# Learnalog

> A bilingual knowledge base for learning and sharing knowledge.

## Documentation Sets

- [Learnalog](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/llms-full.txt): The complete published Learnalog documentation.

## Docs

- [1. Research Questions, Scope, and Feasibility](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/academic-writing/01-research-questions-and-planning.md): Turn a broad topic into an answerable question and a realistic research plan.
- [2. Search, Evaluate, and Read Evidence](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/academic-writing/02-reading-and-literature-matrix.md): Build a transparent search, screen sources by relevance and credibility, and extract usable evidence.
- [3. From Sources to Synthesis and Argument](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/academic-writing/03-arguments-outlines-and-paragraphs.md): Compare evidence, explain disagreement, and turn a literature matrix into a defensible argument.
- [4. Literature Review and a Defensible Gap](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/academic-writing/04-writing-the-literature-review.md): Organise literature as a chain of questions that earns a precise, researchable gap.
- [5. Research Design, Evidence, and Core Sections](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/academic-writing/05-core-sections-and-evidence.md): Match questions to designs, define evidence, and calibrate claims across the paper.
- [6. Citation, Paraphrasing, Integrity, and AI](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/academic-writing/06-citation-paraphrasing-and-integrity.md): Keep every important claim traceable to verified evidence while writing in your own reasoning voice.
- [7. Revision, Review, and Submission](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/academic-writing/07-revision-style-and-submission.md): Revise from research logic to sentence clarity, then submit an auditable research pack.
- [8. Research Workbook](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/academic-writing/08-literature-review-checklist-and-template.md): Copyable templates for the question, search, evidence, design, argument, integrity, and revision decisions.
- [9. Research Workflow and Tools](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/academic-writing/09-tools-for-academic-writing-and-literature-management.md): A small, durable system for sources, notes, evidence, drafts, analysis, and versions.
- [10. Worked Project — From Question to Defensible Conclusion](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/academic-writing/10-worked-example-from-block-structure-to-question-chain.md): An end-to-end example linking literature, gap, design, simulated results, interpretation, and revision.
- [Research Skills and Academic Writing](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/academic-writing.md): A complete research course from a feasible question to a transparent, defensible paper.
- [Accounting — From Evidence to Decisions](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/accounting/00-index.md): A case-led course in financial and management accounting
- [Worked Examples and Error Diagnosis](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/accounting/appendix/24-examples-pitfalls.md): Repair errors by locating the broken stage in the accounting chain
- [Accounting Glossary](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/accounting/appendix/26-glossary.md): Precise definitions linked to their use
- [Reading and Evidence Map](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/accounting/appendix/27-reading-map.md): Primary standards, real reports and selected accounting research
- [Accounting Appendix](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/accounting/appendix.md): Integrated practice, terminology and evidence map
- [Northstar Record-to-Decision Capstone](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/accounting/capstone.md): An integrated accounting case from opening balances to a management recommendation
- [Objectives and Qualitative Characteristics](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/accounting/financial-accounting/01-foundations/01-objectives-qualitative-characteristics.md): Decide what information is useful before deciding how to record it
- [Equation and Elements](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/accounting/financial-accounting/01-foundations/02-equation-elements.md): Use the accounting equation as a model and a control
- [Accrual Basis, Estimates and Periods](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/accounting/financial-accounting/01-foundations/03-accounting-bases-principles.md): Put economic effects in the period they belong
- [1. Foundations](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/accounting/financial-accounting/01-foundations.md): Decision usefulness, elements and accrual logic
- [Double-Entry and Debit/Credit](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/accounting/financial-accounting/02-recording-transactions/04-double-entry-dr-cr.md): Record the business story without treating debit and credit as plus and minus
- [Accounting Cycle](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/accounting/financial-accounting/02-recording-transactions/05-accounting-cycle.md): Build an auditable path from documents to statements
- [2. Recording Transactions](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/accounting/financial-accounting/02-recording-transactions.md): From source evidence to an adjusted trial balance
- [Revenue Recognition](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/accounting/financial-accounting/03-measurement-adjustments/07-revenue-recognition.md): Recognise revenue when promised goods or services transfer
- [Inventory](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/accounting/financial-accounting/03-measurement-adjustments/08-inventory.md): Assign cost, respect cut-off and test recoverability
- [Receivables and Expected Credit Losses](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/accounting/financial-accounting/03-measurement-adjustments/09-receivables.md): Report the contractual claim and a supportable estimate of collection loss
- [Property, Plant and Equipment](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/accounting/financial-accounting/03-measurement-adjustments/10-ppe.md): Capitalise the resource, then model how its service potential is consumed
- [Intangible Assets](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/accounting/financial-accounting/03-measurement-adjustments/11-intangibles.md): Distinguish expenditure from an identifiable controlled resource
- [Leases](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/accounting/financial-accounting/03-measurement-adjustments/12-leases.md): Measure the right to use an identified asset and the obligation to pay
- [Current and Deferred Income Tax](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/accounting/financial-accounting/03-measurement-adjustments/13-income-tax.md): Separate tax payable now from future tax consequences of carrying amounts
- [3. Measurement and Adjustments](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/accounting/financial-accounting/03-measurement-adjustments.md): Decide which amount belongs at the reporting date
- [Linked Financial Statements](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/accounting/financial-accounting/04-reporting-cash/06-financial-statements.md): See how performance, equity, position and cash reconcile
- [Cash, Reconciliation and Internal Control](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/accounting/financial-accounting/04-reporting-cash/14-cash-control.md): Reconcile independent evidence and design controls around real risks
- [4. Reporting and Cash](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/accounting/financial-accounting/04-reporting-cash.md): Link adjusted balances, primary statements, notes and cash controls
- [Ratio Analysis](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/accounting/financial-accounting/05-analysis-comparison/15-ratio-analysis.md): Explain drivers and limits, not just formula outputs
- [IFRS versus US GAAP](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/accounting/financial-accounting/05-analysis-comparison/25-ifrs-gaap.md): Compare specific accounting consequences without stereotypes
- [5. Analysis and Comparison](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/accounting/financial-accounting/05-analysis-comparison.md): Turn statements into bounded, evidence-based claims
- [Financial Accounting](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/accounting/financial-accounting.md): From business evidence to external financial reports
- [Cost Concepts and Behaviour](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/accounting/management-accounting/01-cost-foundations/16-cost-concepts.md): Classify cost for the question being answered
- [Costing Systems](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/accounting/management-accounting/01-cost-foundations/17-costing-systems.md): Choose a cost model that reflects how resources are consumed
- [Variable and Absorption Costing](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/accounting/management-accounting/01-cost-foundations/19-variable-vs-absorption.md): Explain profit differences through fixed production overhead in inventory
- [1. Cost Foundations](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/accounting/management-accounting/01-cost-foundations.md): Cost objects, behaviour, assignment and inventory effects
- [Cost–Volume–Profit Analysis](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/accounting/management-accounting/02-planning-control/18-cvp-analysis.md): Turn price, cost and capacity assumptions into a transparent profit model
- [Budgeting and Variance Analysis](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/accounting/management-accounting/02-planning-control/20-budgeting-variances.md): Compare actual inputs with a budget flexed to actual activity
- [Performance Measurement](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/accounting/management-accounting/02-planning-control/21-performance-measurement.md): Match authority, metric and strategy without rewarding metric gaming
- [2. Planning and Control](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/accounting/management-accounting/02-planning-control.md): Model expectations, diagnose differences and align behaviour
- [Short-Term Decisions](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/accounting/management-accounting/03-decisions-investment/22-short-term-decisions.md): Include future differences and opportunity cost, exclude sunk allocations
