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Search, Evaluate, and Read Evidence","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F02-reading-and-literature-matrix","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F02-reading-and-literature-matrix",{"title":27,"path":28,"stem":29},"3. From Sources to Synthesis and Argument","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F03-arguments-outlines-and-paragraphs","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F03-arguments-outlines-and-paragraphs",{"title":31,"path":32,"stem":33},"4. Literature Review and a Defensible Gap","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review",{"title":35,"path":36,"stem":37},"5. Research Design, Evidence, and Core Sections","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F05-core-sections-and-evidence","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F05-core-sections-and-evidence",{"title":39,"path":40,"stem":41},"6. Citation, Paraphrasing, Integrity, and AI","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F06-citation-paraphrasing-and-integrity","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F06-citation-paraphrasing-and-integrity",{"title":43,"path":44,"stem":45},"7. Revision, Review, and Submission","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F07-revision-style-and-submission","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F07-revision-style-and-submission",{"title":47,"path":48,"stem":49},"8. Research Workbook","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template",{"title":51,"path":52,"stem":53},"9. Research Workflow and Tools","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F09-tools-for-academic-writing-and-literature-management","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F09-tools-for-academic-writing-and-literature-management",{"title":55,"path":56,"stem":57},"10. Worked Project — From Question to Defensible Conclusion","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F10-worked-example-from-block-structure-to-question-chain","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F10-worked-example-from-block-structure-to-question-chain",{"title":59,"path":60,"stem":61,"children":62,"page":249},"Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting","en\u002Faccounting",[63,69,87,93,193],{"title":64,"path":65,"stem":66,"children":67},"Accounting — From Evidence to Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002F00-index","en\u002Faccounting\u002F00-index",[68],{"title":64,"path":65,"stem":66},{"title":70,"path":71,"stem":72,"children":73},"Accounting Appendix","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[74,75,79,83],{"title":70,"path":71,"stem":72},{"title":76,"path":77,"stem":78},"Worked Examples and Error Diagnosis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F24-examples-pitfalls","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F24-examples-pitfalls",{"title":80,"path":81,"stem":82},"Accounting Glossary","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F26-glossary","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F26-glossary",{"title":84,"path":85,"stem":86},"Reading and Evidence Map","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F27-reading-map","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F27-reading-map",{"title":88,"path":89,"stem":90,"children":91},"Northstar Record-to-Decision Capstone","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[92],{"title":88,"path":89,"stem":90},{"title":94,"path":95,"stem":96,"children":97},"Financial Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002Findex",[98,99,117,131,165,179],{"title":94,"path":95,"stem":96},{"title":100,"path":101,"stem":102,"children":103},"1. Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002Findex",[104,105,109,113],{"title":100,"path":101,"stem":102},{"title":106,"path":107,"stem":108},"Objectives and Qualitative Characteristics","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F01-objectives-qualitative-characteristics","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F01-objectives-qualitative-characteristics",{"title":110,"path":111,"stem":112},"Equation and Elements","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F02-equation-elements","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F02-equation-elements",{"title":114,"path":115,"stem":116},"Accrual Basis, Estimates and Periods","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F03-accounting-bases-principles","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F03-accounting-bases-principles",{"title":118,"path":119,"stem":120,"children":121},"2. Recording Transactions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002Findex",[122,123,127],{"title":118,"path":119,"stem":120},{"title":124,"path":125,"stem":126},"Double-Entry and Debit\u002FCredit","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F04-double-entry-dr-cr","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F04-double-entry-dr-cr",{"title":128,"path":129,"stem":130},"Accounting Cycle","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F05-accounting-cycle","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F05-accounting-cycle",{"title":132,"path":133,"stem":134,"children":135},"3. Measurement and Adjustments","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002Findex",[136,137,141,145,149,153,157,161],{"title":132,"path":133,"stem":134},{"title":138,"path":139,"stem":140},"Revenue Recognition","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F07-revenue-recognition","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F07-revenue-recognition",{"title":142,"path":143,"stem":144},"Inventory","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F08-inventory","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F08-inventory",{"title":146,"path":147,"stem":148},"Receivables and Expected Credit Losses","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F09-receivables","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F09-receivables",{"title":150,"path":151,"stem":152},"Property, Plant and Equipment","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F10-ppe","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F10-ppe",{"title":154,"path":155,"stem":156},"Intangible Assets","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F11-intangibles","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F11-intangibles",{"title":158,"path":159,"stem":160},"Leases","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F12-leases","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F12-leases",{"title":162,"path":163,"stem":164},"Current and Deferred Income Tax","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F13-income-tax","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F13-income-tax",{"title":166,"path":167,"stem":168,"children":169},"4. Reporting and Cash","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002Findex",[170,171,175],{"title":166,"path":167,"stem":168},{"title":172,"path":173,"stem":174},"Linked Financial Statements","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F06-financial-statements","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F06-financial-statements",{"title":176,"path":177,"stem":178},"Cash, Reconciliation and Internal Control","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F14-cash-control","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F14-cash-control",{"title":180,"path":181,"stem":182,"children":183},"5. Analysis and Comparison","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002Findex",[184,185,189],{"title":180,"path":181,"stem":182},{"title":186,"path":187,"stem":188},"Ratio Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F15-ratio-analysis","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F15-ratio-analysis",{"title":190,"path":191,"stem":192},"IFRS versus US GAAP","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F25-ifrs-gaap","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F25-ifrs-gaap",{"title":194,"path":195,"stem":196,"children":197},"Management Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002Findex",[198,199,217,235],{"title":194,"path":195,"stem":196},{"title":200,"path":201,"stem":202,"children":203},"1. Cost Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002Findex",[204,205,209,213],{"title":200,"path":201,"stem":202},{"title":206,"path":207,"stem":208},"Cost Concepts and