[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":3704},["ShallowReactive",2],{"navigation_docs":3,"learnalog_locale_counterpart__zh_microeconomics_10-externalities-public-goods":1782,"-en-microeconomics-10-externalities-public-goods":1783,"-en-microeconomics-10-externalities-public-goods-surround":3699},[4,1038],{"title":5,"path":6,"stem":7,"children":8},"En","\u002Fen","en",[9,12,58,250,406,477,534,715,798,824,943],{"title":10,"path":6,"stem":11},"","en\u002Findex",{"title":13,"path":14,"stem":15,"children":16},"Research Skills and Academic Writing","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002Findex",[17,18,22,26,30,34,38,42,46,50,54],{"title":13,"path":14,"stem":15},{"title":19,"path":20,"stem":21},"1. Research Questions, Scope, and Feasibility","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F01-research-questions-and-planning","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F01-research-questions-and-planning",{"title":23,"path":24,"stem":25},"2. Search, Evaluate, and Read Evidence","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F02-reading-and-literature-matrix","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F02-reading-and-literature-matrix",{"title":27,"path":28,"stem":29},"3. From Sources to Synthesis and Argument","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F03-arguments-outlines-and-paragraphs","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F03-arguments-outlines-and-paragraphs",{"title":31,"path":32,"stem":33},"4. Literature Review and a Defensible Gap","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review",{"title":35,"path":36,"stem":37},"5. Research Design, Evidence, and Core Sections","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F05-core-sections-and-evidence","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F05-core-sections-and-evidence",{"title":39,"path":40,"stem":41},"6. Citation, Paraphrasing, Integrity, and AI","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F06-citation-paraphrasing-and-integrity","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F06-citation-paraphrasing-and-integrity",{"title":43,"path":44,"stem":45},"7. Revision, Review, and Submission","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F07-revision-style-and-submission","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F07-revision-style-and-submission",{"title":47,"path":48,"stem":49},"8. Research Workbook","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template",{"title":51,"path":52,"stem":53},"9. Research Workflow and Tools","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F09-tools-for-academic-writing-and-literature-management","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F09-tools-for-academic-writing-and-literature-management",{"title":55,"path":56,"stem":57},"10. Worked Project — From Question to Defensible Conclusion","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F10-worked-example-from-block-structure-to-question-chain","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F10-worked-example-from-block-structure-to-question-chain",{"title":59,"path":60,"stem":61,"children":62,"page":249},"Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting","en\u002Faccounting",[63,69,87,93,193],{"title":64,"path":65,"stem":66,"children":67},"Accounting — From Evidence to Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002F00-index","en\u002Faccounting\u002F00-index",[68],{"title":64,"path":65,"stem":66},{"title":70,"path":71,"stem":72,"children":73},"Accounting Appendix","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[74,75,79,83],{"title":70,"path":71,"stem":72},{"title":76,"path":77,"stem":78},"Worked Examples and Error Diagnosis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F24-examples-pitfalls","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F24-examples-pitfalls",{"title":80,"path":81,"stem":82},"Accounting Glossary","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F26-glossary","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F26-glossary",{"title":84,"path":85,"stem":86},"Reading and Evidence Map","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F27-reading-map","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F27-reading-map",{"title":88,"path":89,"stem":90,"children":91},"Northstar Record-to-Decision Capstone","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[92],{"title":88,"path":89,"stem":90},{"title":94,"path":95,"stem":96,"children":97},"Financial Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002Findex",[98,99,117,131,165,179],{"title":94,"path":95,"stem":96},{"title":100,"path":101,"stem":102,"children":103},"1. Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002Findex",[104,105,109,113],{"title":100,"path":101,"stem":102},{"title":106,"path":107,"stem":108},"Objectives and Qualitative Characteristics","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F01-objectives-qualitative-characteristics","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F01-objectives-qualitative-characteristics",{"title":110,"path":111,"stem":112},"Equation and Elements","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F02-equation-elements","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F02-equation-elements",{"title":114,"path":115,"stem":116},"Accrual Basis, Estimates and Periods","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F03-accounting-bases-principles","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F03-accounting-bases-principles",{"title":118,"path":119,"stem":120,"children":121},"2. Recording Transactions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002Findex",[122,123,127],{"title":118,"path":119,"stem":120},{"title":124,"path":125,"stem":126},"Double-Entry and Debit\u002FCredit","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F04-double-entry-dr-cr","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F04-double-entry-dr-cr",{"title":128,"path":129,"stem":130},"Accounting Cycle","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F05-accounting-cycle","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F05-accounting-cycle",{"title":132,"path":133,"stem":134,"children":135},"3. Measurement and Adjustments","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002Findex",[136,137,141,145,149,153,157,161],{"title":132,"path":133,"stem":134},{"title":138,"path":139,"stem":140},"Revenue Recognition","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F07-revenue-recognition","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F07-revenue-recognition",{"title":142,"path":143,"stem":144},"Inventory","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F08-inventory","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F08-inventory",{"title":146,"path":147,"stem":148},"Receivables and Expected Credit Losses","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F09-receivables","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F09-receivables",{"title":150,"path":151,"stem":152},"Property, Plant and Equipment","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F10-ppe","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F10-ppe",{"title":154,"path":155,"stem":156},"Intangible Assets","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F11-intangibles","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F11-intangibles",{"title":158,"path":159,"stem":160},"Leases","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F12-leases","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F12-leases",{"title":162,"path":163,"stem":164},"Current and Deferred Income Tax","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F13-income-tax","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F13-income-tax",{"title":166,"path":167,"stem":168,"children":169},"4. Reporting and Cash","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002Findex",[170,171,175],{"title":166,"path":167,"stem":168},{"title":172,"path":173,"stem":174},"Linked Financial Statements","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F06-financial-statements","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F06-financial-statements",{"title":176,"path":177,"stem":178},"Cash, Reconciliation and Internal Control","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F14-cash-control","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F14-cash-control",{"title":180,"path":181,"stem":182,"children":183},"5. Analysis and Comparison","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002Findex",[184,185,189],{"title":180,"path":181,"stem":182},{"title":186,"path":187,"stem":188},"Ratio Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F15-ratio-analysis","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F15-ratio-analysis",{"title":190,"path":191,"stem":192},"IFRS versus US GAAP","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F25-ifrs-gaap","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F25-ifrs-gaap",{"title":194,"path":195,"stem":196,"children":197},"Management Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002Findex",[198,199,217,235],{"title":194,"path":195,"stem":196},{"title":200,"path":201,"stem":202,"children":203},"1. Cost Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002Findex",[204,205,209,213],{"title":200,"path":201,"stem":202},{"title":206,"path":207,"stem":208},"Cost Concepts and Behaviour","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F16-cost-concepts","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F16-cost-concepts",{"title":210,"path":211,"stem":212},"Costing Systems","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F17-costing-systems","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F17-costing-systems",{"title":214,"path":215,"stem":216},"Variable and Absorption Costing","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F19-variable-vs-absorption","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F19-variable-vs-absorption",{"title":218,"path":219,"stem":220,"children":221},"2. Planning and Control","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002Findex",[222,223,227,231],{"title":218,"path":219,"stem":220},{"title":224,"path":225,"stem":226},"Cost–Volume–Profit Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F18-cvp-analysis","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F18-cvp-analysis",{"title":228,"path":229,"stem":230},"Budgeting and Variance Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F20-budgeting-variances","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F20-budgeting-variances",{"title":232,"path":233,"stem":234},"Performance Measurement","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F21-performance-measurement","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F21-performance-measurement",{"title":236,"path":237,"stem":238,"children":239},"3. Decisions and Investment","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002Findex",[240,241,245],{"title":236,"path":237,"stem":238},{"title":242,"path":243,"stem":244},"Short-Term Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F22-short-term-decisions","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F22-short-term-decisions",{"title":246,"path":247,"stem":248},"Capital