],{"className":5510},[1991],[1888,5512,5514,5540],{"className":5513},[1995,1996],[1888,5515,5517,5537],{"className":5516},[2000],[1888,5518,5520],{"className":5519,"style":2005},[2004],[1888,5521,5522,5525],{"style":2177},[1888,5523],{"className":5524,"style":2013},[2012],[1888,5526,5528],{"className":5527},[2017,2018,2019,2020],[1888,5529,5531,5534],{"className":5530},[1982,2020],[1888,5532,1920],{"className":5533},[1982,1986,2020],[1888,5535,2594],{"className":5536},[1982,1986,2020],[1888,5538,2028],{"className":5539},[2027],[1888,5541,5543],{"className":5542},[2000],[1888,5544,5546],{"className":5545,"style":2035},[2004],[1888,5547],{},[1888,5549,5550,5553],{"style":2869},[1888,5551],{"className":5552,"style":2355},[2012],[1888,5554,5556],{"className":5555},[1982],[1888,5557,5559,5562],{"className":5558},[1982],[1888,5560,1917],{"className":5561,"style":1987},[1982,1986],[1888,5563,5565],{"className":5564},[1991],[1888,5566,5568,5594],{"className":5567},[1995,1996],[1888,5569,5571,5591],{"className":5570},[2000],[1888,5572,5574],{"className":5573,"style":2005},[2004],[1888,5575,5576,5579],{"style":2008},[1888,5577],{"className":5578,"style":2013},[2012],[1888,5580,5582],{"className":5581},[2017,2018,2019,2020],[1888,5583,5585,5588],{"className":5584},[1982,2020],[1888,5586,1920],{"className":5587},[1982,1986,2020],[1888,5589,2594],{"className":5590},[1982,1986,2020],[1888,5592,2028],{"className":5593},[2027],[1888,5595,5597],{"className":5596},[2000],[1888,5598,5600],{"className":5599,"style":2035},[2004],[1888,5601],{},[1888,5603,2028],{"className":5604},[2027],[1888,5606,5608],{"className":5607},[2000],[1888,5609,5611],{"className":5610,"style":2949},[2004],[1888,5612],{},[1888,5614,5616],{"className":5615},[2955],[1888,5617,5619,5926],{"className":5618},[1995,1996],[1888,5620,5622,5923],{"className":5621},[2000],[1888,5623,5625,5747],{"className":5624,"style":2793},[2004],[1888,5626,5627,5630],{"style":2796},[1888,5628],{"className":5629,"style":2355},[2012],[1888,5631,5633,5636,5639,5642,5645,5648,5688,5691,5694,5697,5744],{"className":5632},[1982],[1888,5634],{"className":5635},[1982],[1888,5637],{"className":5638,"style":2042},[2041],[1888,5640,1924],{"className":5641},[2046],[1888,5643],{"className":5644,"style":2042},[2041],[1888,5646,2624],{"className":5647},[1982],[1888,5649,5651,5654],{"className":5650},[1982],[1888,5652,5283],{"className":5653,"style":5304},[1982,1986],[1888,5655,5657],{"className":5656},[1991],[1888,5658,5660,5680],{"className":5659},[1995,1996],[1888,5661,5663,5677],{"className":5662},[2000],[1888,5664,5666],{"className":5665,"style":2005},[2004],[1888,5667,5668,5671],{"style":5319},[1888,5669],{"className":5670,"style":2013},[2012],[1888,5672,5674],{"className":5673},[2017,2018,2019,2020],[1888,5675,1920],{"className":5676},[1982,1986,2020],[1888,5678,2028],{"className":5679},[2027],[1888,5681,5683],{"className":5682},[2000],[1888,5684,5686],{"className":5685,"style":2035},[2004],[1888,5687],{},[1888,5689],{"className":5690,"style":2103},[2041],[1888,5692,1936],{"className":5693},[2107],[1888,5695],{"className":5696,"style":2103},[2041],[1888,5698,5700,5703],{"className":5699},[1982],[1888,5701,2675],{"className":5702,"style":2890},[1982,1986],[1888,5704,5706],{"className":5705},[1991],[1888,5707,5709,5736],{"className":5708},[1995,1996],[1888,5710,5712,5733],{"className":5711},[2000],[1888,5713,5715],{"className":5714,"style":2005},[2004],[1888,5716,5718,5721],{"style":5717},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0269em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1888,5719],{"className":5720,"style":2013},[2012],[1888,5722,5724],{"className":5723},[2017,2018,2019,2020],[1888,5725,5727