Behaviour","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F16-cost-concepts","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F16-cost-concepts",{"title":210,"path":211,"stem":212},"Costing Systems","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F17-costing-systems","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F17-costing-systems",{"title":214,"path":215,"stem":216},"Variable and Absorption Costing","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F19-variable-vs-absorption","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F19-variable-vs-absorption",{"title":218,"path":219,"stem":220,"children":221},"2. Planning and Control","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002Findex",[222,223,227,231],{"title":218,"path":219,"stem":220},{"title":224,"path":225,"stem":226},"Cost–Volume–Profit Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F18-cvp-analysis","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F18-cvp-analysis",{"title":228,"path":229,"stem":230},"Budgeting and Variance Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F20-budgeting-variances","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F20-budgeting-variances",{"title":232,"path":233,"stem":234},"Performance Measurement","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F21-performance-measurement","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F21-performance-measurement",{"title":236,"path":237,"stem":238,"children":239},"3. Decisions and Investment","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002Findex",[240,241,245],{"title":236,"path":237,"stem":238},{"title":242,"path":243,"stem":244},"Short-Term Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F22-short-term-decisions","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F22-short-term-decisions",{"title":246,"path":247,"stem":248},"Capital Budgeting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F23-capital-budgeting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F23-capital-budgeting",false,{"title":251,"path":252,"stem":253,"children":254,"page":249},"Business Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics",[255,261,279,305,335,365,383,400],{"title":256,"path":257,"stem":258,"children":259},"Business Analytics — From Data to Defensible Action","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-index","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-index",[260],{"title":256,"path":257,"stem":258},{"title":262,"path":263,"stem":264,"children":265},"0. Decision and Data Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[266,267,271,275],{"title":262,"path":263,"stem":264},{"title":268,"path":269,"stem":270},"Decision Framing","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F01-decision-framing","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F01-decision-framing",{"title":272,"path":273,"stem":274},"Data Contracts","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F02-data-contracts","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F02-data-contracts",{"title":276,"path":277,"stem":278},"Reproducible Analytics Workflow","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F03-reproducible-workflow","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F03-reproducible-workflow",{"title":280,"path":281,"stem":282,"children":283},"1. Descriptive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002Findex",[284,285,289,293,297,301],{"title":280,"path":281,"stem":282},{"title":286,"path":287,"stem":288},"Distributions and Exploratory Data Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F04-distributions-eda","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F04-distributions-eda",{"title":290,"path":291,"stem":292},"KPIs and Denominators","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F05-kpis-denominators","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F05-kpis-denominators",{"title":294,"path":295,"stem":296},"Segments, Cohorts and Funnels","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F06-segmentation-cohorts-funnels","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F06-segmentation-cohorts-funnels",{"title":298,"path":299,"stem":300},"Visual Evidence and Data Stories","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F07-visualisation-story","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F07-visualisation-story",{"title":302,"path":303,"stem":304},"Experiments and Causal Boundaries","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F08-experiments-causal-boundary","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F08-experiments-causal-boundary",{"title":306,"path":307,"stem":308,"children":309},"2. Predictive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002Findex",[310,311,315,319,323,327,331],{"title":306,"path":307,"stem":308},{"title":312,"path":313,"stem":314},"Validation, Baselines and Leakage","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F09-validation-leakage","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F09-validation-leakage",{"title":316,"path":317,"stem":318},"Regression and Forecasting","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F10-regression-forecasting","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F10-regression-forecasting",{"title":320,"path":321,"stem":322},"Classification and Calibration","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F11-classification-calibration","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F11-classification-calibration",{"title":324,"path":325,"stem":326},"Trees and Ensembles","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F12-trees-ensembles","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F12-trees-ensembles",{"title":328,"path":329,"stem":330},"Decision Metrics and Thresholds","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F13-decision-metrics-thresholds","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F13-decision-metrics-thresholds",{"title":332,"path":333,"stem":334},"Explainability, Monitoring and Drift","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F14-explainability-drift","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F14-explainability-drift",{"title":336,"path":337,"stem":338,"children":339},"3. Prescriptive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002Findex",[340,341,345,349,353,357,361],{"title":336,"path":337,"stem":338},{"title":342,"path":343,"stem":344},"Decision-Making under Uncertainty","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F15-decision-uncertainty","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F15-decision-uncertainty",{"title":346,"path":347,"stem":348},"Linear Optimisation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F16-linear-optimization","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F16-linear-optimization",{"title":350,"path":351,"stem":352},"Inventory and Allocation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F17-inventory-allocation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F17-inventory-allocation",{"title":354,"path":355,"stem":356},"Queueing and Simulation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F18-queueing-simulation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F18-queueing-simulation",{"title":358,"path":359,"stem":360},"Pricing and Revenue Management","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F19-pricing-experimentation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F19-pricing-experimentation",{"title":362,"path":363,"stem":364},"Causal Targeting and Policy Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F20-causal-targeting","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F20-causal-targeting",{"title":366,"path":367,"stem":368,"children":369},"4. Deployment and Governance","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002Findex",[370,371,375,379],{"title":366,"path":367,"stem":368},{"title":372,"path":373,"stem":374},"Data Products and Monitoring","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F21-data-products-monitoring","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F21-data-products-monitoring",{"title":376,"path":377,"stem":378},"Governance, Fairness and Privacy","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F22-governance-fairness-privacy","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F22-governance-fairness-privacy",{"title":380,"path":381,"stem":382},"Adoption and Business Value","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F23-adoption-value","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F23-adoption-value",{"title":384,"path":385,"stem":386,"children":387},"Appendix