Budgeting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F23-capital-budgeting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F23-capital-budgeting",false,{"title":251,"path":252,"stem":253,"children":254,"page":249},"Business Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics",[255,261,279,305,335,365,383,400],{"title":256,"path":257,"stem":258,"children":259},"Business Analytics — From Data to Defensible Action","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-index","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-index",[260],{"title":256,"path":257,"stem":258},{"title":262,"path":263,"stem":264,"children":265},"0. Decision and Data Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[266,267,271,275],{"title":262,"path":263,"stem":264},{"title":268,"path":269,"stem":270},"Decision Framing","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F01-decision-framing","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F01-decision-framing",{"title":272,"path":273,"stem":274},"Data Contracts","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F02-data-contracts","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F02-data-contracts",{"title":276,"path":277,"stem":278},"Reproducible Analytics Workflow","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F03-reproducible-workflow","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F03-reproducible-workflow",{"title":280,"path":281,"stem":282,"children":283},"1. Descriptive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002Findex",[284,285,289,293,297,301],{"title":280,"path":281,"stem":282},{"title":286,"path":287,"stem":288},"Distributions and Exploratory Data Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F04-distributions-eda","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F04-distributions-eda",{"title":290,"path":291,"stem":292},"KPIs and Denominators","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F05-kpis-denominators","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F05-kpis-denominators",{"title":294,"path":295,"stem":296},"Segments, Cohorts and Funnels","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F06-segmentation-cohorts-funnels","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F06-segmentation-cohorts-funnels",{"title":298,"path":299,"stem":300},"Visual Evidence and Data Stories","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F07-visualisation-story","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F07-visualisation-story",{"title":302,"path":303,"stem":304},"Experiments and Causal Boundaries","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F08-experiments-causal-boundary","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F08-experiments-causal-boundary",{"title":306,"path":307,"stem":308,"children":309},"2. Predictive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002Findex",[310,311,315,319,323,327,331],{"title":306,"path":307,"stem":308},{"title":312,"path":313,"stem":314},"Validation, Baselines and Leakage","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F09-validation-leakage","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F09-validation-leakage",{"title":316,"path":317,"stem":318},"Regression and Forecasting","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F10-regression-forecasting","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F10-regression-forecasting",{"title":320,"path":321,"stem":322},"Classification and Calibration","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F11-classification-calibration","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F11-classification-calibration",{"title":324,"path":325,"stem":326},"Trees and Ensembles","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F12-trees-ensembles","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F12-trees-ensembles",{"title":328,"path":329,"stem":330},"Decision Metrics and Thresholds","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F13-decision-metrics-thresholds","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F13-decision-metrics-thresholds",{"title":332,"path":333,"stem":334},"Explainability, Monitoring and Drift","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F14-explainability-drift","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F14-explainability-drift",{"title":336,"path":337,"stem":338,"children":339},"3. Prescriptive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002Findex",[340,341,345,349,353,357,361],{"title":336,"path":337,"stem":338},{"title":342,"path":343,"stem":344},"Decision-Making under Uncertainty","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F15-decision-uncertainty","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F15-decision-uncertainty",{"title":346,"path":347,"stem":348},"Linear Optimisation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F16-linear-optimization","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F16-linear-optimization",{"title":350,"path":351,"stem":352},"Inventory and Allocation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F17-inventory-allocation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F17-inventory-allocation",{"title":354,"path":355,"stem":356},"Queueing and Simulation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F18-queueing-simulation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F18-queueing-simulation",{"title":358,"path":359,"stem":360},"Pricing and Revenue Management","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F19-pricing-experimentation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F19-pricing-experimentation",{"title":362,"path":363,"stem":364},"Causal Targeting and Policy Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F20-causal-targeting","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F20-causal-targeting",{"title":366,"path":367,"stem":368,"children":369},"4. Deployment and Governance","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002Findex",[370,371,375,379],{"title":366,"path":367,"stem":368},{"title":372,"path":373,"stem":374},"Data Products and Monitoring","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F21-data-products-monitoring","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F21-data-products-monitoring",{"title":376,"path":377,"stem":378},"Governance, Fairness and Privacy","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F22-governance-fairness-privacy","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F22-governance-fairness-privacy",{"title":380,"path":381,"stem":382},"Adoption and Business Value","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F23-adoption-value","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F23-adoption-value",{"title":384,"path":385,"stem":386,"children":387},"Appendix and Revision Tools","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[388,389,393,397],{"title":384,"path":385,"stem":386},{"title":390,"path":391,"stem":392},"Formula and Decision Map","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F24-formula-map","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F24-formula-map",{"title":394,"path":395,"stem":396},"Worked Examples and Pitfalls","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F25-worked-examples-pitfalls","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F25-worked-examples-pitfalls",{"title":84,"path":398,"stem":399},"\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F26-reading-map","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F26-reading-map",{"title":401,"path":402,"stem":403,"children":404},"Capstone — The Evening Delivery Promise","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[405],{"title":401,"path":402,"stem":403},{"title":407,"path":408,"stem":409,"children":410,"page":249},"Financial Economic Time Series","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series",[411,417,423,429,435,441,447,453,459,465,471],{"title":412,"path":413,"stem":414,"children":415},"Financial and Economic Time Series — Course Guide","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F00-intro","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[416],{"title":412,"path":413,"stem":414},{"title":418,"path":419,"stem":420,"children":421},"Three Versions of Time Series","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F01-bridge","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F01-bridge\u002Findex",[422],{"title":418,"path":419,"stem":420},{"title":424,"path":425,"stem":426,"children":427},"Data, Clocks, and Transformations","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F02-data-transformations","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F02-data-transformations\u002Findex",[428],{"title":424,"path":425,"stem":426},{"title":430,"path":431,"stem":432,"children":433},"Predictive Regressions and Persistent Predictors","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F03-predictive-regressions","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F03-predictive-regressions\u002Findex",[434],{"title":430,"path":431,"stem":432},{"title":436,"path":437,"stem":438,"children":439},"Volatility, Tails, and Financial Risk","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F04-volatility-risk","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F04-volatility-risk\u002Findex",[440],{"title":436,"path":437,"stem":438},{"title":442,"path":443,"stem":444,"children":445},"Unit Roots, Cointegration, and Error Correction","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F05-unit-roots-cointegration","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F05-unit-roots-cointegration\u002Findex",[446],{"title":442,"path":443,"stem":444},{"title":448,"path":449,"stem":450,"children":451},"VAR, Structural Identification, and Local Projections","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F06-var-identification","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F06-var-identification\u002Findex",[452],{"title":448,"path":449,"stem":450},{"title":454,"path":455,"stem":456,"children":457},"State Space, Mixed Frequency, and Nowcasting","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F07-state-space-nowcasting","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F07-state-space-nowcasting\u002Findex",[458],{"title":454,"path":455,"stem":456},{"title":460,"path":461,"stem":462,"children":463},"Forecast Evaluation for Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F08-forecast-evaluation","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F08-forecast-evaluation\u002Findex",[464],{"title":460,"path":461,"stem":462},{"title":466,"path":467,"stem":468,"children":469},"Integrated R Laboratory","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F09-r-laboratory","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F09-r-laboratory\u002Findex",[470],{"title":466,"path":467,"stem":468},{"title":472,"path":473,"stem":474,"children":475},"Capstones, Data, and Reading