- [Capital Budgeting](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/accounting/management-accounting/03-decisions-investment/23-capital-budgeting.md): Discount incremental after-tax cash flows and expose forecast risk
- [3. Decisions and Investment](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/accounting/management-accounting/03-decisions-investment.md): Incremental short-run choices and discounted long-run commitments
- [Management Accounting](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/accounting/management-accounting.md): Purpose-built information for planning, control and decisions
- [Business Analytics — From Data to Defensible Action](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/business-analytics/00-index.md): A decision-first course in descriptive, predictive and prescriptive analytics
- [Decision Framing](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/business-analytics/00-intro/01-decision-framing.md): Convert a broad business request into actions, outcomes, constraints and evidence
- [Data Contracts](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/business-analytics/00-intro/02-data-contracts.md): Make row grain, keys, timestamps, lineage and measurement assumptions explicit
- [Reproducible Analytics Workflow](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/business-analytics/00-intro/03-reproducible-workflow.md): Preserve the evidence chain from source snapshot to monitored decision
- [0. Decision and Data Foundations](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/business-analytics/00-intro.md): Define the decision, measurement system and reproducible evidence chain
- [Distributions and Exploratory Data Analysis](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/business-analytics/01-descriptive/04-distributions-eda.md): Read centre, spread, tails and data-generating processes before trusting an average
- [KPIs and Denominators](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/business-analytics/01-descriptive/05-kpis-denominators.md): Define metrics that preserve population, units, incentives and operational meaning
- [Segments, Cohorts and Funnels](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/business-analytics/01-descriptive/06-segmentation-cohorts-funnels.md): Compare like with like across customer groups, starting periods and process stages
- [Visual Evidence and Data Stories](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/business-analytics/01-descriptive/07-visualisation-story.md): Choose displays for comparison, uncertainty and action rather than decoration
- [Experiments and Causal Boundaries](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/business-analytics/01-descriptive/08-experiments-causal-boundary.md): Estimate what changed because of an action rather than after it
- [1. Descriptive Analytics](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/business-analytics/01-descriptive.md): Diagnose what happened using distributions, defensible metrics, cohorts and visual evidence
- [Validation, Baselines and Leakage](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/business-analytics/02-predictive/09-validation-leakage.md): Simulate future use before comparing predictive models
- [Regression and Forecasting](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/business-analytics/02-predictive/10-regression-forecasting.md): Estimate quantities and future demand with baselines, residuals and decision-relevant loss
- [Classification and Calibration](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/business-analytics/02-predictive/11-classification-calibration.md): Evaluate risk scores through confusion, ranking, probability accuracy and prevalence
- [Trees and Ensembles](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/business-analytics/02-predictive/12-trees-ensembles.md): Model nonlinear interactions while controlling instability, complexity and decision risk
- [Decision Metrics and Thresholds](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/business-analytics/02-predictive/13-decision-metrics-thresholds.md): Translate scores into actions using consequences, treatment effects and capacity
- [Explainability, Monitoring and Drift](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/business-analytics/02-predictive/14-explainability-drift.md): Explain the relevant system claim and detect when prediction or policy stops working
- [2. Predictive Analytics](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/business-analytics/02-predictive.md): Build time-valid forecasts and probabilities that can support a defined decision
- [Decision-Making under Uncertainty](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/business-analytics/03-prescriptive/15-decision-uncertainty.md): Compare actions through payoffs, probabilities, regret and robustness
- [Linear Optimisation](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/business-analytics/03-prescriptive/16-linear-optimization.md): Translate an allocation problem into variables, objectives, constraints and an auditable solution
- [Inventory and Allocation](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/business-analytics/03-prescriptive/17-inventory-allocation.md): Convert demand uncertainty and asymmetric costs into replenishment decisions
- [Queueing and Simulation](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/business-analytics/03-prescriptive/18-queueing-simulation.md): Model congestion, variability and capacity when averages are not enough
- [Pricing and Revenue Management](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/business-analytics/03-prescriptive/19-pricing-experimentation.md): Connect price, causal demand response, contribution, capacity and customer impact
- [Causal Targeting and Policy Learning](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/business-analytics/03-prescriptive/20-causal-targeting.md): Target actions by incremental effect and value rather than untreated risk alone
- [3. Prescriptive Analytics](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/business-analytics/03-prescriptive.md): Select feasible actions under uncertainty, cost, capacity and causal effects
- [Data Products and Monitoring](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/business-analytics/04-deployment/21-data-products-monitoring.md): Specify interfaces and monitor the whole path from source data to decision outcome
- [Governance, Fairness and Privacy](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/business-analytics/04-deployment/22-governance-fairness-privacy.md): Translate accountability, fairness, privacy and current standards into system controls
- [Adoption and Business Value](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/business-analytics/04-deployment/23-adoption-value.md): Test whether recommendations are used and whether the policy causes worthwhile outcomes
- [4. Deployment and Governance](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/business-analytics/04-deployment.md): Operate an analytic decision system with monitoring, accountability and value evidence
- [Formula and Decision Map](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/business-analytics/appendix/24-formula-map.md): A compact map from business questions to quantities, assumptions and actions
- [Worked Examples and Pitfalls](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/business-analytics/appendix/25-worked-examples-pitfalls.md): Short cases that expose common analytic errors before they reach a decision
- [Reading and Evidence Map](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/business-analytics/appendix/26-reading-map.md): A dated, selective map of foundational research, current extensions, standards and organisational cases
- [Appendix and Revision Tools](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/business-analytics/appendix.md): Formula routes, compact worked pitfalls and a dated evidence map
- [Capstone — The Evening Delivery Promise](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/business-analytics/capstone.md): An integrated HarborMart case from decision contract to monitored rollout
- [Financial and Economic Time Series — Course Guide](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/financial-economic-time-series/00-intro.md): A matrix-based course in returns, volatility, persistent predictors, cointegration, structural dynamics, nowcasting, and forecast evaluation.
- [Three Versions of Time Series](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/financial-economic-time-series/01-bridge.md): A decision guide to classical statistical, financial, and economic time series, with matched examples and method-selection rules.
- [Data, Clocks, and Transformations](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/financial-economic-time-series/02-data-transformations.md): Transform prices and macroeconomic releases with explicit differencing, aggregation, timing, and vintage operators.
- [Predictive Regressions and Persistent Predictors](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/financial-economic-time-series/03-predictive-regressions.md): Matrix derivations for forecasting regressions, overlapping horizons, persistent predictors, and Newey–West inference.
- [Volatility, Tails, and Financial Risk](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/financial-economic-time-series/04-volatility-risk.md): Conditional variance, GARCH quasi-likelihood, leverage, heavy tails, and translation into VaR and expected shortfall.
- [Unit Roots, Cointegration, and Error Correction](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/financial-economic-time-series/05-unit-roots-cointegration.md): Diagnose spurious levels, derive reduced-rank error correction, and distinguish financial spreads from economic equilibria.
- [VAR, Structural Identification, and Local Projections](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/financial-economic-time-series/06-var-identification.md): Separate multivariate forecasting from structural shocks using companion matrices, impact restrictions, and impulse responses.
- [State Space, Mixed Frequency, and Nowcasting](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/financial-economic-time-series/07-state-space-nowcasting.md): Use Kalman prediction and update matrices for latent financial states, macroeconomic nowcasts, missing releases, and ragged edges.
- [Forecast Evaluation for Decisions](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/financial-economic-time-series/08-forecast-evaluation.md): Design honest pseudo-out-of-sample tests for point, density, and tail forecasts with long-run covariance and real-time information.
