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Search, Evaluate, and Read Evidence","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F02-reading-and-literature-matrix","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F02-reading-and-literature-matrix",{"title":27,"path":28,"stem":29},"3. From Sources to Synthesis and Argument","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F03-arguments-outlines-and-paragraphs","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F03-arguments-outlines-and-paragraphs",{"title":31,"path":32,"stem":33},"4. Literature Review and a Defensible Gap","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review",{"title":35,"path":36,"stem":37},"5. Research Design, Evidence, and Core Sections","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F05-core-sections-and-evidence","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F05-core-sections-and-evidence",{"title":39,"path":40,"stem":41},"6. Citation, Paraphrasing, Integrity, and AI","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F06-citation-paraphrasing-and-integrity","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F06-citation-paraphrasing-and-integrity",{"title":43,"path":44,"stem":45},"7. Revision, Review, and Submission","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F07-revision-style-and-submission","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F07-revision-style-and-submission",{"title":47,"path":48,"stem":49},"8. Research Workbook","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template",{"title":51,"path":52,"stem":53},"9. Research Workflow and Tools","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F09-tools-for-academic-writing-and-literature-management","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F09-tools-for-academic-writing-and-literature-management",{"title":55,"path":56,"stem":57},"10. Worked Project — From Question to Defensible Conclusion","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F10-worked-example-from-block-structure-to-question-chain","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F10-worked-example-from-block-structure-to-question-chain",{"title":59,"path":60,"stem":61,"children":62,"page":249},"Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting","en\u002Faccounting",[63,69,87,93,193],{"title":64,"path":65,"stem":66,"children":67},"Accounting — From Evidence to Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002F00-index","en\u002Faccounting\u002F00-index",[68],{"title":64,"path":65,"stem":66},{"title":70,"path":71,"stem":72,"children":73},"Accounting Appendix","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[74,75,79,83],{"title":70,"path":71,"stem":72},{"title":76,"path":77,"stem":78},"Worked Examples and Error Diagnosis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F24-examples-pitfalls","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F24-examples-pitfalls",{"title":80,"path":81,"stem":82},"Accounting Glossary","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F26-glossary","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F26-glossary",{"title":84,"path":85,"stem":86},"Reading and Evidence Map","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F27-reading-map","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F27-reading-map",{"title":88,"path":89,"stem":90,"children":91},"Northstar Record-to-Decision Capstone","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[92],{"title":88,"path":89,"stem":90},{"title":94,"path":95,"stem":96,"children":97},"Financial Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002Findex",[98,99,117,131,165,179],{"title":94,"path":95,"stem":96},{"title":100,"path":101,"stem":102,"children":103},"1. Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002Findex",[104,105,109,113],{"title":100,"path":101,"stem":102},{"title":106,"path":107,"stem":108},"Objectives and Qualitative Characteristics","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F01-objectives-qualitative-characteristics","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F01-objectives-qualitative-characteristics",{"title":110,"path":111,"stem":112},"Equation and Elements","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F02-equation-elements","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F02-equation-elements",{"title":114,"path":115,"stem":116},"Accrual Basis, Estimates and Periods","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F03-accounting-bases-principles","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F03-accounting-bases-principles",{"title":118,"path":119,"stem":120,"children":121},"2. Recording Transactions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002Findex",[122,123,127],{"title":118,"path":119,"stem":120},{"title":124,"path":125,"stem":126},"Double-Entry and Debit\u002FCredit","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F04-double-entry-dr-cr","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F04-double-entry-dr-cr",{"title":128,"path":129,"stem":130},"Accounting Cycle","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F05-accounting-cycle","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F05-accounting-cycle",{"title":132,"path":133,"stem":134,"children":135},"3. Measurement and Adjustments","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002Findex",[136,137,141,145,149,153,157,161],{"title":132,"path":133,"stem":134},{"title":138,"path":139,"stem":140},"Revenue Recognition","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F07-revenue-recognition","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F07-revenue-recognition",{"title":142,"path":143,"stem":144},"Inventory","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F08-inventory","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F08-inventory",{"title":146,"path":147,"stem":148},"Receivables and Expected Credit Losses","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F09-receivables","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F09-receivables",{"title":150,"path":151,"stem":152},"Property, Plant and Equipment","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F10-ppe","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F10-ppe",{"title":154,"path":155,"stem":156},"Intangible Assets","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F11-intangibles","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F11-intangibles",{"title":158,"path":159,"stem":160},"Leases","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F12-leases","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F12-leases",{"title":162,"path":163,"stem":164},"Current and Deferred Income Tax","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F13-income-tax","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F13-income-tax",{"title":166,"path":167,"stem":168,"children":169},"4. Reporting and Cash","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002Findex",[170,171,175],{"title":166,"path":167,"stem":168},{"title":172,"path":173,"stem":174},"Linked Financial Statements","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F06-financial-statements","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F06-financial-statements",{"title":176,"path":177,"stem":178},"Cash, Reconciliation and Internal Control","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F14-cash-control","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F14-cash-control",{"title":180,"path":181,"stem":182,"children":183},"5. Analysis and Comparison","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002Findex",[184,185,189],{"title":180,"path":181,"stem":182},{"title":186,"path":187,"stem":188},"Ratio Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F15-ratio-analysis","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F15-ratio-analysis",{"title":190,"path":191,"stem":192},"IFRS versus US