and Revision Tools","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[388,389,393,397],{"title":384,"path":385,"stem":386},{"title":390,"path":391,"stem":392},"Formula and Decision Map","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F24-formula-map","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F24-formula-map",{"title":394,"path":395,"stem":396},"Worked Examples and Pitfalls","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F25-worked-examples-pitfalls","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F25-worked-examples-pitfalls",{"title":84,"path":398,"stem":399},"\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F26-reading-map","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F26-reading-map",{"title":401,"path":402,"stem":403,"children":404},"Capstone — The Evening Delivery Promise","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[405],{"title":401,"path":402,"stem":403},{"title":407,"path":408,"stem":409,"children":410,"page":249},"Financial Economic Time Series","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series",[411,417,423,429,435,441,447,453,459,465,471],{"title":412,"path":413,"stem":414,"children":415},"Financial and Economic Time Series — Course Guide","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F00-intro","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[416],{"title":412,"path":413,"stem":414},{"title":418,"path":419,"stem":420,"children":421},"Three Versions of Time Series","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F01-bridge","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F01-bridge\u002Findex",[422],{"title":418,"path":419,"stem":420},{"title":424,"path":425,"stem":426,"children":427},"Data, Clocks, and Transformations","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F02-data-transformations","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F02-data-transformations\u002Findex",[428],{"title":424,"path":425,"stem":426},{"title":430,"path":431,"stem":432,"children":433},"Predictive Regressions and Persistent Predictors","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F03-predictive-regressions","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F03-predictive-regressions\u002Findex",[434],{"title":430,"path":431,"stem":432},{"title":436,"path":437,"stem":438,"children":439},"Volatility, Tails, and Financial Risk","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F04-volatility-risk","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F04-volatility-risk\u002Findex",[440],{"title":436,"path":437,"stem":438},{"title":442,"path":443,"stem":444,"children":445},"Unit Roots, Cointegration, and Error Correction","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F05-unit-roots-cointegration","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F05-unit-roots-cointegration\u002Findex",[446],{"title":442,"path":443,"stem":444},{"title":448,"path":449,"stem":450,"children":451},"VAR, Structural Identification, and Local Projections","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F06-var-identification","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F06-var-identification\u002Findex",[452],{"title":448,"path":449,"stem":450},{"title":454,"path":455,"stem":456,"children":457},"State Space, Mixed Frequency, and Nowcasting","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F07-state-space-nowcasting","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F07-state-space-nowcasting\u002Findex",[458],{"title":454,"path":455,"stem":456},{"title":460,"path":461,"stem":462,"children":463},"Forecast Evaluation for Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F08-forecast-evaluation","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F08-forecast-evaluation\u002Findex",[464],{"title":460,"path":461,"stem":462},{"title":466,"path":467,"stem":468,"children":469},"Integrated R Laboratory","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F09-r-laboratory","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F09-r-laboratory\u002Findex",[470],{"title":466,"path":467,"stem":468},{"title":472,"path":473,"stem":474,"children":475},"Capstones, Data, and Reading Ladder","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F10-capstone-readings","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F10-capstone-readings\u002Findex",[476],{"title":472,"path":473,"stem":474},{"title":478,"path":479,"stem":480,"children":481,"page":249},"Intro To Economics","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics","en\u002Fintro-to-economics",[482,486,490,494,498,502,506,510,514,518,522,526,530],{"title":483,"path":484,"stem":485},"Introduction to Economics — Decisions, Markets, and the Macroeconomy","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F00-intro",{"title":487,"path":488,"stem":489},"Chapter 1 — Choice, Opportunity Cost, and Trade","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F01-foundations","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F01-foundations",{"title":491,"path":492,"stem":493},"Chapter 2 — Demand, Supply, Equilibrium, and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F02-demand-and-supply","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F02-demand-and-supply",{"title":495,"path":496,"stem":497},"Chapter 3 — Elasticity, Revenue, and Tax Incidence","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F03-elasticity","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F03-elasticity",{"title":499,"path":500,"stem":501},"Chapter 4 — Firms, Market Power, and Market Failure","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F04-market-structures","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F04-market-structures",{"title":503,"path":504,"stem":505},"Chapter 5 — GDP, Income, Wealth, and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F05-gdp-and-wealth","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F05-gdp-and-wealth",{"title":507,"path":508,"stem":509},"Chapter 6 — Inflation, Purchasing Power, and Labour Markets","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F06-inflation-and-unemployment","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F06-inflation-and-unemployment",{"title":511,"path":512,"stem":513},"Chapter 7 — Productivity, Technology, and Economic Growth","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F07-economic-growth","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F07-economic-growth",{"title":515,"path":516,"stem":517},"Chapter 8 — Money, Credit, and Banking","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F08-money-and-banking","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F08-money-and-banking",{"title":519,"path":520,"stem":521},"Chapter 9 — Business Cycles, AD–AS, and Monetary Policy","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F09-monetary-policy-and-ad-as","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F09-monetary-policy-and-ad-as",{"title":523,"path":524,"stem":525},"Chapter 10 — Fiscal Policy, Distribution, and Public Debt","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F10-fiscal-policy","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F10-fiscal-policy",{"title":527,"path":528,"stem":529},"Chapter 11 — Trade, Capital Flows, and Exchange Rates","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F11-open-economy-and-exchange-rates","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F11-open-economy-and-exchange-rates",{"title":531,"path":532,"stem":533},"Chapter 12 — Integrated Economic Analysis Studio","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F12-review-and-case-studies","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F12-review-and-case-studies",{"title":535,"path":536,"stem":537,"children":538,"page":249},"Microeconometrics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics",[539,557,563,581,603,629,651,673,691,709],{"title":540,"path":541,"stem":542,"children":543},"0. Causal Questions and Designs","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002Findex",[544,545,549,553],{"title":540,"path":541,"stem":542},{"title":546,"path":547,"stem":548},"Causal Questions and Estimands","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F01-causal-question-estimands","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F01-causal-question-estimands",{"title":550,"path":551,"stem":552},"Potential Outcomes and Experiments","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F02-potential-outcomes-experiments","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F02-potential-outcomes-experiments",{"title":554,"path":555,"stem":556},"Causal