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Search, Evaluate, and Read Evidence","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F02-reading-and-literature-matrix","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F02-reading-and-literature-matrix",{"title":27,"path":28,"stem":29},"3. From Sources to Synthesis and Argument","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F03-arguments-outlines-and-paragraphs","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F03-arguments-outlines-and-paragraphs",{"title":31,"path":32,"stem":33},"4. Literature Review and a Defensible Gap","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review",{"title":35,"path":36,"stem":37},"5. Research Design, Evidence, and Core Sections","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F05-core-sections-and-evidence","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F05-core-sections-and-evidence",{"title":39,"path":40,"stem":41},"6. Citation, Paraphrasing, Integrity, and AI","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F06-citation-paraphrasing-and-integrity","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F06-citation-paraphrasing-and-integrity",{"title":43,"path":44,"stem":45},"7. Revision, Review, and Submission","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F07-revision-style-and-submission","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F07-revision-style-and-submission",{"title":47,"path":48,"stem":49},"8. Research Workbook","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template",{"title":51,"path":52,"stem":53},"9. Research Workflow and Tools","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F09-tools-for-academic-writing-and-literature-management","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F09-tools-for-academic-writing-and-literature-management",{"title":55,"path":56,"stem":57},"10. Worked Project — From Question to Defensible Conclusion","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F10-worked-example-from-block-structure-to-question-chain","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F10-worked-example-from-block-structure-to-question-chain",{"title":59,"path":60,"stem":61,"children":62,"page":249},"Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting","en\u002Faccounting",[63,69,87,93,193],{"title":64,"path":65,"stem":66,"children":67},"Accounting — From Evidence to Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002F00-index","en\u002Faccounting\u002F00-index",[68],{"title":64,"path":65,"stem":66},{"title":70,"path":71,"stem":72,"children":73},"Accounting Appendix","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[74,75,79,83],{"title":70,"path":71,"stem":72},{"title":76,"path":77,"stem":78},"Worked Examples and Error Diagnosis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F24-examples-pitfalls","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F24-examples-pitfalls",{"title":80,"path":81,"stem":82},"Accounting Glossary","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F26-glossary","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F26-glossary",{"title":84,"path":85,"stem":86},"Reading and Evidence Map","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F27-reading-map","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F27-reading-map",{"title":88,"path":89,"stem":90,"children":91},"Northstar Record-to-Decision Capstone","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[92],{"title":88,"path":89,"stem":90},{"title":94,"path":95,"stem":96,"children":97},"Financial Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002Findex",[98,99,117,131,165,179],{"title":94,"path":95,"stem":96},{"title":100,"path":101,"stem":102,"children":103},"1. Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002Findex",[104,105,109,113],{"title":100,"path":101,"stem":102},{"title":106,"path":107,"stem":108},"Objectives and Qualitative Characteristics","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F01-objectives-qualitative-characteristics","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F01-objectives-qualitative-characteristics",{"title":110,"path":111,"stem":112},"Equation and Elements","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F02-equation-elements","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F02-equation-elements",{"title":114,"path":115,"stem":116},"Accrual Basis, Estimates and Periods","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F03-accounting-bases-principles","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F03-accounting-bases-principles",{"title":118,"path":119,"stem":120,"children":121},"2. Recording Transactions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002Findex",[122,123,127],{"title":118,"path":119,"stem":120},{"title":124,"path":125,"stem":126},"Double-Entry and Debit\u002FCredit","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F04-double-entry-dr-cr","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F04-double-entry-dr-cr",{"title":128,"path":129,"stem":130},"Accounting Cycle","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F05-accounting-cycle","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F05-accounting-cycle",{"title":132,"path":133,"stem":134,"children":135},"3. Measurement and Adjustments","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002Findex",[136,137,141,145,149,153,157,161],{"title":132,"path":133,"stem":134},{"title":138,"path":139,"stem":140},"Revenue Recognition","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F07-revenue-recognition","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F07-revenue-recognition",{"title":142,"path":143,"stem":144},"Inventory","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F08-inventory","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F08-inventory",{"title":146,"path":147,"stem":148},"Receivables and Expected Credit Losses","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F09-receivables","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F09-receivables",{"title":150,"path":151,"stem":152},"Property, Plant and Equipment","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F10-ppe","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F10-ppe",{"title":154,"path":155,"stem":156},"Intangible Assets","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F11-intangibles","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F11-intangibles",{"title":158,"path":159,"stem":160},"Leases","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F12-leases","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F12-leases",{"title":162,"path":163,"stem":164},"Current and Deferred Income Tax","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F13-income-tax","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F13-income-tax",{"title":166,"path":167,"stem":168,"children":169},"4. Reporting and