GAAP","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F25-ifrs-gaap","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F25-ifrs-gaap",{"title":194,"path":195,"stem":196,"children":197},"Management Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002Findex",[198,199,217,235],{"title":194,"path":195,"stem":196},{"title":200,"path":201,"stem":202,"children":203},"1. Cost Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002Findex",[204,205,209,213],{"title":200,"path":201,"stem":202},{"title":206,"path":207,"stem":208},"Cost Concepts and Behaviour","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F16-cost-concepts","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F16-cost-concepts",{"title":210,"path":211,"stem":212},"Costing Systems","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F17-costing-systems","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F17-costing-systems",{"title":214,"path":215,"stem":216},"Variable and Absorption Costing","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F19-variable-vs-absorption","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F19-variable-vs-absorption",{"title":218,"path":219,"stem":220,"children":221},"2. Planning and Control","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002Findex",[222,223,227,231],{"title":218,"path":219,"stem":220},{"title":224,"path":225,"stem":226},"Cost–Volume–Profit Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F18-cvp-analysis","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F18-cvp-analysis",{"title":228,"path":229,"stem":230},"Budgeting and Variance Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F20-budgeting-variances","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F20-budgeting-variances",{"title":232,"path":233,"stem":234},"Performance Measurement","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F21-performance-measurement","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F21-performance-measurement",{"title":236,"path":237,"stem":238,"children":239},"3. Decisions and Investment","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002Findex",[240,241,245],{"title":236,"path":237,"stem":238},{"title":242,"path":243,"stem":244},"Short-Term Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F22-short-term-decisions","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F22-short-term-decisions",{"title":246,"path":247,"stem":248},"Capital Budgeting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F23-capital-budgeting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F23-capital-budgeting",false,{"title":251,"path":252,"stem":253,"children":254,"page":249},"Business Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics",[255,261,279,305,335,365,383,400],{"title":256,"path":257,"stem":258,"children":259},"Business Analytics — From Data to Defensible Action","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-index","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-index",[260],{"title":256,"path":257,"stem":258},{"title":262,"path":263,"stem":264,"children":265},"0. Decision and Data Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[266,267,271,275],{"title":262,"path":263,"stem":264},{"title":268,"path":269,"stem":270},"Decision Framing","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F01-decision-framing","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F01-decision-framing",{"title":272,"path":273,"stem":274},"Data Contracts","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F02-data-contracts","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F02-data-contracts",{"title":276,"path":277,"stem":278},"Reproducible Analytics Workflow","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F03-reproducible-workflow","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F03-reproducible-workflow",{"title":280,"path":281,"stem":282,"children":283},"1. Descriptive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002Findex",[284,285,289,293,297,301],{"title":280,"path":281,"stem":282},{"title":286,"path":287,"stem":288},"Distributions and Exploratory Data Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F04-distributions-eda","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F04-distributions-eda",{"title":290,"path":291,"stem":292},"KPIs and Denominators","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F05-kpis-denominators","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F05-kpis-denominators",{"title":294,"path":295,"stem":296},"Segments, Cohorts and Funnels","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F06-segmentation-cohorts-funnels","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F06-segmentation-cohorts-funnels",{"title":298,"path":299,"stem":300},"Visual Evidence and Data Stories","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F07-visualisation-story","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F07-visualisation-story",{"title":302,"path":303,"stem":304},"Experiments and Causal Boundaries","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F08-experiments-causal-boundary","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F08-experiments-causal-boundary",{"title":306,"path":307,"stem":308,"children":309},"2. Predictive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002Findex",[310,311,315,319,323,327,331],{"title":306,"path":307,"stem":308},{"title":312,"path":313,"stem":314},"Validation, Baselines and Leakage","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F09-validation-leakage","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F09-validation-leakage",{"title":316,"path":317,"stem":318},"Regression and Forecasting","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F10-regression-forecasting","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F10-regression-forecasting",{"title":320,"path":321,"stem":322},"Classification and Calibration","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F11-classification-calibration","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F11-classification-calibration",{"title":324,"path":325,"stem":326},"Trees and Ensembles","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F12-trees-ensembles","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F12-trees-ensembles",{"title":328,"path":329,"stem":330},"Decision Metrics and Thresholds","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F13-decision-metrics-thresholds","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F13-decision-metrics-thresholds",{"title":332,"path":333,"stem":334},"Explainability, Monitoring and Drift","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F14-explainability-drift","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F14-explainability-drift",{"title":336,"path":337,"stem":338,"children":339},"3. Prescriptive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002Findex",[340,341,345,349,353,357,361],{"title":336,"path":337,"stem":338},{"title":342,"path":343,"stem":344},"Decision-Making under Uncertainty","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F15-decision-uncertainty","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F15-decision-uncertainty",{"title":346,"path":347,"stem":348},"Linear Optimisation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F16-linear-optimization","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F16-linear-optimization",{"title":350,"path":351,"stem":352},"Inventory and Allocation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F17-inventory-allocation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F17-inventory-allocation",{"title":354,"path":355,"stem":356},"Queueing and Simulation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F18-queueing-simulation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F18-queueing-simulation",{"title":358,"path":359,"stem":360},"Pricing and Revenue