Ladder","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F10-capstone-readings","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F10-capstone-readings\u002Findex",[476],{"title":472,"path":473,"stem":474},{"title":478,"path":479,"stem":480,"children":481,"page":249},"Intro To Economics","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics","en\u002Fintro-to-economics",[482,486,490,494,498,502,506,510,514,518,522,526,530],{"title":483,"path":484,"stem":485},"Introduction to Economics — Decisions, Markets, and the Macroeconomy","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F00-intro",{"title":487,"path":488,"stem":489},"Chapter 1 — Choice, Opportunity Cost, and Trade","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F01-foundations","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F01-foundations",{"title":491,"path":492,"stem":493},"Chapter 2 — Demand, Supply, Equilibrium, and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F02-demand-and-supply","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F02-demand-and-supply",{"title":495,"path":496,"stem":497},"Chapter 3 — Elasticity, Revenue, and Tax Incidence","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F03-elasticity","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F03-elasticity",{"title":499,"path":500,"stem":501},"Chapter 4 — Firms, Market Power, and Market Failure","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F04-market-structures","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F04-market-structures",{"title":503,"path":504,"stem":505},"Chapter 5 — GDP, Income, Wealth, and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F05-gdp-and-wealth","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F05-gdp-and-wealth",{"title":507,"path":508,"stem":509},"Chapter 6 — Inflation, Purchasing Power, and Labour Markets","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F06-inflation-and-unemployment","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F06-inflation-and-unemployment",{"title":511,"path":512,"stem":513},"Chapter 7 — Productivity, Technology, and Economic Growth","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F07-economic-growth","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F07-economic-growth",{"title":515,"path":516,"stem":517},"Chapter 8 — Money, Credit, and Banking","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F08-money-and-banking","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F08-money-and-banking",{"title":519,"path":520,"stem":521},"Chapter 9 — Business Cycles, AD–AS, and Monetary Policy","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F09-monetary-policy-and-ad-as","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F09-monetary-policy-and-ad-as",{"title":523,"path":524,"stem":525},"Chapter 10 — Fiscal Policy, Distribution, and Public Debt","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F10-fiscal-policy","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F10-fiscal-policy",{"title":527,"path":528,"stem":529},"Chapter 11 — Trade, Capital Flows, and Exchange Rates","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F11-open-economy-and-exchange-rates","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F11-open-economy-and-exchange-rates",{"title":531,"path":532,"stem":533},"Chapter 12 — Integrated Economic Analysis Studio","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F12-review-and-case-studies","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F12-review-and-case-studies",{"title":535,"path":536,"stem":537,"children":538,"page":249},"Microeconometrics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics",[539,557,563,581,603,629,651,673,691,709],{"title":540,"path":541,"stem":542,"children":543},"0. Causal Questions and Designs","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002Findex",[544,545,549,553],{"title":540,"path":541,"stem":542},{"title":546,"path":547,"stem":548},"Causal Questions and Estimands","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F01-causal-question-estimands","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F01-causal-question-estimands",{"title":550,"path":551,"stem":552},"Potential Outcomes and Experiments","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F02-potential-outcomes-experiments","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F02-potential-outcomes-experiments",{"title":554,"path":555,"stem":556},"Causal Diagrams and Controls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F03-dags-controls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F03-dags-controls",{"title":558,"path":559,"stem":560,"children":561},"Microeconometrics — Designing Credible Counterfactuals","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-index","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-index",[562],{"title":558,"path":559,"stem":560},{"title":564,"path":565,"stem":566,"children":567},"1. Regression and Inference","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002Findex",[568,569,573,577],{"title":564,"path":565,"stem":566},{"title":570,"path":571,"stem":572},"OLS as a Projection","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F04-ols-projection","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F04-ols-projection",{"title":574,"path":575,"stem":576},"FWL, Selection and Controls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F05-fwl-selection-controls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F05-fwl-selection-controls",{"title":578,"path":579,"stem":580},"Inference and Clustering","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F06-inference-clustering","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F06-inference-clustering",{"title":582,"path":583,"stem":584,"children":585},"2. Instruments and Panel Data","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002Findex",[586,587,591,595,599],{"title":582,"path":583,"stem":584},{"title":588,"path":589,"stem":590},"Instrumental Variables","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F07-iv-identification","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F07-iv-identification",{"title":592,"path":593,"stem":594},"Weak Instruments and LATE","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F08-weak-iv-late","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F08-weak-iv-late",{"title":596,"path":597,"stem":598},"Panel Fixed Effects","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F09-panel-fixed-effects","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F09-panel-fixed-effects",{"title":600,"path":601,"stem":602},"Dynamic Panels and Limits","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F10-dynamic-panel","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F10-dynamic-panel",{"title":604,"path":605,"stem":606,"children":607},"3. Policy Evaluation Designs","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002Findex",[608,609,613,617,621,625],{"title":604,"path":605,"stem":606},{"title":610,"path":611,"stem":612},"Difference-in-Differences","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F11-did-core","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F11-did-core",{"title":614,"path":615,"stem":616},"Staggered DID and Event Studies","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F12-staggered-event-studies","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F12-staggered-event-studies",{"title":618,"path":619,"stem":620},"Regression Discontinuity","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F13-rdd","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F13-rdd",{"title":622,"path":623,"stem":624},"Matching, Weighting and Overlap","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F14-matching-weighting","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F14-matching-weighting",{"title":626,"path":627,"stem":628},"Synthetic Control","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F15-synthetic-control","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F15-synthetic-control",{"title":630,"path":631,"stem":632,"children":633},"Module 4 — Choice and Limited Outcomes","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002Findex",[634,635,639,643,647],{"title":630,"path":631,"stem":632},{"title":636,"path":637,"stem":638},"Binary Choice","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F16-binary-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F16-binary-choice",{"title":640,"path":641,"stem":642},"Multinomial and Ordered Choice","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F17-multinomial-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F17-multinomial-choice",{"title":644,"path":645,"stem":646},"Count Outcomes","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F18-count-outcomes","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F18-count-outcomes",{"title":648,"path":649,"stem":650},"Censoring, Truncation and Selection","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F19-censoring-selection","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F19-censoring-selection",{"title":652,"path":653,"stem":654,"children":655},"Module 5 — Modern Causal Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002Findex",[656,657,661,665,669],{"title":652,"path":653,"stem":654},{"title":658,"path":659,"stem":660},"Double Machine Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F20-dml","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F20-dml",{"title":662,"path":663,"stem":664},"Heterogeneity and Policy Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F21-heterogeneity-policy","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F21-heterogeneity-policy",{"title":666,"path":667,"stem":668},"Sensitivity and Partial Identification","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F22-sensitivity-partial-id","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F22-sensitivity-partial-id",{"title":670,"path":671,"stem":672},"External Validity and Transport","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F23-external-validity","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F23-external-validity",{"title":674,"path":675,"stem":676,"children":677},"Module 6 — From Data to Auditable Evidence","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002Findex",[678,679,683,687],{"title":674,"path":675,"stem":676},{"title":680,"path":681,"stem":682},"Data Provenance","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F24-data-provenance","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F24-data-provenance",{"title":684,"path":685,"stem":686},"Reproducibility and Reporting","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F25-reproducibility-reporting","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F25-reproducibility-reporting",{"title":688,"path":689,"stem":690},"Paper and Evidence Audit","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F26-paper-audit","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F26-paper-audit",{"title":692,"path":693,"stem":694,"children":695},"Appendix — Revision and Evidence Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[696,697,701,705],{"title":692,"path":693,"stem":694},{"title":698,"path":699,"stem":700},"Formula and