Diagrams and Controls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F03-dags-controls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F03-dags-controls",{"title":558,"path":559,"stem":560,"children":561},"Microeconometrics — Designing Credible Counterfactuals","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-index","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-index",[562],{"title":558,"path":559,"stem":560},{"title":564,"path":565,"stem":566,"children":567},"1. Regression and Inference","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002Findex",[568,569,573,577],{"title":564,"path":565,"stem":566},{"title":570,"path":571,"stem":572},"OLS as a Projection","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F04-ols-projection","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F04-ols-projection",{"title":574,"path":575,"stem":576},"FWL, Selection and Controls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F05-fwl-selection-controls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F05-fwl-selection-controls",{"title":578,"path":579,"stem":580},"Inference and Clustering","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F06-inference-clustering","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F06-inference-clustering",{"title":582,"path":583,"stem":584,"children":585},"2. Instruments and Panel Data","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002Findex",[586,587,591,595,599],{"title":582,"path":583,"stem":584},{"title":588,"path":589,"stem":590},"Instrumental Variables","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F07-iv-identification","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F07-iv-identification",{"title":592,"path":593,"stem":594},"Weak Instruments and LATE","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F08-weak-iv-late","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F08-weak-iv-late",{"title":596,"path":597,"stem":598},"Panel Fixed Effects","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F09-panel-fixed-effects","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F09-panel-fixed-effects",{"title":600,"path":601,"stem":602},"Dynamic Panels and Limits","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F10-dynamic-panel","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F10-dynamic-panel",{"title":604,"path":605,"stem":606,"children":607},"3. Policy Evaluation Designs","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002Findex",[608,609,613,617,621,625],{"title":604,"path":605,"stem":606},{"title":610,"path":611,"stem":612},"Difference-in-Differences","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F11-did-core","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F11-did-core",{"title":614,"path":615,"stem":616},"Staggered DID and Event Studies","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F12-staggered-event-studies","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F12-staggered-event-studies",{"title":618,"path":619,"stem":620},"Regression Discontinuity","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F13-rdd","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F13-rdd",{"title":622,"path":623,"stem":624},"Matching, Weighting and Overlap","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F14-matching-weighting","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F14-matching-weighting",{"title":626,"path":627,"stem":628},"Synthetic Control","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F15-synthetic-control","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F15-synthetic-control",{"title":630,"path":631,"stem":632,"children":633},"Module 4 — Choice and Limited Outcomes","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002Findex",[634,635,639,643,647],{"title":630,"path":631,"stem":632},{"title":636,"path":637,"stem":638},"Binary Choice","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F16-binary-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F16-binary-choice",{"title":640,"path":641,"stem":642},"Multinomial and Ordered Choice","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F17-multinomial-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F17-multinomial-choice",{"title":644,"path":645,"stem":646},"Count Outcomes","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F18-count-outcomes","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F18-count-outcomes",{"title":648,"path":649,"stem":650},"Censoring, Truncation and Selection","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F19-censoring-selection","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F19-censoring-selection",{"title":652,"path":653,"stem":654,"children":655},"Module 5 — Modern Causal Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002Findex",[656,657,661,665,669],{"title":652,"path":653,"stem":654},{"title":658,"path":659,"stem":660},"Double Machine Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F20-dml","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F20-dml",{"title":662,"path":663,"stem":664},"Heterogeneity and Policy Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F21-heterogeneity-policy","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F21-heterogeneity-policy",{"title":666,"path":667,"stem":668},"Sensitivity and Partial Identification","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F22-sensitivity-partial-id","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F22-sensitivity-partial-id",{"title":670,"path":671,"stem":672},"External Validity and Transport","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F23-external-validity","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F23-external-validity",{"title":674,"path":675,"stem":676,"children":677},"Module 6 — From Data to Auditable Evidence","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002Findex",[678,679,683,687],{"title":674,"path":675,"stem":676},{"title":680,"path":681,"stem":682},"Data Provenance","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F24-data-provenance","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F24-data-provenance",{"title":684,"path":685,"stem":686},"Reproducibility and Reporting","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F25-reproducibility-reporting","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F25-reproducibility-reporting",{"title":688,"path":689,"stem":690},"Paper and Evidence Audit","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F26-paper-audit","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F26-paper-audit",{"title":692,"path":693,"stem":694,"children":695},"Appendix — Revision and Evidence Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[696,697,701,705],{"title":692,"path":693,"stem":694},{"title":698,"path":699,"stem":700},"Formula and Design Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F27-formula-design-map","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F27-formula-design-map",{"title":702,"path":703,"stem":704},"Ten Worked Microeconometric Pitfalls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F28-worked-pitfalls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F28-worked-pitfalls",{"title":706,"path":707,"stem":708},"Reading and Software Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F29-reading-software-map","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F29-reading-software-map",{"title":710,"path":711,"stem":712,"children":713},"Capstone — Should Northbridge Expand Pathways?","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[714],{"title":710,"path":711,"stem":712},{"title":716,"path":717,"stem":718,"children":719,"page":249},"Microeconomics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics",[720,726,732,738,744,750,756,762,768,774,780,786,792],{"title":721,"path":722,"stem":723,"children":724},"Advanced Microeconomics — Course Guide","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[725],{"title":721,"path":722,"stem":723},{"title":727,"path":728,"stem":729,"children":730},"Module 1 — Choice, Duality, and Revealed Preference","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F01-fundations","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F01-fundations\u002Findex",[731],{"title":727,"path":728,"stem":729},{"title":733,"path":734,"stem":735,"children":736},"Module 2 — Comparative Statics and Welfare