Management","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F19-pricing-experimentation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F19-pricing-experimentation",{"title":362,"path":363,"stem":364},"Causal Targeting and Policy Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F20-causal-targeting","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F20-causal-targeting",{"title":366,"path":367,"stem":368,"children":369},"4. Deployment and Governance","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002Findex",[370,371,375,379],{"title":366,"path":367,"stem":368},{"title":372,"path":373,"stem":374},"Data Products and Monitoring","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F21-data-products-monitoring","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F21-data-products-monitoring",{"title":376,"path":377,"stem":378},"Governance, Fairness and Privacy","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F22-governance-fairness-privacy","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F22-governance-fairness-privacy",{"title":380,"path":381,"stem":382},"Adoption and Business Value","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F23-adoption-value","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F23-adoption-value",{"title":384,"path":385,"stem":386,"children":387},"Appendix and Revision Tools","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[388,389,393,397],{"title":384,"path":385,"stem":386},{"title":390,"path":391,"stem":392},"Formula and Decision Map","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F24-formula-map","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F24-formula-map",{"title":394,"path":395,"stem":396},"Worked Examples and Pitfalls","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F25-worked-examples-pitfalls","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F25-worked-examples-pitfalls",{"title":84,"path":398,"stem":399},"\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F26-reading-map","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F26-reading-map",{"title":401,"path":402,"stem":403,"children":404},"Capstone — The Evening Delivery Promise","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[405],{"title":401,"path":402,"stem":403},{"title":407,"path":408,"stem":409,"children":410,"page":249},"Financial Economic Time Series","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series",[411,417,423,429,435,441,447,453,459,465,471],{"title":412,"path":413,"stem":414,"children":415},"Financial and Economic Time Series — Course Guide","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F00-intro","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[416],{"title":412,"path":413,"stem":414},{"title":418,"path":419,"stem":420,"children":421},"Three Versions of Time Series","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F01-bridge","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F01-bridge\u002Findex",[422],{"title":418,"path":419,"stem":420},{"title":424,"path":425,"stem":426,"children":427},"Data, Clocks, and Transformations","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F02-data-transformations","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F02-data-transformations\u002Findex",[428],{"title":424,"path":425,"stem":426},{"title":430,"path":431,"stem":432,"children":433},"Predictive Regressions and Persistent Predictors","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F03-predictive-regressions","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F03-predictive-regressions\u002Findex",[434],{"title":430,"path":431,"stem":432},{"title":436,"path":437,"stem":438,"children":439},"Volatility, Tails, and Financial Risk","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F04-volatility-risk","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F04-volatility-risk\u002Findex",[440],{"title":436,"path":437,"stem":438},{"title":442,"path":443,"stem":444,"children":445},"Unit Roots, Cointegration, and Error Correction","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F05-unit-roots-cointegration","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F05-unit-roots-cointegration\u002Findex",[446],{"title":442,"path":443,"stem":444},{"title":448,"path":449,"stem":450,"children":451},"VAR, Structural Identification, and Local Projections","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F06-var-identification","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F06-var-identification\u002Findex",[452],{"title":448,"path":449,"stem":450},{"title":454,"path":455,"stem":456,"children":457},"State Space, Mixed Frequency, and Nowcasting","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F07-state-space-nowcasting","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F07-state-space-nowcasting\u002Findex",[458],{"title":454,"path":455,"stem":456},{"title":460,"path":461,"stem":462,"children":463},"Forecast Evaluation for Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F08-forecast-evaluation","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F08-forecast-evaluation\u002Findex",[464],{"title":460,"path":461,"stem":462},{"title":466,"path":467,"stem":468,"children":469},"Integrated R Laboratory","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F09-r-laboratory","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F09-r-laboratory\u002Findex",[470],{"title":466,"path":467,"stem":468},{"title":472,"path":473,"stem":474,"children":475},"Capstones, Data, and Reading Ladder","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F10-capstone-readings","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F10-capstone-readings\u002Findex",[476],{"title":472,"path":473,"stem":474},{"title":478,"path":479,"stem":480,"children":481,"page":249},"Intro To Economics","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics","en\u002Fintro-to-economics",[482,486,490,494,498,502,506,510,514,518,522,526,530],{"title":483,"path":484,"stem":485},"Introduction to Economics — Decisions, Markets, and the Macroeconomy","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F00-intro",{"title":487,"path":488,"stem":489},"Chapter 1 — Choice, Opportunity Cost, and Trade","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F01-foundations","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F01-foundations",{"title":491,"path":492,"stem":493},"Chapter 2 — Demand, Supply, Equilibrium, and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F02-demand-and-supply","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F02-demand-and-supply",{"title":495,"path":496,"stem":497},"Chapter 3 — Elasticity, Revenue, and Tax Incidence","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F03-elasticity","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F03-elasticity",{"title":499,"path":500,"stem":501},"Chapter 4 — Firms, Market Power, and Market Failure","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F04-market-structures","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F04-market-structures",{"title":503,"path":504,"stem":505},"Chapter 5 — GDP, Income, Wealth, and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F05-gdp-and-wealth","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F05-gdp-and-wealth",{"title":507,"path":508,"stem":509},"Chapter 6 — Inflation, Purchasing Power, and Labour Markets","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F06-inflation-and-unemployment","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F06-inflation-and-unemployment",{"title":511,"path":512,"stem":513},"Chapter 7 — Productivity, Technology, and Economic Growth","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F07-economic-growth","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F07-economic-growth",{"title":515,"path":516,"stem":517},"Chapter 8 — Money, Credit, and