Cash","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002Findex",[170,171,175],{"title":166,"path":167,"stem":168},{"title":172,"path":173,"stem":174},"Linked Financial Statements","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F06-financial-statements","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F06-financial-statements",{"title":176,"path":177,"stem":178},"Cash, Reconciliation and Internal Control","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F14-cash-control","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F14-cash-control",{"title":180,"path":181,"stem":182,"children":183},"5. Analysis and Comparison","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002Findex",[184,185,189],{"title":180,"path":181,"stem":182},{"title":186,"path":187,"stem":188},"Ratio Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F15-ratio-analysis","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F15-ratio-analysis",{"title":190,"path":191,"stem":192},"IFRS versus US GAAP","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F25-ifrs-gaap","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F25-ifrs-gaap",{"title":194,"path":195,"stem":196,"children":197},"Management Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002Findex",[198,199,217,235],{"title":194,"path":195,"stem":196},{"title":200,"path":201,"stem":202,"children":203},"1. Cost Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002Findex",[204,205,209,213],{"title":200,"path":201,"stem":202},{"title":206,"path":207,"stem":208},"Cost Concepts and Behaviour","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F16-cost-concepts","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F16-cost-concepts",{"title":210,"path":211,"stem":212},"Costing Systems","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F17-costing-systems","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F17-costing-systems",{"title":214,"path":215,"stem":216},"Variable and Absorption Costing","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F19-variable-vs-absorption","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F19-variable-vs-absorption",{"title":218,"path":219,"stem":220,"children":221},"2. Planning and Control","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002Findex",[222,223,227,231],{"title":218,"path":219,"stem":220},{"title":224,"path":225,"stem":226},"Cost–Volume–Profit Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F18-cvp-analysis","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F18-cvp-analysis",{"title":228,"path":229,"stem":230},"Budgeting and Variance Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F20-budgeting-variances","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F20-budgeting-variances",{"title":232,"path":233,"stem":234},"Performance Measurement","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F21-performance-measurement","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F21-performance-measurement",{"title":236,"path":237,"stem":238,"children":239},"3. Decisions and Investment","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002Findex",[240,241,245],{"title":236,"path":237,"stem":238},{"title":242,"path":243,"stem":244},"Short-Term Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F22-short-term-decisions","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F22-short-term-decisions",{"title":246,"path":247,"stem":248},"Capital Budgeting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F23-capital-budgeting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F23-capital-budgeting",false,{"title":251,"path":252,"stem":253,"children":254,"page":249},"Business Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics",[255,261,279,305,335,365,383,400],{"title":256,"path":257,"stem":258,"children":259},"Business Analytics — From Data to Defensible Action","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-index","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-index",[260],{"title":256,"path":257,"stem":258},{"title":262,"path":263,"stem":264,"children":265},"0. Decision and Data Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[266,267,271,275],{"title":262,"path":263,"stem":264},{"title":268,"path":269,"stem":270},"Decision Framing","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F01-decision-framing","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F01-decision-framing",{"title":272,"path":273,"stem":274},"Data Contracts","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F02-data-contracts","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F02-data-contracts",{"title":276,"path":277,"stem":278},"Reproducible Analytics Workflow","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F03-reproducible-workflow","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F03-reproducible-workflow",{"title":280,"path":281,"stem":282,"children":283},"1. Descriptive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002Findex",[284,285,289,293,297,301],{"title":280,"path":281,"stem":282},{"title":286,"path":287,"stem":288},"Distributions and Exploratory Data Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F04-distributions-eda","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F04-distributions-eda",{"title":290,"path":291,"stem":292},"KPIs and Denominators","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F05-kpis-denominators","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F05-kpis-denominators",{"title":294,"path":295,"stem":296},"Segments, Cohorts and Funnels","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F06-segmentation-cohorts-funnels","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F06-segmentation-cohorts-funnels",{"title":298,"path":299,"stem":300},"Visual Evidence and Data Stories","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F07-visualisation-story","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F07-visualisation-story",{"title":302,"path":303,"stem":304},"Experiments and Causal Boundaries","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F08-experiments-causal-boundary","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F08-experiments-causal-boundary",{"title":306,"path":307,"stem":308,"children":309},"2. Predictive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002Findex",[310,311,315,319,323,327,331],{"title":306,"path":307,"stem":308},{"title":312,"path":313,"stem":314},"Validation, Baselines and Leakage","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F09-validation-leakage","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F09-validation-leakage",{"title":316,"path":317,"stem":318},"Regression and Forecasting","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F10-regression-forecasting","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F10-regression-forecasting",{"title":320,"path":321,"stem":322},"Classification and