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Search, Evaluate, and Read Evidence","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F02-reading-and-literature-matrix","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F02-reading-and-literature-matrix",{"title":27,"path":28,"stem":29},"3. From Sources to Synthesis and Argument","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F03-arguments-outlines-and-paragraphs","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F03-arguments-outlines-and-paragraphs",{"title":31,"path":32,"stem":33},"4. Literature Review and a Defensible Gap","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review",{"title":35,"path":36,"stem":37},"5. Research Design, Evidence, and Core Sections","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F05-core-sections-and-evidence","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F05-core-sections-and-evidence",{"title":39,"path":40,"stem":41},"6. Citation, Paraphrasing, Integrity, and AI","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F06-citation-paraphrasing-and-integrity","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F06-citation-paraphrasing-and-integrity",{"title":43,"path":44,"stem":45},"7. Revision, Review, and Submission","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F07-revision-style-and-submission","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F07-revision-style-and-submission",{"title":47,"path":48,"stem":49},"8. Research Workbook","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template",{"title":51,"path":52,"stem":53},"9. Research Workflow and Tools","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F09-tools-for-academic-writing-and-literature-management","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F09-tools-for-academic-writing-and-literature-management",{"title":55,"path":56,"stem":57},"10. Worked Project — From Question to Defensible Conclusion","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F10-worked-example-from-block-structure-to-question-chain","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F10-worked-example-from-block-structure-to-question-chain",{"title":59,"path":60,"stem":61,"children":62,"page":249},"Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting","en\u002Faccounting",[63,69,87,93,193],{"title":64,"path":65,"stem":66,"children":67},"Accounting — From Evidence to Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002F00-index","en\u002Faccounting\u002F00-index",[68],{"title":64,"path":65,"stem":66},{"title":70,"path":71,"stem":72,"children":73},"Accounting Appendix","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[74,75,79,83],{"title":70,"path":71,"stem":72},{"title":76,"path":77,"stem":78},"Worked Examples and Error Diagnosis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F24-examples-pitfalls","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F24-examples-pitfalls",{"title":80,"path":81,"stem":82},"Accounting Glossary","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F26-glossary","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F26-glossary",{"title":84,"path":85,"stem":86},"Reading and Evidence Map","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F27-reading-map","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F27-reading-map",{"title":88,"path":89,"stem":90,"children":91},"Northstar Record-to-Decision Capstone","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[92],{"title":88,"path":89,"stem":90},{"title":94,"path":95,"stem":96,"children":97},"Financial Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002Findex",[98,99,117,131,165,179],{"title":94,"path":95,"stem":96},{"title":100,"path":101,"stem":102,"children":103},"1. Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002Findex",[104,105,109,113],{"title":100,"path":101,"stem":102},{"title":106,"path":107,"stem":108},"Objectives and Qualitative Characteristics","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F01-objectives-qualitative-characteristics","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F01-objectives-qualitative-characteristics",{"title":110,"path":111,"stem":112},"Equation and Elements","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F02-equation-elements","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F02-equation-elements",{"title":114,"path":115,"stem":116},"Accrual Basis, Estimates and Periods","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F03-accounting-bases-principles","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F03-accounting-bases-principles",{"title":118,"path":119,"stem":120,"children":121},"2. Recording Transactions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002Findex",[122,123,127],{"title":118,"path":119,"stem":120},{"title":124,"path":125,"stem":126},"Double-Entry and Debit\u002FCredit","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F04-double-entry-dr-cr","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F04-double-entry-dr-cr",{"title":128,"path":129,"stem":130},"Accounting Cycle","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F05-accounting-cycle","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F05-accounting-cycle",{"title":132,"path":133,"stem":134,"children":135},"3. Measurement and Adjustments","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002Findex",[136,137,141,145,149,153,157,161],{"title":132,"path":133,"stem":134},{"title":138,"path":139,"stem":140},"Revenue Recognition","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F07-revenue-recognition","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F07-revenue-recognition",{"title":142,"path":143,"stem":144},"Inventory","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F08-inventory","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F08-inventory",{"title":146,"path":147,"stem":148},"Receivables and Expected Credit Losses","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F09-receivables","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F09-receivables",{"title":150,"path":151,"stem":152},"Property, Plant and Equipment","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F10-ppe","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F10-ppe",{"title":154,"path":155,"stem":156},"Intangible Assets","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F11-intangibles","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F11-intangibles",{"title":158,"path":159,"stem":160},"Leases","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F12-leases","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F12-leases",{"title":162,"path":163,"stem":164},"Current and Deferred Income Tax","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F13-income-tax","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F13-income-tax",{"title":166,"path":167,"stem":168,"children":169},"4. Reporting and Cash","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002Findex",[170,171,175],{"title":166,"path":167,"stem":168},{"title":172,"path":173,"stem":174},"Linked Financial Statements","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F06-financial-statements","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F06-financial-statements",{"title":176,"path":177,"stem":178},"Cash, Reconciliation and Internal Control","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F14-cash-control","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F14-cash-control",{"title":180,"path":181,"stem":182,"children":183},"5. Analysis and Comparison","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002Findex",[184,185,189],{"title":180,"path":181,"stem":182},{"title":186,"path":187,"stem":188},"Ratio Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F15-ratio-analysis","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F15-ratio-analysis",{"title":190,"path":191,"stem":192},"IFRS versus US GAAP","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F25-ifrs-gaap","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F25-ifrs-gaap",{"title":194,"path":195,"stem":196,"children":197},"Management Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002Findex",[198,199,217,235],{"title":194,"path":195,"stem":196},{"title":200,"path":201,"stem":202,"children":203},"1. Cost Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002Findex",[204,205,209,213],{"title":200,"path":201,"stem":202},{"title":206,"path":207,"stem":208},"Cost