Banking","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F08-money-and-banking","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F08-money-and-banking",{"title":519,"path":520,"stem":521},"Chapter 9 — Business Cycles, AD–AS, and Monetary Policy","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F09-monetary-policy-and-ad-as","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F09-monetary-policy-and-ad-as",{"title":523,"path":524,"stem":525},"Chapter 10 — Fiscal Policy, Distribution, and Public Debt","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F10-fiscal-policy","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F10-fiscal-policy",{"title":527,"path":528,"stem":529},"Chapter 11 — Trade, Capital Flows, and Exchange Rates","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F11-open-economy-and-exchange-rates","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F11-open-economy-and-exchange-rates",{"title":531,"path":532,"stem":533},"Chapter 12 — Integrated Economic Analysis Studio","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F12-review-and-case-studies","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F12-review-and-case-studies",{"title":535,"path":536,"stem":537,"children":538,"page":249},"Microeconometrics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics",[539,557,563,581,603,629,651,673,691,709],{"title":540,"path":541,"stem":542,"children":543},"0. Causal Questions and Designs","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002Findex",[544,545,549,553],{"title":540,"path":541,"stem":542},{"title":546,"path":547,"stem":548},"Causal Questions and Estimands","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F01-causal-question-estimands","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F01-causal-question-estimands",{"title":550,"path":551,"stem":552},"Potential Outcomes and Experiments","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F02-potential-outcomes-experiments","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F02-potential-outcomes-experiments",{"title":554,"path":555,"stem":556},"Causal Diagrams and Controls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F03-dags-controls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F03-dags-controls",{"title":558,"path":559,"stem":560,"children":561},"Microeconometrics — Designing Credible Counterfactuals","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-index","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-index",[562],{"title":558,"path":559,"stem":560},{"title":564,"path":565,"stem":566,"children":567},"1. Regression and Inference","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002Findex",[568,569,573,577],{"title":564,"path":565,"stem":566},{"title":570,"path":571,"stem":572},"OLS as a Projection","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F04-ols-projection","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F04-ols-projection",{"title":574,"path":575,"stem":576},"FWL, Selection and Controls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F05-fwl-selection-controls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F05-fwl-selection-controls",{"title":578,"path":579,"stem":580},"Inference and Clustering","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F06-inference-clustering","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F06-inference-clustering",{"title":582,"path":583,"stem":584,"children":585},"2. Instruments and Panel Data","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002Findex",[586,587,591,595,599],{"title":582,"path":583,"stem":584},{"title":588,"path":589,"stem":590},"Instrumental Variables","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F07-iv-identification","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F07-iv-identification",{"title":592,"path":593,"stem":594},"Weak Instruments and LATE","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F08-weak-iv-late","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F08-weak-iv-late",{"title":596,"path":597,"stem":598},"Panel Fixed Effects","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F09-panel-fixed-effects","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F09-panel-fixed-effects",{"title":600,"path":601,"stem":602},"Dynamic Panels and Limits","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F10-dynamic-panel","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F10-dynamic-panel",{"title":604,"path":605,"stem":606,"children":607},"3. Policy Evaluation Designs","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002Findex",[608,609,613,617,621,625],{"title":604,"path":605,"stem":606},{"title":610,"path":611,"stem":612},"Difference-in-Differences","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F11-did-core","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F11-did-core",{"title":614,"path":615,"stem":616},"Staggered DID and Event Studies","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F12-staggered-event-studies","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F12-staggered-event-studies",{"title":618,"path":619,"stem":620},"Regression Discontinuity","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F13-rdd","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F13-rdd",{"title":622,"path":623,"stem":624},"Matching, Weighting and Overlap","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F14-matching-weighting","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F14-matching-weighting",{"title":626,"path":627,"stem":628},"Synthetic Control","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F15-synthetic-control","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F15-synthetic-control",{"title":630,"path":631,"stem":632,"children":633},"Module 4 — Choice and Limited Outcomes","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002Findex",[634,635,639,643,647],{"title":630,"path":631,"stem":632},{"title":636,"path":637,"stem":638},"Binary Choice","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F16-binary-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F16-binary-choice",{"title":640,"path":641,"stem":642},"Multinomial and Ordered Choice","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F17-multinomial-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F17-multinomial-choice",{"title":644,"path":645,"stem":646},"Count Outcomes","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F18-count-outcomes","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F18-count-outcomes",{"title":648,"path":649,"stem":650},"Censoring, Truncation and Selection","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F19-censoring-selection","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F19-censoring-selection",{"title":652,"path":653,"stem":654,"children":655},"Module 5 — Modern Causal Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002Findex",[656,657,661,665,669],{"title":652,"path":653,"stem":654},{"title":658,"path":659,"stem":660},"Double Machine Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F20-dml","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F20-dml",{"title":662,"path":663,"stem":664},"Heterogeneity and Policy Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F21-heterogeneity-policy","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F21-heterogeneity-policy",{"title":666,"path":667,"stem":668},"Sensitivity and Partial Identification","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F22-sensitivity-partial-id","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F22-sensitivity-partial-id",{"title":670,"path":671,"stem":672},"External Validity and Transport","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F23-external-validity","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F23-external-validity",{"title":674,"path":675,"stem":676,"children":677},"Module 6 — From Data to Auditable