Design Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F27-formula-design-map","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F27-formula-design-map",{"title":702,"path":703,"stem":704},"Ten Worked Microeconometric Pitfalls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F28-worked-pitfalls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F28-worked-pitfalls",{"title":706,"path":707,"stem":708},"Reading and Software Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F29-reading-software-map","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F29-reading-software-map",{"title":710,"path":711,"stem":712,"children":713},"Capstone — Should Northbridge Expand Pathways?","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[714],{"title":710,"path":711,"stem":712},{"title":716,"path":717,"stem":718,"children":719,"page":249},"Microeconomics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics",[720,726,732,738,744,750,756,762,768,774,780,786,792],{"title":721,"path":722,"stem":723,"children":724},"Advanced Microeconomics — Course Guide","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[725],{"title":721,"path":722,"stem":723},{"title":727,"path":728,"stem":729,"children":730},"Module 1 — Choice, Duality, and Revealed Preference","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F01-fundations","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F01-fundations\u002Findex",[731],{"title":727,"path":728,"stem":729},{"title":733,"path":734,"stem":735,"children":736},"Module 2 — Comparative Statics and Welfare Measurement","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F02-comparative-statics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F02-comparative-statics\u002Findex",[737],{"title":733,"path":734,"stem":735},{"title":739,"path":740,"stem":741,"children":742},"Module 3 — Choice under Risk and Insurance","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F03-uncertainty","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F03-uncertainty\u002Findex",[743],{"title":739,"path":740,"stem":741},{"title":745,"path":746,"stem":747,"children":748},"Module 4 — General Equilibrium and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F04-general-equilibrium","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F04-general-equilibrium\u002Findex",[749],{"title":745,"path":746,"stem":747},{"title":751,"path":752,"stem":753,"children":754},"Module 5 — Static, Dynamic, and Repeated Games","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F05-game-theory","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F05-game-theory\u002Findex",[755],{"title":751,"path":752,"stem":753},{"title":757,"path":758,"stem":759,"children":760},"Module 6 — Oligopoly, Entry, and Algorithmic Pricing","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F06-oligopoly","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F06-oligopoly\u002Findex",[761],{"title":757,"path":758,"stem":759},{"title":763,"path":764,"stem":765,"children":766},"Module 7 — Information Economics and Contracts","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F07-information-economics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F07-information-economics\u002Findex",[767],{"title":763,"path":764,"stem":765},{"title":769,"path":770,"stem":771,"children":772},"Module 8 — Mechanism Design and Auctions","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F08-mechanism-design","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F08-mechanism-design\u002Findex",[773],{"title":769,"path":770,"stem":771},{"title":775,"path":776,"stem":777,"children":778},"Module 9 — Behavioural and Experimental Microeconomics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F09-behavioural-economics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F09-behavioural-economics\u002Findex",[779],{"title":775,"path":776,"stem":777},{"title":781,"path":782,"stem":783,"children":784},"Module 10 — Externalities, Public Goods, and Collective Action","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F10-externalities-public-goods","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F10-externalities-public-goods\u002Findex",[785],{"title":781,"path":782,"stem":783},{"title":787,"path":788,"stem":789,"children":790},"Module 11 — Matching and Market Design","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F11-market-design","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F11-market-design\u002Findex",[791],{"title":787,"path":788,"stem":789},{"title":793,"path":794,"stem":795,"children":796},"Module 12 — Integrated Microeconomic Design Studio","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F12-review","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F12-review\u002Findex",[797],{"title":793,"path":794,"stem":795},{"title":799,"path":800,"stem":801,"children":802},"Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground","en\u002Fplayground\u002Findex",[803,804,808,812,816,820],{"title":799,"path":800,"stem":801},{"title":805,"path":806,"stem":807},"Typst Plugin Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F01-typstex","en\u002Fplayground\u002F01-typstex",{"title":809,"path":810,"stem":811},"Citation Plugin Test","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F02-citation","en\u002Fplayground\u002F02-citation",{"title":813,"path":814,"stem":815},"Pyodide Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F03-pyodide","en\u002Fplayground\u002F03-pyodide",{"title":817,"path":818,"stem":819},"WebR Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F04-webr","en\u002Fplayground\u002F04-webr",{"title":821,"path":822,"stem":823},"Chart.js Visualizations","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F05-chartjs","en\u002Fplayground\u002F05-chartjs",{"title":825,"path":826,"stem":827,"children":828,"page":249},"Statistics For Insurance","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance",[829,835,857,883,905,927,937],{"title":830,"path":831,"stem":832,"children":833},"Statistics for General Insurance","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F01-intro","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F01-intro\u002Findex",[834],{"title":830,"path":831,"stem":832},{"title":836,"path":837,"stem":838,"children":839},"Claims Development and Reserving","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F02-chain-ladder","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F02-chain-ladder\u002Findex",[840,841,845,849,853],{"title":836,"path":837,"stem":838},{"title":842,"path":843,"stem":844},"Basic Chain Ladder","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F02-chain-ladder\u002F01-basic-chain","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F02-chain-ladder\u002F01-basic-chain",{"title":846,"path":847,"stem":848},"Frequency–Severity Reserving","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F02-chain-ladder\u002F02-average-per-claim","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F02-chain-ladder\u002F02-average-per-claim",{"title":850,"path":851,"stem":852},"Bornhuetter–Ferguson Method","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F02-chain-ladder\u002F03-b-f-method","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F02-chain-ladder\u002F03-b-f-method",{"title":854,"path":855,"stem":856},"Uncertainty and Diagnostics","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F02-chain-ladder\u002F04-uncertainty-diagnostics","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F02-chain-ladder\u002F04-uncertainty-diagnostics",{"title":858,"path":859,"stem":860,"children":861},"Frequency and Severity Models","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F03-common-dist","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F03-common-dist\u002Findex",[862,863,867,871,875,879],{"title":858,"path":859,"stem":860},{"title":864,"path":865,"stem":866},"Core Severity Models","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F03-common-dist\u002F01-loss-dist","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F03-common-dist\u002F01-loss-dist",{"title":868,"path":869,"stem":870},"Tail Models and Extreme Values","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F03-common-dist\u002F02-more-dist","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F03-common-dist\u002F02-more-dist",{"title":872,"path":873,"stem":874},"Claim Count Models","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F03-common-dist\u002F03-case-dist","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F03-common-dist\u002F03-case-dist",{"title":876,"path":877,"stem":878},"Fitting and Validating Loss Models","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F03-common-dist\u002F04-fit-dist","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F03-common-dist\u002F04-fit-dist",{"title":880,"path":881,"stem":882},"Mixtures and Heterogeneity","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F03-common-dist\u002F05-mix-dist","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F03-common-dist\u002F05-mix-dist",{"title":884,"path":885,"stem":886,"children":887},"Reinsurance as a Loss Transformation","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F04-reinsurance","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F04-reinsurance\u002Findex",[888,889,893,897,901],{"title":884,"path":885,"stem":886},{"title":890,"path":891,"stem":892},"Proportional Reinsurance","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F04-reinsurance\u002F01-proportional","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F04-reinsurance\u002F01-proportional",{"title":894,"path":895,"stem":896},"Excess-of-Loss Reinsurance","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F04-reinsurance\u002F02-excess","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F04-reinsurance\u002F02-excess",{"title":898,"path":899,"stem":900},"Inflation and Layer Erosion","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F04-reinsurance\u002F03-inflation","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F04-reinsurance\u002F03-inflation",{"title":902,"path":903,"stem":904},"Reinsurance Decision Lab","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F04-reinsurance\u002F04-examples","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F04-reinsurance\u002F04-examples",{"title":906,"path":907,"stem":908,"children":909},"Aggregate Risk and Capital","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F05-risk-theory","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F05-risk-theory\u002Findex",[910,911,915,919,923],{"title":906,"path":907,"stem":908},{"title":912,"path":913,"stem":914},"Collective Risk Model","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F05-risk-theory\u002F01-collective","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F05-risk-theory\u002F01-collective",{"title":916,"path":917,"stem":918},"Individual Risk Model","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F05-risk-theory\u002F02-individual","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F05-risk-theory\u002F02-individual",{"title":920,"path":921,"stem":922},"Aggregate Risk Computation