Concepts and Behaviour","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F16-cost-concepts","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F16-cost-concepts",{"title":210,"path":211,"stem":212},"Costing Systems","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F17-costing-systems","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F17-costing-systems",{"title":214,"path":215,"stem":216},"Variable and Absorption Costing","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F19-variable-vs-absorption","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F19-variable-vs-absorption",{"title":218,"path":219,"stem":220,"children":221},"2. Planning and Control","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002Findex",[222,223,227,231],{"title":218,"path":219,"stem":220},{"title":224,"path":225,"stem":226},"Cost–Volume–Profit Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F18-cvp-analysis","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F18-cvp-analysis",{"title":228,"path":229,"stem":230},"Budgeting and Variance Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F20-budgeting-variances","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F20-budgeting-variances",{"title":232,"path":233,"stem":234},"Performance Measurement","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F21-performance-measurement","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F21-performance-measurement",{"title":236,"path":237,"stem":238,"children":239},"3. Decisions and Investment","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002Findex",[240,241,245],{"title":236,"path":237,"stem":238},{"title":242,"path":243,"stem":244},"Short-Term Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F22-short-term-decisions","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F22-short-term-decisions",{"title":246,"path":247,"stem":248},"Capital Budgeting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F23-capital-budgeting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F23-capital-budgeting",false,{"title":251,"path":252,"stem":253,"children":254,"page":249},"Business Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics",[255,261,279,305,335,365,383,400],{"title":256,"path":257,"stem":258,"children":259},"Business Analytics — From Data to Defensible Action","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-index","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-index",[260],{"title":256,"path":257,"stem":258},{"title":262,"path":263,"stem":264,"children":265},"0. Decision and Data Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[266,267,271,275],{"title":262,"path":263,"stem":264},{"title":268,"path":269,"stem":270},"Decision Framing","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F01-decision-framing","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F01-decision-framing",{"title":272,"path":273,"stem":274},"Data Contracts","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F02-data-contracts","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F02-data-contracts",{"title":276,"path":277,"stem":278},"Reproducible Analytics Workflow","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F03-reproducible-workflow","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F03-reproducible-workflow",{"title":280,"path":281,"stem":282,"children":283},"1. Descriptive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002Findex",[284,285,289,293,297,301],{"title":280,"path":281,"stem":282},{"title":286,"path":287,"stem":288},"Distributions and Exploratory Data Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F04-distributions-eda","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F04-distributions-eda",{"title":290,"path":291,"stem":292},"KPIs and Denominators","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F05-kpis-denominators","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F05-kpis-denominators",{"title":294,"path":295,"stem":296},"Segments, Cohorts and Funnels","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F06-segmentation-cohorts-funnels","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F06-segmentation-cohorts-funnels",{"title":298,"path":299,"stem":300},"Visual Evidence and Data Stories","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F07-visualisation-story","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F07-visualisation-story",{"title":302,"path":303,"stem":304},"Experiments and Causal Boundaries","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F08-experiments-causal-boundary","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F08-experiments-causal-boundary",{"title":306,"path":307,"stem":308,"children":309},"2. Predictive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002Findex",[310,311,315,319,323,327,331],{"title":306,"path":307,"stem":308},{"title":312,"path":313,"stem":314},"Validation, Baselines and Leakage","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F09-validation-leakage","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F09-validation-leakage",{"title":316,"path":317,"stem":318},"Regression and Forecasting","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F10-regression-forecasting","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F10-regression-forecasting",{"title":320,"path":321,"stem":322},"Classification and Calibration","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F11-classification-calibration","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F11-classification-calibration",{"title":324,"path":325,"stem":326},"Trees and Ensembles","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F12-trees-ensembles","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F12-trees-ensembles",{"title":328,"path":329,"stem":330},"Decision Metrics and Thresholds","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F13-decision-metrics-thresholds","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F13-decision-metrics-thresholds",{"title":332,"path":333,"stem":334},"Explainability, Monitoring and Drift","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F14-explainability-drift","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F14-explainability-drift",{"title":336,"path":337,"stem":338,"children":339},"3. Prescriptive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002Findex",[340,341,345,349,353,357,361],{"title":336,"path":337,"stem":338},{"title":342,"path":343,"stem":344},"Decision-Making under Uncertainty","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F15-decision-uncertainty","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F15-decision-uncertainty",{"title":346,"path":347,"stem":348},"Linear Optimisation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F16-linear-optimization","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F16-linear-optimization",{"title":350,"path":351,"stem":352},"Inventory and Allocation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F17-inventory-allocation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F17-inventory-allocation",{"title":354,"path":355,"stem":356},"Queueing and Simulation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F18-queueing-simulation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F18-queueing-simulation",{"title":358,"path":359,"stem":360},"Pricing and Revenue Management","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F19-pricing-experimentation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F19-pricing-experimentation",{"title":362,"path":363,"stem":364},"Causal Targeting and Policy Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F20-causal-targeting","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F20-causal-targeting",{"title":366,"path":367,"stem":368,"children":369},"4. Deployment and Governance","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002Findex",[370,371,375,379],{"title":366,"path":367,"stem":368},{"title":372,"path":373,"stem":374},"Data