Calibration","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F11-classification-calibration","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F11-classification-calibration",{"title":324,"path":325,"stem":326},"Trees and Ensembles","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F12-trees-ensembles","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F12-trees-ensembles",{"title":328,"path":329,"stem":330},"Decision Metrics and Thresholds","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F13-decision-metrics-thresholds","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F13-decision-metrics-thresholds",{"title":332,"path":333,"stem":334},"Explainability, Monitoring and Drift","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F14-explainability-drift","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F14-explainability-drift",{"title":336,"path":337,"stem":338,"children":339},"3. Prescriptive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002Findex",[340,341,345,349,353,357,361],{"title":336,"path":337,"stem":338},{"title":342,"path":343,"stem":344},"Decision-Making under Uncertainty","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F15-decision-uncertainty","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F15-decision-uncertainty",{"title":346,"path":347,"stem":348},"Linear Optimisation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F16-linear-optimization","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F16-linear-optimization",{"title":350,"path":351,"stem":352},"Inventory and Allocation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F17-inventory-allocation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F17-inventory-allocation",{"title":354,"path":355,"stem":356},"Queueing and Simulation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F18-queueing-simulation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F18-queueing-simulation",{"title":358,"path":359,"stem":360},"Pricing and Revenue Management","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F19-pricing-experimentation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F19-pricing-experimentation",{"title":362,"path":363,"stem":364},"Causal Targeting and Policy Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F20-causal-targeting","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F20-causal-targeting",{"title":366,"path":367,"stem":368,"children":369},"4. Deployment and Governance","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002Findex",[370,371,375,379],{"title":366,"path":367,"stem":368},{"title":372,"path":373,"stem":374},"Data Products and Monitoring","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F21-data-products-monitoring","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F21-data-products-monitoring",{"title":376,"path":377,"stem":378},"Governance, Fairness and Privacy","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F22-governance-fairness-privacy","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F22-governance-fairness-privacy",{"title":380,"path":381,"stem":382},"Adoption and Business Value","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F23-adoption-value","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F23-adoption-value",{"title":384,"path":385,"stem":386,"children":387},"Appendix and Revision Tools","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[388,389,393,397],{"title":384,"path":385,"stem":386},{"title":390,"path":391,"stem":392},"Formula and Decision Map","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F24-formula-map","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F24-formula-map",{"title":394,"path":395,"stem":396},"Worked Examples and Pitfalls","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F25-worked-examples-pitfalls","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F25-worked-examples-pitfalls",{"title":84,"path":398,"stem":399},"\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F26-reading-map","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F26-reading-map",{"title":401,"path":402,"stem":403,"children":404},"Capstone — The Evening Delivery Promise","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[405],{"title":401,"path":402,"stem":403},{"title":407,"path":408,"stem":409,"children":410,"page":249},"Financial Economic Time Series","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series",[411,417,423,429,435,441,447,453,459,465,471],{"title":412,"path":413,"stem":414,"children":415},"Financial and Economic Time Series — Course Guide","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F00-intro","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[416],{"title":412,"path":413,"stem":414},{"title":418,"path":419,"stem":420,"children":421},"Three Versions of Time Series","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F01-bridge","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F01-bridge\u002Findex",[422],{"title":418,"path":419,"stem":420},{"title":424,"path":425,"stem":426,"children":427},"Data, Clocks, and Transformations","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F02-data-transformations","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F02-data-transformations\u002Findex",[428],{"title":424,"path":425,"stem":426},{"title":430,"path":431,"stem":432,"children":433},"Predictive Regressions and Persistent Predictors","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F03-predictive-regressions","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F03-predictive-regressions\u002Findex",[434],{"title":430,"path":431,"stem":432},{"title":436,"path":437,"stem":438,"children":439},"Volatility, Tails, and Financial Risk","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F04-volatility-risk","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F04-volatility-risk\u002Findex",[440],{"title":436,"path":437,"stem":438},{"title":442,"path":443,"stem":444,"children":445},"Unit Roots, Cointegration, and Error Correction","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F05-unit-roots-cointegration","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F05-unit-roots-cointegration\u002Findex",[446],{"title":442,"path":443,"stem":444},{"title":448,"path":449,"stem":450,"children":451},"VAR, Structural Identification, and Local Projections","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F06-var-identification","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F06-var-identification\u002Findex",[452],{"title":448,"path":449,"stem":450},{"title":454,"path":455,"stem":456,"children":457},"State Space, Mixed Frequency, and Nowcasting","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F07-state-space-nowcasting","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F07-state-space-nowcasting\u002Findex",[458],{"title":454,"path":455,"stem":456},{"title":460,"path":461,"stem":462,"children":463},"Forecast