Lab","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F05-risk-theory\u002F03-examples","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F05-risk-theory\u002F03-examples",{"title":924,"path":925,"stem":926},"Tail Risk, Dependence, and Capital","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F05-risk-theory\u002F04-tail-capital","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F05-risk-theory\u002F04-tail-capital",{"title":928,"path":929,"stem":930,"children":931},"Surplus and Ruin Theory","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F06-ruin-theory","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F06-ruin-theory\u002Findex",[932,933],{"title":928,"path":929,"stem":930},{"title":934,"path":935,"stem":936},"Finite-Time Ruin Simulation","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F06-ruin-theory\u002F01-finite-time-simulation","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F06-ruin-theory\u002F01-finite-time-simulation",{"title":938,"path":939,"stem":940,"children":941},"Portfolio Risk Capstone","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F07-capstone","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F07-capstone\u002Findex",[942],{"title":938,"path":939,"stem":940},{"title":944,"path":945,"stem":946,"children":947,"page":249},"Time Series","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series","en\u002Ftime-series",[948,958,964,970,976,982,988,994,1016],{"title":949,"path":950,"stem":951,"children":952},"Classical Time Series — Course Guide","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F00-intro","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[953,954],{"title":949,"path":950,"stem":951},{"title":955,"path":956,"stem":957},"Preparation — Stationarity in 30 Minutes","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F00-intro\u002F01-stationary","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F00-intro\u002F01-stationary",{"title":959,"path":960,"stem":961,"children":962},"Module 1 — Processes, Dependence, and Stationarity","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F01-stochastic-process","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F01-stochastic-process\u002Findex",[963],{"title":959,"path":960,"stem":961},{"title":965,"path":966,"stem":967,"children":968},"Module 2 — ARMA, ARIMA, and Model Identification","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F02-arma","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F02-arma\u002Findex",[969],{"title":965,"path":966,"stem":967},{"title":971,"path":972,"stem":973,"children":974},"Module 3 — Linear Prediction and State-Space Recursions","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F03-prediction","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F03-prediction\u002Findex",[975],{"title":971,"path":972,"stem":973},{"title":977,"path":978,"stem":979,"children":980},"Module 4 — Estimation, Likelihood, and Inference","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F04-estimation","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F04-estimation\u002Findex",[981],{"title":977,"path":978,"stem":979},{"title":983,"path":984,"stem":985,"children":986},"Module 5 — Systems, Seasonality, and Cointegration","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F05-multi-ar","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F05-multi-ar\u002Findex",[987],{"title":983,"path":984,"stem":985},{"title":989,"path":990,"stem":991,"children":992},"Module 6 — Spectral Analysis, Cycles, and Filters","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F06-spectral-analysis","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F06-spectral-analysis\u002Findex",[993],{"title":989,"path":990,"stem":991},{"title":995,"path":996,"stem":997,"children":998},"R Matrix Laboratory","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F07-r-implementation","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F07-r-implementation\u002Findex",[999,1000,1004,1008,1012],{"title":995,"path":996,"stem":997},{"title":1001,"path":1002,"stem":1003},"R Matrix Lab 1 — Covariance Geometry","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F07-r-implementation\u002F01-covariance-matrices","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F07-r-implementation\u002F01-covariance-matrices",{"title":1005,"path":1006,"stem":1007},"R Matrix Lab 2 — AR Recursions and Yule–Walker Equations","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F07-r-implementation\u002F02-ar-recursions","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F07-r-implementation\u002F02-ar-recursions",{"title":1009,"path":1010,"stem":1011},"R Matrix Lab 3 — Prediction and Gaussian Likelihood","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F07-r-implementation\u002F03-prediction-likelihood","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F07-r-implementation\u002F03-prediction-likelihood",{"title":1013,"path":1014,"stem":1015},"R Matrix Lab 4 — State Space and Kalman Filtering","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F07-r-implementation\u002F04-state-space","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F07-r-implementation\u002F04-state-space",{"title":1017,"path":1018,"stem":1019,"children":1020},"Optional Python Appendix — Empirical Forecasting","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F08-python-implementation","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F08-python-implementation\u002Findex",[1021,1022,1026,1030,1034],{"title":1017,"path":1018,"stem":1019},{"title":1023,"path":1024,"stem":1025},"Optional Python Lab 1 — Explore Before Modeling","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F08-python-implementation\u002F01-exploration","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F08-python-implementation\u002F01-exploration",{"title":1027,"path":1028,"stem":1029},"Optional Python Lab 2 — Diagnose Stationarity","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F08-python-implementation\u002F02-stationarity","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F08-python-implementation\u002F02-stationarity",{"title":1031,"path":1032,"stem":1033},"Optional Python Lab 3 — Fit and Audit ARMA Errors","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F08-python-implementation\u002F03-arma-fitting","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F08-python-implementation\u002F03-arma-fitting",{"title":1035,"path":1036,"stem":1037},"Optional Python Lab 4 — Forecast, Backtest, and Monitor","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F08-python-implementation\u002F04-forecasting","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F08-python-implementation\u002F04-forecasting",{"title":1039,"path":1040,"stem":1041,"children":1042},"Zh","\u002Fzh","zh",[1043,1045,1063,1247,1323,1365,1421,1467,1543,1625,1633,1731],{"title":10,"path":1040,"stem":1044},"zh\u002Findex",{"title":1046,"path":1047,"stem":1048,"children":1049},"学术写作与文献综述","\u002Fzh\u002Facademic-writing","zh\u002Facademic-writing\u002Findex",[1050,1051,1055,1059],{"title":1046,"path":1047,"stem":1048},{"title":1052,"path":1053,"stem":1054},"4. 文献综述的构建与写作","\u002Fzh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review","zh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review",{"title":1056,"path":1057,"stem":1058},"8. 文献综述清单与模板","\u002Fzh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template","zh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template",{"title":1060,"path":1061,"stem":1062},"10. 从分块结构到问题链：文献综述示例","\u002Fzh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F10-从分块结构到问题链-文献综述示例","zh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F10-从分块结构到问题链-文献综述示例",{"title":59,"path":1064,"stem":1065,"children":1066,"page":249},"\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting","zh\u002Faccounting",[1067,1073,1087,1191],{"title":1068,"path":1069,"stem":1070,"children":1071},"会计学学习路线图","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002F00-index","zh\u002Faccounting\u002F00-index",[1072],{"title":1068,"path":1069,"stem":1070},{"title":1074,"path":1075,"stem":1076,"children":1077},"附录","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[1078,1079,1083],{"title":1074,"path":1075,"stem":1076},{"title":1080,"path":1081,"stem":1082},"综合示例与常见陷阱","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F24-examples-pitfalls","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F24-examples-pitfalls",{"title":1084,"path":1085,"stem":1086},"会计术语速查表","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F26-glossary","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F26-glossary",{"title":1088,"path":1089,"stem":1090,"children":1091},"金融会计","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002Findex",[1092,1093,1111,1125,1159,1173],{"title":1088,"path":1089,"stem":1090},{"title":1094,"path":1095,"stem":1096,"children":1097},"1. 基础","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002Findex",[1098,1099,1103,1107],{"title":1094,"path":1095,"stem":1096},{"title":1100,"path":1101,"stem":1102},"会计信息目标与质量特征","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F01-objectives-qualitative-characteristics","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F01-objectives-qualitative-characteristics",{"title":1104,"path":1105,"stem":1106},"会计等式与要素","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F02-equation-elements","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F02-equation-elements",{"title":1108,"path":1109,"stem":1110},"记账基础与原则","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F03-accounting-bases-principles","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F03-accounting-bases-principles",{"title":1112,"path":1113,"stem":1114,"children":1115},"2. 交易记录","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002Findex",[1116,1117,1121],{"title":1112,"path":1113,"stem":1114},{"title":1118,"path":1119,"stem":1120},"复式记账与借贷规则","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F04-double-entry-dr-cr","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F04-double-entry-dr-cr",{"title":1122,"path":1123,"stem":1124},"会计循环","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F05-accounting-cycle","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F05-accounting-cycle",{"title":1126,"path":1127,"stem":1128,"children":1129},"3. 计量与调整","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002Findex",[1130,1131,1135,1139,1143,1147,1151,1155],{"title":1126,"path":1127,"stem":1128},{"title":1132,"path":1133,"stem":1134},"收入确认","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F07-revenue-recognition","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F07-revenue-recognition",{"title":1136,"path":1137,"stem":1138},"存货","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F08-inventory","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F08-inventory",{"title":1140,"path":1141,"stem":1142},"应收账款","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F09-receivables","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F09-receivables",{"title":1144,"path":1145,"stem":1146},"固定资产","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F10-ppe","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F10-ppe",{"title":1148,"path":1149,"stem":1150},"无形资产","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F11-intangibles","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F11-intangibles",{"title":1152,"path":1153,"stem":1154},"租赁","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F12-leases","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F12-leases",{"title":1156,"path":1157,"stem":1158},"所得税","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F13-income-tax","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F13-income-tax",{"title":1160,"path":1161,"stem":1162,"children":1163},"4. 