Products and Monitoring","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F21-data-products-monitoring","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F21-data-products-monitoring",{"title":376,"path":377,"stem":378},"Governance, Fairness and Privacy","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F22-governance-fairness-privacy","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F22-governance-fairness-privacy",{"title":380,"path":381,"stem":382},"Adoption and Business Value","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F23-adoption-value","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F23-adoption-value",{"title":384,"path":385,"stem":386,"children":387},"Appendix and Revision Tools","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[388,389,393,397],{"title":384,"path":385,"stem":386},{"title":390,"path":391,"stem":392},"Formula and Decision Map","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F24-formula-map","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F24-formula-map",{"title":394,"path":395,"stem":396},"Worked Examples and Pitfalls","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F25-worked-examples-pitfalls","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F25-worked-examples-pitfalls",{"title":84,"path":398,"stem":399},"\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F26-reading-map","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F26-reading-map",{"title":401,"path":402,"stem":403,"children":404},"Capstone — The Evening Delivery Promise","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[405],{"title":401,"path":402,"stem":403},{"title":407,"path":408,"stem":409,"children":410,"page":249},"Financial Economic Time Series","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series",[411,417,423,429,435,441,447,453,459,465,471],{"title":412,"path":413,"stem":414,"children":415},"Financial and Economic Time Series — Course Guide","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F00-intro","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[416],{"title":412,"path":413,"stem":414},{"title":418,"path":419,"stem":420,"children":421},"Three Versions of Time Series","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F01-bridge","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F01-bridge\u002Findex",[422],{"title":418,"path":419,"stem":420},{"title":424,"path":425,"stem":426,"children":427},"Data, Clocks, and Transformations","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F02-data-transformations","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F02-data-transformations\u002Findex",[428],{"title":424,"path":425,"stem":426},{"title":430,"path":431,"stem":432,"children":433},"Predictive Regressions and Persistent Predictors","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F03-predictive-regressions","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F03-predictive-regressions\u002Findex",[434],{"title":430,"path":431,"stem":432},{"title":436,"path":437,"stem":438,"children":439},"Volatility, Tails, and Financial Risk","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F04-volatility-risk","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F04-volatility-risk\u002Findex",[440],{"title":436,"path":437,"stem":438},{"title":442,"path":443,"stem":444,"children":445},"Unit Roots, Cointegration, and Error Correction","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F05-unit-roots-cointegration","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F05-unit-roots-cointegration\u002Findex",[446],{"title":442,"path":443,"stem":444},{"title":448,"path":449,"stem":450,"children":451},"VAR, Structural Identification, and Local Projections","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F06-var-identification","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F06-var-identification\u002Findex",[452],{"title":448,"path":449,"stem":450},{"title":454,"path":455,"stem":456,"children":457},"State Space, Mixed Frequency, and Nowcasting","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F07-state-space-nowcasting","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F07-state-space-nowcasting\u002Findex",[458],{"title":454,"path":455,"stem":456},{"title":460,"path":461,"stem":462,"children":463},"Forecast Evaluation for Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F08-forecast-evaluation","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F08-forecast-evaluation\u002Findex",[464],{"title":460,"path":461,"stem":462},{"title":466,"path":467,"stem":468,"children":469},"Integrated R Laboratory","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F09-r-laboratory","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F09-r-laboratory\u002Findex",[470],{"title":466,"path":467,"stem":468},{"title":472,"path":473,"stem":474,"children":475},"Capstones, Data, and Reading Ladder","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F10-capstone-readings","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F10-capstone-readings\u002Findex",[476],{"title":472,"path":473,"stem":474},{"title":478,"path":479,"stem":480,"children":481,"page":249},"Intro To Economics","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics","en\u002Fintro-to-economics",[482,486,490,494,498,502,506,510,514,518,522,526,530],{"title":483,"path":484,"stem":485},"Introduction to Economics — Decisions, Markets, and the Macroeconomy","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F00-intro",{"title":487,"path":488,"stem":489},"Chapter 1 — Choice, Opportunity Cost, and Trade","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F01-foundations","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F01-foundations",{"title":491,"path":492,"stem":493},"Chapter 2 — Demand, Supply, Equilibrium, and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F02-demand-and-supply","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F02-demand-and-supply",{"title":495,"path":496,"stem":497},"Chapter 3 — Elasticity, Revenue, and Tax Incidence","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F03-elasticity","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F03-elasticity",{"title":499,"path":500,"stem":501},"Chapter 4 — Firms, Market Power, and Market Failure","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F04-market-structures","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F04-market-structures",{"title":503,"path":504,"stem":505},"Chapter 5 — GDP, Income, Wealth, and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F05-gdp-and-wealth","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F05-gdp-and-wealth",{"title":507,"path":508,"stem":509},"Chapter 6 — Inflation, Purchasing Power, and Labour Markets","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F06-inflation-and-unemployment","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F06-inflation-and-unemployment",{"title":511,"path":512,"stem":513},"Chapter 7 — Productivity, Technology, and Economic Growth","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F07-economic-growth","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F07-economic-growth",{"title":515,"path":516,"stem":517},"Chapter 8 — Money, Credit, and Banking","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F08-money-and-banking","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F08-money-and-banking",{"title":519,"path":520,"stem":521},"Chapter 9 — Business Cycles, AD–AS, and Monetary Policy","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F09-monetary-policy-and-ad-as","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F09-monetary-policy-and-ad-as",{"title":523,"path":524,"stem":525},"Chapter 10 — Fiscal Policy, Distribution, and Public Debt","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F10-fiscal-policy","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F10-fiscal-policy",{"title":527,"path":528,"stem":529},"Chapter 11 — Trade, Capital Flows, and Exchange Rates","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F11-open-economy-and-exchange-rates","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F11-open-economy-and-exchange-rates",{"title":531,"path":532,"stem":533},"Chapter 