Evaluation for Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F08-forecast-evaluation","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F08-forecast-evaluation\u002Findex",[464],{"title":460,"path":461,"stem":462},{"title":466,"path":467,"stem":468,"children":469},"Integrated R Laboratory","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F09-r-laboratory","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F09-r-laboratory\u002Findex",[470],{"title":466,"path":467,"stem":468},{"title":472,"path":473,"stem":474,"children":475},"Capstones, Data, and Reading Ladder","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F10-capstone-readings","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F10-capstone-readings\u002Findex",[476],{"title":472,"path":473,"stem":474},{"title":478,"path":479,"stem":480,"children":481,"page":249},"Intro To Economics","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics","en\u002Fintro-to-economics",[482,486,490,494,498,502,506,510,514,518,522,526,530],{"title":483,"path":484,"stem":485},"Introduction to Economics — Decisions, Markets, and the Macroeconomy","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F00-intro",{"title":487,"path":488,"stem":489},"Chapter 1 — Choice, Opportunity Cost, and Trade","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F01-foundations","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F01-foundations",{"title":491,"path":492,"stem":493},"Chapter 2 — Demand, Supply, Equilibrium, and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F02-demand-and-supply","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F02-demand-and-supply",{"title":495,"path":496,"stem":497},"Chapter 3 — Elasticity, Revenue, and Tax Incidence","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F03-elasticity","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F03-elasticity",{"title":499,"path":500,"stem":501},"Chapter 4 — Firms, Market Power, and Market Failure","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F04-market-structures","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F04-market-structures",{"title":503,"path":504,"stem":505},"Chapter 5 — GDP, Income, Wealth, and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F05-gdp-and-wealth","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F05-gdp-and-wealth",{"title":507,"path":508,"stem":509},"Chapter 6 — Inflation, Purchasing Power, and Labour Markets","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F06-inflation-and-unemployment","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F06-inflation-and-unemployment",{"title":511,"path":512,"stem":513},"Chapter 7 — Productivity, Technology, and Economic Growth","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F07-economic-growth","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F07-economic-growth",{"title":515,"path":516,"stem":517},"Chapter 8 — Money, Credit, and Banking","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F08-money-and-banking","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F08-money-and-banking",{"title":519,"path":520,"stem":521},"Chapter 9 — Business Cycles, AD–AS, and Monetary Policy","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F09-monetary-policy-and-ad-as","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F09-monetary-policy-and-ad-as",{"title":523,"path":524,"stem":525},"Chapter 10 — Fiscal Policy, Distribution, and Public Debt","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F10-fiscal-policy","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F10-fiscal-policy",{"title":527,"path":528,"stem":529},"Chapter 11 — Trade, Capital Flows, and Exchange Rates","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F11-open-economy-and-exchange-rates","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F11-open-economy-and-exchange-rates",{"title":531,"path":532,"stem":533},"Chapter 12 — Integrated Economic Analysis Studio","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F12-review-and-case-studies","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F12-review-and-case-studies",{"title":535,"path":536,"stem":537,"children":538,"page":249},"Microeconometrics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics",[539,557,563,581,603,629,651,673,691,709],{"title":540,"path":541,"stem":542,"children":543},"0. Causal Questions and Designs","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002Findex",[544,545,549,553],{"title":540,"path":541,"stem":542},{"title":546,"path":547,"stem":548},"Causal Questions and Estimands","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F01-causal-question-estimands","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F01-causal-question-estimands",{"title":550,"path":551,"stem":552},"Potential Outcomes and Experiments","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F02-potential-outcomes-experiments","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F02-potential-outcomes-experiments",{"title":554,"path":555,"stem":556},"Causal Diagrams and Controls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F03-dags-controls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F03-dags-controls",{"title":558,"path":559,"stem":560,"children":561},"Microeconometrics — Designing Credible Counterfactuals","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-index","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-index",[562],{"title":558,"path":559,"stem":560},{"title":564,"path":565,"stem":566,"children":567},"1. Regression and Inference","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002Findex",[568,569,573,577],{"title":564,"path":565,"stem":566},{"title":570,"path":571,"stem":572},"OLS as a Projection","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F04-ols-projection","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F04-ols-projection",{"title":574,"path":575,"stem":576},"FWL, Selection and Controls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F05-fwl-selection-controls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F05-fwl-selection-controls",{"title":578,"path":579,"stem":580},"Inference and Clustering","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F06-inference-clustering","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F06-inference-clustering",{"title":582,"path":583,"stem":584,"children":585},"2. Instruments and Panel Data","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002Findex",[586,587,591,595,599],{"title":582,"path":583,"stem":584},{"title":588,"path":589,"stem":590},"Instrumental Variables","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F07-iv-identification","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F07-iv-identification",{"title":592,"path":593,"stem":594},"Weak Instruments and LATE","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F08-weak-iv-late","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F08-weak-iv-late",{"title":596,"path":597,"stem":598},"Panel