- [Integrated R Laboratory](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/financial-economic-time-series/09-r-laboratory.md): Two self-contained browser labs for financial tail risk and real-time macroeconomic forecasting.
- [Capstones, Data, and Reading Ladder](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/financial-economic-time-series/10-capstone-readings.md): Finance and economics capstone routes, reproducibility requirements, authoritative data sources, and foundational-to-recent literature.
- [](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en.md)
- [Introduction to Economics — Decisions, Markets, and the Macroeconomy](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/intro-to-economics/00-intro.md): An evidence-aware first course in economic reasoning, markets, measurement, growth, money, policy, and open-economy adjustment.
- [Chapter 1 — Choice, Opportunity Cost, and Trade](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/intro-to-economics/01-foundations.md): Scarcity, opportunity cost, sunk cost, marginal reasoning, incentives, the PPF, and comparative advantage.
- [Chapter 2 — Demand, Supply, Equilibrium, and Welfare](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/intro-to-economics/02-demand-and-supply.md): Market schedules, curve shifts, equilibrium, surplus, price controls, and comparative statics.
- [Chapter 3 — Elasticity, Revenue, and Tax Incidence](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/intro-to-economics/03-elasticity.md): Measure behavioural responsiveness and use it to analyse revenue, supply adjustment, taxes, and evidence.
- [Chapter 4 — Firms, Market Power, and Market Failure](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/intro-to-economics/04-market-structures.md): Costs, profit, competition, monopoly, oligopoly, digital platforms, externalities, public goods, information, and policy.
- [Chapter 5 — GDP, Income, Wealth, and Welfare](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/intro-to-economics/05-gdp-and-wealth.md): National-accounting boundaries, value added, expenditure, nominal and real GDP, stocks, flows, distribution, and welfare.
- [Chapter 6 — Inflation, Purchasing Power, and Labour Markets](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/intro-to-economics/06-inflation-and-unemployment.md): Price indices, real values, inflation mechanisms, employment definitions, participation, vacancies, and short-run trade-offs.
- [Chapter 7 — Productivity, Technology, and Economic Growth](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/intro-to-economics/07-economic-growth.md): Growth per person, productivity, capital, skills, ideas, institutions, distribution, sustainability, and AI evidence.
- [Chapter 8 — Money, Credit, and Banking](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/intro-to-economics/08-money-and-banking.md): Money, deposits, bank balance sheets, credit creation, capital, liquidity, duration risk, bank runs, and central banks.
- [Chapter 9 — Business Cycles, AD–AS, and Monetary Policy](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/intro-to-economics/09-monetary-policy-and-ad-as.md): Output gaps, aggregate demand and supply, shock diagnosis, interest-rate transmission, expectations, lags, and policy trade-offs.
- [Chapter 10 — Fiscal Policy, Distribution, and Public Debt](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/intro-to-economics/10-fiscal-policy.md): Government budgets, multipliers, automatic stabilisers, policy design, distribution, and debt dynamics.
- [Chapter 11 — Trade, Capital Flows, and Exchange Rates](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/intro-to-economics/11-open-economy-and-exchange-rates.md): Trade accounting, nominal and real exchange rates, pass-through, external balances, exchange-rate regimes, and policy constraints.
- [Chapter 12 — Integrated Economic Analysis Studio](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/intro-to-economics/12-review-and-case-studies.md): Two evidence-based cases that integrate microeconomics, macroeconomics, policy appraisal, and clear economic writing.
- [Causal Questions and Estimands](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/microeconometrics/00-foundations/01-causal-question-estimands.md): Translate a policy question into treatment versions, potential outcomes and a target population
- [Potential Outcomes and Experiments](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/microeconometrics/00-foundations/02-potential-outcomes-experiments.md): Use assignment to recover an average counterfactual while auditing non-compliance and missing outcomes
- [Causal Diagrams and Controls](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/microeconometrics/00-foundations/03-dags-controls.md): Distinguish confounders, mediators, colliders and proxies before adjustment
- [0. Causal Questions and Designs](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/microeconometrics/00-foundations.md): Define the counterfactual target before selecting data, controls or estimators
- [Microeconometrics — Designing Credible Counterfactuals](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/microeconometrics/00-index.md): An identification-first course in causal inference and microeconometric methods
- [OLS as a Projection](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/microeconometrics/01-regression/04-ols-projection.md): Read coefficients as best linear summaries before asking whether variation is causal
- [FWL, Selection and Controls](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/microeconometrics/01-regression/05-fwl-selection-controls.md): Use residualisation and omitted-variable bias to understand what adjusted comparisons contain
- [Inference and Clustering](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/microeconometrics/01-regression/06-inference-clustering.md): Match uncertainty to treatment assignment, sampling and dependence rather than software defaults
- [1. Regression and Inference](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/microeconometrics/01-regression.md): Interpret linear projections, control choices and uncertainty without manufacturing causality
- [Instrumental Variables](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/microeconometrics/02-iv-panel/07-iv-identification.md): Use an external assignment to isolate treatment variation while defending exclusion
- [Weak Instruments and LATE](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/microeconometrics/02-iv-panel/08-weak-iv-late.md): Diagnose unstable IV ratios, weak-identification inference and complier-specific interpretation
- [Panel Fixed Effects](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/microeconometrics/02-iv-panel/09-panel-fixed-effects.md): Use within-unit variation while recognising time-varying confounding and limited support
- [Dynamic Panels and Limits](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/microeconometrics/02-iv-panel/10-dynamic-panel.md): Handle lagged outcomes, anticipation, persistence and unbalanced observation without overclaiming
- [2. Instruments and Panel Data](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/microeconometrics/02-iv-panel.md): Isolate treatment variation through external shifts or within-unit change
- [Difference-in-Differences](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/microeconometrics/03-policy-designs/11-did-core.md): Use a comparison group’s change to estimate the treated group’s missing untreated trend
- [Staggered DID and Event Studies](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/microeconometrics/03-policy-designs/12-staggered-event-studies.md): Estimate cohort-time effects without contaminated comparisons and test sensitivity to trend violations
- [Regression Discontinuity](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/microeconometrics/03-policy-designs/13-rdd.md): Turn a treatment threshold into a local causal comparison and audit continuity, manipulation and bandwidth
- [Matching, Weighting and Overlap](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/microeconometrics/03-policy-designs/14-matching-weighting.md): Construct observable comparison groups while keeping exchangeability, balance and positivity distinct
- [Synthetic Control](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/microeconometrics/03-policy-designs/15-synthetic-control.md): Build and stress-test a weighted counterfactual for one or a few treated aggregate units
- [3. Policy Evaluation Designs](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/microeconometrics/03-policy-designs.md): Construct untreated outcomes from trends, thresholds, comparable units and weighted donor paths
- [Binary Choice](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/microeconometrics/04-outcomes-choice/16-binary-choice.md): Interpret linear probability, logit and probit models through risks, marginal effects and policy contrasts
- [Multinomial and Ordered Choice](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/microeconometrics/04-outcomes-choice/17-multinomial-choice.md): Match unordered, ordered and alternative-specific decisions to interpretable probability contrasts
- [Count Outcomes](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/microeconometrics/04-outcomes-choice/18-count-outcomes.md): Model event rates with exposure, interpret multiplicative effects and diagnose dispersion and excess zeros
- [Censoring, Truncation and Selection](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/microeconometrics/04-outcomes-choice/19-censoring-selection.md): Separate observed limits from sample inclusion and make selection corrections depend on credible exclusion information
- [Module 4 — Choice and Limited Outcomes](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/microeconometrics/04-outcomes-choice.md): Model probabilities, alternatives, event counts, censoring and selection without losing the substantive estimand