12 — Integrated Economic Analysis Studio","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F12-review-and-case-studies","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F12-review-and-case-studies",{"title":535,"path":536,"stem":537,"children":538,"page":249},"Microeconometrics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics",[539,557,563,581,603,629,651,673,691,709],{"title":540,"path":541,"stem":542,"children":543},"0. Causal Questions and Designs","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002Findex",[544,545,549,553],{"title":540,"path":541,"stem":542},{"title":546,"path":547,"stem":548},"Causal Questions and Estimands","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F01-causal-question-estimands","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F01-causal-question-estimands",{"title":550,"path":551,"stem":552},"Potential Outcomes and Experiments","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F02-potential-outcomes-experiments","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F02-potential-outcomes-experiments",{"title":554,"path":555,"stem":556},"Causal Diagrams and Controls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F03-dags-controls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F03-dags-controls",{"title":558,"path":559,"stem":560,"children":561},"Microeconometrics — Designing Credible Counterfactuals","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-index","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-index",[562],{"title":558,"path":559,"stem":560},{"title":564,"path":565,"stem":566,"children":567},"1. Regression and Inference","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002Findex",[568,569,573,577],{"title":564,"path":565,"stem":566},{"title":570,"path":571,"stem":572},"OLS as a Projection","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F04-ols-projection","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F04-ols-projection",{"title":574,"path":575,"stem":576},"FWL, Selection and Controls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F05-fwl-selection-controls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F05-fwl-selection-controls",{"title":578,"path":579,"stem":580},"Inference and Clustering","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F06-inference-clustering","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F06-inference-clustering",{"title":582,"path":583,"stem":584,"children":585},"2. Instruments and Panel Data","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002Findex",[586,587,591,595,599],{"title":582,"path":583,"stem":584},{"title":588,"path":589,"stem":590},"Instrumental Variables","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F07-iv-identification","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F07-iv-identification",{"title":592,"path":593,"stem":594},"Weak Instruments and LATE","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F08-weak-iv-late","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F08-weak-iv-late",{"title":596,"path":597,"stem":598},"Panel Fixed Effects","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F09-panel-fixed-effects","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F09-panel-fixed-effects",{"title":600,"path":601,"stem":602},"Dynamic Panels and Limits","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F10-dynamic-panel","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F10-dynamic-panel",{"title":604,"path":605,"stem":606,"children":607},"3. Policy Evaluation Designs","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002Findex",[608,609,613,617,621,625],{"title":604,"path":605,"stem":606},{"title":610,"path":611,"stem":612},"Difference-in-Differences","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F11-did-core","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F11-did-core",{"title":614,"path":615,"stem":616},"Staggered DID and Event Studies","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F12-staggered-event-studies","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F12-staggered-event-studies",{"title":618,"path":619,"stem":620},"Regression Discontinuity","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F13-rdd","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F13-rdd",{"title":622,"path":623,"stem":624},"Matching, Weighting and Overlap","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F14-matching-weighting","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F14-matching-weighting",{"title":626,"path":627,"stem":628},"Synthetic Control","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F15-synthetic-control","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F15-synthetic-control",{"title":630,"path":631,"stem":632,"children":633},"Module 4 — Choice and Limited Outcomes","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002Findex",[634,635,639,643,647],{"title":630,"path":631,"stem":632},{"title":636,"path":637,"stem":638},"Binary Choice","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F16-binary-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F16-binary-choice",{"title":640,"path":641,"stem":642},"Multinomial and Ordered Choice","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F17-multinomial-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F17-multinomial-choice",{"title":644,"path":645,"stem":646},"Count Outcomes","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F18-count-outcomes","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F18-count-outcomes",{"title":648,"path":649,"stem":650},"Censoring, Truncation and Selection","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F19-censoring-selection","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F19-censoring-selection",{"title":652,"path":653,"stem":654,"children":655},"Module 5 — Modern Causal Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002Findex",[656,657,661,665,669],{"title":652,"path":653,"stem":654},{"title":658,"path":659,"stem":660},"Double Machine Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F20-dml","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F20-dml",{"title":662,"path":663,"stem":664},"Heterogeneity and Policy Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F21-heterogeneity-policy","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F21-heterogeneity-policy",{"title":666,"path":667,"stem":668},"Sensitivity and Partial Identification","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F22-sensitivity-partial-id","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F22-sensitivity-partial-id",{"title":670,"path":671,"stem":672},"External Validity and Transport","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F23-external-validity","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F23-external-validity",{"title":674,"path":675,"stem":676,"children":677},"Module 6 — From Data to Auditable Evidence","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002Findex",[678,679,683,687],{"title":674,"path":675,"stem":676},{"title":680,"path":681,"stem":682},"Data Provenance","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F24-data-provenance","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F24-data-provenance",{"title":684,"path":685,"stem":686},"Reproducibility and Reporting","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F25-reproducibility-reporting","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F25-reproducibility-reporting",{"title":688,"path":689,"stem":690},"Paper and Evidence Audit","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F26-paper-audit","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F26-paper-audit",{"title":692,"path":693,"stem":694,"children":695},"Appendix — Revision and Evidence Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[696,697,701,705],{"title":692,"path":693,"stem":694},{"title":698,"path":699,"stem":700},"Formula and Design Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F27-formula-design-map","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F27-formula-design-map",{"title":702,"path":703,"stem":704},"Ten