Fixed Effects","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F09-panel-fixed-effects","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F09-panel-fixed-effects",{"title":600,"path":601,"stem":602},"Dynamic Panels and Limits","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F10-dynamic-panel","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F10-dynamic-panel",{"title":604,"path":605,"stem":606,"children":607},"3. Policy Evaluation Designs","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002Findex",[608,609,613,617,621,625],{"title":604,"path":605,"stem":606},{"title":610,"path":611,"stem":612},"Difference-in-Differences","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F11-did-core","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F11-did-core",{"title":614,"path":615,"stem":616},"Staggered DID and Event Studies","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F12-staggered-event-studies","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F12-staggered-event-studies",{"title":618,"path":619,"stem":620},"Regression Discontinuity","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F13-rdd","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F13-rdd",{"title":622,"path":623,"stem":624},"Matching, Weighting and Overlap","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F14-matching-weighting","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F14-matching-weighting",{"title":626,"path":627,"stem":628},"Synthetic Control","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F15-synthetic-control","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F15-synthetic-control",{"title":630,"path":631,"stem":632,"children":633},"Module 4 — Choice and Limited Outcomes","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002Findex",[634,635,639,643,647],{"title":630,"path":631,"stem":632},{"title":636,"path":637,"stem":638},"Binary Choice","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F16-binary-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F16-binary-choice",{"title":640,"path":641,"stem":642},"Multinomial and Ordered Choice","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F17-multinomial-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F17-multinomial-choice",{"title":644,"path":645,"stem":646},"Count Outcomes","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F18-count-outcomes","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F18-count-outcomes",{"title":648,"path":649,"stem":650},"Censoring, Truncation and Selection","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F19-censoring-selection","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F19-censoring-selection",{"title":652,"path":653,"stem":654,"children":655},"Module 5 — Modern Causal Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002Findex",[656,657,661,665,669],{"title":652,"path":653,"stem":654},{"title":658,"path":659,"stem":660},"Double Machine Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F20-dml","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F20-dml",{"title":662,"path":663,"stem":664},"Heterogeneity and Policy Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F21-heterogeneity-policy","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F21-heterogeneity-policy",{"title":666,"path":667,"stem":668},"Sensitivity and Partial Identification","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F22-sensitivity-partial-id","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F22-sensitivity-partial-id",{"title":670,"path":671,"stem":672},"External Validity and Transport","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F23-external-validity","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F23-external-validity",{"title":674,"path":675,"stem":676,"children":677},"Module 6 — From Data to Auditable Evidence","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002Findex",[678,679,683,687],{"title":674,"path":675,"stem":676},{"title":680,"path":681,"stem":682},"Data Provenance","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F24-data-provenance","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F24-data-provenance",{"title":684,"path":685,"stem":686},"Reproducibility and Reporting","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F25-reproducibility-reporting","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F25-reproducibility-reporting",{"title":688,"path":689,"stem":690},"Paper and Evidence Audit","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F26-paper-audit","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F26-paper-audit",{"title":692,"path":693,"stem":694,"children":695},"Appendix — Revision and Evidence Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[696,697,701,705],{"title":692,"path":693,"stem":694},{"title":698,"path":699,"stem":700},"Formula and Design Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F27-formula-design-map","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F27-formula-design-map",{"title":702,"path":703,"stem":704},"Ten Worked Microeconometric Pitfalls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F28-worked-pitfalls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F28-worked-pitfalls",{"title":706,"path":707,"stem":708},"Reading and Software Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F29-reading-software-map","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F29-reading-software-map",{"title":710,"path":711,"stem":712,"children":713},"Capstone — Should Northbridge Expand Pathways?","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[714],{"title":710,"path":711,"stem":712},{"title":716,"path":717,"stem":718,"children":719,"page":249},"Microeconomics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics",[720,726,732,738,744,750,756,762,768,774,780,786,792],{"title":721,"path":722,"stem":723,"children":724},"Advanced Microeconomics — Course Guide","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[725],{"title":721,"path":722,"stem":723},{"title":727,"path":728,"stem":729,"children":730},"Module 1 — Choice, Duality, and Revealed Preference","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F01-fundations","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F01-fundations\u002Findex",[731],{"title":727,"path":728,"stem":729},{"title":733,"path":734,"stem":735,"children":736},"Module 2 — Comparative Statics and Welfare Measurement","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F02-comparative-statics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F02-comparative-statics\u002Findex",[737],{"title":733,"path":734,"stem":735},{"title":739,"path":740,"stem":741,"children":742},"Module 3 — Choice under Risk and