Evidence","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002Findex",[678,679,683,687],{"title":674,"path":675,"stem":676},{"title":680,"path":681,"stem":682},"Data Provenance","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F24-data-provenance","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F24-data-provenance",{"title":684,"path":685,"stem":686},"Reproducibility and Reporting","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F25-reproducibility-reporting","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F25-reproducibility-reporting",{"title":688,"path":689,"stem":690},"Paper and Evidence Audit","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F26-paper-audit","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F26-paper-audit",{"title":692,"path":693,"stem":694,"children":695},"Appendix — Revision and Evidence Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[696,697,701,705],{"title":692,"path":693,"stem":694},{"title":698,"path":699,"stem":700},"Formula and Design Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F27-formula-design-map","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F27-formula-design-map",{"title":702,"path":703,"stem":704},"Ten Worked Microeconometric Pitfalls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F28-worked-pitfalls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F28-worked-pitfalls",{"title":706,"path":707,"stem":708},"Reading and Software Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F29-reading-software-map","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F29-reading-software-map",{"title":710,"path":711,"stem":712,"children":713},"Capstone — Should Northbridge Expand Pathways?","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[714],{"title":710,"path":711,"stem":712},{"title":716,"path":717,"stem":718,"children":719,"page":249},"Microeconomics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics",[720,726,732,738,744,750,756,762,768,774,780,786,792],{"title":721,"path":722,"stem":723,"children":724},"Advanced Microeconomics — Course Guide","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[725],{"title":721,"path":722,"stem":723},{"title":727,"path":728,"stem":729,"children":730},"Module 1 — Choice, Duality, and Revealed Preference","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F01-fundations","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F01-fundations\u002Findex",[731],{"title":727,"path":728,"stem":729},{"title":733,"path":734,"stem":735,"children":736},"Module 2 — Comparative Statics and Welfare Measurement","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F02-comparative-statics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F02-comparative-statics\u002Findex",[737],{"title":733,"path":734,"stem":735},{"title":739,"path":740,"stem":741,"children":742},"Module 3 — Choice under Risk and Insurance","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F03-uncertainty","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F03-uncertainty\u002Findex",[743],{"title":739,"path":740,"stem":741},{"title":745,"path":746,"stem":747,"children":748},"Module 4 — General Equilibrium and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F04-general-equilibrium","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F04-general-equilibrium\u002Findex",[749],{"title":745,"path":746,"stem":747},{"title":751,"path":752,"stem":753,"children":754},"Module 5 — Static, Dynamic, and Repeated Games","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F05-game-theory","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F05-game-theory\u002Findex",[755],{"title":751,"path":752,"stem":753},{"title":757,"path":758,"stem":759,"children":760},"Module 6 — Oligopoly, Entry, and Algorithmic Pricing","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F06-oligopoly","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F06-oligopoly\u002Findex",[761],{"title":757,"path":758,"stem":759},{"title":763,"path":764,"stem":765,"children":766},"Module 7 — Information Economics and Contracts","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F07-information-economics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F07-information-economics\u002Findex",[767],{"title":763,"path":764,"stem":765},{"title":769,"path":770,"stem":771,"children":772},"Module 8 — Mechanism Design and Auctions","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F08-mechanism-design","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F08-mechanism-design\u002Findex",[773],{"title":769,"path":770,"stem":771},{"title":775,"path":776,"stem":777,"children":778},"Module 9 — Behavioural and Experimental Microeconomics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F09-behavioural-economics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F09-behavioural-economics\u002Findex",[779],{"title":775,"path":776,"stem":777},{"title":781,"path":782,"stem":783,"children":784},"Module 10 — Externalities, Public Goods, and Collective Action","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F10-externalities-public-goods","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F10-externalities-public-goods\u002Findex",[785],{"title":781,"path":782,"stem":783},{"title":787,"path":788,"stem":789,"children":790},"Module 11 — Matching and Market Design","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F11-market-design","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F11-market-design\u002Findex",[791],{"title":787,"path":788,"stem":789},{"title":793,"path":794,"stem":795,"children":796},"Module 12 — Integrated Microeconomic Design Studio","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F12-review","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F12-review\u002Findex",[797],{"title":793,"path":794,"stem":795},{"title":799,"path":800,"stem":801,"children":802},"Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground","en\u002Fplayground\u002Findex",[803,804,808,812,816,820],{"title":799,"path":800,"stem":801},{"title":805,"path":806,"stem":807},"Typst Plugin Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F01-typstex","en\u002Fplayground\u002F01-typstex",{"title":809,"path":810,"stem":811},"Citation Plugin Test","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F02-citation","en\u002Fplayground\u002F02-citation",{"title":813,"path":814,"stem":815},"Pyodide Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F03-pyodide","en\u002Fplayground\u002F03-pyodide",{"title":817,"path":818,"stem":819},"WebR Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F04-webr","en\u002Fplayground\u002F04-webr",{"title":821,"path":822,"stem":823},"Chart.js 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文献综述的构建与写作","\u002Fzh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review","zh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review",{"title":1056,"path":1057,"stem":1058},"8. 文献综述清单与模板","\u002Fzh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template","zh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template",{"title":1060,"path":1061,"stem":1062},"10. 