Worked Microeconometric Pitfalls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F28-worked-pitfalls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F28-worked-pitfalls",{"title":706,"path":707,"stem":708},"Reading and Software Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F29-reading-software-map","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F29-reading-software-map",{"title":710,"path":711,"stem":712,"children":713},"Capstone — Should Northbridge Expand Pathways?","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[714],{"title":710,"path":711,"stem":712},{"title":716,"path":717,"stem":718,"children":719,"page":249},"Microeconomics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics",[720,726,732,738,744,750,756,762,768,774,780,786,792],{"title":721,"path":722,"stem":723,"children":724},"Advanced Microeconomics — Course Guide","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[725],{"title":721,"path":722,"stem":723},{"title":727,"path":728,"stem":729,"children":730},"Module 1 — Choice, Duality, and Revealed Preference","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F01-fundations","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F01-fundations\u002Findex",[731],{"title":727,"path":728,"stem":729},{"title":733,"path":734,"stem":735,"children":736},"Module 2 — Comparative Statics and Welfare Measurement","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F02-comparative-statics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F02-comparative-statics\u002Findex",[737],{"title":733,"path":734,"stem":735},{"title":739,"path":740,"stem":741,"children":742},"Module 3 — Choice under Risk and Insurance","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F03-uncertainty","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F03-uncertainty\u002Findex",[743],{"title":739,"path":740,"stem":741},{"title":745,"path":746,"stem":747,"children":748},"Module 4 — General Equilibrium and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F04-general-equilibrium","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F04-general-equilibrium\u002Findex",[749],{"title":745,"path":746,"stem":747},{"title":751,"path":752,"stem":753,"children":754},"Module 5 — Static, Dynamic, and Repeated Games","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F05-game-theory","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F05-game-theory\u002Findex",[755],{"title":751,"path":752,"stem":753},{"title":757,"path":758,"stem":759,"children":760},"Module 6 — Oligopoly, Entry, and Algorithmic Pricing","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F06-oligopoly","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F06-oligopoly\u002Findex",[761],{"title":757,"path":758,"stem":759},{"title":763,"path":764,"stem":765,"children":766},"Module 7 — Information Economics and Contracts","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F07-information-economics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F07-information-economics\u002Findex",[767],{"title":763,"path":764,"stem":765},{"title":769,"path":770,"stem":771,"children":772},"Module 8 — Mechanism Design and Auctions","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F08-mechanism-design","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F08-mechanism-design\u002Findex",[773],{"title":769,"path":770,"stem":771},{"title":775,"path":776,"stem":777,"children":778},"Module 9 — Behavioural and Experimental Microeconomics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F09-behavioural-economics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F09-behavioural-economics\u002Findex",[779],{"title":775,"path":776,"stem":777},{"title":781,"path":782,"stem":783,"children":784},"Module 10 — Externalities, Public Goods, and Collective Action","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F10-externalities-public-goods","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F10-externalities-public-goods\u002Findex",[785],{"title":781,"path":782,"stem":783},{"title":787,"path":788,"stem":789,"children":790},"Module 11 — Matching and Market Design","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F11-market-design","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F11-market-design\u002Findex",[791],{"title":787,"path":788,"stem":789},{"title":793,"path":794,"stem":795,"children":796},"Module 12 — Integrated Microeconomic Design Studio","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F12-review","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F12-review\u002Findex",[797],{"title":793,"path":794,"stem":795},{"title":799,"path":800,"stem":801,"children":802},"Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground","en\u002Fplayground\u002Findex",[803,804,808,812,816,820],{"title":799,"path":800,"stem":801},{"title":805,"path":806,"stem":807},"Typst Plugin Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F01-typstex","en\u002Fplayground\u002F01-typstex",{"title":809,"path":810,"stem":811},"Citation Plugin Test","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F02-citation","en\u002Fplayground\u002F02-citation",{"title":813,"path":814,"stem":815},"Pyodide Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F03-pyodide","en\u002Fplayground\u002F03-pyodide",{"title":817,"path":818,"stem":819},"WebR Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F04-webr","en\u002Fplayground\u002F04-webr",{"title":821,"path":822,"stem":823},"Chart.js 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文献综述的构建与写作","\u002Fzh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review","zh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review",{"title":1056,"path":1057,"stem":1058},"8. 文献综述清单与模板","\u002Fzh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template","zh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template",{"title":1060,"path":1061,"stem":1062},"10. 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86,"style":2025},[1848,1849],[1805,2188,2005],{"className":2189},[1848],[1793,2191,2192],{},"For a 40% quota share and a £250,000 covered loss:",[1805,2194,2196],{"className":2195},[1940],[1805,2197,2199,2239],{"className":2198},[1808],[1805,2200,2202],{"className":2201},[1812],[1814,2203,2204],{"xmlns":1816,"display":1949},[1818,2205,2206,2236],{},[1821,2207,2208,2214,2216,2219,2221,2224,2226,2228,2231,2234],{},[1955,2209,2210,2212],{},[1824,2211,1959],{},[1961,2213,1963],{},[1869,2215,1966],{},[1865,2217,2218],{},"0.4",[1869,2220,1989],{"stretchy":1988},[1865,2222,2223],{},"250,000",[1869,2225,1999],{"stretchy":1988},[1869,2227,1966],{},[1824,2229,2230],{"mathvariant":2004},"£",[1865,2232,2233],{},"100,000",[1869,2235,1973],{"separator":1835},[1828,2237,2238],{"encoding":1830},"X^{\\text{ced}}=0.4(250{,}000)=£100{,}000,",[1805,2240,2242,2292,2330],{"className":2241,"ariaHidden":1835},[1834],[1805,2243,2245,2248,2283,2286,2289],{"className":2244},[1839],[1805,2246],{"className":2247,"style":2018},[1843],[1805,2249,2251,2254],{"className":2250},[1848],[1805,2252,1959],{"className":2253,"style":2025},[1848,1849],[1805,2255,2257],{"className":2256},[2029],[1805,2258,2260],{"className":2259},[2033],[1805,2261,2263],{"className":2262},[2037],[1805,2264,2266],{"className":2265,"style":2018},[2041],[1805,2267,2268,2271],{"style":2044},[1805,2269],{"className":2270,"style":2049},[2048],[1805,2272,2274],{"className":2273},[2053,2054,2055,2056],[1805,2275,2277],{"className":2276},[1848,2056],[1805,2278,2280],{"className":2279},[1848,2063,2056],[1805,2281,1963],{"className":2282},[1848,2056],[1805,2284],{"className":2285,"style":1899},[1898],[1805,2287,1966],{"className":2288},[1903],[1805,2290],{"className":2291,"style":1899},[1898],[1805,2293,2295,2298,2301,2304,2308,2314,2318,2321,2324,2327],{"className":2294},[1839],[1805,2296],{"className":2297,"style":2152},[1843],[1805,2299,2218],{"className":2300},[1848],[1805,2302,1989],{"className":2303},[2156],[1805,2305,2307],{"className":2306},[1848],"250",[1805,2309,2311],{"className":2310},[1848],[1805,2312,1973],{"className":2313},[2092],[1805,2315,2317],{"className":2316},[1848],"000",[1805,2319,1999],{"className