Insurance","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F03-uncertainty","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F03-uncertainty\u002Findex",[743],{"title":739,"path":740,"stem":741},{"title":745,"path":746,"stem":747,"children":748},"Module 4 — General Equilibrium and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F04-general-equilibrium","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F04-general-equilibrium\u002Findex",[749],{"title":745,"path":746,"stem":747},{"title":751,"path":752,"stem":753,"children":754},"Module 5 — Static, Dynamic, and Repeated Games","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F05-game-theory","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F05-game-theory\u002Findex",[755],{"title":751,"path":752,"stem":753},{"title":757,"path":758,"stem":759,"children":760},"Module 6 — Oligopoly, Entry, and Algorithmic Pricing","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F06-oligopoly","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F06-oligopoly\u002Findex",[761],{"title":757,"path":758,"stem":759},{"title":763,"path":764,"stem":765,"children":766},"Module 7 — Information Economics and Contracts","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F07-information-economics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F07-information-economics\u002Findex",[767],{"title":763,"path":764,"stem":765},{"title":769,"path":770,"stem":771,"children":772},"Module 8 — Mechanism Design and Auctions","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F08-mechanism-design","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F08-mechanism-design\u002Findex",[773],{"title":769,"path":770,"stem":771},{"title":775,"path":776,"stem":777,"children":778},"Module 9 — Behavioural and Experimental Microeconomics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F09-behavioural-economics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F09-behavioural-economics\u002Findex",[779],{"title":775,"path":776,"stem":777},{"title":781,"path":782,"stem":783,"children":784},"Module 10 — Externalities, Public Goods, and Collective Action","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F10-externalities-public-goods","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F10-externalities-public-goods\u002Findex",[785],{"title":781,"path":782,"stem":783},{"title":787,"path":788,"stem":789,"children":790},"Module 11 — Matching and Market Design","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F11-market-design","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F11-market-design\u002Findex",[791],{"title":787,"path":788,"stem":789},{"title":793,"path":794,"stem":795,"children":796},"Module 12 — Integrated Microeconomic Design Studio","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F12-review","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F12-review\u002Findex",[797],{"title":793,"path":794,"stem":795},{"title":799,"path":800,"stem":801,"children":802},"Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground","en\u002Fplayground\u002Findex",[803,804,808,812,816,820],{"title":799,"path":800,"stem":801},{"title":805,"path":806,"stem":807},"Typst Plugin Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F01-typstex","en\u002Fplayground\u002F01-typstex",{"title":809,"path":810,"stem":811},"Citation Plugin Test","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F02-citation","en\u002Fplayground\u002F02-citation",{"title":813,"path":814,"stem":815},"Pyodide Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F03-pyodide","en\u002Fplayground\u002F03-pyodide",{"title":817,"path":818,"stem":819},"WebR Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F04-webr","en\u002Fplayground\u002F04-webr",{"title":821,"path":822,"stem":823},"Chart.js 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文献综述的构建与写作","\u002Fzh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review","zh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review",{"title":1056,"path":1057,"stem":1058},"8. 文献综述清单与模板","\u002Fzh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template","zh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template",{"title":1060,"path":1061,"stem":1062},"10. 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Alpha 策略全流程","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F09-case-study","zh\u002Fquant\u002F09-case-study",{"title":1779,"path":1780,"stem":1781},"量化投资文献与软件图谱","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F10-reading-software-map","zh\u002Fquant\u002F10-reading-software-map",null,{"id":1784,"title":902,"body":1785,"description":2655,"extension":2656,"features":1782,"hero":1782,"layout":1782,"locale":1782,"meta":2657,"navigation":1782,"path":903,"published":2660,"seo":2661,"stem":904,"__hash__":2662},"docs\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F04-reinsurance\u002F04-examples.md",{"type":1786,"value":1787,"toc":2646},"minimark",[1788,1792,1796,2045,2048,2053,2131,2134,2138,2145,2148,2152,2213,2216,2220,2223,2408,2411,2547,2550,2554,2557,2608,2611,2615,2618,2638],[1789,1790,902],"h1",{"id":1791},"reinsurance-decision-lab",[1793,1794,1795],"p",{},"Harbour Mutual expects 40 claims per year. Ground-up severity is modelled as lognormal with mean about £5,000 and log-scale SD 1. Compare:",[1797,1798,1799,1807,1813],"ul",{},[1800,1801,1802,1806],"li",{},[1803,1804,1805],"strong",{},"No treaty",";",[1800,1808,1809,1812],{},[1803,1810,1811],{},"40% quota share:"," insurer retains 60% of each covered loss;",[1800,1814,1815,1818,1819,2044],{},[1803,1816,1817],{},"£20,000 xs £20,000 per loss:"," ceded ",[1820,1821,1824,1889],"span",{"className":1822},[1823],"katex",[1820,1825,1828],{"className":1826},[1827],"katex-mathml",[1829,1830,1832],"math",{"xmlns":1831},"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML",[1833,1834,1835,1884],"semantics",{},[1836,1837,1838,1842,1846,1849,1853,1856,1859,1862,1866,1875,1879,1881],"mrow",{},[1839,1840,1841],"mo",{},"=",[1843,1844,1845],"mi",{},"min",[1839,1847,1848],{},"⁡",[1839,1850,1852],{"stretchy":1851},"false","{",[1839,1854,1855],{"stretchy":1851},"(",[1843,1857,1858],{},"X",[1839,1860,1861],{},"−",[1863,1864,1865],"mn",{},"20,000",[1867,1868,1869,1872],"msub",{},[1839,1870,1871],{"stretchy":1851},")",[1839,1873,1874],{},"+",[1839,1876,1878],{"separator":1877},"true",",",[1863,1880,1865],{},[1839,1882,1883],{"stretchy":1851},"}",[1885,1886,1888],"annotation",{"encoding":1887},"application\u002Fx-tex","=\\min\\{(X-20{,}000)_+,20{,}000\\}",[1820,1890,1893,1911,1944],{"className":1891,"ariaHidden":1877},[1892],"katex-html",[1820,1894,1897,1902,1906],{"className":1895},[1896],"base",[1820,1898],{"className":1899,"style":1901},[1900],"strut","height:0.3669em;",[1820,1903,1841],{"className":1904},[1905],"mrel",[1820,1907],{"className":1908,"style":1910},[1909],"mspace","margin-right:0.2778em;",[1820,1912,1914,1918,1922,1927,1933,1937,1941],{"className":1913},[1896],[1820,1915],{"className":1916,"style":1917},[1900],"height