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D+X\\gamma+u,",[1802,1863,1866,1893,1918,1942],{"className":1864,"ariaHidden":1855},[1865],"katex-html",[1802,1867,1870,1875,1881,1886,1890],{"className":1868},[1869],"base",[1802,1871],{"className":1872,"style":1874},[1873],"strut","height:0.6833em;",[1802,1876,1828],{"className":1877,"style":1880},[1878,1879],"mord","mathnormal","margin-right:0.2222em;",[1802,1882],{"className":1883,"style":1885},[1884],"mspace","margin-right:0.2778em;",[1802,1887,1832],{"className":1888},[1889],"mrel",[1802,1891],{"className":1892,"style":1885},[1884],[1802,1894,1896,1900,1904,1908,1911,1915],{"className":1895},[1869],[1802,1897],{"className":1898,"style":1899},[1873],"height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[1802,1901,1835],{"className":1902,"style":1903},[1878,1879],"margin-right:0.0528em;",[1802,1905,1838],{"className":1906,"style":1907},[1878,1879],"margin-right:0.0278em;",[1802,1909],{"className":1910,"style":1880},[1884],[1802,1912,1841],{"className":1913},[1914],"mbin",[1802,1916],{"className":1917,"style":1880},[1884],[1802,1919,1921,1925,1929,1933,1936,1939],{"className":1920},[1869],[1802,1922],{"className":1923,"style":1924},[1873],"height:0.8778em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[1802,1926,1844],{"className":1927,"style":1928},[1878,1879],"margin-right:0.0785em;",[1802,1930,1847],{"className":1931,"style":1932},[1878,1879],"margin-right:0.0556em;",[1802,1934],{"className":1935,"style":1880},[1884],[1802,1937,1841],{"className":1938},[1914],[1802,1940],{"className":1941,"style":1880},[1884],[1802,1943,1945,1949,1952],{"className":1944},[1869],[1802,1946],{"className":1947,"style":1948},[1873],"height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[1802,1950,1852],{"className":1951},[1878,1879],[1802,1953,1856],{"className":1954},[1955],"mpunct",[1798,1957,1958,1959,1987,1988,2017,2018,2046],{},"如果 ",[1802,1960,1962,1975],{"className":1961},[1809],[1802,1963,1965],{"className":1964},[1813],[1815,1966,1967],{"xmlns":1817},[1820,1968,1969,1973],{},[1823,1970,1971],{},[1826,1972,1838],{},[1858,1974,1838],{"encoding":1860},[1802,1976,1978],{"className":1977,"ariaHidden":1855},[1865],[1802,1979,1981,1984],{"className":1980},[1869],[1802,1982],{"className":1983,"style":1874},[1873],[1802,1985,1838],{"className":1986,"style":1907},[1878,1879]," 与 ",[1802,1989,1991,2004],{"className":1990},[1809],[1802,1992,1994],{"className":1993},[1813],[1815,1995,1996],{"xmlns":1817},[1820,1997,1998,2002],{},[1823,1999,2000],{},[1826,2001,1852],{},[1858,2003,1852],{"encoding":1860},[1802,2005,2007],{"className":2006,"ariaHidden":1855},[1865],[1802,2008,2010,2014],{"className":2009},[1869],[1802,2011],{"className":2012,"style":2013},[1873],"height:0.4306em;",[1802,2015,1852],{"className":2016},[1878,1879]," 相关，OLS 不能把 ",[1802,2019,2021,2034],{"className":2020},[1809],[1802,2022,2024],{"className":2023},[1813],[1815,2025,2026],{"xmlns":1817},[1820,2027,2028,2032],{},[1823,2029,2030],{},[1826,2031,1838],{},[1858,2033,1838],{"encoding":1860},[1802,2035,2037],{"className":2036,"ariaHidden":1855},[1865],[1802,2038,2040,2043],{"className":2039},[1869],[1802,2041],{"className":2042,"style":1874},[1873],[1802,2044,1838],{"className":2045,"style":1907},[1878,1879]," 的变化解释为外生变化。常见来源包括：",[2048,2049,2050,2054,2057,2060,2063],"ul",{},[2051,2052,2053],"li",{},"遗漏变量：能力同时影响教育和工资；",[2051,2055,2056],{},"反向因果：收入影响健康，健康也影响收入；",[2051,2058,2059],{},"测量误差：真实处理未被准确记录；",[2051,2061,2062],{},"同时性：价格与数量由同一市场冲击共同决定；",[2051,2064,2065],{},"选择：个体根据未观测收益选择处理。",[1793,2067,2068],{"id":2068},"学习目标",[2048,2070,2071,2074,2077,2080,2083],{},[2051,2072,2073],{},"用协方差和因果图识别内生性来源；",[2051,2075,2076],{},"写出工具变量的相关性与排除限制；",[2051,2078,2079],{},"推导 Wald 比率和 2SLS；",[2051,2081,2082],{},"理解弱工具、过度识别和有限样本问题；",[2051,2084,2085],{},"解释 IV 估计的局部平均处理效应。",[1793,2087,2089],{"id":2088},"_2-工具变量的两个核心条件","2. 工具变量的两个核心条件",[1798,2091,2092,2093,2123],{},"工具变量 ",[1802,2094,2096,2110],{"className":2095},[1809],[1802,2097,2099],{"className":2098},[1813],[1815,2100,2101],{"xmlns":1817},[1820,2102,2103,2108],{},[1823,2104,2105],{},[1826,2106,2107],{},"Z",[1858,2109,2107],{"encoding":1860},[1802,2111,2113],{"className":2112,"ariaHidden":1855},[1865],[1802,2114,2116,2119],{"className":2115},[1869],[1802,2117],{"className":2118,"style":1874},[1873],[1802,2120,2107],{"className":2121,"style":2122},[1878,1879],"margin-right:0.0715em;"," 需要：",[2125,2126,2127],"h3",{"id":2127},"相关性",[1802,2129,2131],{"className":2130},[1805],[1802,2132,2134,2178],{"className":2133},[1809],[1802,2135,2137],{"className":2136},[1813],[1815,2138,2139],{"xmlns":1817,"display":1818},[1820,2140,2141,2175],{},[1823,2142,2143,2147,2150,2154,2156,2158,2160,2163,2165,2168,2171],{},[1826,2144,2146],{"mathvariant":2145},"normal","Cov",[1830,2148,2149],{},"⁡",[1830,2151,2153],{"stretchy":2152},"false","(",[1826,2155,2107],{},[1830,2157,1856],{"separator":1855},[1826,2159,1838],{},[1830,2161,2162],{},"∣",[1826,2164,1844],{},[1830,2166,2167],{"stretchy":2152},")",[1830,2169,2170],{"mathvariant":2145},"≠",[2172,2173,2174],"mn",{},"0.",[1858,2176,2177],{"encoding":1860},"\\operatorname{Cov}(Z,D\\mid X)\\ne0.",[1802,2179,2181,2223,2285],{"className":2180,"ariaHidden":1855},[1865],[1802,2182,2184,2188,2197,2201,2204,2207,2211,2214,2217,2220],{"className":2183},[1869],[1802,2185],{"className":2186,"style":2187},[1873],"height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;",[1802,2189,2192],{"className":2190},[2191],"mop",[1802,2193,2146],{"className":2194,"style":2196},[1878,2195],"mathrm","margin-right:0.0139em;",[1802,2198,2153],{"className":2199},[2200],"mopen",[1802,2202,2107],{"className":2203,"style":2122},[1878,1879],[1802,2205,1856],{"className":2206},[1955],[1802,2208],{"className":2209,"style":2210},[1884],"margin-right:0.1667em;",[1802,2212,1838],{"className":2213,"style":1907},[1878,1879],[1802,2215],{"className":2216,"style":1885},[1884],[1802,2218,2162],{"className":2219},[1889],[1802,2221],{"className":2222,"style":1885},[1884],[1802,2224,2226,2229,2232,2236,2239,2282],{"className":2225},[1869],[1802,2227],{"className":2228,"style":2187},[1873],[1802,2230,1844],{"className":2231,"style":1928},[1878,1879],[1802,2233,2167],{"className":2234},[2235],"mclose",[1802,2237],{"className":2238,"style":1885},[1884],[1802,2240,2242,2275,2279],{"className":2241},[1889],[1802,2243,2245],{"className":2244},[1889],[1802,2246,2249],{"className":2247},[1878,2248],"vbox",[1802,2250,2253],{"className":2251},[2252],"thinbox",[1802,2254,2257,2260,2271],{"className":2255},[2256],"rlap",[1802,2258],{"className":2259,"style":1899},[1873],[1802,2261,2264],{"className":2262},[2263],"inner",[1802,2265,2267],{"className":2266},[1878],[1802,2268,2270],{"className":2269},[1889],"",[1802,2272],{"className":2273},[2274],"fix",[1802,2276],{"className":2277},[1884,2278],"nobreak",[1802,2280,1832],{"className":2281},[1889],[1802,2283],{"className":2284,"style":1885},[1884],[1802,2286,2288,2292],{"className":2287},[1869],[1802,2289],{"className":2290,"style":2291},[1873],"height:0.6444em;",[1802,2293,2174],{"className":2294},[1878],[1798,2296,2297],{},"工具必须能改变处理或解释变量。相关性弱会导致 IV 方差大，且传统近似推断可能失效。",[2125,2299,2300],{"id":2300},"排除限制",[1798,2302,2303,2304,2332,2333,2361,2362,2390,2391,2419],{},"在控制 ",[1802,2305,2307,2320],{"className":2306},[1809],[1802,2308,2310],{"className":2309},[1813],[1815,2311,2312],{"xmlns":1817},[1820,2313,2314,2318],{},[1823,2315,2316],{},[1826,2317,1844],{},[1858,2319,1844],{"encoding":1860},[1802,2321,2323],{"className":2322,"ariaHidden":1855},[1865],[1802,2324,2326,2329],{"className":2325},[1869],[1802,2327],{"className":2328,"style":1874},[1873],[1802,2330,1844],{"className":2331,"style":1928},[1878,1879]," 后，",[1802,2334,2336,2349],{"className":2335},[1809],[1802,2337,2339],{"className":2338},[1813],[1815,2340,2341],{"xmlns":1817},[1820,2342,2343,2347],{},[1823,2344,2345],{},[1826,2346,2107],{},[1858,2348,2107],{"encoding":1860},[1802,2350,2352],{"className":2351,"ariaHidden":1855},[1865],[1802,2353,2355,2358],{"className":2354},[1869],[1802,2356],{"className":2357,"style":1874},[1873],[1802,2359,2107],{"className":2360,"style":2122},[1878,1879]," 只能通过 ",[1802,2363,2365,2378],{"className":2364},[1809],[1802,2366,2368],{"className":2367},[1813],[1815,2369,2370],{"xmlns":1817},[1820,2371,2372,2376],{},[1823,2373,2374],{},[1826,2375,1838],{},[1858,2377,1838],{"encoding":1860},[1802,2379,2381],{"className":2380,"ariaHidden":1855},[1865],[1802,2382,2384,2387],{"className":2383},[1869],[1802,2385],{"className":2386,"style":1874},[1873],[1802,2388,1838],{"className":2389,"style":1907},[1878,1879]," 影响 ",[1802,2392,2394,2407],{"className":2393},[1809],[1802,2395,2397],{"className":2396},[1813],[1815,2398,2399],{"xmlns":1817},[1820,2400,2401,2405],{},[1823,2402,2403],{},[1826,2404,1828],{},[1858,2406,1828],{"encoding":1860},[1802,2408,2410],{"className":2409,"ariaHidden":1855},[1865],[1802,2411,2413,2416],{"className":2412},[1869],[1802,2414],{"className":2415,"style":1874},[1873],[1802,2417,1828],{"className":2418,"style":1880},[1878,1879],"，不能直接进入结果，也不能与未观测结果决定因素相关。