报表与现金","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002Findex",[1164,1165,1169],{"title":1160,"path":1161,"stem":1162},{"title":1166,"path":1167,"stem":1168},"财务报表","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F06-financial-statements","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F06-financial-statements",{"title":1170,"path":1171,"stem":1172},"现金控制","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F14-cash-control","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F14-cash-control",{"title":1174,"path":1175,"stem":1176,"children":1177},"5. 分析与比较","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002Findex",[1178,1179,1183,1187],{"title":1174,"path":1175,"stem":1176},{"title":1180,"path":1181,"stem":1182},"财务比率分析","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F15-ratio-analysis","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F15-ratio-analysis",{"title":1184,"path":1185,"stem":1186},"IFRS 与 US GAAP 对比","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F25-ifrs-gaap","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F25-ifrs-gaap",{"title":1188,"path":1189,"stem":1190},"2026 准则更新与报告案例","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F27-current-standards-2026","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F27-current-standards-2026",{"title":1192,"path":1193,"stem":1194,"children":1195},"管理会计","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002Findex",[1196,1197,1215,1233],{"title":1192,"path":1193,"stem":1194},{"title":1198,"path":1199,"stem":1200,"children":1201},"1. 成本基础","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002Findex",[1202,1203,1207,1211],{"title":1198,"path":1199,"stem":1200},{"title":1204,"path":1205,"stem":1206},"成本概念","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F16-cost-concepts","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F16-cost-concepts",{"title":1208,"path":1209,"stem":1210},"成本核算系统","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F17-costing-systems","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F17-costing-systems",{"title":1212,"path":1213,"stem":1214},"变动成本法 vs. 吸收成本法","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F19-variable-vs-absorption","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F19-variable-vs-absorption",{"title":1216,"path":1217,"stem":1218,"children":1219},"2. 计划与控制","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002Findex",[1220,1221,1225,1229],{"title":1216,"path":1217,"stem":1218},{"title":1222,"path":1223,"stem":1224},"本量利分析","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F18-cvp-analysis","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F18-cvp-analysis",{"title":1226,"path":1227,"stem":1228},"预算与差异分析","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F20-budgeting-variances","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F20-budgeting-variances",{"title":1230,"path":1231,"stem":1232},"绩效评价","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F21-performance-measurement","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F21-performance-measurement",{"title":1234,"path":1235,"stem":1236,"children":1237},"3. 决策与投资","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002Findex",[1238,1239,1243],{"title":1234,"path":1235,"stem":1236},{"title":1240,"path":1241,"stem":1242},"短期决策","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F22-short-term-decisions","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F22-short-term-decisions",{"title":1244,"path":1245,"stem":1246},"资本预算","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F23-capital-budgeting","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F23-capital-budgeting",{"title":1248,"path":1249,"stem":1250,"children":1251},"资产定价理论","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002Findex",[1252,1253,1259,1265,1271,1277,1283,1289,1295,1301,1307,1313,1319],{"title":1248,"path":1249,"stem":1250},{"title":1254,"path":1255,"stem":1256,"children":1257},"第一章：引言与基础","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F01-intro","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F01-intro\u002Findex",[1258],{"title":1254,"path":1255,"stem":1256},{"title":1260,"path":1261,"stem":1262,"children":1263},"第二章：效用理论与风险偏好","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F02-utility","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F02-utility\u002Findex",[1264],{"title":1260,"path":1261,"stem":1262},{"title":1266,"path":1267,"stem":1268,"children":1269},"第三章：均值-方差分析","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F03-mean-variance","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F03-mean-variance\u002Findex",[1270],{"title":1266,"path":1267,"stem":1268},{"title":1272,"path":1273,"stem":1274,"children":1275},"第四章：资本资产定价模型(CAPM)","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F04-capm","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F04-capm\u002Findex",[1276],{"title":1272,"path":1273,"stem":1274},{"title":1278,"path":1279,"stem":1280,"children":1281},"第五章：因子模型","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F05-factor-models","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F05-factor-models\u002Findex",[1282],{"title":1278,"path":1279,"stem":1280},{"title":1284,"path":1285,"stem":1286,"children":1287},"第六章：跨期资产定价","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F06-intertemporal","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F06-intertemporal\u002Findex",[1288],{"title":1284,"path":1285,"stem":1286},{"title":1290,"path":1291,"stem":1292,"children":1293},"第七章：期权定价理论","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F07-options","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F07-options\u002Findex",[1294],{"title":1290,"path":1291,"stem":1292},{"title":1296,"path":1297,"stem":1298,"children":1299},"第八章：固定收益证券","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F08-fixed-income","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F08-fixed-income\u002Findex",[1300],{"title":1296,"path":1297,"stem":1298},{"title":1302,"path":1303,"stem":1304,"children":1305},"第九章：市场有效性与异象","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F09-efficiency","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F09-efficiency\u002Findex",[1306],{"title":1302,"path":1303,"stem":1304},{"title":1308,"path":1309,"stem":1310,"children":1311},"第十章：数值方法与实证应用","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F10-empirical","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F10-empirical\u002Findex",[1312],{"title":1308,"path":1309,"stem":1310},{"title":1314,"path":1315,"stem":1316,"children":1317},"第十一章：资产定价浏览器交互实验","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F11-interactive-labs","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F11-interactive-labs\u002Findex",[1318],{"title":1314,"path":1315,"stem":1316},{"title":1320,"path":1321,"stem":1322},"第十二章：前沿文献与现代资产定价案例（2023—2026）","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F12-frontier-literature-2026","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F12-frontier-literature-2026",{"title":1324,"path":1325,"stem":1326,"children":1327},"计量经济学","\u002Fzh\u002Feconometrics","zh\u002Feconometrics\u002Findex",[1328,1329,1333,1337,1341,1345,1349,1353,1357,1361],{"title":1324,"path":1325,"stem":1326},{"title":1330,"path":1331,"stem":1332},"第一章：数据、概率与回归对象","\u002Fzh\u002Feconometrics\u002F01-data-and-regression","zh\u002Feconometrics\u002F01-data-and-regression",{"title":1334,"path":1335,"stem":1336},"第二章：OLS、矩阵与几何解释","\u002Fzh\u002Feconometrics\u002F02-ols-and-geometry","zh\u002Feconometrics\u002F02-ols-and-geometry",{"title":1338,"path":1339,"stem":1340},"第三章：统计推断与稳健标准误","\u002Fzh\u002Feconometrics\u002F03-inference-and-robustness","zh\u002Feconometrics\u002F03-inference-and-robustness",{"title":1342,"path":1343,"stem":1344},"第四章：内生性、工具变量与两阶段最小二乘","\u002Fzh\u002Feconometrics\u002F04-endogeneity-and-iv","zh\u002Feconometrics\u002F04-endogeneity-and-iv",{"title":1346,"path":1347,"stem":1348},"第五章：面板数据与时间序列","\u002Fzh\u002Feconometrics\u002F05-panel-and-time-series","zh\u002Feconometrics\u002F05-panel-and-time-series",{"title":1350,"path":1351,"stem":1352},"第六章：估计方法与因果设计的共同基础","\u002Fzh\u002Feconometrics\u002F06-estimation-and-causal-design","zh\u002Feconometrics\u002F06-estimation-and-causal-design",{"title":1354,"path":1355,"stem":1356},"第七章：可重复计量实证项目","\u002Fzh\u002Feconometrics\u002F07-reproducible-project","zh\u002Feconometrics\u002F07-reproducible-project",{"title":1358,"path":1359,"stem":1360},"第八章：计量经济学浏览器回归实验","\u002Fzh\u002Feconometrics\u002F08-interactive-regression-labs","zh\u002Feconometrics\u002F08-interactive-regression-labs",{"title":1362,"path":1363,"stem":1364},"第九章：前沿文献与现代计量案例（2023—2026）","\u002Fzh\u002Feconometrics\u002F09-frontier-literature-2026","zh\u002Feconometrics\u002F09-frontier-literature-2026",{"title":478,"path":1366,"stem":1367,"children":1368,"page":249},"\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics",[1369,1373,1377,1381,1385,1389,1393,1397,1401,1405,1409,1413,1417],{"title":1370,"path":1371,"stem":1372},"经济学导论 (微观与宏观)","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F00-intro","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F00-intro",{"title":1374,"path":1375,"stem":1376},"第1章：经济学基础原理","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F01-foundations","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F01-foundations",{"title":1378,"path":1379,"stem":1380},"第2章：需求与供给","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F02-demand-and-supply","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F02-demand-and-supply",{"title":1382,"path":1383,"stem":1384},"第3章：弹性","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F03-elasticity","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F03-elasticity",{"title":1386,"path":1387,"stem":1388},"第4章：市场结构","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F04-market-structures","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F04-market-structures",{"title":1390,"path":1391,"stem":1392},"第5章：GDP 与财富","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F05-gdp-and-wealth","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F05-gdp-and-wealth",{"title":1394,"path":1395,"stem":1396},"第6章：通货膨胀与失业","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F06-inflation-and-unemployment","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F06-inflation-and-unemployment",{"title":1398,"path":1399,"stem":1400},"第7章：经济增长","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F07-economic-growth","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F07-economic-growth",{"title":1402,"path":1403,"stem":1404},"第8章：货币与银行","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F08-money-and-banking","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F08-money-and-banking",{"title":1406,"path":1407,"stem":1408},"第9章：货币政策与 