,5730],{"className":5726},[1982,2020],[1888,5728,1920],{"className":5729},[1982,1986,2020],[1888,5731,2594],{"className":5732},[1982,1986,2020],[1888,5734,2028],{"className":5735},[2027],[1888,5737,5739],{"className":5738},[2000],[1888,5740,5742],{"className":5741,"style":2035},[2004],[1888,5743],{},[1888,5745,2656],{"className":5746},[3106],[1888,5748,5749,5752],{"style":2869},[1888,5750],{"className":5751,"style":2355},[2012],[1888,5753,5755,5758,5761,5764,5767,5770,5816,5819,5822,5825,5865,5868,5871,5874,5920],{"className":5754},[1982],[1888,5756],{"className":5757},[1982],[1888,5759],{"className":5760,"style":2042},[2041],[1888,5762,1924],{"className":5763},[2046],[1888,5765],{"className":5766,"style":2042},[2041],[1888,5768,4042],{"className":5769},[1982],[1888,5771,5773,5776],{"className":5772},[1982],[1888,5774,1948],{"className":5775},[1982,1986],[1888,5777,5779],{"className":5778},[1991],[1888,5780,5782,5808],{"className":5781},[1995,1996],[1888,5783,5785,5805],{"className":5784},[2000],[1888,5786,5788],{"className":5787,"style":2005},[2004],[1888,5789,5790,5793],{"style":2177},[1888,5791],{"className":5792,"style":2013},[2012],[1888,5794,5796],{"className":5795},[2017,2018,2019,2020],[1888,5797,5799,5802],{"className":5798},[1982,2020],[1888,5800,1920],{"className":5801},[1982,1986,2020],[1888,5803,2594],{"className":5804},[1982,1986,2020],[1888,5806,2028],{"className":5807},[2027],[1888,5809,5811],{"className":5810},[2000],[1888,5812,5814],{"className":5813,"style":2035},[2004],[1888,5815],{},[1888,5817],{"className":5818,"style":2103},[2041],[1888,5820,1936],{"className":5821},[2107],[1888,5823],{"className":5824,"style":2103},[2041],[1888,5826,5828,5831],{"className":5827},[1982],[1888,5829,5283],{"className":5830,"style":5304},[1982,1986],[1888,5832,5834],{"className":5833},[1991],[1888,5835,5837,5857],{"className":5836},[1995,1996],[1888,5838,5840,5854],{"className":5839},[2000],[1888,5841,5843],{"className":5842,"style":2005},[2004],[1888,5844,5845,5848],{"style":5319},[1888,5846],{"className":5847,"style":2013},[2012],[1888,5849,5851],{"className":5850},[2017,2018,2019,2020],[1888,5852,1920],{"className":5853},[1982,1986,2020],[1888,5855,2028],{"className":5856},[2027],[1888,5858,5860],{"className":5859},[2000],[1888,5861,5863],{"className":5862,"style":2035},[2004],[1888,5864],{},[1888,5866],{"className":5867,"style":2103},[2041],[1888,5869,1936],{"className":5870},[2107],[1888,5872],{"className":5873,"style":2103},[2041],[1888,5875,5877,5880],{"className":5876},[1982],[1888,5878,1957],{"className":5879},[1982,1986],[1888,5881,5883],{"className":5882},[1991],[1888,5884,5886,5912],{"className":5885},[1995,1996],[1888,5887,5889,5909],{"className":5888},[2000],[1888,5890,5892],{"className":5891,"style":2005},[2004],[1888,5893,5894,5897],{"style":2177},[1888,5895],{"className":5896,"style":2013},[2012],[1888,5898,5900],{"className":5899},[2017,2018,2019,2020],[1888,5901,5903,5906],{"className":5902},[1982,2020],[1888,5904,1920],{"className":5905},[1982,1986,2020],[1888,5907,2594],{"className":5908},[1982,1986,2020],[1888,5910,2028],{"className":5911},[2027],[1888,5913,5915],{"className":5914},[2000],[1888,5916,5918],{"className":5917,"style":2035},[2004],[1888,5919],{},[1888,5921,2321],{"className":5922},[1982],[1888,5924,2028],{"className":5925},[2027],[1888,5927,5929],{"className":5928},[2000],[1888,5930,5932],{"className":5931,"style":2949},[2004],[1888,5933],{},[1793,5935,5936,5937,6006,6007,6076],{},"Pooled OLS 遗漏 ",[1888,5938,5940,5957],{"className":5939},[1895],[1888,5941,5943],{"className":5942},[1899],[1901,5944,5945],{"xmlns":1903},[1906,5946,5947,5955],{},[1909,5948,5949],{},[1912,5950,5951,5953],{},[1915,5952,5283],{},[1915,5954,1920],{},[1961,5956,5288],{"encoding":1963},[1888,5958,5960],{"className":5959,"ariaHidden":1969},[1968],[1888,5961,5963,5966],{"className":5962},[1973],[1888,5964],{"className":5965,"style":2213},[1977],[1888,5967,5969,5972],{"className":5968},[1982],[1888,5970,5283],{"className":5971,"style":5304},[1982,1986],[1888,5973,5975],{"className":5974},[1991],[1888,5976,5978,5998],{"className":5977},[1995,1996],[1888,5979,5981,5995],{"className":5980},[2000],[1888,5982,5984],{"className":5983,"style":2005},[2004],[1888,5985,5986,5989],{"style":5319},[1888,5987],{"className":5988,"style":2013},[2012],[1888,5990,5992],{"className":5991},[2017,2018,2019,2020],[1888,5993,1920],{"className":5994},[1982,1986,2020],[1888,5996,2028],{"className":5997},[2027],[1888,5999,6001],{"className":6000},[2000],[1888,6002,6004],{"className":6003,"style":2035},[2004],[1888,6005],{},"。固定效应通过个体内去均值消除时间不变的 ",[1888,6008,6010,6027],{"className":6009},[1895],[1888,6011,6013],{"className":6012},[1899],[1901,6014,6015],{"xmlns":1903},[1906,6016,6017,6025],{},[1909,6018,6019],{},[1912,6020,6021,6023],{},[1915,6022,5283],{},[1915,6024,1920],{},[1961,6026,5288],{"encoding":1963},[1888,6028,6030],{"className":6029,"ariaHidden":1969},[1968],[1888,6031,6033,6036],{"className":6032},[1973],[1888,6034],{"className":6035,"style":2213},[1977],[1888,6037,6039,6042],{"className":6038},[1982],[1888,6040,5283],{"className":6041,"style":5304},[1982,1986],[1888,6043,6045],{"className":6044},[1991],[1888,6046,6048,6068],{"className":6047},[1995,1996],[1888,6049,6051,6065],{"className":6050},[2000],[1888,6052,6054],{"className":6053,"style":2005},[2004],[1888,6055,6056,6059],{"style":5319},[1888,6057],{"className":6058,"style":2013},[2012],[1888,6060,6062],{"className":6061},[2017,2018,2019,2020],[1888,6063,1920],{"className":6064},[1982,1986,2020],[1888,6066,2028],{"className":6067},[2027],[1888,6069,6071],{"className":6070},[2000],[1888,6072,6074],{"className":6073,"style":2035},[2004],[1888,6075],{},"：",[1888,6078,6080],{"className":6079},[1891],[1888,6081,6083,6178],{"className":6082},[1895],[1888,6084,6086],{"className":6085},[1899],[1901,6087,6088],{"xmlns":1903,"display":1904},[1906,6089,6090,6175],{},[1909,6091,6092,6102,6104,6115,6117,6119,6121,6131,6133,6143,6145,6147,6149,6159,6161,6171,6173],{},[1912,6093,6094,6096],{},[1915,6095,1917],{},[1909,6097,6098,6100],{},[1915,6099,1920],{},[1915,6101,2594],{},[1922,6103,2308],{},[1912,6105,6106,6113],{},[2273,6107,6108,6110],{"accent":1969},[1915,6109,1917],{},[1922,6111,6112],{},"ˉ",[1915,6114,1920],{},[1922,6116,1924],{},[1915,6118,1929],{},[1922,6120,2285],{"stretchy":2284},[1912,6122,6123,6125],{},[1915,6124,1948],{},[1909,6126,6127,6129],{},[1915,6128,1920],{},[1915,6130,2594],{},[1922,6132,2308],{},[1912,6134,6135,6141],{},[2273,6136,6137,6139],{"accent":1969},[1915,6138,1948],{},[1922,6140,6112],{},[1915,6142,1920],{},[1922,6144,2303],{"stretchy":2284},[1922,6146,1936],{},[1922,6148,2285],{"stretchy":2284},[1912,6150,6151,6153],{},[1915,6152,1957],{},[1909,6154,6155,6157],{},[1915,6156,1920],{},[1915,6158,2594],{},[1922,6160,2308],{},[1912,6162,6163,6169],{},[2273,6164,6165,6167],{"accent":1969},[1915,6166,1957],{},[1922,6168,6112],{},[1915,6170,1920],{},[1922,6172,2303],{"stretchy":2284},[1915,6174,2321],{"mathvariant":2294},[1961,6176,6177],{"encoding":1963},"y_{it}-\\bar y_i\n=\\beta(x_{it}-\\bar x_i)+(u_{it}-\\bar 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wild cluster bootstrap。",[1800,6979,6981],{"id":6980},"实验七bootstrap-看见估计量的抽样分布","实验七：Bootstrap 看见估计量的抽样分布",[1881,6983,6984],{"id":6984},"思想",[1793,6986,6987,6988,7122],{},"Pairs Bootstrap 从观测对 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