- [Double Machine Learning](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/microeconometrics/05-modern-causal/20-dml.md): Estimate low-dimensional causal parameters with orthogonal scores, cross-fitting and flexible nuisance models
- [Heterogeneity and Policy Learning](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/microeconometrics/05-modern-causal/21-heterogeneity-policy.md): Discover conditional effects honestly and turn them into constrained, out-of-sample policy decisions
- [Sensitivity and Partial Identification](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/microeconometrics/05-modern-causal/22-sensitivity-partial-id.md): Quantify how conclusions move when exchangeability, trends, exclusion or missingness assumptions are relaxed
- [External Validity and Transport](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/microeconometrics/05-modern-causal/23-external-validity.md): Move causal effects across populations, treatment versions, outcomes and contexts with explicit support and stability assumptions
- [Module 5 — Modern Causal Analysis](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/microeconometrics/05-modern-causal.md): Use flexible prediction, heterogeneity, sensitivity and transportability without weakening identification discipline
- [Data Provenance](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/microeconometrics/06-workflow/24-data-provenance.md): Trace sources, joins, definitions, exclusions and time ordering from raw records to analytic variables
- [Reproducibility and Reporting](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/microeconometrics/06-workflow/25-reproducibility-reporting.md): Package data, code, environments and computational instructions so another researcher can verify the evidence chain
- [Paper and Evidence Audit](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/microeconometrics/06-workflow/26-paper-audit.md): Review an empirical paper claim by claim, from estimand and assignment through diagnostics, uncertainty and scope
- [Module 6 — From Data to Auditable Evidence](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/microeconometrics/06-workflow.md): Build provenance, reproducibility and claim-level review into the empirical workflow
- [Formula and Design Map](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/microeconometrics/appendix/27-formula-design-map.md): A compact map from causal target and counterfactual source to estimator, assumption, diagnostic and scope
- [Ten Worked Microeconometric Pitfalls](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/microeconometrics/appendix/28-worked-pitfalls.md): Diagnose common errors with short numerical and design examples
- [Reading and Software Map](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/microeconometrics/appendix/29-reading-software-map.md): Selective foundational and current literature with dated official implementation guidance
- [Appendix — Revision and Evidence Map](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/microeconometrics/appendix.md): Compact formulas, design diagnostics, worked pitfalls and a dated literature and software map
- [Capstone — Should Northbridge Expand Pathways?](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/microeconometrics/capstone.md): Integrate lottery, cutoff and staggered-rollout evidence into an auditable policy recommendation
- [Advanced Microeconomics — Course Guide](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/microeconomics/00-intro.md): A rigorous course from individual choice and duality to games, information, mechanisms, externalities, and market design.
- [Module 1 — Choice, Duality, and Revealed Preference](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/microeconomics/01-fundations.md): Consumer and producer choice, value functions, envelope results, demand properties, and revealed-preference tests.
- [Module 2 — Comparative Statics and Welfare Measurement](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/microeconomics/02-comparative-statics.md): Implicit derivatives, Slutsky decomposition, compensating and equivalent variation, surplus, incidence, and empirical welfare.
- [Module 3 — Choice under Risk and Insurance](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/microeconomics/03-uncertainty.md): Expected utility, certainty equivalents, risk aversion, insurance, portfolio choice, ambiguity, and climate-risk evidence.
- [Module 4 — General Equilibrium and Welfare](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/microeconomics/04-general-equilibrium.md): Exchange economies, Walrasian equilibrium, Pareto efficiency, welfare theorems, existence, distribution, production, and network propagation.
- [Module 5 — Static, Dynamic, and Repeated Games](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/microeconomics/05-game-theory.md): Best responses, Nash equilibrium, mixed strategies, backward induction, credibility, repeated interaction, and Bayesian games.
- [Module 6 — Oligopoly, Entry, and Algorithmic Pricing](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/microeconomics/06-oligopoly.md): Cournot, Bertrand, Stackelberg, collusion, entry, platform competition, pricing algorithms, welfare, and competition policy.
- [Module 7 — Information Economics and Contracts](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/microeconomics/07-information-economics.md): Adverse selection, signalling, screening, moral hazard, incentive compatibility, and machine-learning credit evidence.
- [Module 8 — Mechanism Design and Auctions](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/microeconomics/08-mechanism-design.md): Revelation, incentive compatibility, Vickrey–Clarke–Groves mechanisms, first-price bidding, revenue equivalence, optimal auctions, and digital advertising.
- [Module 9 — Behavioural and Experimental Microeconomics](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/microeconomics/09-behavioural-economics.md): Reference dependence, probability weighting, present bias, social preferences, limited attention, experiments, nudges, and welfare.
- [Module 10 — Externalities, Public Goods, and Collective Action](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/microeconomics/10-externalities-public-goods.md): Pigouvian policy, bargaining, cap-and-trade, public-good provision, common resources, uncertainty, distribution, and current carbon pricing.
- [Module 11 — Matching and Market Design](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/microeconomics/11-market-design.md): Stability, deferred acceptance, school choice, top trading cycles, kidney exchange, strategy-proofness, and practical market design.
- [Module 12 — Integrated Microeconomic Design Studio](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/microeconomics/12-review.md): Two capstone cases integrating optimisation, equilibrium, information, strategy, behaviour, externalities, and institutional design.
- [Typst Plugin Playground](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/playground/01-typstex.md): Interactive mathematical typesetting with Typst, LaTeX, and KaTeX
- [Citation Plugin Test](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/playground/02-citation.md): This page tests the markdown-it-citation plugin integration.
- [Pyodide Playground](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/playground/03-pyodide.md): Interactive Python environment running directly in your browser
- [WebR Playground](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/playground/04-webr.md): Interactive R environment running directly in your browser
- [Chart.js Visualizations](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/playground/05-chartjs.md): Use Chart.js charts inside VitePress Markdown pages.
- [Playground](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/playground.md): Overview of plugins and features
- [Statistics for General Insurance](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/statistics-for-insurance/01-intro.md): A compact, example-led course in reserving, loss models, reinsurance, aggregate risk, and ruin.
- [Basic Chain Ladder](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/statistics-for-insurance/02-chain-ladder/01-basic-chain.md): Calculate a deterministic chain-ladder reserve and expose the assumptions behind every step.
- [Frequency–Severity Reserving](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/statistics-for-insurance/02-chain-ladder/02-average-per-claim.md): Separate claim emergence from average cost to explain why a triangle develops.
- [Bornhuetter–Ferguson Method](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/statistics-for-insurance/02-chain-ladder/03-b-f-method.md): Blend an expected-loss prior with observed maturity without letting early random payments dominate.
- [Uncertainty and Diagnostics](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/statistics-for-insurance/02-chain-ladder/04-uncertainty-diagnostics.md): Distinguish process, parameter, and model uncertainty; backtest reserving assumptions.
- [Claims Development and Reserving](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/statistics-for-insurance/02-chain-ladder.md): Build a defensible claims-development data contract before projecting a reserve.
- [Core Severity Models](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/statistics-for-insurance/03-common-dist/01-loss-dist.md): Compare Exponential, Gamma, and lognormal claim models through moments, quantiles, and layer costs.
- [Tail Models and Extreme Values](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/statistics-for-insurance/03-common-dist/02-more-dist.md): Model large losses with Weibull, Pareto, and threshold exceedances while making tail uncertainty visible.
- [Claim Count Models](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/statistics-for-insurance/03-common-dist/03-case-dist.md): Model claim frequency with exposure, overdispersion, heterogeneity, and excess zeros.