Measurement","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F02-comparative-statics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F02-comparative-statics\u002Findex",[737],{"title":733,"path":734,"stem":735},{"title":739,"path":740,"stem":741,"children":742},"Module 3 — Choice under Risk and Insurance","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F03-uncertainty","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F03-uncertainty\u002Findex",[743],{"title":739,"path":740,"stem":741},{"title":745,"path":746,"stem":747,"children":748},"Module 4 — General Equilibrium and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F04-general-equilibrium","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F04-general-equilibrium\u002Findex",[749],{"title":745,"path":746,"stem":747},{"title":751,"path":752,"stem":753,"children":754},"Module 5 — Static, Dynamic, and Repeated Games","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F05-game-theory","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F05-game-theory\u002Findex",[755],{"title":751,"path":752,"stem":753},{"title":757,"path":758,"stem":759,"children":760},"Module 6 — Oligopoly, Entry, and Algorithmic Pricing","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F06-oligopoly","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F06-oligopoly\u002Findex",[761],{"title":757,"path":758,"stem":759},{"title":763,"path":764,"stem":765,"children":766},"Module 7 — Information Economics and Contracts","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F07-information-economics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F07-information-economics\u002Findex",[767],{"title":763,"path":764,"stem":765},{"title":769,"path":770,"stem":771,"children":772},"Module 8 — Mechanism Design and Auctions","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F08-mechanism-design","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F08-mechanism-design\u002Findex",[773],{"title":769,"path":770,"stem":771},{"title":775,"path":776,"stem":777,"children":778},"Module 9 — Behavioural and Experimental Microeconomics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F09-behavioural-economics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F09-behavioural-economics\u002Findex",[779],{"title":775,"path":776,"stem":777},{"title":781,"path":782,"stem":783,"children":784},"Module 10 — Externalities, Public Goods, and Collective Action","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F10-externalities-public-goods","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F10-externalities-public-goods\u002Findex",[785],{"title":781,"path":782,"stem":783},{"title":787,"path":788,"stem":789,"children":790},"Module 11 — Matching and Market Design","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F11-market-design","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F11-market-design\u002Findex",[791],{"title":787,"path":788,"stem":789},{"title":793,"path":794,"stem":795,"children":796},"Module 12 — Integrated Microeconomic Design Studio","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F12-review","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F12-review\u002Findex",[797],{"title":793,"path":794,"stem":795},{"title":799,"path":800,"stem":801,"children":802},"Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground","en\u002Fplayground\u002Findex",[803,804,808,812,816,820],{"title":799,"path":800,"stem":801},{"title":805,"path":806,"stem":807},"Typst Plugin Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F01-typstex","en\u002Fplayground\u002F01-typstex",{"title":809,"path":810,"stem":811},"Citation Plugin Test","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F02-citation","en\u002Fplayground\u002F02-citation",{"title":813,"path":814,"stem":815},"Pyodide Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F03-pyodide","en\u002Fplayground\u002F03-pyodide",{"title":817,"path":818,"stem":819},"WebR Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F04-webr","en\u002Fplayground\u002F04-webr",{"title":821,"path":822,"stem":823},"Chart.js 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文献综述的构建与写作","\u002Fzh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review","zh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review",{"title":1056,"path":1057,"stem":1058},"8. 文献综述清单与模板","\u002Fzh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template","zh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template",{"title":1060,"path":1061,"stem":1062},"10. 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",[1802,1849,1851,1865],{"className":1850},[1805],[1802,1852,1854],{"className":1853},[1809],[1811,1855,1856],{"xmlns":1813},[1815,1857,1858,1863],{},[1818,1859,1860],{},[1821,1861,1862],{},"t",[1825,1864,1862],{"encoding":1827},[1802,1866,1868],{"className":1867,"ariaHidden":1832},[1831],[1802,1869,1871,1875],{"className":1870},[1836],[1802,1872],{"className":1873,"style":1874},[1840],"height:0.6151em;",[1802,1876,1862],{"className":1877},[1845,1846],"。同一单位的多次观测通常共享不随时间变化的特征，连续时期还可能存在序列相关。",[1793,1880,1881],{"id":1881},"学习目标",[1883,1884,1885,1889,1892,1895,1898],"ul",{},[1886,1887,1888],"li",{},"区分 pooled OLS、固定效应和随机效应；",[1886,1890,1891],{},"解释组内变换和固定效应估计；",[1886,1893,1894],{},"选择适当的聚类层级；",[1886,1896,1897],{},"识别时间趋势、单位根、季节性和结构断点；",[1886,1899,1900],{},"区分解释动态关系与预测任务。",[1793,1902,1904],{"id":1903},"_2-固定效应模型","2. 固定效应模型",[1798,1906,1907],{},"考虑：",[1802,1909,1912],{"className":1910},[1911],"katex-display",[1802,1913,1915,1993],{"className":1914},[1805],[1802,1916,1918],{"className":1917},[1809],[1811,1919,1921],{"xmlns":1813,"display":1920},"block",[1815,1922,1923,1990],{},[1818,1924,1925,1937,1941,1944,1955,1958,1965,1967,1974,1976,1987],{},[1926,1927,1928,1931],"msub",{},[1821,1929,1930],{},"Y",[1818,1932,1933,1935],{},[1821,1934,1823],{},[1821,1936,1862],{},[1938,1939,1940],"mo",{},"=",[1821,1942,1943],{},"β",[1926,1945,1946,1949],{},[1821,1947,1948],{},"D",[1818,1950,1951,1953],{},[1821,1952,1823],{},[1821,1954,1862],{},[1938,1956,1957],{},"+",[1926,1959,1960,1963],{},[1821,1961,1962],{},"α",[1821,1964,1823],{},[1938,1966,1957],{},[1926,1968,1969,1972],{},[1821,1970,1971],{},"λ",[1821,1973,1862],{},[1938,1975,1957],{},[1926,1977,1978,1981],{},[1821,1979,1980],{},"u",[1818,1982,1983,1985],{},[1821,1984,1823],{},[1821,1986,1862],{},[1938,1988,1989],{"separator":1832},",",[1825,1991,1992],{"encoding":1827},"Y_{it}=\\beta D_{it}+\\alpha_i+\\lambda_t+u_{it},",[1802,1994,1996,2078,2147,2205,2263],{"className":1995,"ariaHidden":1832},[1831],[1802,1997,1999,2003,2066,2071,2075],{"className":1998},[1836],[1802,2000],{"className":2001,"style":2002},[1840],"height:0.8333em;vertical-align:-0.15em;",[1802,2004,2006,2010],{"className":2005},[1845],[1802,2007,1930],{"className":2008,"style":2009},[1845,1846],"margin-right:0.2222em;",[1802,2011,2014],{"className":2012},[2013],"msupsub",[1802,2015,2019,2057],{"className":2016},[2017,2018],"vlist-t","vlist-t2",[1802,2020,2023,2052],{"className":2021},[2022],"vlist-r",[1802,2024,2028],{"className":2025,"style":2027},[2026],"vlist","height:0.3117em;",[1802,2029,2031,2036],{"style":2030},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.2222em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1802,2032],{"className":2033,"style":2035},[2034],"pstrut","height:2.7em;",[1802,2037,2043],{"className":2038},[2039,2040,2041,2042],"sizing","reset-size6","size3","mtight",[1802,2044,2046,2049],{"className":2045},[1845,2042],[1802,2047,1823],{"className":2048},[1845,1846,2042],[1802,2050,1862],{"className":2051},[1845,1846,2042],[1802,2053,2056],{"className":2054},[2055],"vlist-s","​",[1802,2058,2060],{"className":2059},[2022],[1802,2061,2064],{"className":2062,"style":2063},[2026],"height:0.15em;",[1802,2065],{},[1802,2067],{"className":2068,"style":2070},[2069],"mspace","margin-right:0.2778em;",[1802,2072,1940],{"className":2073},[2074],"mrel",[1802,2076],{"className":2077,"style":2070},[2069],[1802,2079,2081,2085,2089,2137,2140,2144],{"className":2080},[1836],[1802,2082],{"className":2083,"style":2084},[1840],"height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[1802,2086,1943],{"className":2087,"style":2088},[1845,1846],"margin-right:0.0528em;",[1802,2090,2092,2096],{"className":2091},[1845],[1802,2093,1948],{"className":2094,"style":2095},[1845,1846],"margin-right:0.0278em;",[1802,2097,2099],{"className":2098},[2013],[1802,2100,2102,2129],{"className":2101},[2017,2018],[1802,2103,2105,2126],{"className":2104},[2022],[1802,2106,2108],{"className":2107,"style":2027},[2026],[1802,2109,2111,2114],{"style":2110},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