":2320},[2183],[1805,2322],{"className":2323,"style":1899},[1898],[1805,2325,1966],{"className":2326},[1903],[1805,2328],{"className":2329,"style":1899},[1898],[1805,2331,2333,2337,2341,2347,2350],{"className":2332},[1839],[1805,2334],{"className":2335,"style":2336},[1843],"height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[1805,2338,2340],{"className":2339},[1848],"£100",[1805,2342,2344],{"className":2343},[1848],[1805,2345,1973],{"className":2346},[2092],[1805,2348,2317],{"className":2349},[1848],[1805,2351,1973],{"className":2352},[2092],[1805,2354,2356],{"className":2355},[1940],[1805,2357,2359,2384],{"className":2358},[1808],[1805,2360,2362],{"className":2361},[1812],[1814,2363,2364],{"xmlns":1816,"display":1949},[1818,2365,2366,2381],{},[1821,2367,2368,2374,2376,2378],{},[1955,2369,2370,2372],{},[1824,2371,1959],{},[1961,2373,1983],{},[1869,2375,1966],{},[1824,2377,2230],{"mathvariant":2004},[1865,2379,2380],{},"150,000.",[1828,2382,2383],{"encoding":1830},"X^{\\text{ret}}=£150{,}000.",[1805,2385,2387,2437],{"className":2386,"ariaHidden":1835},[1834],[1805,2388,2390,2393,2428,2431,2434],{"className":2389},[1839],[1805,2391],{"className":2392,"style":2119},[1843],[1805,2394,2396,2399],{"className":2395},[1848],[1805,2397,1959],{"className":2398,"style":2025},[1848,1849],[1805,2400,2402],{"className":2401},[2029],[1805,2403,2405],{"className":2404},[2033],[1805,2406,2408],{"className":2407},[2037],[1805,2409,2411],{"className":2410,"style":2119},[2041],[1805,2412,2413,2416],{"style":2044},[1805,2414],{"className":2415,"style":2049},[2048],[1805,2417,2419],{"className":2418},[2053,2054,2055,2056],[1805,2420,2422],{"className":2421},[1848,2056],[1805,2423,2425],{"className":2424},[1848,2063,2056],[1805,2426,1983],{"className":2427},[1848,2056],[1805,2429],{"className":2430,"style":1899},[1898],[1805,2432,1966],{"className":2433},[1903],[1805,2435],{"className":2436,"style":1899},[1898],[1805,2438,2440,2443,2447,2453],{"className":2439},[1839],[1805,2441],{"className":2442,"style":2336},[1843],[1805,2444,2446],{"className":2445},[1848],"£150",[1805,2448,2450],{"className":2449},[1848],[1805,2451,1973],{"className":2452},[2092],[1805,2454,2456],{"className":2455},[1848],"000.",[1793,2458,2459],{},"If the transformation applies to every loss and no other term intervenes,",[1805,2461,2463],{"className":2462},[1940],[1805,2464,2466,2563],{"className":2465},[1808],[1805,2467,2469],{"className":2468},[1812],[1814,2470,2471],{"xmlns":1816,"display":1949},[1818,2472,2473,2560],{},[1821,2474,2475,2478,2481,2487,2490,2492,2494,2496,2498,2500,2502,2504,2506,2508,2510,2512,2515,2518,2521,2523,2529,2531,2533,2535,2537,2539,2541,2548,2550,2552,2554,2556,2558],{},[1824,2476,2477],{},"E",[1869,2479,2480],{"stretchy":1988},"[",[1955,2482,2483,2485],{},[1824,2484,1959],{},[1961,2486,1983],{},[1869,2488,2489],{"stretchy":1988},"]",[1869,2491,1966],{},[1869,2493,1989],{"stretchy":1988},[1865,2495,1878],{},[1869,2497,1994],{},[1824,2499,1826],{},[1869,2501,1999],{"stretchy":1988},[1824,2503,2477],{},[1869,2505,2480],{"stretchy":1988},[1824,2507,1959],{},[1869,2509,2489],{"stretchy":1988},[1869,2511,1973],{"separator":1835},[1898,2513],{"width":2514},"1em",[1824,2516,2517],{"mathvariant":2004},"Var",[1869,2519,2520],{},"⁡",[1869,2522,1989],{"stretchy":1988},[1955,2524,2525,2527],{},[1824,2526,1959],{},[1961,2528,1983],{},[1869,2530,1999],{"stretchy":1988},[1869,2532,1966],{},[1869,2534,1989],{"stretchy":1988},[1865,2536,1878],{},[1869,2538,1994],{},[1824,2540,1826],{},[1955,2542,2543,2545],{},[1869,2544,1999],{"stretchy":1988},[1865,2546,2547],{},"2",[1824,2549,2517],{"mathvariant":2004},[1869,2551,2520],{},[1869,2553,1989],{"stretchy":1988},[1824,2555,1959],{},[1869,2557,1999],{"stretchy":1988},[1869,2559,1973],{"separator":1835},[1828,2561,2562],{"encoding":1830},"E[X^{\\text{ret}}]=(1-q)E[X],\n\\quad\n\\operatorname{Var}(X^{\\text{ret}})=(1-q)^2\\operatorname{Var}(X),",[1805,2564,2566,2627,2648,2740,2761],{"className":2565,"ariaHidden":1835},[1834],[1805,2567,2569,2573,2577,2580,2615,2618,2621,2624],{"className":2568},[1839],[1805,2570],{"className":2571,"style":2572},[1843],"height:1.0936em;vertical-align:-0.25em;",[1805,2574,2477],{"className":2575,"style":2576},[1848,1849],"margin-right:0.0576em;",[1805,2578,2480],{"className":2579},[2156],[1805,2581,2583,2586],{"className":2582},[1848],[1805,2584,1959],{"className":2585,"style":2025},[1848,1849],[1805,2587,2589],{"className":2588},[2029],[1805,2590,2592],{"className":2591},[2033],[1805,2593,2595],{"className":2594},[2037],[1805,2596,2598],{"className":2597,"style":2119},[2041],[1805,2599,2600,2603],{"style":2044},[1805,2601],{"className":2602,"style":2049},[2048],[1805,2604,2606],{"className":2605},[2053,2054,2055,2056],[1805,2607,2609],{"className":2608},[1848,2056],[1805,2610,2612],{"className":2611},[1848,2063,2056],[1805,2613,1983],{"className":2614},[1848,2056],[1805,2616,2489],{"className":2617},[2183],[1805,2619],{"className":2620,"style":1899},[1898],[1805,2622,1966],{"className":2623},[1903],[1805,2625],{"className":2626,"style":1899},[1898],[1805,2628,2630,2633,2636,2639,2642,2645],{"className":2629},[1839],[1805,2631],{"className":2632,"style":2152},[1843],[1805,2634,1989],{"className":2635},[2156],[1805,2637,1878],{"className":2638},[1848],[1805,2640],{"className":2641,"style":2163},[1898],[1805,2643,1994],{"className":2644},[2167],[1805,2646],{"className":2647,"style":2163},[1898],[1805,2649,2651,2654,2657,2660,2663,2666,2669,2672,2675,2679,2682,2690,2693,2728,2731,2734,2737],{"className":2650},[1839],[1805,2652],{"className":2653,"style":2572},[1843],[1805,2655,1826],{"className":2656,"style":1850},[1848,1849],[1805,2658,1999],{"className":2659},[2183],[1805,2661,2477],{"className":2662,"style":2576},[1848,1849],[1805,2664,2480],{"className":2665},[2156],[1805,2667,1959],{"className":2668,"style":2025},[1848,1849],[1805,2670,2489],{"className":2671},[2183],[1805,2673,1973],{"className":2674},[2092],[1805,2676],{"className":2677,"style":2678},[1898],"margin-right:1em;",[1805,2680],{"className":2681,"style":2100},[1898],[1805,2683,2686],{"className":2684},[2685],"mop",[1805,2687,2517],{"className":2688},[1848,2689],"mathrm",[1805,2691,1989],{"className":2692},[2156],[1805,2694,2696,2699],{"className":2695},[1848],[1805,2697,1959],{"className":2698,"style":2025},[1848,1849],[1805,2700,2702],{"className":2701},[2029],[1805,2703,2705],{"className":2704},[2033],[1805,2706,2708],{"className":2707},[2037],[1805,2709,2711],{"className":2710,"style":2119},[2041],[1805,2712,2713,2716],{"style":2044},[1805,2714],{"className":2715,"style":2049},[2048],[1805,2717,2719],{"className":2718},[2053,2054,2055,2056],[1805,2720,2722],{"className":2721},[1848,2056],[1805,2723,2725],{"className":2724},[1848,2063,2056],[1805,2726,1983],{"className":2727},[1848,2056],[1805,2729,1999],{"className":2730},[2183],[1805,2732],{"className":2733,"style":1899},[1898],[1805,2735,1966],{"className":2736},[1903],[1805,2738],{"className":2739,"style":1899},[1898],[1805,2741,2743,2746,2749,2752,2755,2758],{"className":2742},[1839],[1805,2744],{"className":2745,"style":2152},[1843],[1805,2747,1989],{"className":2748},[2156],[1805,2750,1878],{"className":2751},[1848],[1805,2753],{"className":2754,"style":2163},[1898],[1805,2756,1994],{"className":2757},[2167],[1805,2759],{"className":2760,"style":2163},[1898],[1805,2762,2764,2768,2771,2801,2804,2810,2813,2816,2819],{"className":2763},[1839],[1805,2765],{"className":2766,"style":2767},[1843],"height:1.1141em;vertical-align:-0.25em;",[1805,2769,1826],{"className":2770,"style":1850},[1848,1849],[1805,2772,2774,2777],{"className":2773},[2183],[1805,2775,1999],{"className":2776},[2183],[1805,2778,2780],{"className":2779},[2029],[1805,2781,2783],{"className":2782},[2033],[1805,2784,2786],{"className":2785},[2037],[1805,2787,2790],{"className":2788,"style":2789},[2041],"height:0.8641em;",[1805,2791,2792,2795],{"style":2044},[1805,2793],{"className":2794,"style":2049},[2048],[1805,2796,2798],{"className":2797},[2053,2054,2055,2056],[1805,2799,2547],{"className":2800},[1848,2056],[1805,2802],{"className":2803,"style":2100},[1898],[1805,2805,2807],{"className":2806},[2685],[1805,2808,2517],{"className":2809},[1848,2689],[1805,2811,1989],{"className":2812},[2156],[1805,2814,1959],{"className":2815,"style":2025},[1848,1849],[1805,2817,1999],{"className":2818},[2183],[1805,2820,1973],{"className":2821},[2092],[1793,2823,2824],{},"and