- [Fitting and Validating Loss Models](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/statistics-for-insurance/03-common-dist/04-fit-dist.md): Fit the likelihood that generated the observations, then validate the decision-relevant centre and tail.
- [Mixtures and Heterogeneity](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/statistics-for-insurance/03-common-dist/05-mix-dist.md): Represent distinct risk populations and latent states without mistaking flexibility for explanation.
- [Frequency and Severity Models](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/statistics-for-insurance/03-common-dist.md): Select loss models from the insurance question, observation process, and tail—not from a distribution list.
- [Proportional Reinsurance](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/statistics-for-insurance/04-reinsurance/01-proportional.md): Calculate quota-share and surplus-share outcomes, including premium and commission economics.
- [Excess-of-Loss Reinsurance](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/statistics-for-insurance/04-reinsurance/02-excess.md): Apply limited layers per risk, occurrence, or aggregate and recognise exhaustion and reinstatement.
- [Inflation and Layer Erosion](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/statistics-for-insurance/04-reinsurance/03-inflation.md): Separate claims inflation from exposure and mix, then test fixed and indexed reinsurance layers.
- [Reinsurance Decision Lab](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/statistics-for-insurance/04-reinsurance/04-examples.md): Compare quota share and per-loss excess cover on one simulated portfolio without hiding contract assumptions.
- [Reinsurance as a Loss Transformation](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/statistics-for-insurance/04-reinsurance.md): Translate treaty wording into gross, ceded, and retained random variables before pricing or capital analysis.
- [Collective Risk Model](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/statistics-for-insurance/05-risk-theory/01-collective.md): Derive aggregate-loss moments and transforms, then see exactly where independence enters.
- [Individual Risk Model](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/statistics-for-insurance/05-risk-theory/02-individual.md): Aggregate heterogeneous policy risks and expose the effect of common dependence.
- [Aggregate Risk Computation Lab](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/statistics-for-insurance/05-risk-theory/03-examples.md): Reconcile analytical moments with transparent R and Python simulations.
- [Tail Risk, Dependence, and Capital](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/statistics-for-insurance/05-risk-theory/04-tail-capital.md): Calculate VaR and TVaR, model common shocks, and preserve the boundary between risk theory and regulation.
- [Aggregate Risk and Capital](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/statistics-for-insurance/05-risk-theory.md): Combine frequency, severity, heterogeneity, dependence, and reinsurance into portfolio loss distributions.
- [Finite-Time Ruin Simulation](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/statistics-for-insurance/06-ruin-theory/01-finite-time-simulation.md): Simulate claim arrival times, estimate confidence intervals, and compare gross with economically charged reinsurance.
- [Surplus and Ruin Theory](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/statistics-for-insurance/06-ruin-theory.md): Analyse when a classical insurer surplus process crosses zero and preserve the model's practical boundaries.
- [Portfolio Risk Capstone](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/statistics-for-insurance/07-capstone.md): Integrate reserving, frequency, severity, reinsurance, aggregate capital, and ruin in one auditable recommendation.
- [Preparation — Stationarity in 30 Minutes](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/time-series/00-intro/01-stationary.md): A compact diagnostic primer on stable dependence, trends, unit roots, seasonality, and breaks.
- [Classical Time Series — Course Guide](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/time-series/00-intro.md): A matrix-first course in covariance-stationary processes, ARMA equations, linear prediction, likelihood, state space, and spectra.
- [Module 1 — Processes, Dependence, and Stationarity](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/time-series/01-stochastic-process.md): Represent a stochastic process through finite random vectors, Toeplitz covariance matrices, stationarity, and Wold innovations.
- [Module 2 — ARMA, ARIMA, and Model Identification](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/time-series/02-arma.md): Build AR, MA, and ARIMA models from lag polynomials, roots, shock propagation, and finite-sample diagnostics.
- [Module 3 — Linear Prediction and State-Space Recursions](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/time-series/03-prediction.md): Derive best linear predictors from partitioned covariance matrices, quantify error with Schur complements, and introduce Kalman recursions.
- [Module 4 — Estimation, Likelihood, and Inference](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/time-series/04-estimation.md): Derive AR estimators from regression and moment equations, evaluate exact Gaussian likelihoods with covariance matrices, and interpret uncertainty.
- [Module 5 — Systems, Seasonality, and Cointegration](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/time-series/05-multi-ar.md): Express vector autoregressions, seasonal operators, cointegration, and forecast constraints with block matrices and stable linear systems.
- [Module 6 — Spectral Analysis, Cycles, and Filters](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/time-series/06-spectral-analysis.md): Translate autocovariance into frequency, estimate spectra, diagnose cycles, and avoid aliasing and filtering leakage.
- [R Matrix Lab 1 — Covariance Geometry](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/time-series/07-r-implementation/01-covariance-matrices.md): Construct stationary Toeplitz covariance matrices, test positive definiteness, factor them, and simulate Gaussian finite blocks.
- [R Matrix Lab 2 — AR Recursions and Yule–Walker Equations](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/time-series/07-r-implementation/02-ar-recursions.md): Convert AR models to companion form, compare polynomial roots with eigenvalues, propagate shocks, and recover coefficients from autocovariances.
- [R Matrix Lab 3 — Prediction and Gaussian Likelihood](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/time-series/07-r-implementation/03-prediction-likelihood.md): Solve best-linear-prediction equations, verify Schur-complement uncertainty, and compare conditional, moment, and exact Gaussian AR estimates.
- [R Matrix Lab 4 — State Space and Kalman Filtering](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/time-series/07-r-implementation/04-state-space.md): Implement Kalman prediction and correction from matrix equations, handle missing observations, and express AR forecasts as state propagation.
- [R Matrix Laboratory](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/time-series/07-r-implementation.md): Four browser-based base R laboratories for covariance matrices, AR recursions, linear prediction, likelihood, and state space.
- [Optional Python Lab 1 — Explore Before Modeling](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/time-series/08-python-implementation/01-exploration.md): Build a time plot, seasonal view, lag plot, and ACF from a transparent monthly demand series.
- [Optional Python Lab 2 — Diagnose Stationarity](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/time-series/08-python-implementation/02-stationarity.md): Compare ADF/KPSS evidence for differencing with a mechanism-aligned deterministic adjustment.
- [Optional Python Lab 3 — Fit and Audit ARMA Errors](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/time-series/08-python-implementation/03-arma-fitting.md): Compare parsimonious ARMA candidates with AICc, BIC, roots, residual ACF, and Ljung–Box evidence.
- [Optional Python Lab 4 — Forecast, Backtest, and Monitor](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/time-series/08-python-implementation/04-forecasting.md): Evaluate regression with AR errors against seasonal naive using rolling origins, MASE, and interval coverage.
- [Optional Python Appendix — Empirical Forecasting](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/en/time-series/08-python-implementation.md): A supplementary Pyodide forecasting workflow for students who want to contrast matrix theory with an applied software pipeline.