这个条件通常不能靠统计检验完全证明，必须依赖制度、时间顺序、机制和安慰剂证据。",[1793,2421,2423],{"id":2422},"_3-wald-估计量","3. Wald 估计量",[1798,2425,2426,2427,2455,2456,2484],{},"当 ",[1802,2428,2430,2443],{"className":2429},[1809],[1802,2431,2433],{"className":2432},[1813],[1815,2434,2435],{"xmlns":1817},[1820,2436,2437,2441],{},[1823,2438,2439],{},[1826,2440,1838],{},[1858,2442,1838],{"encoding":1860},[1802,2444,2446],{"className":2445,"ariaHidden":1855},[1865],[1802,2447,2449,2452],{"className":2448},[1869],[1802,2450],{"className":2451,"style":1874},[1873],[1802,2453,1838],{"className":2454,"style":1907},[1878,1879]," 和 ",[1802,2457,2459,2472],{"className":2458},[1809],[1802,2460,2462],{"className":2461},[1813],[1815,2463,2464],{"xmlns":1817},[1820,2465,2466,2470],{},[1823,2467,2468],{},[1826,2469,2107],{},[1858,2471,2107],{"encoding":1860},[1802,2473,2475],{"className":2474,"ariaHidden":1855},[1865],[1802,2476,2478,2481],{"className":2477},[1869],[1802,2479],{"className":2480,"style":1874},[1873],[1802,2482,2107],{"className":2483,"style":2122},[1878,1879]," 都是二元变量，简化式为：",[1802,2486,2488],{"className":2487},[1805],[1802,2489,2491,2603],{"className":2490},[1809],[1802,2492,2494],{"className":2493},[1813],[1815,2495,2496],{"xmlns":1817,"display":1818},[1820,2497,2498,2600],{},[1823,2499,2500,2514,2516,2597],{},[2501,2502,2503,2511],"mover",{"accent":1855},[1823,2504,2505,2508],{},[1826,2506,2507],{},"I",[1826,2509,2510],{},"V",[1830,2512,2513],{"stretchy":1855},"^",[1830,2515,1832],{},[2517,2518,2519,2561],"mfrac",{},[1823,2520,2521,2524,2527,2529,2531,2533,2535,2538,2541,2544,2546,2548,2550,2552,2554,2556,2559],{},[1826,2522,2523],{},"E",[1830,2525,2526],{"stretchy":2152},"[",[1826,2528,1828],{},[1830,2530,2162],{},[1826,2532,2107],{},[1830,2534,1832],{},[2172,2536,2537],{},"1",[1830,2539,2540],{"stretchy":2152},"]",[1830,2542,2543],{},"−",[1826,2545,2523],{},[1830,2547,2526],{"stretchy":2152},[1826,2549,1828],{},[1830,2551,2162],{},[1826,2553,2107],{},[1830,2555,1832],{},[2172,2557,2558],{},"0",[1830,2560,2540],{"stretchy":2152},[1823,2562,2563,2565,2567,2569,2571,2573,2575,2577,2579,2581,2583,2585,2587,2589,2591,2593,2595],{},[1826,2564,2523],{},[1830,2566,2526],{"stretchy":2152},[1826,2568,1838],{},[1830,2570,2162],{},[1826,2572,2107],{},[1830,2574,1832],{},[2172,2576,2537],{},[1830,2578,2540],{"stretchy":2152},[1830,2580,2543],{},[1826,2582,2523],{},[1830,2584,2526],{"stretchy":2152},[1826,2586,1838],{},[1830,2588,2162],{},[1826,2590,2107],{},[1830,2592,1832],{},[2172,2594,2558],{},[1830,2596,2540],{"stretchy":2152},[1826,2598,2599],{"mathvariant":2145},".",[1858,2601,2602],{"encoding":1860},"\\widehat{IV}\n=\\frac{E[Y\\mid Z=1]-E[Y\\mid Z=0]}{E[D\\mid Z=1]-E[D\\mid Z=0]}.",[1802,2604,2606,2678],{"className":2605,"ariaHidden":1855},[1865],[1802,2607,2609,2613,2669,2672,2675],{"className":2608},[1869],[1802,2610],{"className":2611,"style":2612},[1873],"height:0.9833em;",[1802,2614,2617],{"className":2615},[1878,2616],"accent",[1802,2618,2621],{"className":2619},[2620],"vlist-t",[1802,2622,2625],{"className":2623},[2624],"vlist-r",[1802,2626,2629,2646],{"className":2627,"style":2612},[2628],"vlist",[1802,2630,2632,2637],{"style":2631},"top:-3em;",[1802,2633],{"className":2634,"style":2636},[2635],"pstrut","height:3em;",[1802,2638,2640,2643],{"className":2639},[1878],[1802,2641,2507],{"className":2642,"style":1928},[1878,1879],[1802,2644,2510],{"className":2645,"style":1880},[1878,1879],[1802,2647,2651,2654],{"className":2648,"style":2650},[2649],"svg-align","top:-3.6833em;",[1802,2652],{"className":2653,"style":2636},[2635],[1802,2655,2657],{"style":2656},"height:0.3em;",[2658,2659,2665],"svg",{"xmlns":2660,"width":2661,"height":2662,"viewBox":2663,"preserveAspectRatio":2664},"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F2000\u002Fsvg","100%","0.3em","0 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的直觉是用 ",[1802,2922,2924,2937],{"className":2923},[1809],[1802,2925,2927],{"className":2926},[1813],[1815,2928,2929],{"xmlns":1817},[1820,2930,2931,2935],{},[1823,2932,2933],{},[1826,2934,2107],{},[1858,2936,2107],{"encoding":1860},[1802,2938,2940],{"className":2939,"ariaHidden":1855},[1865],[1802,2941,2943,2946],{"className":2942},[1869],[1802,2944],{"className":2945,"style":1874},[1873],[1802,2947,2107],{"className":2948,"style":2122},[1878,1879]," 产生的外生处理变化来估计处理效应。",[1793,2951,2953],{"id":2952},"_4-两阶段最小二乘","4. 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",[1802,3235,3237,3255],{"className":3236},[1809],[1802,3238,3240],{"className":3239},[1813],[1815,3241,3242],{"xmlns":1817},[1820,3243,3244,3252],{},[1823,3245,3246],{},[2501,3247,3248,3250],{"accent":1855},[1826,3249,1838],{},[1830,3251,2513],{},[1858,3253,3254],{"encoding":1860},"\\hat D",[1802,3256,3258],{"className":3257,"ariaHidden":1855},[1865],[1802,3259,3261,3265],{"className":3260},[1869],[1802,3262],{"className":3263,"style":3264},[1873],"height:0.9468em;",[1802,3266,3268],{"className":3267},[1878,2616],[1802,3269,3271],{"className":3270},[2620],[1802,3272,3274],{"className":3273},[2624],[1802,3275,3277,3285],{"className":3276,"style":3264},[2628],[1802,3278,3279,3282],{"style":2631},[1802,3280],{"className":3281,"style":2636},[2635],[1802,3283,1838],{"className":3284,"style":1907},[1878,1879],[1802,3286,3288,3291],{"style":3287},"top:-3.2523em;",[1802,3289],{"className":3290,"style":2636},[2635],[1802,3292,3296],{"className":3293,"style":3295},[3294],"accent-body","left:-0.1944em;",[1802,3297,2513],{"className":3298},[1878],"。第二阶段：",[1802,3301,3303],{"className":3302},[1805],[1802,3304,3306,3359],{"className":3305},[1809],[1802,3307,3309],{"className":3308},[1813],[1815,3310,3311],{"xmlns":1817,"display":1818},[1820,3312,3313,3356],{},[1823,3314,3315,3317,3319,3325,3327,3333,3339,3341,3343,3349,3351,3354],{},[1826,3316,1828],{},[1830,3318,1832],{},[2977,3320,3321,3323],{},[1826,3322,1835],{},[2172,3324,2558],{},[1830,3326,1841],{},[2977,3328,3329,3331],{},[1826,3330,1835],{},[2172,3332,2537],{},[2501,3334,3335,3337],{"accent":1855},[1826,3336,1838],{},[1830,3338,2513],{},[1830,3340,1841],{},[1826,3342,1844],{},[2977,3344,3345,3347],{},[1826,3346,1835],{},[2172,3348,3004],{},[1830,3350,1841],{},[1826,3352,3353],{},"ε",[1826,3355,2599],{"mathvariant":2145},[1858,3357,3358],{"encoding":1860},"Y=\\beta_0+\\beta_1\\hat D+X\\beta_2+\\varepsilon.",[1802,3360,3362,3380,3436,3523,3581],{"className":3361,"ariaHidden":1855},[1865],[1802,3363,3365,3368,3371,3374,3377],{"className":3364},[1869],[1802,3366],{"className":3367,"style":1874},[1873],[1802,3369,1828],{"className":3370,"style":1880},[1878,1879],[1802,3372],{"className":3373,"style":1885},[1884],[1802,3375,1832],{"className":3376},[1889],[1802,3378],{"className":3379,"style":1885},[1884],[1802,3381,3383,3386,3427,3430,3433],{"className":3382},[1869],[1802,3384],{"className":3385,"style":1899},[1873],[1802,3387,3389,3392],{"className":3388},[1878],[1802,3390,1835],{"className":3391,"style":1903},[1878,1879],[1802,3393,3395],{"className":3394},[3053],[1802,3396,3398,3419],{"className":3397},[2620,2698],[1802,3399,3401,3416],{"className":3400},[2624],[1802,3402,3404],{"className":3403,"style":3063},[2628],[1802,3405,3407,3410],{"style":3406},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0528em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1802,3408],{"className":3409,"style":3070},[2635],[1802,3411,3413],{"className":3412},[3074,3075,3076,3077],[1802,3414,2558],{"className":3415},[1878,3077],[1802,3417,2902],{"className":3418},[2901],[1802,3420,3422],{"className":3421},[2624],[1802,3423,3425],{"className":3424,"style":3090},[2628],[1802,3426],{},[1802,3428],{"className":3429