AD-AS 模型","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F09-monetary-policy-and-ad-as","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F09-monetary-policy-and-ad-as",{"title":1410,"path":1411,"stem":1412},"第10章：财政政策","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F10-fiscal-policy","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F10-fiscal-policy",{"title":1414,"path":1415,"stem":1416},"第11章：开放经济与汇率","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F11-open-economy-and-exchange-rates","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F11-open-economy-and-exchange-rates",{"title":1418,"path":1419,"stem":1420},"第12章：综合复习与案例分析","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F12-review-and-case-studies","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F12-review-and-case-studies",{"title":1422,"path":1423,"stem":1424,"children":1425},"宏观经济学","\u002Fzh\u002Fmacroeconomics","zh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002Findex",[1426,1427,1431,1435,1439,1443,1447,1451,1455,1459,1463],{"title":1422,"path":1423,"stem":1424},{"title":1428,"path":1429,"stem":1430},"第一章：国民账户与宏观指标","\u002Fzh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F01-national-accounts","zh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F01-national-accounts",{"title":1432,"path":1433,"stem":1434},"第二章：消费、投资与凯恩斯交叉","\u002Fzh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F02-consumption-investment","zh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F02-consumption-investment",{"title":1436,"path":1437,"stem":1438},"第三章：货币、银行与货币政策","\u002Fzh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F03-money-and-monetary-policy","zh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F03-money-and-monetary-policy",{"title":1440,"path":1441,"stem":1442},"第四章：AD–AS、通货膨胀与失业","\u002Fzh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F04-ad-as-inflation-unemployment","zh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F04-ad-as-inflation-unemployment",{"title":1444,"path":1445,"stem":1446},"第五章：财政政策、债务与稳定化","\u002Fzh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F05-fiscal-policy-and-debt","zh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F05-fiscal-policy-and-debt",{"title":1448,"path":1449,"stem":1450},"第六章：经济增长、生产率与发展","\u002Fzh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F06-growth-productivity","zh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F06-growth-productivity",{"title":1452,"path":1453,"stem":1454},"第七章：开放经济、汇率与国际收支","\u002Fzh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F07-open-economy","zh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F07-open-economy",{"title":1456,"path":1457,"stem":1458},"第八章：宏观研究项目与政策分析","\u002Fzh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F08-macro-research-project","zh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F08-macro-research-project",{"title":1460,"path":1461,"stem":1462},"第九章：宏观经济学浏览器交互实验","\u002Fzh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F09-interactive-policy-labs","zh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F09-interactive-policy-labs",{"title":1464,"path":1465,"stem":1466},"第十章：前沿文献与当代宏观案例（2023—2026）","\u002Fzh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F10-frontier-literature-2026","zh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F10-frontier-literature-2026",{"title":1468,"path":1469,"stem":1470,"children":1471},"微观计量经济学","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Findex",[1472,1473,1479,1485,1491,1497,1503,1509,1515,1521,1527,1533,1539],{"title":1468,"path":1469,"stem":1470},{"title":1474,"path":1475,"stem":1476,"children":1477},"第一章：微观计量与因果推断导论","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-intro","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-intro\u002Findex",[1478],{"title":1474,"path":1475,"stem":1476},{"title":1480,"path":1481,"stem":1482,"children":1483},"第二章：线性回归与 OLS","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-ols","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-ols\u002Findex",[1484],{"title":1480,"path":1481,"stem":1482},{"title":1486,"path":1487,"stem":1488,"children":1489},"第三章：工具变量法","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-iv","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-iv\u002Findex",[1490],{"title":1486,"path":1487,"stem":1488},{"title":1492,"path":1493,"stem":1494,"children":1495},"第四章：面板数据方法","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-panel","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-panel\u002Findex",[1496],{"title":1492,"path":1493,"stem":1494},{"title":1498,"path":1499,"stem":1500,"children":1501},"第五章：双重差分法","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-did","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-did\u002Findex",[1502],{"title":1498,"path":1499,"stem":1500},{"title":1504,"path":1505,"stem":1506,"children":1507},"第六章：断点回归设计","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-rdd","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-rdd\u002Findex",[1508],{"title":1504,"path":1505,"stem":1506},{"title":1510,"path":1511,"stem":1512,"children":1513},"第七章：匹配、倾向得分与加权","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F07-matching","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F07-matching\u002Findex",[1514],{"title":1510,"path":1511,"stem":1512},{"title":1516,"path":1517,"stem":1518,"children":1519},"第八章：离散选择模型","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F08-discrete-choice","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F08-discrete-choice\u002Findex",[1520],{"title":1516,"path":1517,"stem":1518},{"title":1522,"path":1523,"stem":1524,"children":1525},"第九章：计数数据与受限因变量","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F09-count-limited","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F09-count-limited\u002Findex",[1526],{"title":1522,"path":1523,"stem":1524},{"title":1528,"path":1529,"stem":1530,"children":1531},"第十章：合成控制法","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F10-synthetic-control","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F10-synthetic-control\u002Findex",[1532],{"title":1528,"path":1529,"stem":1530},{"title":1534,"path":1535,"stem":1536,"children":1537},"第十一章：机器学习与因果推断","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F11-ml-causal","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F11-ml-causal\u002Findex",[1538],{"title":1534,"path":1535,"stem":1536},{"title":1540,"path":1541,"stem":1542},"第十二章：前沿文献与现代微观案例（2024—2026）","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F12-frontier-literature-2026","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F12-frontier-literature-2026",{"title":716,"path":1544,"stem":1545,"children":1546,"page":249},"\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics",[1547,1553,1559,1565,1571,1577,1583,1589,1595,1601,1607,1613,1619],{"title":1548,"path":1549,"stem":1550,"children":1551},"微观经济学 III","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F00-intro","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[1552],{"title":1548,"path":1549,"stem":1550},{"title":1554,"path":1555,"stem":1556,"children":1557},"消费者理论与分析基础","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F01-fundations","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F01-fundations\u002Findex",[1558],{"title":1554,"path":1555,"stem":1556},{"title":1560,"path":1561,"stem":1562,"children":1563},"比较静态分析与福利测度","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F02-comparative-statics","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F02-comparative-statics\u002Findex",[1564],{"title":1560,"path":1561,"stem":1562},{"title":1566,"path":1567,"stem":1568,"children":1569},"不确定性下的决策","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F03-uncertainty","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F03-uncertainty\u002Findex",[1570],{"title":1566,"path":1567,"stem":1568},{"title":1572,"path":1573,"stem":1574,"children":1575},"一般均衡与福利经济学","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F04-general-equilibrium","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F04-general-equilibrium\u002Findex",[1576],{"title":1572,"path":1573,"stem":1574},{"title":1578,"path":1579,"stem":1580,"children":1581},"博弈论：静态与动态博弈","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F05-game-theory","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F05-game-theory\u002Findex",[1582],{"title":1578,"path":1579,"stem":1580},{"title":1584,"path":1585,"stem":1586,"children":1587},"寡头垄断与策略性市场行为","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F06-oligopoly","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F06-oligopoly\u002Findex",[1588],{"title":1584,"path":1585,"stem":1586},{"title":1590,"path":1591,"stem":1592,"children":1593},"信息经济学：逆向选择与道德风险","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F07-information-economics","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F07-information-economics\u002Findex",[1594],{"title":1590,"path":1591,"stem":1592},{"title":1596,"path":1597,"stem":1598,"children":1599},"机制设计与拍卖理论","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F08-mechanism-design","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F08-mechanism-design\u002Findex",[1600],{"title":1596,"path":1597,"stem":1598},{"title":1602,"path":1603,"stem":1604,"children":1605},"行为与实验微观经济学","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F09-behavioural-economics","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F09-behavioural-economics\u002Findex",[1606],{"title":1602,"path":1603,"stem":1604},{"title":1608,"path":1609,"stem":1610,"children":1611},"外部性、公共物品与机制","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F10-externalities-public-goods","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F10-externalities-public-goods\u002Findex",[1612],{"title":1608,"path":1609,"stem":1610},{"title":1614,"path":1615,"stem":1616,"children":1617},"市场设计与匹配理论","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F11-market-design","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F11-market-design\u002Findex",[1618],{"title":1614,"path":1615,"stem":1616},{"title":1620,"path":1621,"stem":1622,"children":1623},"第十二章：微观经济学：回顾与前沿应用","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F12-review","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F12-review\u002Findex",[1624],{"title":1620,"path":1621,"stem":1622},{"title":799,"path":1626,"stem":1627,"children":1628,"page":249},"\u002Fzh\u002Fplayground","zh\u002Fplayground",[1629],{"title":1630,"path":1631,"stem":1632},"Chart.js 