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;",[1820,1919,1845],{"className":1920},[1921],"mop",[1820,1923,1926],{"className":1924},[1925],"mopen","{(",[1820,1928,1858],{"className":1929,"style":1932},[1930,1931],"mord","mathnormal","margin-right:0.0785em;",[1820,1934],{"className":1935,"style":1936},[1909],"margin-right:0.2222em;",[1820,1938,1861],{"className":1939},[1940],"mbin",[1820,1942],{"className":1943,"style":1936},[1909],[1820,1945,1947,1950,1954,1961,1965,2022,2025,2029,2032,2038,2041],{"className":1946},[1896],[1820,1948],{"className":1949,"style":1917},[1900],[1820,1951,1953],{"className":1952},[1930],"20",[1820,1955,1957],{"className":1956},[1930],[1820,1958,1878],{"className":1959},[1960],"mpunct",[1820,1962,1964],{"className":1963},[1930],"000",[1820,1966,1969,1972],{"className":1967},[1968],"mclose",[1820,1970,1871],{"className":1971},[1968],[1820,1973,1976],{"className":1974},[1975],"msupsub",[1820,1977,1981,2013],{"className":1978},[1979,1980],"vlist-t","vlist-t2",[1820,1982,1985,2008],{"className":1983},[1984],"vlist-r",[1820,1986,1990],{"className":1987,"style":1989},[1988],"vlist","height:0.2583em;",[1820,1991,1993,1998],{"style":1992},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1820,1994],{"className":1995,"style":1997},[1996],"pstrut","height:2.7em;",[1820,1999,2005],{"className":2000},[2001,2002,2003,2004],"sizing","reset-size6","size3","mtight",[1820,2006,1874],{"className":2007},[1940,2004],[1820,2009,2012],{"className":2010},[2011],"vlist-s","​",[1820,2014,2016],{"className":2015},[1984],[1820,2017,2020],{"className":2018,"style":2019},[1988],"height:0.2083em;",[1820,2021],{},[1820,2023,1878],{"className":2024},[1960],[1820,2026],{"className":2027,"style":2028},[1909],"margin-right:0.1667em;",[1820,2030,1953],{"className":2031},[1930],[1820,2033,2035],{"className":2034},[1930],[1820,2036,1878],{"className":2037},[1960],[1820,2039,1964],{"className":2040},[1930],[1820,2042,1883],{"className":2043},[1968],".",[1793,2046,2047],{},"This is a loss-only comparison: premium, commission, reinstatement, expenses, counterparty default, and dependence are excluded.",[2049,2050,2052],"h2",{"id":2051},"_1-check-three-claims-by-hand","1. Check three claims by hand",[2054,2055,2056,2079],"table",{},[2057,2058,2059],"thead",{},[2060,2061,2062,2067,2070,2073,2076],"tr",{},[2063,2064,2066],"th",{"align":2065},"right","Gross claim",[2063,2068,2069],{"align":2065},"40% quota ceded",[2063,2071,2072],{"align":2065},"Quota retained",[2063,2074,2075],{"align":2065},"XL ceded",[2063,2077,2078],{"align":2065},"XL retained",[2080,2081,2082,2099,2115],"tbody",{},[2060,2083,2084,2088,2091,2094,2097],{},[2085,2086,2087],"td",{"align":2065},"£10,000",[2085,2089,2090],{"align":2065},"£4,000",[2085,2092,2093],{"align":2065},"£6,000",[2085,2095,2096],{"align":2065},"£0",[2085,2098,2087],{"align":2065},[2060,2100,2101,2104,2107,2110,2112],{},[2085,2102,2103],{"align":2065},"£30,000",[2085,2105,2106],{"align":2065},"£12,000",[2085,2108,2109],{"align":2065},"£18,000",[2085,2111,2087],{"align":2065},[2085,2113,2114],{"align":2065},"£20,000",[2060,2116,2117,2120,2123,2126,2128],{},[2085,2118,2119],{"align":2065},"£70,000",[2085,2121,2122],{"align":2065},"£28,000",[2085,2124,2125],{"align":2065},"£42,000",[2085,2127,2114],{"align":2065},[2085,2129,2130],{"align":2065},"£50,000",[1793,2132,2133],{},"The XL layer targets medium-large claims but exposes the insurer again above £40,000.",[2049,2135,2137],{"id":2136},"_2-simulate-annual-outcomes","2. Simulate annual outcomes",[2139,2140],"pyodide",{"code64":2141,"layout":2142,"locale":7,"packages":2143,"title":2144},"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","vertical","numpy,pandas,matplotlib","Gross, quota-share, and excess-of-loss outcomes",[1793,2146,2147],{},"Monte Carlo output varies slightly. The comparison is reproducible because the seed, sample size, distribution, and treaty functions are visible.",[2049,2149,2151],{"id":2150},"_3-interpret-do-not-rank-mechanically","3. Interpret, do not rank mechanically",[2054,2153,2154,2167],{},[2057,2155,2156],{},[2060,2157,2158,2161,2164],{},[2063,2159,2160],{},"Observation",[2063,2162,2163],{},"Interpretation",[2063,2165,2166],{},"Missing decision input",[2080,2168,2169,2180,2191,2202],{},[2060,2170,2171,2174,2177],{},[2085,2172,2173],{},"quota share cuts every loss by 40%",[2085,2175,2176],{},"broad capital and volume transfer",[2085,2178,2179],{},"ceded premium and commission",[2060,2181,2182,2185,2188],{},[2085,2183,2184],{},"XL focuses on claims above £20k",[2085,2186,2187],{},"more tail-targeted",[2085,2189,2190],{},"attachment-region fit and exhaustion risk",[2060,2192,2193,2196,2199],{},[2085,2194,2195],{},"annual XL recovery varies",[2085,2197,2198],{},"large-claim frequency matters",[2085,2200,2201],{},"dependence and event aggregation",[2060,2203,2204,2207,2210],{},[2085,2205,2206],{},"simulated 99% metrics differ",[2085,2208,2209],{},"treaties reshape the distribution",[2085,2211,2212],{},"parameter\u002Fmodel uncertainty",[1793,2214,2215],{},"The lowest net VaR is not automatically the best treaty. Compare net underwriting result after reinsurance price and consider liquidity, counterparty, basis, and strategic constraints.",[2049,2217,2219],{"id":2218},"_4-validate-the-simulation","4. Validate the simulation",[1793,2221,2222],{},"For compound Poisson gross loss with independent severity,",[1820,2224,2227],{"className":2225},[2226],"katex-display",[1820,2228,2230,2289],{"className":2229},[1823],[1820,2231,2233],{"className":2232},[1827],[1829,2234,2236],{"xmlns":1831,"display":2235},"block",[1833,2237,2238,2286],{},[1836,2239,2240,2243,2246,2249,2252,2254,2257,2259,2261,2263,2265,2267,2270,2272,2275,2277,2279,2283],{},[1843,2241,2242],{},"E",[1839,2244,2245],{"stretchy":1851},"[",[1843,2247,2248],{},"S",[1839,2250,2251],{"stretchy":1851},"]",[1839,2253,1841],{},[1843,2255,2256],{},"λ",[1843,2258,2242],{},[1839,2260,2245],{"stretchy":1851},[1843,2262,1858],{},[1839,2264,2251],{"stretchy":1851},[1839,2266,1841],{},[1863,2268,2269],{},"40",[1839,2271,1855],{"stretchy":1851},[1863,2273,2274],{},"5,000",[1839,2276,1871],{"stretchy":1851},[1839,2278,1841],{},[1843,2280,2282],{"mathvariant":2281},"normal","£",[1863,2284,2285],{},"200,000.",[1885,2287,2288],{"encoding":1887},"E[S]=\\lambda