- [4. 文献综述的构建与写作](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/academic-writing/04-writing-the-literature-review.md): 如何为 academic paper 设计并写出有清晰逻辑的 literature review。
- [8. 文献综述清单与模板](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/academic-writing/08-literature-review-checklist-and-template.md): 用于规划和检查 literature review 的简明 worksheet。
- [10. 从分块结构到问题链：文献综述示例](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/academic-writing/10-从分块结构到问题链-文献综述示例.md): 用一个较冷门的商管题目演示，如何把平铺式提纲转成更强的 question chain。
- [学术写作与文献综述](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/academic-writing.md): 面向论文写作的文献综述笔记与模板。
- [会计学学习路线图](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/accounting/00-index.md): 按业务到决策的主线组织会计笔记
- [综合示例与常见陷阱](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/accounting/appendix/24-examples-pitfalls.md): Worked Examples & Pitfalls
- [会计术语速查表](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/accounting/appendix/26-glossary.md): Accounting Glossary
- [附录](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/accounting/appendix.md): 综合例题、常见陷阱与术语速查
- [会计信息目标与质量特征](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/accounting/financial-accounting/01-foundations/01-objectives-qualitative-characteristics.md): Objectives & Qualitative Characteristics
- [会计等式与要素](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/accounting/financial-accounting/01-foundations/02-equation-elements.md): Equation & Elements
- [记账基础与原则](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/accounting/financial-accounting/01-foundations/03-accounting-bases-principles.md): Bases & Principles
- [1. 基础](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/accounting/financial-accounting/01-foundations.md): 会计为什么存在，以及整套体系为什么能成立
- [复式记账与借贷规则](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/accounting/financial-accounting/02-recording-transactions/04-double-entry-dr-cr.md): Double-Entry & Dr/Cr
- [会计循环](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/accounting/financial-accounting/02-recording-transactions/05-accounting-cycle.md): Accounting Cycle
- [2. 交易记录](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/accounting/financial-accounting/02-recording-transactions.md): 从业务到分录、分类账与会计循环
- [收入确认](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/accounting/financial-accounting/03-measurement-adjustments/07-revenue-recognition.md): Revenue Recognition
- [存货](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/accounting/financial-accounting/03-measurement-adjustments/08-inventory.md): Inventory
- [应收账款](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/accounting/financial-accounting/03-measurement-adjustments/09-receivables.md): Receivables & Bad Debts
- [固定资产](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/accounting/financial-accounting/03-measurement-adjustments/10-ppe.md): Property, Plant & Equipment
- [无形资产](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/accounting/financial-accounting/03-measurement-adjustments/11-intangibles.md): Intangibles & R&D
- [租赁](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/accounting/financial-accounting/03-measurement-adjustments/12-leases.md): Leases
- [所得税](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/accounting/financial-accounting/03-measurement-adjustments/13-income-tax.md): Income Taxes & Deferred Taxes
- [3. 计量与调整](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/accounting/financial-accounting/03-measurement-adjustments.md): 期末计量、确认时点与调整逻辑
- [财务报表](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/accounting/financial-accounting/04-reporting-cash/06-financial-statements.md): Financial Statements
- [现金控制](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/accounting/financial-accounting/04-reporting-cash/14-cash-control.md): Cash & Internal Control
- [4. 报表与现金](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/accounting/financial-accounting/04-reporting-cash.md): 从调整后余额到财务报表和现金视角
- [财务比率分析](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/accounting/financial-accounting/05-analysis-comparison/15-ratio-analysis.md): Ratio Analysis
- [IFRS 与 US GAAP 对比](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/accounting/financial-accounting/05-analysis-comparison/25-ifrs-gaap.md): IFRS vs. US GAAP Comparison
- [2026 准则更新与报告案例](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/accounting/financial-accounting/05-analysis-comparison/27-current-standards-2026.md): 用 IFRS 18、IFRS 19、2026 年 IFRS 修订和 FASB 费用分拆要求训练准则状态判断与报表解释。
- [5. 分析与比较](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/accounting/financial-accounting/05-analysis-comparison.md): 从做账转向读账与比较
- [金融会计](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/accounting/financial-accounting.md): 按对外报告主线学习金融会计
- [成本概念](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/accounting/management-accounting/01-cost-foundations/16-cost-concepts.md): Cost Concepts
- [成本核算系统](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/accounting/management-accounting/01-cost-foundations/17-costing-systems.md): Costing Systems
- [变动成本法 vs. 吸收成本法](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/accounting/management-accounting/01-cost-foundations/19-variable-vs-absorption.md): Variable vs. Absorption Costing
- [1. 成本基础](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/accounting/management-accounting/01-cost-foundations.md): 成本行为、分类、归集与存货计价差异
- [本量利分析](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/accounting/management-accounting/02-planning-control/18-cvp-analysis.md): Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis
- [预算与差异分析](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/accounting/management-accounting/02-planning-control/20-budgeting-variances.md): Budgeting & Variances
- [绩效评价](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/accounting/management-accounting/02-planning-control/21-performance-measurement.md): Performance Measurement
- [2. 计划与控制](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/accounting/management-accounting/02-planning-control.md): 本量利、预算、差异分析与绩效评价
- [短期决策](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/accounting/management-accounting/03-decisions-investment/22-short-term-decisions.md): Short-term Decisions
- [资本预算](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/accounting/management-accounting/03-decisions-investment/23-capital-budgeting.md): Capital Budgeting
- [3. 决策与投资](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/accounting/management-accounting/03-decisions-investment.md): 短期经营选择与长期资本预算
- [管理会计](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/accounting/management-accounting.md): 用会计信息支持内部计划、控制和决策
- [第一章：引言与基础](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/asset-pricing/01-intro.md): 资产定价的基本概念与金融市场基础
- [第二章：效用理论与风险偏好](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/asset-pricing/02-utility.md): 期望效用理论、风险厌恶与资产选择
- [第三章：均值-方差分析](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/asset-pricing/03-mean-variance.md): 马科维茨投资组合理论与资产配置