0278em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1802,2112],{"className":2113,"style":2035},[2034],[1802,2115,2117],{"className":2116},[2039,2040,2041,2042],[1802,2118,2120,2123],{"className":2119},[1845,2042],[1802,2121,1823],{"className":2122},[1845,1846,2042],[1802,2124,1862],{"className":2125},[1845,1846,2042],[1802,2127,2056],{"className":2128},[2055],[1802,2130,2132],{"className":2131},[2022],[1802,2133,2135],{"className":2134,"style":2063},[2026],[1802,2136],{},[1802,2138],{"className":2139,"style":2009},[2069],[1802,2141,1957],{"className":2142},[2143],"mbin",[1802,2145],{"className":2146,"style":2009},[2069],[1802,2148,2150,2154,2196,2199,2202],{"className":2149},[1836],[1802,2151],{"className":2152,"style":2153},[1840],"height:0.7333em;vertical-align:-0.15em;",[1802,2155,2157,2161],{"className":2156},[1845],[1802,2158,1962],{"className":2159,"style":2160},[1845,1846],"margin-right:0.0037em;",[1802,2162,2164],{"className":2163},[2013],[1802,2165,2167,2188],{"className":2166},[2017,2018],[1802,2168,2170,2185],{"className":2169},[2022],[1802,2171,2173],{"className":2172,"style":2027},[2026],[1802,2174,2176,2179],{"style":2175},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0037em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1802,2177],{"className":2178,"style":2035},[2034],[1802,2180,2182],{"className":2181},[2039,2040,2041,2042],[1802,2183,1823],{"className":2184},[1845,1846,2042],[1802,2186,2056],{"className":2187},[2055],[1802,2189,2191],{"className":2190},[2022],[1802,2192,2194],{"className":2193,"style":2063},[2026],[1802,2195],{},[1802,2197],{"className":2198,"style":2009},[2069],[1802,2200,1957],{"className":2201},[2143],[1802,2203],{"className":2204,"style":2009},[2069],[1802,2206,2208,2212,2254,2257,2260],{"className":2207},[1836],[1802,2209],{"className":2210,"style":2211},[1840],"height:0.8444em;vertical-align:-0.15em;",[1802,2213,2215,2218],{"className":2214},[1845],[1802,2216,1971],{"className":2217},[1845,1846],[1802,2219,2221],{"className":2220},[2013],[1802,2222,2224,2246],{"className":2223},[2017,2018],[1802,2225,2227,2243],{"className":2226},[2022],[1802,2228,2231],{"className":2229,"style":2230},[2026],"height:0.2806em;",[1802,2232,2234,2237],{"style":2233},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1802,2235],{"className":2236,"style":2035},[2034],[1802,2238,2240],{"className":2239},[2039,2040,2041,2042],[1802,2241,1862],{"className":2242},[1845,1846,2042],[1802,2244,2056],{"className":2245},[2055],[1802,2247,2249],{"className":2248},[2022],[1802,2250,2252],{"className":2251,"style":2063},[2026],[1802,2253],{},[1802,2255],{"className":2256,"style":2009},[2069],[1802,2258,1957],{"className":2259},[2143],[1802,2261],{"className":2262,"style":2009},[2069],[1802,2264,2266,2270,2316],{"className":2265},[1836],[1802,2267],{"className":2268,"style":2269},[1840],"height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[1802,2271,2273,2276],{"className":2272},[1845],[1802,2274,1980],{"className":2275},[1845,1846],[1802,2277,2279],{"className":2278},[2013],[1802,2280,2282,2308],{"className":2281},[2017,2018],[1802,2283,2285,2305],{"className":2284},[2022],[1802,2286,2288],{"className":2287,"style":2027},[2026],[1802,2289,2290,2293],{"style":2233},[1802,2291],{"className":2292,"style":2035},[2034],[1802,2294,2296],{"className":2295},[2039,2040,2041,2042],[1802,2297,2299,2302],{"className":2298},[1845,2042],[1802,2300,1823],{"className":2301},[1845,1846,2042],[1802,2303,1862],{"className":2304},[1845,1846,2042],[1802,2306,2056],{"className":2307},[2055],[1802,2309,2311],{"className":2310},[2022],[1802,2312,2314],{"className":2313,"style":2063},[2026],[1802,2315],{},[1802,2317,1989],{"className":2318},[2319],"mpunct",[1798,2321,2322,2323,2394,2395,2465],{},"其中 ",[1802,2324,2326,2344],{"className":2325},[1805],[1802,2327,2329],{"className":2328},[1809],[1811,2330,2331],{"xmlns":1813},[1815,2332,2333,2341],{},[1818,2334,2335],{},[1926,2336,2337,2339],{},[1821,2338,1962],{},[1821,2340,1823],{},[1825,2342,2343],{"encoding":1827},"\\alpha_i",[1802,2345,2347],{"className":2346,"ariaHidden":1832},[1831],[1802,2348,2350,2354],{"className":2349},[1836],[1802,2351],{"className":2352,"style":2353},[1840],"height:0.5806em;vertical-align:-0.15em;",[1802,2355,2357,2360],{"className":2356},[1845],[1802,2358,1962],{"className":2359,"style":2160},[1845,1846],[1802,2361,2363],{"className":2362},[2013],[1802,2364,2366,2386],{"className":2365},[2017,2018],[1802,2367,2369,2383],{"className":2368},[2022],[1802,2370,2372],{"className":2371,"style":2027},[2026],[1802,2373,2374,2377],{"style":2175},[1802,2375],{"className":2376,"style":2035},[2034],[1802,2378,2380],{"className":2379},[2039,2040,2041,2042],[1802,2381,1823],{"className":2382},[1845,1846,2042],[1802,2384,2056],{"className":2385},[2055],[1802,2387,2389],{"className":2388},[2022],[1802,2390,2392],{"className":2391,"style":2063},[2026],[1802,2393],{}," 是单位固定效应，",[1802,2396,2398,2416],{"className":2397},[1805],[1802,2399,2401],{"className":2400},[1809],[1811,2402,2403],{"xmlns":1813},[1815,2404,2405,2413],{},[1818,2406,2407],{},[1926,2408,2409,2411],{},[1821,2410,1971],{},[1821,2412,1862],{},[1825,2414,2415],{"encoding":1827},"\\lambda_t",[1802,2417,2419],{"className":2418,"ariaHidden":1832},[1831],[1802,2420,2422,2425],{"className":2421},[1836],[1802,2423],{"className":2424,"style":2211},[1840],[1802,2426,2428,2431],{"className":2427},[1845],[1802,2429,1971],{"className":2430},[1845,1846],[1802,2432,2434],{"className":2433},[2013],[1802,2435,2437,2457],{"className":2436},[2017,2018],[1802,2438,2440,2454],{"className":2439},[2022],[1802,2441,2443],{"className":2442,"style":2230},[2026],[1802,2444,2445,2448],{"style":2233},[1802,2446],{"className":2447,"style":2035},[2034],[1802,2449,2451],{"className":2450},[2039,2040,2041,2042],[1802,2452,1862],{"className":2453},[1845,1846,2042],[1802,2455,2056],{"className":2456},[2055],[1802,2458,2460],{"className":2459},[2022],[1802,2461,2463],{"className":2462,"style":2063},[2026],[1802,2464],{}," 是时间固定效应。固定效应吸收不随时间变化的单位特征和所有单位共同经历的时期冲击。",[1798,2467,2468,2469,2538],{},"组内变换通过减去单位均值消除 ",[1802,2470,2472,2489],{"className":2471},[1805],[1802,2473,2475],{"className":2474},[1809],[1811,2476,2477],{"xmlns":1813},[1815,2478,2479,2487],{},[1818,2480,2481],{},[1926,2482,2483,2485],{},[1821,2484,1962],{},[1821,2486,1823],{},[1825,2488,2343],{"encoding":1827},[1802,2490,2492],{"className":2491,"ariaHidden":1832},[1831],[1802,2493,2495,2498],{"className":2494},[1836],[1802,2496],{"className":2497,"style":2353},[1840],[1802,2499,2501,2504],{"className":2500},[1845],[1802,2502,1962],{"className":2503,"style":2160},[1845,1846],[1802,2505,2507],{"className":2506},[2013],[1802,2508,2510,2530],{"className":2509},[2017,2018],[1802,2511,2513,2527],{"className":2512},[2022],[1802,2514,2516],{"className":2515,"style":2027},[2026],[1802,2517,2518,2521],{"style":2175},[1802,2519],{"className":2520,"style":2035},[2034],[1802,2522,2524],{"className":2523},[2039,2040,2041,2042],[1802,2525,1823],{"className":2526},[1845,1846,2042],[1802,2528,2056],{"className":2529},[2055],[1802,2531,2533],{"className":2532},[2022],[1802,2534,2536],{"className":2535,"style":2063},[2026],[1802,2537],{},"：",[1802,2540,2542],{"className":2541},[1911],[1802,2543,2545,2647],{"className":2544},[1805],[1802,2546,2548],{"className":2547},[1809],[1811,2549,2550],{"xmlns":1813,"display":1920},[1815,2551,2552,2644],{},[1818,2553,2554,2564,2567,2579,2581,2583,2587,2597,2599,2609,2612,2614,2616,2626,2628,2638,2640],{},[1926,2555,2556,2558],{},[1821,2557,1930],{},[1818,2559,2560,2562],{},[1821,2561,1823],{},[1821,2563,1862],{},[1938,2565,2566],{},"−",[1926,2568,2569,2577],{},[2570,2571,2572,2574],"mover",{"accent":1832},[1821,2573,1930],{},[1938,2575,2576],{},"ˉ",[1821,2578,1823],{},[1938,2580,1940],{},[1821,2582,1943],{},[1938,2584,2586],{"stretchy":2585},"false","(",[1926,2588,2589,2591],{},[1821,2590,1948],{},[1818,2592,2593,2595],{},[1821,2594,1823],{},[1821,2596,1862],{},[1938,2598,2566],{},[1926,2600,2601,2607],{},[2570,2602,2603,2605],{"accent":1832},[1821,2604,1948],{},[1938,2606,2576],{},[1821,2608,1823],{},[1938,2610,2611],{"stretchy":2585},")",[1938,2613,1957],{},[1938,2615,2586],{"stretchy":2585},[1926,2617,2618,2620],{},[1821,2619,1980],{},[1818,2621,2622,2624],{},[1821,2623,1823],{},[1821,2625,1862],{},[1938,2627,2566],{},[1926,2629,2630,2636],{},[2570,2631,2632,2634],{"accent":1832},[1821,2633,1980],{},[1938,2635,2576],{},[1821,2637,1823],{},[1938,2639,2611],{"stretchy":2585},[1821,2641,2643],{"mathvariant":2642},"normal",".",[1825,2645,2646],{"encoding":1827},"Y_{it}-\\bar