,"style":1880},[1884],[1802,3431,1841],{"className":3432},[1914],[1802,3434],{"className":3435,"style":1880},[1884],[1802,3437,3439,3443,3483,3514,3517,3520],{"className":3438},[1869],[1802,3440],{"className":3441,"style":3442},[1873],"height:1.1412em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[1802,3444,3446,3449],{"className":3445},[1878],[1802,3447,1835],{"className":3448,"style":1903},[1878,1879],[1802,3450,3452],{"className":3451},[3053],[1802,3453,3455,3475],{"className":3454},[2620,2698],[1802,3456,3458,3472],{"className":3457},[2624],[1802,3459,3461],{"className":3460,"style":3063},[2628],[1802,3462,3463,3466],{"style":3406},[1802,3464],{"className":3465,"style":3070},[2635],[1802,3467,3469],{"className":3468},[3074,3075,3076,3077],[1802,3470,2537],{"className":3471},[1878,3077],[1802,3473,2902],{"className":3474},[2901],[1802,3476,3478],{"className":3477},[2624],[1802,3479,3481],{"className":3480,"style":3090},[2628],[1802,3482],{},[1802,3484,3486],{"className":3485},[1878,2616],[1802,3487,3489],{"className":3488},[2620],[1802,3490,3492],{"className":3491},[2624],[1802,3493,3495,3503],{"className":3494,"style":3264},[2628],[1802,3496,3497,3500],{"style":2631},[1802,3498],{"className":3499,"style":2636},[2635],[1802,3501,1838],{"className":3502,"style":1907},[1878,1879],[1802,3504,3505,3508],{"style":3287},[1802,3506],{"className":3507,"style":2636},[2635],[1802,3509,3511],{"className":3510,"style":3295},[3294],[1802,3512,2513],{"className":3513},[1878],[1802,3515],{"className":3516,"style":1880},[1884],[1802,3518,1841],{"className":3519},[1914],[1802,3521],{"className":3522,"style":1880},[1884],[1802,3524,3526,3529,3532,3572,3575,3578],{"className":3525},[1869],[1802,3527],{"className":3528,"style":1899},[1873],[1802,3530,1844],{"className":3531,"style":1928},[1878,1879],[1802,3533,3535,3538],{"className":3534},[1878],[1802,3536,1835],{"className":3537,"style":1903},[1878,1879],[1802,3539,3541],{"className":3540},[3053],[1802,3542,3544,3564],{"className":3543},[2620,2698],[1802,3545,3547,3561],{"className":3546},[2624],[1802,3548,3550],{"className":3549,"style":3063},[2628],[1802,3551,3552,3555],{"style":3406},[1802,3553],{"className":3554,"style":3070},[2635],[1802,3556,3558],{"className":3557},[3074,3075,3076,3077],[1802,3559,3004],{"className":3560},[1878,3077],[1802,3562,2902],{"className":3563},[2901],[1802,3565,3567],{"className":3566},[2624],[1802,3568,3570],{"className":3569,"style":3090},[2628],[1802,3571],{},[1802,3573],{"className":3574,"style":1880},[1884],[1802,3576,1841],{"className":3577},[1914],[1802,3579],{"className":3580,"style":1880},[1884],[1802,3582,3584,3587,3590],{"className":3583},[1869],[1802,3585],{"className":3586,"style":2013},[1873],[1802,3588,3353],{"className":3589},[1878,1879],[1802,3591,2599],{"className":3592},[1878],[1798,3594,3595,3596,3656],{},"实际推断要使用正确的 2SLS 方差，而不是把 ",[1802,3597,3599,3616],{"className":3598},[1809],[1802,3600,3602],{"className":3601},[1813],[1815,3603,3604],{"xmlns":1817},[1820,3605,3606,3614],{},[1823,3607,3608],{},[2501,3609,3610,3612],{"accent":1855},[1826,3611,1838],{},[1830,3613,2513],{},[1858,3615,3254],{"encoding":1860},[1802,3617,3619],{"className":3618,"ariaHidden":1855},[1865],[1802,3620,3622,3625],{"className":3621},[1869],[1802,3623],{"className":3624,"style":3264},[1873],[1802,3626,3628],{"className":3627},[1878,2616],[1802,3629,3631],{"className":3630},[2620],[1802,3632,3634],{"className":3633},[2624],[1802,3635,3637,3645],{"className":3636,"style":3264},[2628],[1802,3638,3639,3642],{"style":2631},[1802,3640],{"className":3641,"style":2636},[2635],[1802,3643,1838],{"className":3644,"style":1907},[1878,1879],[1802,3646,3647,3650],{"style":3287},[1802,3648],{"className":3649,"style":2636},[2635],[1802,3651,3653],{"className":3652,"style":3295},[3294],[1802,3654,2513],{"className":3655},[1878]," 当作无误差变量再次普通 OLS。",[1793,3658,3660],{"id":3659},"_5-弱工具","5. 弱工具",[1798,3662,3663],{},"第一阶段相关性很弱时，IV 估计可能极不稳定，有限样本偏向 OLS，置信区间覆盖率很差。第一阶段 F 统计量是有用的警示，但不是所有弱识别问题的完整诊断。",[1798,3665,3666],{},"应考虑：",[2048,3668,3669,3672,3675,3678],{},[2051,3670,3671],{},"报告第一阶段系数和统计量；",[2051,3673,3674],{},"使用弱工具稳健的 Anderson–Rubin 类推断；",[2051,3676,3677],{},"比较不同工具与不同规格；",[2051,3679,3680],{},"解释工具的制度来源而非只报告显著性。",[1793,3682,3684],{"id":3683},"_6-late-与外部有效性","6. LATE 与外部有效性",[1798,3686,3687],{},"在单调性、排除限制和独立性条件下，IV 通常识别的是顺应者的局部平均处理效应（LATE），即那些会因为工具变化而改变处理状态的人。",[1798,3689,3690],{},"这不必等于总体 ATE，也不必等于永远接受处理者或永远不接受处理者的效应。政策推广时必须问：顺应者是谁？他们与目标人群是否相似？",[1793,3692,3694],{"id":3693},"_7-研究设计例子教育工具","7. 研究设计例子：教育工具",[1798,3696,3697,3698,3726,3727,3755,3756,3784],{},"假设某项政策改变部分学生上大学的成本。研究者用政策资格 ",[1802,3699,3701,3714],{"className":3700},[1809],[1802,3702,3704],{"className":3703},[1813],[1815,3705,3706],{"xmlns":1817},[1820,3707,3708,3712],{},[1823,3709,3710],{},[1826,3711,2107],{},[1858,3713,2107],{"encoding":1860},[1802,3715,3717],{"className":3716,"ariaHidden":1855},[1865],[1802,3718,3720,3723],{"className":3719},[1869],[1802,3721],{"className":3722,"style":1874},[1873],[1802,3724,2107],{"className":3725,"style":2122},[1878,1879]," 作为工具，教育年限 ",[1802,3728,3730,3743],{"className":3729},[1809],[1802,3731,3733],{"className":3732},[1813],[1815,3734,3735],{"xmlns":1817},[1820,3736,3737,3741],{},[1823,3738,3739],{},[1826,3740,1838],{},[1858,3742,1838],{"encoding":1860},[1802,3744,3746],{"className":3745,"ariaHidden":1855},[1865],[1802,3747,3749,3752],{"className":3748},[1869],[1802,3750],{"className":3751,"style":1874},[1873],[1802,3753,1838],{"className":3754,"style":1907},[1878,1879]," 为处理，工资 ",[1802,3757,3759,3772],{"className":3758},[1809],[1802,3760,3762],{"className":3761},[1813],[1815,3763,3764],{"xmlns":1817},[1820,3765,3766,3770],{},[1823,3767,3768],{},[1826,3769,1828],{},[1858,3771,1828],{"encoding":1860},[1802,3773,3775],{"className":3774,"ariaHidden":1855},[1865],[1802,3776,3778,3781],{"className":3777},[1869],[1802,3779],{"className":3780,"style":1874},[1873],[1802,3782,1828],{"className":3783,"style":1880},[1878,1879]," 为结果。需要分析：",[3786,3787,3788,3791,3794,3797],"ol",{},[2051,3789,3790],{},"政策资格是否真的改变教育年限？",[2051,3792,3793],{},"资格是否通过家庭背景、地区劳动力市场或预期职业路径直接影响工资？",[2051,3795,3796],{},"是否存在不遵从和反向选择？",[2051,3798,3799],{},"估计对象是受政策影响的边缘学生，而非所有学生的教育回报。",[1798,3801,3802],{},"一个显著的 IV 系数本身不能替代这些问题。",[1793,3804,3805],{"id":3805},"研究生扩展",[2048,3807,3808,3811,3814,3817,3820],{},[2051,3809,3810],{},"多个工具与过度识别检验；",[2051,3812,3813],{},"LIML、Fuller 与弱识别稳健推断；",[2051,3815,3816],{},"连续处理、非线性第一阶段与单调性；",[2051,3818,3819],{},"结构方程和控制函数；",[2051,3821,3822],{},"识别集合、部分识别和敏感性分析。",[1793,3824,3825],{"id":3825},"自测题",[3786,3827,3828,3831,3834,3837,3840],{},[2051,3829,3830],{},"为什么“工具与结果相关”不能单独证明工具有效？",[2051,3832,3833],{},"第一阶段弱会带来哪些实际后果？",[2051,3835,3836],{},"为什么 IV 估计可能只对一部分人有效？",[2051,3838,3839],{},"写出一个排除限制可能失败的路径。",[2051,3841,3842],{},"当政策制定者关心全体人群 ATE 时，LATE 的外部有效性问题是什么？",[1793,3844,3845],{"id":3845},"下一章",[1798,3847,3848],{},"下一章研究重复观察同一单位或同一时间序列时，如何利用数据结构改善控制、理解依赖并避免错误推断。",{"title":10,"searchDepth":3850,"depth":3850,"links":3851},2,[3852,3853,3854,3859,3860,3861,3862,3863,3864,3865,3866],{"id":1795,"depth":3850,"text":1796},{"id":2068,"depth":3850,"text":2068},{"id":2088,"depth":3850,"text":2089,"children":3855},[3856,3858],{"id":2127,"depth":3857,"text":2127},3,{"id":2300,"depth":3857,"text":2300},{"id":2422,"depth":3850,"text":2423},{"id":2952,"depth":3850,"text":2953},{"id":3659,"depth":3850,"text":3660},{"id":3683,"depth":3850,"text":3684},{"id":3693,"depth":3850,"text":3694},{"id":3805,"depth":3850,"text":3805},{"id":3825,"depth":3850,"text":3825},{"id":3845,"depth":3850,"text":3845},"解释内生性来源、IV 识别、2SLS、弱工具和 LATE。","md",{},true,{"title":1342,"description":3867},"bUfqspU8YWpmA_RT1mO8H0G53ivOJjWQITMbskH1n7M",[3874,3876],{"title":1338,"path":1339,"stem":1340,"description":3875,"children":-1},"从抽样分布、t\u002FF 检验到异方差、聚类和 bootstrap 推断。",{"title":1346,"path":1347,"stem":1348,"description":3877,"children":-1},"处理重复观测、固定效应、动态关系、平稳性和预测问题。",1785754747653]