positive-homogeneous measures such as VaR scale in the same way. The treaty reduces large and small losses proportionally; it does not target only the tail.",[1797,2826,2828],{"id":2827},"_2-portfolio-example","2. Portfolio example",[1793,2830,2831],{},"Suppose annual gross earned premium is £12m and ultimate covered loss is £9m. With 40% quota share:",[2833,2834,2835,2855],"table",{},[2836,2837,2838],"thead",{},[2839,2840,2841,2845,2849,2852],"tr",{},[2842,2843,2844],"th",{},"Item",[2842,2846,2848],{"align":2847},"right","Gross",[2842,2850,2851],{"align":2847},"Ceded",[2842,2853,2854],{"align":2847},"Retained",[2856,2857,2858,2873],"tbody",{},[2839,2859,2860,2864,2867,2870],{},[2861,2862,2863],"td",{},"Premium before commission",[2861,2865,2866],{"align":2847},"£12.0m",[2861,2868,2869],{"align":2847},"£4.8m",[2861,2871,2872],{"align":2847},"£7.2m",[2839,2874,2875,2878,2881,2884],{},[2861,2876,2877],{},"Loss",[2861,2879,2880],{"align":2847},"£9.0m",[2861,2882,2883],{"align":2847},"£3.6m",[2861,2885,2886],{"align":2847},"£5.4m",[1793,2888,2889,2890,2972],{},"If the reinsurer pays a 25% ceding commission on ceded premium, commission is ",[1805,2891,2893,2921],{"className":2892},[1808],[1805,2894,2896],{"className":2895},[1812],[1814,2897,2898],{"xmlns":1816},[1818,2899,2900,2918],{},[1821,2901,2902,2905,2908,2911,2913,2915],{},[1865,2903,2904],{},"0.25",[1869,2906,2907],{},"×",[1865,2909,2910],{},"4.8",[1869,2912,1966],{},[1824,2914,2230],{"mathvariant":2004},[1865,2916,2917],{},"1.2",[1828,2919,2920],{"encoding":1830},"0.25\\times4.8=£1.2",[1805,2922,2924,2943,2961],{"className":2923,"ariaHidden":1835},[1834],[1805,2925,2927,2931,2934,2937,2940],{"className":2926},[1839],[1805,2928],{"className":2929,"style":2930},[1843],"height:0.7278em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;",[1805,2932,2904],{"className":2933},[1848],[1805,2935],{"className":2936,"style":2163},[1898],[1805,2938,2907],{"className":2939},[2167],[1805,2941],{"className":2942,"style":2163},[1898],[1805,2944,2946,2949,2952,2955,2958],{"className":2945},[1839],[1805,2947],{"className":2948,"style":1932},[1843],[1805,2950,2910],{"className":2951},[1848],[1805,2953],{"className":2954,"style":1899},[1898],[1805,2956,1966],{"className":2957},[1903],[1805,2959],{"className":2960,"style":1899},[1898],[1805,2962,2964,2968],{"className":2963},[1839],[1805,2965],{"className":2966,"style":2967},[1843],"height:0.6944em;",[1805,2969,2971],{"className":2970},[1848],"£1.2","m. That payment can compensate acquisition and administration costs; it is not a reduction of claim loss.",[1797,2974,2976],{"id":2975},"_3-surplus-share","3. Surplus share",[1793,2978,2979,2980,3011,3012,3043,3044,3073],{},"Surplus reinsurance shares a policy according to sum insured. Let the insurer retain ",[1805,2981,2983,2997],{"className":2982},[1808],[1805,2984,2986],{"className":2985},[1812],[1814,2987,2988],{"xmlns":1816},[1818,2989,2990,2995],{},[1821,2991,2992],{},[1824,2993,2994],{},"r",[1828,2996,2994],{"encoding":1830},[1805,2998,3000],{"className":2999,"ariaHidden":1835},[1834],[1805,3001,3003,3007],{"className":3002},[1839],[1805,3004],{"className":3005,"style":3006},[1843],"height:0.4306em;",[1805,3008,2994],{"className":3009,"style":3010},[1848,1849],"margin-right:0.0278em;"," lines of size ",[1805,3013,3015,3029],{"className":3014},[1808],[1805,3016,3018],{"className":3017},[1812],[1814,3019,3020],{"xmlns":1816},[1818,3021,3022,3027],{},[1821,3023,3024],{},[1824,3025,3026],{},"M",[1828,3028,3026],{"encoding":1830},[1805,3030,3032],{"className":3031,"ariaHidden":1835},[1834],[1805,3033,3035,3039],{"className":3034},[1839],[1805,3036],{"className":3037,"style":3038},[1843],"height:0.6833em;",[1805,3040,3026],{"className":3041,"style":3042},[1848,1849],"margin-right:0.109em;"," and let policy sum insured be ",[1805,3045,3047,3061],{"className":3046},[1808],[1805,3048,3050],{"className":3049},[1812],[1814,3051,3052],{"xmlns":1816},[1818,3053,3054,3059],{},[1821,3055,3056],{},[1824,3057,3058],{},"V",[1828,3060,3058],{"encoding":1830},[1805,3062,3064],{"className":3063,"ariaHidden":1835},[1834],[1805,3065,3067,3070],{"className":3066},[1839],[1805,3068],{"className":3069,"style":3038},[1843],[1805,3071,3058],{"className":3072,"style":2163},[1848,1849],". Ignoring treaty capacity and wording complications, ceded proportion is",[1805,3075,3077],{"className":3076},[1940],[1805,3078,3080,3134],{"className":3079},[1808],[1805,3081,3083],{"className":3082},[1812],[1814,3084,3085],{"xmlns":1816,"display":1949},[1818,3086,3087,3131],{},[1821,3088,3089,3091,3093,3095,3097,3099,3102,3104,3129],{},[1824,3090,1826],{},[1869,3092,1989],{"stretchy":1988},[1824,3094,3058],{},[1869,3096,1999],{"stretchy":1988},[1869,3098,1966],{},[1824,3100,3101],{},"max",[1869,3103,2520],{},[1821,3105,3106,3108,3110,3112,3114,3116,3127],{},[1869,3107,1989],{"fence":1835},[1865,3109,1867],{},[1869,3111,1973],{"separator":1835},[1865,3113,1878],{},[1869,3115,1994],{},[3117,3118,3119,3125],"mfrac",{},[1821,3120,3121,3123],{},[1824,3122,2994],{},[1824,3124,3026],{},[1824,3126,3058],{},[1869,3128,1999],{"fence":1835},[1824,3130,2005],{"mathvariant":2004},[1828,3132,3133],{"encoding":1830},"q(V)=\\max\\left(0,1-\\frac{rM}{V}\\right).",[1805,3135,3137,3164],{"className":3136,"ariaHidden":1835},[1834],[1805,3138,3140,3143,3146,3149,3152,3155,3158,3161],{"className":3139},[1839],[1805,3141],{"className":3142,"style":2152},[1843],[1805,3144,1826],{"className":3145,"style":1850},[1848,1849],[1805,3147,1989],{"className":3148},[2156],[1805,3150,3058],{"className":3151,"style":2163},[1848,1849],[1805,3153,1999],{"className":3154},[2183],[1805,3156],{"className":3157,"style":1899},[1898],[1805,3159,1966],{"className":3160},[1903],[1805,3162],{"className":3163,"style":1899},[1898],[1805,3165,3167,3171,3174,3177,3294,3297],{"className":3166},[1839],[1805,3168],{"className":3169,"style":3170},[1843],"height:2.4em;vertical-align:-0.95em;",[1805,3172,3101],{"className":3173},[2685],[1805,3175],{"className":3176,"style":2100},[1898],[1805,3178,3181,3190,3193,3196,3199,3202,3205,3208,3211,3288],{"className":3179},[3180],"minner",[1805,3182,3186],{"className":3183,"style":3185},[2156,3184],"delimcenter","top:0em;",[1805,3187,1989],{"className":3188},[3189,2055],"delimsizing",[1805,3191,1867],{"className":3192},[1848],[1805,3194,1973],{"className":3195},[2092],[1805,3197],{"className":3198,"style":2100},[1898],[1805,3200,1878],{"className":3201},[1848],[1805,3203],{"className":3204,"style":2163},[1898],[1805,3206,1994],{"className":3207},[2167],[1805,3209],{"className":3210,"style":2163},[1898],[1805,3212,3214,3218,3285],{"className":3213},[1848],[1805,3215],{"className":3216},[2156,3217],"nulldelimiter",[1805,3219,3221],{"className":3220},[3117],[1805,3222,3225,3276],{"className":3223},[2033,3224],"vlist-t2",[1805,3226,3228,3271],{"className":3227},[2037],[1805,3229,3232,3245,3256],{"className":3230,"style":3231},[2041],"height:1.3603em;",[1805,3233,3235,3239],{"style":3234},"top:-2.314em;",[1805,3236],{"className":3237,"style":3238},[2048],"height:3em;",[1805,3240,3242],{"className":3241},[1848],[1805,3243,3058],{"className":3244,"style":2163},[1848,1849],[1805,3246,3248,3251],{"style":3247},"top:-3.23em;",[1805,3249],{"className":3250,"style":3238},[2048],[1805,3252],{"className":3253,"style":3255},[3254],"frac-line","border-bottom-width:0.04em;",[1805,3257,3259,3262],{"style":3258},"top:-3.677em;",[1805,3260],{"className":3261,"style":3238},[2048],[1805,3263,3265,3268],{"className":3264},[1848],[1805,3266,2994],{"className":3267,"style":3010},[1848,1849],[1805,3269,3026],{"className":3270,"style":3042},[1848,1849],[1805,3272,3275],{"className":3273},[3274],"vlist-s","​",[1805,3277,3279],{"className":3278},[2037],[1805,3280,3283],{"className":3281,"style":3282},[2041],"height:0.686em;",[1805,3284],{},[1805,3286],{"className":3287},[2183,3217],[1805,3289,3291],{"className":3290,"style":3185},[2183,3184],[1805,3292,1999],{"className":3293},[3189,2055],[1805,3295],{"className":3296,"style":2100},[1898],[1805,3298,2005],{"className":3299},[1848],[1793,3301,3302],{},"Example: one retention line is £100,000 and a policy has sum insured £400,000:",[1805,3304,3306],{"className":3305},[1940],[1805,3307,3309,3346],{"className":3308},[1808],[1805,3310,3312],{"className":3311},[1812],[1814,3313,3314],{"xmlns":1816,"display":1949},[1818,3315,3316,3343],{},[1821,3317,3318,3320,3322,3324,3326,3333,3335,3338,3341],{},[1824,3319,1826],{},[1869,3321,1966],{},[1865,3323,1878],{},[1869,3325,1994],{},[3117,3327,3328,3330],{},[1865,3329,2233],{},[1865,3331,3332],{},"400,000",[1869,3334,1966],{},[1865,3336,3337],{},"75",[1824,3339,3340],{"mathvariant":2004},"%",[1824,3342,2005],{"mathvariant":2004},[1828,3344,3345],{"encoding":1830},"q=1-\\frac{100{,}000}{400{,}000}=75\\%.",[1805,3347,3349,3367,3385,3485],{"className":3348,"ariaHidden":1835},[1834],[1805,3350,3352,3355,3358,3361,3364],{"className":3351},[1839],[1805,3353],{"className":3354,"style":1844},[1843],[1805,3356,1826],{"className":3357,"style":1850},[1848,1849],[1805,3359],{"className":3360,"style":1899},[1898],[1805,3362,1966],{"className":3363},[1903],[1805,3365],{"className":3366,"style":1899},[1898],[1805,3368,3370,3373,3376,3379,3382],{"className":3369},[1839],[1805,3371],{"className":3372,"style":2930},[1843],[1805,3374,1878],{"className":3375},[1848],[1805,3377],{"className":3378,"style":2163},[1898],[1805,3380,1994],{"className":3381},[2167],[1805,3383],{"className":3384,"style":2163},[1898],[1805,3386,3388,3392,3476,3479,3482],{"className":3387},[1839],[1805,3389],{"className":3390,"style":3391},[1843],"height:2.2019em;vertical-align:-0.8804em;",[1805,3393,3395,3398,3473],{"className":3394},[1848],[1805,3396],{"className":3397},[2156,3217],[1805,3399,3401],{"className":3400},[3117],[1805,3402,3404,3464],{"className":3403},[2033,3224],[1805,3405,3407,3461],{"className":3406},[2037],[1805,3408,3411,3432,3440],{"className":3409,"style":3410},[2041],"height:1.3214em;",[1805,3412,3413,3416],{"style":3234},[1805,3414],{"className":3415,"style":3238},[2048],[1805,3417,3419,3423,3429],{"className":3418},[1848],[1805,3420,3422],{"className":3421},[1848],"400",[1805,3424,3426],{"className":3425},[1848],[1805,3427,1973],{"className":3428},[2092],[1805,3430,2317],{"className":3431},[1848],[1805,3433,3434,3437],{"style":3247},[1805,3435],{"className":3436,"style":3238},[2048],[1805,3438],{"className":3439,"style":3255},[3254],[1805,3441,3442,3445],{"style":3258},[1805,3443],{"className":3444,"style":3238},[2048],[1805,3446,3448,3452,3458],{"className":3447},[1848],[1805,3449,3451],{"className":3450},[1848],"100",[1805,3453,3455],{"className":3454},[1848],[1805,3456,1973],{"className":3457},[2092],[1805,3459,2317],{"className":3460},[1848],[1805,3462,3275],{"className":3463},[3274],[1805,3465,3467],{"className":3466},[2037],[1805,3468,3471],{"className":3469,"style":3470},[2041],"height:0.8804em;",[1805,3472],{},[1805,3474],{"className":3475},[2183,3217],[1805,3477],{"className":3478,"style":1899},[1898],[1805,3480,1966],{"className":3481},[1903],[1805,3483],{"className":3484,"style":1899},[1898],[1805,3486,3488,3492],{"className":3487},[1839],[1805,3489],{"className":3490,"style":3491},[1843],"height:0.8056em;vertical-align:-0.0556em;",[1805,3493,3495],{"className":3494},[1848],"75%.",[1793,3497,3498],{},"A £200,000 covered loss is then ceded £150,000 and retained £50,000. A policy with sum insured £80,000 remains fully retained.",[3500,3501,3503],"tip",{"title":3502},"Distinguish sum insured from loss","Surplus participation is commonly determined from the policy's sum insured, then applied proportionally to covered loss. It is not the same as applying an excess layer directly to loss amount.",[1797,3505,3507],{"id":3506},"_4-commissions-change-incentives","4. Commissions change incentives",[1793,3509,3510],{},"Common structures include:",[3512,3513,3514,3518,3521],"ul",{},[3515,3516,3517],"li",{},"fixed ceding commission;",[3515,3519,3520],{},"sliding-scale commission linked to loss ratio;",[3515,3522,3523],{},"profit commission after specified expenses and carry-forward rules.",[1793,3525,3526,3527,3531],{},"They affect net economics and incentives even when the gross\u002Fceded loss split is unchanged. State whether a result is ",[3528,3529,3530],"strong",{},"loss only"," or a complete underwriting cash-flow view.",[1797,3533,3535],{"id":3534},"_5-when-proportional-cover-is-useful","5. When proportional cover is useful",[2833,3537,3538,3551],{},[2836,3539,3540],{},[2839,3541,3542,3545,3548],{},[2842,3543,3544],{},"Objective",[2842,3546,3547],{},"Why quota\u002Fsurplus may help",[2842,3549,3550],{},"Trade-off",[2856,3552,3553,3564,3575,3586],{},[2839,3554,3555,3558,3561],{},[2861,3556,3557],{},"support portfolio growth",[2861,3559,3560],{},"shares losses and premium from inception",[2861,3562,3563],{},"cedes profitable ordinary business too",[2839,3565,3566,3569,3572],{},[2861,3567,3568],{},"manage all-size volatility",[2861,3570,3571],{},"scales broad portfolio experience",[2861,3573,3574],{},"less targeted than excess cover",[2839,3576,3577,3580,3583],{},[2861,3578,3579],{},"provide underwriting capacity",[2861,3581,3582],{},"surplus share limits retained line",[2861,3584,3585],{},"requires accurate sum-insured administration",[2839,3587,3588,3591,3594],{},[2861,3589,3590],{},"align reinsurer with portfolio",[2861,3592,3593],{},"both share experience",[2861,3595,3596],{},"commission and reporting terms matter",[1797,3598,3600],{"id":3599},"practice","Practice",[3602,3603,3604,3607,3610],"ol",{},[3515,3605,3606],{},"A 30% quota share covers a £600,000 loss. Find ceded and retained loss.",[3515,3608,3609],{},"Gross premium is £20m, ceded share 30%, and ceding commission 20% of ceded premium. Find ceded premium and commission.",[3515,3611,3612],{},"Why does quota share not change the coefficient of variation of loss under the simple proportional transformation?",[3614,3615,3617],"legacy-details",{"title":3616},"Answers",[3602,3618,3619,3622,3625],{},[3515,3620,3621],{},"Ceded £180,000; retained £420,000.",[3515,3623,3624],{},"Ceded premium £6m; commission £1.2m.",[3515,3626,3627,3628,3679],{},"Both mean and SD multiply by ",[1805,3629,3631,3649],{"className":3630},[1808],[1805,3632,3634],{"className":3633},[1812],[1814,3635,3636],{"xmlns":1816},[1818,3637,3638,3646],{},[1821,3639,3640,3642,3644],{},[1865,3641,1878],{},[1869,3643,1994],{},[1824,3645,1826],{},[1828,3647,3648],{"encoding":1830},"1-q",[1805,3650,3652,3670],{"className":3651,"ariaHidden":1835},[1834],[1805,3653,3655,3658,3661,3664,3667],{"className":3654},[1839],[1805,3656],{"className":3657,"style":2930},[1843],[1805,3659,1878],{"className":3660},[1848],[1805,3662],{"className":3663,"style":2163},[1898],[1805,3665,1994],{"className":3666},[2167],[1805,3668],{"className":3669,"style":2163},[1898],[1805,3671,3673,3676],{"className":3672},[1839],[1805,3674],{"className":3675,"style":1844},[1843],[1805,3677,1826],{"className":3678,"style":1850},[1848,1849],", so their ratio is unchanged. Portfolio capital and cash effects can still change.",[1793,3681,3682,3683,2005],{},"Next, target layers of loss with ",[3684,3685,894],"a",{"href":3686},".\u002F02-excess",{"title":10,"searchDepth":3688,"depth":3688,"links":3689},2,[3690,3691,3692,3693,3694,3695],{"id":1799,"depth":3688,"text":1800},{"id":2827,"depth":3688,"text":2828},{"id":2975,"depth":3688,"text":2976},{"id":3506,"depth":3688,"text":3507},{"id":3534,"depth":3688,"text":3535},{"id":3599,"depth":3688,"text":3600},"Calculate quota-share and surplus-share outcomes, including premium and commission economics.","md",{"sidebar":3699},{"order":3700},1,true,{"title":890,"description":3696},"f1o46ZUke723IqrDFZFrb2c9My8qA5Se99iy22tbdB8",[3705,3707],{"title":884,"path":885,"stem":886,"description":3706,"children":-1},"Translate treaty wording into gross, ceded, and retained random variables before pricing or capital analysis.",{"title":894,"path":895,"stem":896,"description":3708,"children":-1},"Apply limited layers per risk, occurrence, or aggregate and recognise exhaustion and reinstatement.",1785754735917]