Y_i\n=\\beta(D_{it}-\\bar D_i)+(u_{it}-\\bar u_i).",[1802,2648,2650,2711,2802,2871,2960,3024],{"className":2649,"ariaHidden":1832},[1831],[1802,2651,2653,2656,2702,2705,2708],{"className":2652},[1836],[1802,2654],{"className":2655,"style":2002},[1840],[1802,2657,2659,2662],{"className":2658},[1845],[1802,2660,1930],{"className":2661,"style":2009},[1845,1846],[1802,2663,2665],{"className":2664},[2013],[1802,2666,2668,2694],{"className":2667},[2017,2018],[1802,2669,2671,2691],{"className":2670},[2022],[1802,2672,2674],{"className":2673,"style":2027},[2026],[1802,2675,2676,2679],{"style":2030},[1802,2677],{"className":2678,"style":2035},[2034],[1802,2680,2682],{"className":2681},[2039,2040,2041,2042],[1802,2683,2685,2688],{"className":2684},[1845,2042],[1802,2686,1823],{"className":2687},[1845,1846,2042],[1802,2689,1862],{"className":2690},[1845,1846,2042],[1802,2692,2056],{"className":2693},[2055],[1802,2695,2697],{"className":2696},[2022],[1802,2698,2700],{"className":2699,"style":2063},[2026],[1802,2701],{},[1802,2703],{"className":2704,"style":2009},[2069],[1802,2706,2566],{"className":2707},[2143],[1802,2709],{"className":2710,"style":2009},[2069],[1802,2712,2714,2718,2793,2796,2799],{"className":2713},[1836],[1802,2715],{"className":2716,"style":2717},[1840],"height:0.9701em;vertical-align:-0.15em;",[1802,2719,2721,2759],{"className":2720},[1845],[1802,2722,2725],{"className":2723},[1845,2724],"accent",[1802,2726,2728],{"className":2727},[2017],[1802,2729,2731],{"className":2730},[2022],[1802,2732,2735,2745],{"className":2733,"style":2734},[2026],"height:0.8201em;",[1802,2736,2738,2742],{"style":2737},"top:-3em;",[1802,2739],{"className":2740,"style":2741},[2034],"height:3em;",[1802,2743,1930],{"className":2744,"style":2009},[1845,1846],[1802,2746,2748,2751],{"style":2747},"top:-3.2523em;",[1802,2749],{"className":2750,"style":2741},[2034],[1802,2752,2756],{"className":2753,"style":2755},[2754],"accent-body","left:-0.25em;",[1802,2757,2576],{"className":2758},[1845],[1802,2760,2762],{"className":2761},[2013],[1802,2763,2765,2785],{"className":2764},[2017,2018],[1802,2766,2768,2782],{"className":2767},[2022],[1802,2769,2771],{"className":2770,"style":2027},[2026],[1802,2772,2773,2776],{"style":2030},[1802,2774],{"className":2775,"style":2035},[2034],[1802,2777,2779],{"className":2778},[2039,2040,2041,2042],[1802,2780,1823],{"className":2781},[1845,1846,2042],[1802,2783,2056],{"className":2784},[2055],[1802,2786,2788],{"className":2787},[2022],[1802,2789,2791],{"className":2790,"style":2063},[2026],[1802,2792],{},[1802,2794],{"className":2795,"style":2070},[2069],[1802,2797,1940],{"className":2798},[2074],[1802,2800],{"className":2801,"style":2070},[2069],[1802,2803,2805,2809,2812,2816,2862,2865,2868],{"className":2804},[1836],[1802,2806],{"className":2807,"style":2808},[1840],"height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;",[1802,2810,1943],{"className":2811,"style":2088},[1845,1846],[1802,2813,2586],{"className":2814},[2815],"mopen",[1802,2817,2819,2822],{"className":2818},[1845],[1802,2820,1948],{"className":2821,"style":2095},[1845,1846],[1802,2823,2825],{"className":2824},[2013],[1802,2826,2828,2854],{"className":2827},[2017,2018],[1802,2829,2831,2851],{"className":2830},[2022],[1802,2832,2834],{"className":2833,"style":2027},[2026],[1802,2835,2836,2839],{"style":2110},[1802,2837],{"className":2838,"style":2035},[2034],[1802,2840,2842],{"className":2841},[2039,2040,2041,2042],[1802,2843,2845,2848],{"className":2844},[1845,2042],[1802,2846,1823],{"className":2847},[1845,1846,2042],[1802,2849,1862],{"className":2850},[1845,1846,2042],[1802,2852,2056],{"className":2853},[2055],[1802,2855,2857],{"className":2856},[2022],[1802,2858,2860],{"className":2859,"style":2063},[2026],[1802,2861],{},[1802,2863],{"className":2864,"style":2009},[2069],[1802,2866,2566],{"className":2867},[2143],[1802,2869],{"className":2870,"style":2009},[2069],[1802,2872,2874,2878,2947,2951,2954,2957],{"className":2873},[1836],[1802,2875],{"className":2876,"style":2877},[1840],"height:1.0701em;vertical-align:-0.25em;",[1802,2879,2881,2913],{"className":2880},[1845],[1802,2882,2884],{"className":2883},[1845,2724],[1802,2885,2887],{"className":2886},[2017],[1802,2888,2890],{"className":2889},[2022],[1802,2891,2893,2901],{"className":2892,"style":2734},[2026],[1802,2894,2895,2898],{"style":2737},[1802,2896],{"className":2897,"style":2741},[2034],[1802,2899,1948],{"className":2900,"style":2095},[1845,1846],[1802,2902,2903,2906],{"style":2747},[1802,2904],{"className":2905,"style":2741},[2034],[1802,2907,2910],{"className":2908,"style":2909},[2754],"left:-0.1944em;",[1802,2911,2576],{"className":2912},[1845],[1802,2914,2916],{"className":2915},[2013],[1802,2917,2919,2939],{"className":2918},[2017,2018],[1802,2920,2922,2936],{"className":2921},[2022],[1802,2923,2925],{"className":2924,"style":2027},[2026],[1802,2926,2927,2930],{"style":2110},[1802,2928],{"className":2929,"style":2035},[2034],[1802,2931,2933],{"className":2932},[2039,2040,2041,2042],[1802,2934,1823],{"className":2935},[1845,1846,2042],[1802,2937,2056],{"className":2938},[2055],[1802,2940,2942],{"className":2941},[2022],[1802,2943,2945],{"className":2944,"style":2063},[2026],[1802,2946],{},[1802,2948,2611],{"className":2949},[2950],"mclose",[1802,2952],{"className":2953,"style":2009},[2069],[1802,2955,1957],{"className":2956},[2143],[1802,2958],{"className":2959,"style":2009},[2069],[1802,2961,2963,2966,2969,3015,3018,3021],{"className":2962},[1836],[1802,2964],{"className":2965,"style":2808},[1840],[1802,2967,2586],{"className":2968},[2815],[1802,2970,2972,2975],{"className":2971},[1845],[1802,2973,1980],{"className":2974},[1845,1846],[1802,2976,2978],{"className":2977},[2013],[1802,2979,2981,3007],{"className":2980},[2017,2018],[1802,2982,2984,3004],{"className":2983},[2022],[1802,2985,2987],{"className":2986,"style":2027},[2026],[1802,2988,2989,2992],{"style":2233},[1802,2990],{"className":2991,"style":2035},[2034],[1802,2993,2995],{"className":2994},[2039,2040,2041,2042],[1802,2996,2998,3001],{"className":2997},[1845,2042],[1802,2999,1823],{"className":3000},[1845,1846,2042],[1802,3002,1862],{"className":3003},[1845,1846,2042],[1802,3005,2056],{"className":3006},[2055],[1802,3008,3010],{"className":3009},[2022],[1802,3011,3013],{"className":3012,"style":2063},[2026],[1802,3014],{},[1802,3016],{"className":3017,"style":2009},[2069],[1802,3019,2566],{"className":3020},[2143],[1802,3022],{"className":3023,"style":2009},[2069],[1802,3025,3027,3030,3100,3103],{"className":3026},[1836],[1802,3028],{"className":3029,"style":2808},[1840],[1802,3031,3033,3066],{"className":3032},[1845],[1802,3034,3036],{"className":3035},[1845,2724],[1802,3037,3039],{"className":3038},[2017],[1802,3040,3042],{"className":3041},[2022],[1802,3043,3046,3054],{"className":3044,"style":3045},[2026],"height:0.5678em;",[1802,3047,3048,3051],{"style":2737},[1802,3049],{"className":3050,"style":2741},[2034],[1802,3052,1980],{"className":3053},[1845,1846],[1802,3055,3056,3059],{"style":2737},[1802,3057],{"className":3058,"style":2741},[2034],[1802,3060,3063],{"className":3061,"style":3062},[2754],"left:-0.2222em;",[1802,3064,2576],{"className":3065},[1845],[1802,3067,3069],{"className":3068},[2013],[1802,3070,3072,3092],{"className":3071},[2017,2018],[1802,3073,3075,3089],{"className":3074},[2022],[1802,3076,3078],{"className":3077,"style":2027},[2026],[1802,3079,3080,3083],{"style":2233},[1802,3081],{"className":3082,"style":2035},[2034],[1802,3084,3086],{"className":3085},[2039,2040,2041,2042],[1802,3087,1823],{"className":3088},[1845,1846,2042],[1802,3090,2056],{"className":3091},[2055],[1802,3093,3095],{"className":3094},[2022],[1802,3096,3098],{"className":3097,"style":2063},[2026],[1802,3099],{},[1802,3101,2611],{"className":3102},[2950],[1802,3104,2643],{"className":3105},[1845],[1798,3107,3108],{},"固定效应估计依赖单位内部随时间变化的处理。若处理几乎不变，组内信息很少，标准误会很大。",[1793,3110,3112],{"id":3111},"_3-固定效应不是自动的因果识别","3. 固定效应不是自动的因果识别",[1798,3114,3115],{},"固定效应控制的是时间不变的未观测差异，不能消除：",[1883,3117,3118,3121,3124,3127,3130],{},[1886,3119,3120],{},"随时间变化的遗漏变量；",[1886,3122,3123],{},"处理前趋势不同；",[1886,3125,3126],{},"反向因果和同时性；",[1886,3128,3129],{},"测量误差；",[1886,3131,3132],{},"处理引起的时间变化控制变量。",[1798,3134,3135],{},"“加入个体和年份固定效应”是模型设定，不是识别假设的完整描述。要写清楚剩余处理变化为什么可被视为外生，或配合 DID、IV 等设计。",[1793,3137,3139],{"id":3138},"_4-随机效应与-hausman-直觉","4. 随机效应与 Hausman 直觉",[1798,3141,3142],{},"随机效应把单位效应视为随机变量，并要求它与所有解释变量不相关。若该假设成立，随机效应可能更有效；若不成立，固定效应更稳健。Hausman 检验可以提供诊断，但不能替代对数据生成过程和制度机制的判断。",[1793,3144,3146],{"id":3145},"_5-时间序列的平稳性","5. 