- [第四章：资本资产定价模型(CAPM)](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/asset-pricing/04-capm.md): CAPM理论、推导与实证检验
- [第五章：因子模型](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/asset-pricing/05-factor-models.md): 多因子定价模型理论与实践
- [第六章：跨期资产定价](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/asset-pricing/06-intertemporal.md): 跨期选择、消费资本资产定价与随机贴现因子
- [第七章：期权定价理论](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/asset-pricing/07-options.md): 期权基础、二叉树模型与Black-Scholes公式
- [第八章：固定收益证券](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/asset-pricing/08-fixed-income.md): 债券定价、利率期限结构与利率模型
- [第九章：市场有效性与异象](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/asset-pricing/09-efficiency.md): 有效市场假说、资产定价异象与行为金融
- [第十章：数值方法与实证应用](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/asset-pricing/10-empirical.md): 蒙特卡洛模拟、优化方法与模型检验
- [第十一章：资产定价浏览器交互实验](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/asset-pricing/11-interactive-labs.md): 使用可点击运行的 Python 与 R 单元完成收益率、组合优化、CAPM、多因子、SDF、期权和债券定价实验。
- [第十二章：前沿文献与现代资产定价案例（2023—2026）](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/asset-pricing/12-frontier-literature-2026.md): 通过深度资产定价、因子复现与公司气候暴露研究连接无套利、模型选择、文本度量和样本外检验。
- [资产定价理论](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/asset-pricing.md): 面向本科生与研究生的资产定价课程，从无套利、效用与组合理论进入 CAPM、因子、SDF、衍生品、固定收益和实证检验。
- [第一章：数据、概率与回归对象](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/econometrics/01-data-and-regression.md): 从样本、总体、条件期望和线性投影开始建立计量经济学语言。
- [第二章：OLS、矩阵与几何解释](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/econometrics/02-ols-and-geometry.md): 推导普通最小二乘、解释 FWL 定理并分析函数形式与遗漏变量偏误。
- [第三章：统计推断与稳健标准误](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/econometrics/03-inference-and-robustness.md): 从抽样分布、t/F 检验到异方差、聚类和 bootstrap 推断。
- [第四章：内生性、工具变量与两阶段最小二乘](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/econometrics/04-endogeneity-and-iv.md): 解释内生性来源、IV 识别、2SLS、弱工具和 LATE。
- [第五章：面板数据与时间序列](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/econometrics/05-panel-and-time-series.md): 处理重复观测、固定效应、动态关系、平稳性和预测问题。
- [第六章：估计方法与因果设计的共同基础](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/econometrics/06-estimation-and-causal-design.md): 连接极大似然、GMM、实验、DID、RDD 与微观计量识别。
- [第七章：可重复计量实证项目](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/econometrics/07-reproducible-project.md): 用数据字典、代码、推断和研究日志完成可审计的计量项目。
- [第八章：计量经济学浏览器回归实验](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/econometrics/08-interactive-regression-labs.md): 用可点击运行的 Python 与 R 单元学习 OLS、遗漏变量偏误、稳健推断、IV、固定效应、聚类标准误与 Bootstrap。
- [第九章：前沿文献与现代计量案例（2023—2026）](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/econometrics/09-frontier-literature-2026.md): 通过交错处理事件研究、现代双重差分与多模态双重机器学习理解当代计量经济学的识别和推断。
- [计量经济学](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/econometrics.md): 面向本科生与研究生的计量经济学基础课程，从数据、回归和推断进入内生性、面板、时间序列与可重复实证。
- [](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh.md)
- [经济学导论 (微观与宏观)](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/intro-to-economics/00-intro.md): 经济学基础入门课程，涵盖微观经济学与宏观经济学的核心原理与应用
- [第1章：经济学基础原理](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/intro-to-economics/01-foundations.md): 探索稀缺性、机会成本、边际分析与生产可能性边界等核心经济学概念。
- [第2章：需求与供给](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/intro-to-economics/02-demand-and-supply.md): 用需求、供给、均衡和曲线移动解释市场价格与交易量。
- [第3章：弹性](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/intro-to-economics/03-elasticity.md): 衡量消费者和生产者对价格、收入和市场变化的敏感程度。
- [第4章：市场结构](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/intro-to-economics/04-market-structures.md): 比较完全竞争、垄断、垄断竞争和寡头垄断的核心逻辑。
- [第5章：GDP 与财富](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/intro-to-economics/05-gdp-and-wealth.md): 理解 GDP、最终产品、生产边界和宏观经济衡量。
- [第6章：通货膨胀与失业](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/intro-to-economics/06-inflation-and-unemployment.md): 价格水平、通货膨胀、失业率和劳动力市场的基本衡量。
- [第7章：经济增长](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/intro-to-economics/07-economic-growth.md): 长期增长、劳动生产率、资本积累、人力资本、技术进步和制度环境。
- [第8章：货币与银行](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/intro-to-economics/08-money-and-banking.md): 货币的功能、银行资产负债表、准备金、信用创造和中央银行。
- [第9章：货币政策与 AD-AS 模型](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/intro-to-economics/09-monetary-policy-and-ad-as.md): 利率、总需求、总供给、产出缺口、通胀压力和宏观稳定政策。
- [第10章：财政政策](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/intro-to-economics/10-fiscal-policy.md): 政府支出、税收、赤字、债务、乘数效应和自动稳定器。
- [第11章：开放经济与汇率](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/intro-to-economics/11-open-economy-and-exchange-rates.md): 国际贸易、汇率、购买力平价、资本流动和贸易差额。
- [第12章：综合复习与案例分析](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/intro-to-economics/12-review-and-case-studies.md): 将微观和宏观工具结合起来，用于市场、政策和商业案例分析。
- [第一章：国民账户与宏观指标](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/macroeconomics/01-national-accounts.md): 从生产、收入和支出三种视角理解 GDP、价格指数、就业和财富。
- [第二章：消费、投资与凯恩斯交叉](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/macroeconomics/02-consumption-investment.md): 从消费函数、投资支出和乘数机制理解短期产出决定。
- [第三章：货币、银行与货币政策](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/macroeconomics/03-money-and-monetary-policy.md): 从银行资产负债表、货币创造和利率传导理解中央银行政策。
- [第四章：AD–AS、通货膨胀与失业](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/macroeconomics/04-ad-as-inflation-unemployment.md): 用总需求—总供给和菲利普斯曲线分析宏观冲击、预期与短期权衡。
- [第五章：财政政策、债务与稳定化](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/macroeconomics/05-fiscal-policy-and-debt.md): 分析政府支出、税收、自动稳定器、公共债务和财政空间。
- [第六章：经济增长、生产率与发展](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/macroeconomics/06-growth-productivity.md): 用 Solow 框架和增长分解解释长期生活水平差异。
- [第七章：开放经济、汇率与国际收支](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/macroeconomics/07-open-economy.md): 分析贸易、资本流动、汇率制度和开放经济政策约束。
- [第八章：宏观研究项目与政策分析](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/macroeconomics/08-macro-research-project.md): 把宏观事实、理论机制、数据和政策反事实组织成可复现研究。
- [第九章：宏观经济学浏览器交互实验](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/macroeconomics/09-interactive-policy-labs.md): 使用可点击运行的 Python 与 R 单元理解财政乘数、Taylor 规则、债务动态、Solow 增长和局部投影。
- [第十章：前沿文献与当代宏观案例（2023—2026）](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/macroeconomics/10-frontier-literature-2026.md): 用近期一手研究深入理解疫情后通胀、非线性菲利普斯曲线与人工智能的宏观生产率效应。
- [宏观经济学](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/macroeconomics.md): 面向本科生与研究生的宏观经济学课程，从国民账户、短期波动、政策分析到增长与开放经济。
- [第一章：微观计量与因果推断导论](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/microeconometrics/01-intro.md): 从潜在结果、目标参数与选择偏误出发，建立微观计量研究的完整识别语言。
- [第二章：线性回归与 OLS](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/microeconometrics/02-ols.md): 把 OLS 当作线性投影与比较工具，掌握控制变量、遗漏变量、FWL 与稳健推断。
- [第三章：工具变量法](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/microeconometrics/03-iv.md): 用鼓励设计理解相关性、排除限制、独立性、单调性、弱工具与 LATE。
- [第四章：面板数据方法](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/microeconometrics/04-panel.md): 用同一单位的时间变化理解固定效应、双向固定效应、聚类推断与动态偏误。
- [第五章：双重差分法](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/microeconometrics/05-did.md): 从二乘二设计进入事件研究与交错实施，聚焦平行趋势、动态效应和有效比较组。