E[X]=40(5{,}000)=£200{,}000.",[1820,2290,2292,2320,2350,2387],{"className":2291,"ariaHidden":1877},[1892],[1820,2293,2295,2298,2302,2305,2308,2311,2314,2317],{"className":2294},[1896],[1820,2296],{"className":2297,"style":1917},[1900],[1820,2299,2242],{"className":2300,"style":2301},[1930,1931],"margin-right:0.0576em;",[1820,2303,2245],{"className":2304},[1925],[1820,2306,2248],{"className":2307,"style":2301},[1930,1931],[1820,2309,2251],{"className":2310},[1968],[1820,2312],{"className":2313,"style":1910},[1909],[1820,2315,1841],{"className":2316},[1905],[1820,2318],{"className":2319,"style":1910},[1909],[1820,2321,2323,2326,2329,2332,2335,2338,2341,2344,2347],{"className":2322},[1896],[1820,2324],{"className":2325,"style":1917},[1900],[1820,2327,2256],{"className":2328},[1930,1931],[1820,2330,2242],{"className":2331,"style":2301},[1930,1931],[1820,2333,2245],{"className":2334},[1925],[1820,2336,1858],{"className":2337,"style":1932},[1930,1931],[1820,2339,2251],{"className":2340},[1968],[1820,2342],{"className":2343,"style":1910},[1909],[1820,2345,1841],{"className":2346},[1905],[1820,2348],{"className":2349,"style":1910},[1909],[1820,2351,2353,2356,2359,2362,2366,2372,2375,2378,2381,2384],{"className":2352},[1896],[1820,2354],{"className":2355,"style":1917},[1900],[1820,2357,2269],{"className":2358},[1930],[1820,2360,1855],{"className":2361},[1925],[1820,2363,2365],{"className":2364},[1930],"5",[1820,2367,2369],{"className":2368},[1930],[1820,2370,1878],{"className":2371},[1960],[1820,2373,1964],{"className":2374},[1930],[1820,2376,1871],{"className":2377},[1968],[1820,2379],{"className":2380,"style":1910},[1909],[1820,2382,1841],{"className":2383},[1905],[1820,2385],{"className":2386,"style":1910},[1909],[1820,2388,2390,2394,2398,2404],{"className":2389},[1896],[1820,2391],{"className":2392,"style":2393},[1900],"height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[1820,2395,2397],{"className":2396},[1930],"£200",[1820,2399,2401],{"className":2400},[1930],[1820,2402,1878],{"className":2403},[1960],[1820,2405,2407],{"className":2406},[1930],"000.",[1793,2409,2410],{},"Also,",[1820,2412,2414],{"className":2413},[2226],[1820,2415,2417,2460],{"className":2416},[1823],[1820,2418,2420],{"className":2419},[1827],[1829,2421,2422],{"xmlns":1831,"display":2235},[1833,2423,2424,2457],{},[1836,2425,2426,2429,2431,2433,2435,2437,2439,2441,2443,2445,2453,2455],{},[1843,2427,2428],{"mathvariant":2281},"Var",[1839,2430,1848],{},[1839,2432,1855],{"stretchy":1851},[1843,2434,2248],{},[1839,2436,1871],{"stretchy":1851},[1839,2438,1841],{},[1843,2440,2256],{},[1843,2442,2242],{},[1839,2444,2245],{"stretchy":1851},[2446,2447,2448,2450],"msup",{},[1843,2449,1858],{},[1863,2451,2452],{},"2",[1839,2454,2251],{"stretchy":1851},[1843,2456,2044],{"mathvariant":2281},[1885,2458,2459],{"encoding":1887},"\\operatorname{Var}(S)=\\lambda E[X^2].",[1820,2461,2463,2494],{"className":2462,"ariaHidden":1877},[1892],[1820,2464,2466,2469,2476,2479,2482,2485,2488,2491],{"className":2465},[1896],[1820,2467],{"className":2468,"style":1917},[1900],[1820,2470,2472],{"className":2471},[1921],[1820,2473,2428],{"className":2474},[1930,2475],"mathrm",[1820,2477,1855],{"className":2478},[1925],[1820,2480,2248],{"className":2481,"style":2301},[1930,1931],[1820,2483,1871],{"className":2484},[1968],[1820,2486],{"className":2487,"style":1910},[1909],[1820,2489,1841],{"className":2490},[1905],[1820,2492],{"className":2493,"style":1910},[1909],[1820,2495,2497,2501,2504,2507,2510,2541,2544],{"className":2496},[1896],[1820,2498],{"className":2499,"style":2500},[1900],"height:1.1141em;vertical-align:-0.25em;",[1820,2502,2256],{"className":2503},[1930,1931],[1820,2505,2242],{"className":2506,"style":2301},[1930,1931],[1820,2508,2245],{"className":2509},[1925],[1820,2511,2513,2516],{"className":2512},[1930],[1820,2514,1858],{"className":2515,"style":1932},[1930,1931],[1820,2517,2519],{"className":2518},[1975],[1820,2520,2522],{"className":2521},[1979],[1820,2523,2525],{"className":2524},[1984],[1820,2526,2529],{"className":2527,"style":2528},[1988],"height:0.8641em;",[1820,2530,2532,2535],{"style":2531},"top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1820,2533],{"className":2534,"style":1997},[1996],[1820,2536,2538],{"className":2537},[2001,2002,2003,2004],[1820,2539,2452],{"className":2540},[1930,2004],[1820,2542,2251],{"className":2543},[1968],[1820,2545,2044],{"className":2546},[1930],[1793,2548,2549],{},"Simulation mean and SD should be close to analytical values within Monte Carlo error. If not, inspect parameterisation and units before interpreting tail results.",[2049,2551,2553],{"id":2552},"_5-extend-one-assumption-at-a-time","5. Extend one assumption at a time",[1793,2555,2556],{},"Try these in the cell:",[2558,2559,2560,2563,2599,2602,2605],"ol",{},[1800,2561,2562],{},"multiply each severity by 1.10 while keeping layer terms fixed;",[1800,2564,2565,2566,2598],{},"increase log-scale ",[1820,2567,2569,2584],{"className":2568},[1823],[1820,2570,2572],{"className":2571},[1827],[1829,2573,2574],{"xmlns":1831},[1833,2575,2576,2581],{},[1836,2577,2578],{},[1843,2579,2580],{},"σ",[1885,2582,2583],{"encoding":1887},"\\sigma",[1820,2585,2587],{"className":2586,"ariaHidden":1877},[1892],[1820,2588,2590,2594],{"className":2589},[1896],[1820,2591],{"className":2592,"style":2593},[1900],"height:0.4306em;",[1820,2595,2580],{"className":2596,"style":2597},[1930,1931],"margin-right:0.0359em;"," from 1.0 to 1.3 while preserving mean;",[1800,2600,2601],{},"add an annual catastrophe state that increases count and severity together;",[1800,2603,2604],{},"change the treaty to £50,000 xs £10,000;",[1800,2606,2607],{},"add a second reinstatement-limited occurrence layer only after defining events.",[1793,2609,2610],{},"For each change, predict direction before running. Then explain whether mean, SD, attachment, exhaustion, VaR, or TVaR moved most.",[2049,2612,2614],{"id":2613},"_6-decision-memo-template","6. Decision memo template",[1793,2616,2617],{},"Conclude in six lines:",[2558,2619,2620,2623,2626,2629,2632,2635],{},[1800,2621,2622],{},"portfolio and valuation basis;",[1800,2624,2625],{},"treaties and precise loss functions;",[1800,2627,2628],{},"gross versus net mean and tail metrics;",[1800,2630,2631],{},"price\u002Fcommission assumptions;",[1800,2633,2634],{},"key sensitivity and data limitation;",[1800,2636,2637],{},"recommendation and condition that would reverse it.",[1793,2639,2640,2641,2044],{},"Next, connect the transformed losses to ",[2642,2643,2645],"a",{"href":2644},"..\u002F05-risk-theory\u002F","aggregate risk models",{"title":10,"searchDepth":2647,"depth":2647,"links":2648},2,[2649,2650,2651,2652,2653,2654],{"id":2051,"depth":2647,"text":2052},{"id":2136,"depth":2647,"text":2137},{"id":2150,"depth":2647,"text":2151},{"id":2218,"depth":2647,"text":2219},{"id":2552,"depth":2647,"text":2553},{"id":2613,"depth":2647,"text":2614},"Compare quota share and per-loss excess cover on one simulated portfolio without hiding contract assumptions.","md",{"sidebar":2658},{"order":2659},4,true,{"title":902,"description":2655},"B9o1qD2oIV_FWe7euforyJtvmFJ2RCNUBtncpw6e064",[2664,2666],{"title":898,"path":899,"stem":900,"description":2665,"children":-1},"Separate claims inflation from exposure and mix, then test fixed and indexed reinsurance layers.",{"title":906,"path":907,"stem":908,"description":2667,"children":-1},"Combine frequency, severity, heterogeneity, dependence, and reinsurance into portfolio loss distributions.",1785754736383]