时间序列的平稳性",[1798,3148,3149,3150,3216],{},"弱平稳要求均值、方差和协方差结构不随时间变化。带趋势的两个非平稳序列可能产生伪回归：",[1802,3151,3153,3175],{"className":3152},[1805],[1802,3154,3156],{"className":3155},[1809],[1811,3157,3158],{"xmlns":1813},[1815,3159,3160,3172],{},[1818,3161,3162],{},[3163,3164,3165,3168],"msup",{},[1821,3166,3167],{},"R",[3169,3170,3171],"mn",{},"2",[1825,3173,3174],{"encoding":1827},"R^2",[1802,3176,3178],{"className":3177,"ariaHidden":1832},[1831],[1802,3179,3181,3185],{"className":3180},[1836],[1802,3182],{"className":3183,"style":3184},[1840],"height:0.8141em;",[1802,3186,3188,3192],{"className":3187},[1845],[1802,3189,3167],{"className":3190,"style":3191},[1845,1846],"margin-right:0.0077em;",[1802,3193,3195],{"className":3194},[2013],[1802,3196,3198],{"className":3197},[2017],[1802,3199,3201],{"className":3200},[2022],[1802,3202,3204],{"className":3203,"style":3184},[2026],[1802,3205,3207,3210],{"style":3206},"top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1802,3208],{"className":3209,"style":2035},[2034],[1802,3211,3213],{"className":3212},[2039,2040,2041,2042],[1802,3214,3171],{"className":3215},[1845,2042]," 很高、t 值很大，但关系没有稳定经济含义。",[1798,3218,3219],{},"回归前要检查：",[1883,3221,3222,3225,3228,3231],{},[1886,3223,3224],{},"图形中的趋势、季节性和断点；",[1886,3226,3227],{},"ACF\u002FPACF 与滚动均值\u002F方差；",[1886,3229,3230],{},"单位根和协整；",[1886,3232,3233],{},"变换、差分和模型残差。",[1798,3235,3236],{},"差分可以去除某些趋势，但过度差分会丢失长期信息。协整关系需要用误差修正或其他适合的动态结构表达。",[1793,3238,3240],{"id":3239},"_6-动态模型与滞后","6. 动态模型与滞后",[1798,3242,3243],{},"一个简单 AR(1) 模型为：",[1802,3245,3247],{"className":3246},[1911],[1802,3248,3250,3297],{"className":3249},[1805],[1802,3251,3253],{"className":3252},[1809],[1811,3254,3255],{"xmlns":1813,"display":1920},[1815,3256,3257,3294],{},[1818,3258,3259,3265,3267,3270,3283,3285,3292],{},[1926,3260,3261,3263],{},[1821,3262,1930],{},[1821,3264,1862],{},[1938,3266,1940],{},[1821,3268,3269],{},"ρ",[1926,3271,3272,3274],{},[1821,3273,1930],{},[1818,3275,3276,3278,3280],{},[1821,3277,1862],{},[1938,3279,2566],{},[3169,3281,3282],{},"1",[1938,3284,1957],{},[1926,3286,3287,3290],{},[1821,3288,3289],{},"ε",[1821,3291,1862],{},[1821,3293,2643],{"mathvariant":2642},[1825,3295,3296],{"encoding":1827},"Y_t=\\rho Y_{t-1}+\\varepsilon_t.",[1802,3298,3300,3355,3425],{"className":3299,"ariaHidden":1832},[1831],[1802,3301,3303,3306,3346,3349,3352],{"className":3302},[1836],[1802,3304],{"className":3305,"style":2002},[1840],[1802,3307,3309,3312],{"className":3308},[1845],[1802,3310,1930],{"className":3311,"style":2009},[1845,1846],[1802,3313,3315],{"className":3314},[2013],[1802,3316,3318,3338],{"className":3317},[2017,2018],[1802,3319,3321,3335],{"className":3320},[2022],[1802,3322,3324],{"className":3323,"style":2230},[2026],[1802,3325,3326,3329],{"style":2030},[1802,3327],{"className":3328,"style":2035},[2034],[1802,3330,3332],{"className":3331},[2039,2040,2041,2042],[1802,3333,1862],{"className":3334},[1845,1846,2042],[1802,3336,2056],{"className":3337},[2055],[1802,3339,3341],{"className":3340},[2022],[1802,3342,3344],{"className":3343,"style":2063},[2026],[1802,3345],{},[1802,3347],{"className":3348,"style":2070},[2069],[1802,3350,1940],{"className":3351},[2074],[1802,3353],{"className":3354,"style":2070},[2069],[1802,3356,3358,3362,3365,3416,3419,3422],{"className":3357},[1836],[1802,3359],{"className":3360,"style":3361},[1840],"height:0.8917em;vertical-align:-0.2083em;",[1802,3363,3269],{"className":3364},[1845,1846],[1802,3366,3368,3371],{"className":3367},[1845],[1802,3369,1930],{"className":3370,"style":2009},[1845,1846],[1802,3372,3374],{"className":3373},[2013],[1802,3375,3377,3407],{"className":3376},[2017,2018],[1802,3378,3380,3404],{"className":3379},[2022],[1802,3381,3384],{"className":3382,"style":3383},[2026],"height:0.3011em;",[1802,3385,3386,3389],{"style":2030},[1802,3387],{"className":3388,"style":2035},[2034],[1802,3390,3392],{"className":3391},[2039,2040,2041,2042],[1802,3393,3395,3398,3401],{"className":3394},[1845,2042],[1802,3396,1862],{"className":3397},[1845,1846,2042],[1802,3399,2566],{"className":3400},[2143,2042],[1802,3402,3282],{"className":3403},[1845,2042],[1802,3405,2056],{"className":3406},[2055],[1802,3408,3410],{"className":3409},[2022],[1802,3411,3414],{"className":3412,"style":3413},[2026],"height:0.2083em;",[1802,3415],{},[1802,3417],{"className":3418,"style":2009},[2069],[1802,3420,1957],{"className":3421},[2143],[1802,3423],{"className":3424,"style":2009},[2069],[1802,3426,3428,3431,3471],{"className":3427},[1836],[1802,3429],{"className":3430,"style":2353},[1840],[1802,3432,3434,3437],{"className":3433},[1845],[1802,3435,3289],{"className":3436},[1845,1846],[1802,3438,3440],{"className":3439},[2013],[1802,3441,3443,3463],{"className":3442},[2017,2018],[1802,3444,3446,3460],{"className":3445},[2022],[1802,3447,3449],{"className":3448,"style":2230},[2026],[1802,3450,3451,3454],{"style":2233},[1802,3452],{"className":3453,"style":2035},[2034],[1802,3455,3457],{"className":3456},[2039,2040,2041,2042],[1802,3458,1862],{"className":3459},[1845,1846,2042],[1802,3461,2056],{"className":3462},[2055],[1802,3464,3466],{"className":3465},[2022],[1802,3467,3469],{"className":3468,"style":2063},[2026],[1802,3470],{},[1802,3472,2643],{"className":3473},[1845],[1798,3475,3476,3477,3541,3542,3571],{},"当 ",[1802,3478,3480,3504],{"className":3479},[1805],[1802,3481,3483],{"className":3482},[1809],[1811,3484,3485],{"xmlns":1813},[1815,3486,3487,3501],{},[1818,3488,3489,3492,3494,3496,3499],{},[1821,3490,3491],{"mathvariant":2642},"∣",[1821,3493,3269],{},[1821,3495,3491],{"mathvariant":2642},[1938,3497,3498],{},"\u003C",[3169,3500,3282],{},[1825,3502,3503],{"encoding":1827},"|\\rho|\u003C1",[1802,3505,3507,3531],{"className":3506,"ariaHidden":1832},[1831],[1802,3508,3510,3513,3516,3519,3522,3525,3528],{"className":3509},[1836],[1802,3511],{"className":3512,"style":2808},[1840],[1802,3514,3491],{"className":3515},[1845],[1802,3517,3269],{"className":3518},[1845,1846],[1802,3520,3491],{"className":3521},[1845],[1802,3523],{"className":3524,"style":2070},[2069],[1802,3526,3498],{"className":3527},[2074],[1802,3529],{"className":3530,"style":2070},[2069],[1802,3532,3534,3538],{"className":3533},[1836],[1802,3535],{"className":3536,"style":3537},[1840],"height:0.6444em;",[1802,3539,3282],{"className":3540},[1845]," 时，冲击会衰减；当 ",[1802,3543,3545,3559],{"className":3544},[1805],[1802,3546,3548],{"className":3547},[1809],[1811,3549,3550],{"xmlns":1813},[1815,3551,3552,3556],{},[1818,3553,3554],{},[1821,3555,3269],{},[1825,3557,3558],{"encoding":1827},"\\rho",[1802,3560,3562],{"className":3561,"ariaHidden":1832},[1831],[1802,3563,3565,3568],{"className":3564},[1836],[1802,3566],{"className":3567,"style":2269},[1840],[1802,3569,3269],{"className":3570},[1845,1846]," 接近 1 时，冲击持久性很高。滞后变量可以描述调整过程，但加入滞后也会带来初始条件、Nickell 偏误、解释与预测区分等问题。",[1793,3573,3575],{"id":3574},"_7-标准误与有效样本量","7. 标准误与有效样本量",[1798,3577,3578],{},"时间序列误差往往序列相关，普通或仅异方差稳健标准误可能不够。可考虑 Newey–West、HAC、块 bootstrap 或明确建模误差过程。面板中常按个体聚类；若冲击在时间维度高度共同，还要考虑双向聚类或其他依赖结构。",[1793,3580,3581],{"id":3581},"研究生扩展",[1883,3583,3584,3587,3590,3593,3596],{},[1886,3585,3586],{},"动态面板与 GMM；",[1886,3588,3589],{},"单位根、协整和误差修正模型；",[1886,3591,3592],{},"状态空间、结构 VAR 和局部投影；",[1886,3594,3595],{},"空间相关、网络效应和多维聚类；",[1886,3597,3598],{},"高频数据、混频模型与实时预测。",[1793,3600,3601],{"id":3601},"自测题",[3603,3604,3605,3608,3611,3614,3617],"ol",{},[1886,3606,3607],{},"固定效应消除了哪类遗漏变量？",[1886,3609,3610],{},"为什么固定效应不自动解决反向因果？",[1886,3612,3613],{},"伪回归可能有什么表面特征？",[1886,3615,3616],{},"为什么时间序列要考虑序列相关标准误？",[1886,3618,3619],{},"在面板中，如何决定聚类标准误的层级？",[1793,3621,3622],{"id":3622},"下一章",[1798,3624,3625],{},"下一章把估计器放进更广的工具箱，并将实验、DID、RDD 与 IV 的共同逻辑连接起来。",{"title":10,"searchDepth":3627,"depth":3627,"links":3628},2,[3629,3630,3631,3632,3633,3634,3635,3636,3637,3638,3639],{"id":1795,"depth":3627,"text":1796},{"id":1881,"depth":3627,"text":1881},{"id":1903,"depth":3627,"text":1904},{"id":3111,"depth":3627,"text":3112},{"id":3138,"depth":3627,"text":3139},{"id":3145,"depth":3627,"text":3146},{"id":3239,"depth":3627,"text":3240},{"id":3574,"depth":3627,"text":3575},{"id":3581,"depth":3627,"text":3581},{"id":3601,"depth":3627,"text":3601},{"id":3622,"depth":3627,"text":3622},"处理重复观测、固定效应、动态关系、平稳性和预测问题。","md",{},true,{"title":1346,"description":3640},"6emVOVHvgyaV08qnuRljuL9DpsoQSM-vT7WMVnbGfVE",[3647,3649],{"title":1342,"path":1343,"stem":1344,"description":3648,"children":-1},"解释内生性来源、IV 识别、2SLS、弱工具和 LATE。",{"title":1350,"path":1351,"stem":1352,"description":3650,"children":-1},"连接极大似然、GMM、实验、DID、RDD 与微观计量识别。",1785754747724]