- [第六章：断点回归设计](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/microeconometrics/06-rdd.md): 用阈值附近的局部比较理解连续性、带宽、操纵检验、局部多项式与模糊断点。
- [第七章：匹配、倾向得分与加权](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/microeconometrics/07-matching.md): 围绕无混杂与重叠条件，掌握匹配、倾向得分加权、平衡诊断和双重稳健估计。
- [第八章：离散选择模型](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/microeconometrics/08-discrete-choice.md): 从随机效用出发理解 Logit、Probit、多项选择、边际效应、IIA 与政策反事实。
- [第九章：计数数据与受限因变量](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/microeconometrics/09-count-limited.md): 按数据生成机制区分 Poisson、负二项、零膨胀、两部模型、删失、截断与选择模型。
- [第十章：合成控制法](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/microeconometrics/10-synthetic-control.md): 为单个处理单位构造加权反事实，掌握供体池、处理前拟合、安慰剂推断与现代扩展。
- [第十一章：机器学习与因果推断](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/microeconometrics/11-ml-causal.md): 用正交化与交叉拟合连接高维预测、平均效应、异质性效应和政策学习。
- [第十二章：前沿文献与现代微观案例（2024—2026）](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/microeconometrics/12-frontier-literature-2026.md): 用高校准入、因果机器学习与选择后推断案例训练现代微观计量的识别、异质性和政策决策能力。
- [微观计量经济学](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/microeconometrics.md): 面向本科生与研究生的微观数据因果推断课程，覆盖 OLS、IV、面板、DID、RDD、匹配、离散选择和机器学习。
- [微观经济学 III](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/microeconomics/00-intro.md): 高级微观经济学笔记，覆盖消费者理论、福利分析、不确定性、博弈、信息经济学和市场设计。
- [消费者理论与分析基础](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/microeconomics/01-fundations.md): 偏好、效用最大化、支出最小化、对偶理论与需求函数
- [比较静态分析与福利测度](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/microeconomics/02-comparative-statics.md): 斯勒茨基方程、替代效应与收入效应、福利变化的精确测量
- [不确定性下的决策](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/microeconomics/03-uncertainty.md): 期望效用理论、风险态度、保险需求与资产组合选择
- [一般均衡与福利经济学](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/microeconomics/04-general-equilibrium.md): 埃奇沃斯盒子分析、帕累托效率、福利经济学基本定理
- [博弈论：静态与动态博弈](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/microeconomics/05-game-theory.md): 纳什均衡、混合策略、子博弈精炼均衡、重复博弈
- [寡头垄断与策略性市场行为](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/microeconomics/06-oligopoly.md): 古诺、伯特兰、斯塔克尔伯格模型、卡特尔稳定性、进入阻止
- [信息经济学：逆向选择与道德风险](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/microeconomics/07-information-economics.md): 逆向选择、信号传递、筛选机制、道德风险与委托代理模型
- [机制设计与拍卖理论](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/microeconomics/08-mechanism-design.md): 显示原理、激励相容、VCG机制、收入等价与最优拍卖
- [行为与实验微观经济学](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/microeconomics/09-behavioural-economics.md): 有限理性、前景理论、社会偏好、跨期选择与实验方法
- [外部性、公共物品与机制](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/microeconomics/10-externalities-public-goods.md): 外部性、庇古税、科斯定理、公共物品供给与VCG机制
- [市场设计与匹配理论](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/microeconomics/11-market-design.md): 稳定匹配、延迟接受算法、学校选择、器官交换与市场设计原则
- [第十二章：微观经济学：回顾与前沿应用](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/microeconomics/12-review.md): 微观经济学核心框架回顾，以及数字平台、数据资产、在线广告与算法治理应用
- [Chart.js 可视化](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/playground/05-chartjs.md): 在 VitePress Markdown 中使用 Chart.js 绘制交互式数据图表。
- [第零章：概率统计的对象与学习方法](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/prob-and-stats/00-intro.md): 用一次质量抽检串起总体、样本、随机变量、统计量、参数和不确定性。
- [第一章：概率论基础](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/prob-and-stats/01-probability/01-prob-theory.md): 从样本空间与概率公理进入条件概率、独立性、全概率和贝叶斯公式。
- [第二章：随机变量与分布](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/prob-and-stats/01-probability/02-random-variables.md): 统一理解 PMF、PDF、CDF、分位数、联合分布、条件分布与变量变换。
- [第三章：期望、方差与条件矩](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/prob-and-stats/01-probability/03-moment.md): 用矩概括分布，并通过全期望、全方差和协方差分解理解异质总体。
- [第四章：常见分布族与建模机制](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/prob-and-stats/01-probability/04-families.md): 按重复次数、事件率、等待时间和比例机制选择常见离散与连续分布。
- [第五章：收敛与渐近理论](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/prob-and-stats/01-probability/05-asymptotics.md): 连接大数定律、中心极限定理、Slutsky 定理与 Delta 方法，并识别重尾和依赖下的失败。
- [第六章：抽样分布](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/prob-and-stats/02-statistics/01-sampling.md): 把统计量视为随机变量，连接样本均值、样本方差、卡方、t、F 与次序统计量。
- [第七章：区间估计](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/prob-and-stats/02-statistics/02-interval-estimation.md): 从枢轴量、t 区间和 Wilson 区间进入渐近、似然与 Bootstrap 置信区间，并检查重复抽样覆盖率。
- [第八章：点估计理论](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/prob-and-stats/02-statistics/03-point-estimation.md): 用偏差、方差、MSE、一致性、充分性、效率与稳健性评价估计量。
- [第九章：点估计方法](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/prob-and-stats/02-statistics/04-pe-method.md): 比较矩估计、极大似然、贝叶斯估计和 EM 算法的构造逻辑、计算与边界。
- [第十章：假设检验原理](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/prob-and-stats/02-statistics/05-hypothesis.md): 从错误概率、p 值与功效出发，理解 Neyman–Pearson、似然比、可选停止和多重检验。
- [第十一章：常用检验方法与选择](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/prob-and-stats/02-statistics/06-hypothesis-method.md): 按研究设计选择 t、比例、卡方、ANOVA、秩和与置换检验，并报告效应与假设。
- [第十二章：Bootstrap 与重抽样](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/prob-and-stats/02-statistics/07-bootstrap.md): 从经验分布出发构造标准误与区间，比较 percentile、basic、BCa、参数和块 Bootstrap。
- [第十三章：前沿文献与现代统计案例（2023—2026）](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/prob-and-stats/03-frontier-literature-2026.md): 从保形预测、分布漂移与随时有效推断理解现代不确定性量化的保证、假设和边界。
- [概率论与数理统计](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/prob-and-stats.md): 从概率模型、随机变量与极限定理进入区间估计、点估计、假设检验和 Bootstrap 的本科—研究生课程。
- [量化投资——从可检验信号到可执行组合](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/quant/00-index.md): 一门以时点数据、样本外证据、交易成本和可复现研究为主线的量化投资课程。
- [数据获取与预处理](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/quant/01-research-data.md): 构造 point-in-time 研究面板，审计价格、财务、另类数据的可用时点、版本和偏差。
- [因子与交易信号](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/quant/02-factor-and-signals.md): 从经济假设构造、标准化、中性化并验证横截面因子和可交易信号。
- [策略建模与回测](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/quant/03-modeling-and-backtest.md): 用时间有效的训练、验证和测试窗口完成包含基准、成本与偏差审计的回测。
- [组合构建与风险建模（资产定价视角）](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/quant/04-portfolio-and-risk.md): 在估计误差、风险暴露、换手、流动性和容量约束下把 alpha 分数转化为组合。
- [执行策略与市场微结构概览](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/quant/05-execution-and-microstructure.md): 将目标权重转换为订单，分解价差、延迟、冲击、机会成本与容量限制。
- [策略上线、监控与迭代](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/quant/06-production-and-monitoring.md): 把研究原型转化为可监控、可回滚的生产系统，并识别绩效、风险和数据漂移。
- [量化工程与工具链概览](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/quant/07-engineering-stack.md): 设计从版本化数据、研究任务和模型制品到订单、监控和复现的工程依赖链。
- [计量方法与实证检验](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/quant/08-econometric-methods.md): 为收益、因子和策略绩效选择与时间和横截面依赖、多重检验相匹配的推断方法。
- [案例研究：多因子股票 Alpha 策略全流程](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/quant/09-case-study.md): 用一份端到端案例整合时点数据、因子、样本外回测、组合、执行和上线监控。
- [量化投资文献与软件图谱](https://www.pengjiaxin.com/raw/zh/quant/10-reading-software-map.md): 区分基础理论、经同行评审的近期研究、工作论文和实时软件文档。