可视化","\u002Fzh\u002Fplayground\u002F05-chartjs","zh\u002Fplayground\u002F05-chartjs",{"title":1634,"path":1635,"stem":1636,"children":1637},"概率论与数理统计","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002Findex",[1638,1639,1645,1680,1727],{"title":1634,"path":1635,"stem":1636},{"title":1640,"path":1641,"stem":1642,"children":1643},"第零章：概率统计的对象与学习方法","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F00-intro","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[1644],{"title":1640,"path":1641,"stem":1642},{"title":1646,"path":1647,"stem":1648,"children":1649,"page":249},"01 Probability","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F01-probability","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F01-probability",[1650,1656,1662,1668,1674],{"title":1651,"path":1652,"stem":1653,"children":1654},"第一章：概率论基础","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F01-probability\u002F01-prob-theory","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F01-probability\u002F01-prob-theory\u002Findex",[1655],{"title":1651,"path":1652,"stem":1653},{"title":1657,"path":1658,"stem":1659,"children":1660},"第二章：随机变量与分布","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F01-probability\u002F02-random-variables","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F01-probability\u002F02-random-variables\u002Findex",[1661],{"title":1657,"path":1658,"stem":1659},{"title":1663,"path":1664,"stem":1665,"children":1666},"第三章：期望、方差与条件矩","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F01-probability\u002F03-moment","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F01-probability\u002F03-moment\u002Findex",[1667],{"title":1663,"path":1664,"stem":1665},{"title":1669,"path":1670,"stem":1671,"children":1672},"第四章：常见分布族与建模机制","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F01-probability\u002F04-families","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F01-probability\u002F04-families\u002Findex",[1673],{"title":1669,"path":1670,"stem":1671},{"title":1675,"path":1676,"stem":1677,"children":1678},"第五章：收敛与渐近理论","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F01-probability\u002F05-asymptotics","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F01-probability\u002F05-asymptotics\u002Findex",[1679],{"title":1675,"path":1676,"stem":1677},{"title":1681,"path":1682,"stem":1683,"children":1684,"page":249},"02 Statistics","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics",[1685,1691,1697,1703,1709,1715,1721],{"title":1686,"path":1687,"stem":1688,"children":1689},"第六章：抽样分布","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F01-sampling","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F01-sampling\u002Findex",[1690],{"title":1686,"path":1687,"stem":1688},{"title":1692,"path":1693,"stem":1694,"children":1695},"第七章：区间估计","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F02-interval-estimation","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F02-interval-estimation\u002Findex",[1696],{"title":1692,"path":1693,"stem":1694},{"title":1698,"path":1699,"stem":1700,"children":1701},"第八章：点估计理论","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F03-point-estimation","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F03-point-estimation\u002Findex",[1702],{"title":1698,"path":1699,"stem":1700},{"title":1704,"path":1705,"stem":1706,"children":1707},"第九章：点估计方法","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F04-pe-method","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F04-pe-method\u002Findex",[1708],{"title":1704,"path":1705,"stem":1706},{"title":1710,"path":1711,"stem":1712,"children":1713},"第十章：假设检验原理","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F05-hypothesis","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F05-hypothesis\u002Findex",[1714],{"title":1710,"path":1711,"stem":1712},{"title":1716,"path":1717,"stem":1718,"children":1719},"第十一章：常用检验方法与选择","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F06-hypothesis-method","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F06-hypothesis-method\u002Findex",[1720],{"title":1716,"path":1717,"stem":1718},{"title":1722,"path":1723,"stem":1724,"children":1725},"第十二章：Bootstrap 与重抽样","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F07-bootstrap","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F07-bootstrap\u002Findex",[1726],{"title":1722,"path":1723,"stem":1724},{"title":1728,"path":1729,"stem":1730},"第十三章：前沿文献与现代统计案例（2023—2026）","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F03-frontier-literature-2026","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F03-frontier-literature-2026",{"title":1732,"path":1733,"stem":1734,"children":1735,"page":249},"Quant","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant","zh\u002Fquant",[1736,1742,1746,1750,1754,1758,1762,1766,1770,1774,1778],{"title":1737,"path":1738,"stem":1739,"children":1740},"量化投资——从可检验信号到可执行组合","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F00-index","zh\u002Fquant\u002F00-index",[1741],{"title":1737,"path":1738,"stem":1739},{"title":1743,"path":1744,"stem":1745},"数据获取与预处理","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F01-research-data","zh\u002Fquant\u002F01-research-data",{"title":1747,"path":1748,"stem":1749},"因子与交易信号","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F02-factor-and-signals","zh\u002Fquant\u002F02-factor-and-signals",{"title":1751,"path":1752,"stem":1753},"策略建模与回测","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F03-modeling-and-backtest","zh\u002Fquant\u002F03-modeling-and-backtest",{"title":1755,"path":1756,"stem":1757},"组合构建与风险建模（资产定价视角）","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F04-portfolio-and-risk","zh\u002Fquant\u002F04-portfolio-and-risk",{"title":1759,"path":1760,"stem":1761},"执行策略与市场微结构概览","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F05-execution-and-microstructure","zh\u002Fquant\u002F05-execution-and-microstructure",{"title":1763,"path":1764,"stem":1765},"策略上线、监控与迭代","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F06-production-and-monitoring","zh\u002Fquant\u002F06-production-and-monitoring",{"title":1767,"path":1768,"stem":1769},"量化工程与工具链概览","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F07-engineering-stack","zh\u002Fquant\u002F07-engineering-stack",{"title":1771,"path":1772,"stem":1773},"计量方法与实证检验","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F08-econometric-methods","zh\u002Fquant\u002F08-econometric-methods",{"title":1775,"path":1776,"stem":1777},"案例研究：多因子股票 Alpha 策略全流程","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F09-case-study","zh\u002Fquant\u002F09-case-study",{"title":1779,"path":1780,"stem":1781},"量化投资文献与软件图谱","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F10-reading-software-map","zh\u002Fquant\u002F10-reading-software-map",{"path":1609},{"id":1784,"title":781,"body":1785,"description":3692,"extension":3693,"features":3694,"hero":3694,"layout":3694,"locale":3694,"meta":3695,"navigation":3694,"path":782,"published":3696,"seo":3697,"stem":783,"__hash__":3698},"docs\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F10-externalities-public-goods\u002Findex.md",{"type":1786,"value":1787,"toc":3672},"minimark",[1788,1792,1797,1801,1805,1808,1827,1831,1839,2041,2044,2049,2056,2059,2246,2249,2427,2430,2438,2442,2456,2459,2463,2573,2576,2580,2583,2591,2594,2597,2601,2604,2928,2931,3241,3260,3263,3267,3274,3466,3469,3472,3476,3518,3521,3525,3528,3545,3548,3552,3562,3565,3586,3603,3607,3610,3614,3641,3645,3662],[1789,1790,781],"h1",{"id":1791},"module-10-externalities-public-goods-and-collective-action",[1793,1794,1796],"h2",{"id":1795},"core-question","Core question",[1798,1799,1800],"p",{},"How should institutions change when a private action affects people who neither choose it nor receive compensation through the market?",[1793,1802,1804],{"id":1803},"learning-outcomes","Learning outcomes",[1798,1806,1807],{},"You will be able to:",[1809,1810,1811,1815,1818,1821,1824],"ul",{},[1812,1813,1814],"li",{},"distinguish technological externalities from ordinary price changes;",[1812,1816,1817],{},"calculate a corrective tax and efficient quantity;",[1812,1819,1820],{},"compare Pigouvian taxes, bargaining, standards, and tradable permits;",[1812,1822,1823],{},"derive the public-good provision condition;",[1812,1825,1826],{},"evaluate carbon pricing through incentives, incidence, uncertainty, and implementation.",[1793,1828,1830],{"id":1829},"_1-private-and-social-margins","1. Private and social margins",[1798,1832,1833,1834,1838],{},"A negative production externality creates marginal external damage ",[1835,1836,1837],"code",{},"MED",":",[1840,1841,1844],"span",{"className":1842},[1843],"katex-display",[1840,1845,1848,1926],{"className":1846},[1847],"katex",[1840,1849,1852],{"className":1850},[1851],"katex-mathml",[1853,1854,1857],"math",{"xmlns":1855,"display":1856},"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML","block",[1858,1859,1860,1921],"semantics",{},[1861,1862,1863,1867,1870,1873,1878,1881,1884,1887,1889,1892,1894,1896,1898,1900,1903,1905,1908,1911,1913,1915,1917],"mrow",{},[1864,1865,1866],"mi",{},"M",[1864,1868,1869],{},"S",[1864,1871,1872],{},"C",[1874,1875,1877],"mo",{"stretchy":1876},"false","(",[1864,1879,1880],{},"Q",[1874,1882,1883],{"stretchy":1876},")",[1874,1885,1886],{},"=",[1864,1888,1866],{},[1864,1890,1891],{},"P",[1864,1893,1872],{},[1874,1895,1877],{"stretchy":1876},[1864,1897,1880],{},[1874,1899,1883],{"stretchy":1876},[1874,1901,1902],{},"+",[1864,1904,1866],{},[1864,1906,1907],{},"E",[1864,1909,1910],{},"D",[1874,1912,1877],{"stretchy":1876},[1864,1914,1880],{},[1874,1916,1883],{"stretchy":1876},[1864,1918,1920],{"mathvariant":1919},"normal",".",[1922,1923,1925],"annotation",{"encoding":1924},"application\u002Fx-tex","MSC(Q)=MPC(Q)+MED(Q).",[1840,1927,1931,1977,2013],{"className":1928,"ariaHidden":1930},[1929],"katex-html","true",[1840,1932,1935,1940,1946,1950,1954,1958,1961,1965,1970,1974],{"className":1933},[1934],"base",[1840,1936],{"className":1937,"style":1939},[1938],"strut","height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;",[1840,1941,1866],{"className":1942,"style":1945},[1943,1944],"mord","mathnormal","margin-right:0.109em;",[1840,1947,1869],{"className":1948,"style":1949},[1943,1944],"margin-right:0.0576em;",[1840,1951,1872],{"className":1952,"style":1953},[1943,1944],"margin-right:0.0715em;",[1840,1955,1877],{"className":1956},[1957],"mopen",[1840,1959,1880],{"className":1960},[1943,1944],[1840,1962,1883],{"className":1963},[1964],"mclose",[1840,1966],{"className":1967,"style":1969},[1968],"mspace","margin-right:0.2778em;",[1840,1971,1886],{"className":1972},[1973],"mrel",[1840,1975],{"className":1976,"style":1969},[1968],[1840,1978,1980,1983,1986,1990,1993,1996,1999,2002,2006,2010],{"className":1979},[1934],[1840,1981],{"className":1982,"style":1939},[1938],[1840,1984,1866],{"className":1985,"style":1945},[1943,1944],[1840,1987,1891],{"className":1988,"style":1989},[1943,1944],"margin-right:0.1389em;",[1840,1991,1872],{"className":1992,"style":1953},[1943,1944],[1840,1994,1877],{"className":1995},[1957],[1840,1997,1880],{"className":1998},[1943,1944],[1840,2000,1883],{"className":2001},[1964],[1840,2003],{"className":2004,"style":2005},[1968],"margin-right:0.2222em;",[1840,2007,1902],{"className":2008},[2009],"mbin",[1840,2011],{"className":2012,"style":2005},[1968],[1840,2014,2016,2019,2022,2025,2029,2032,2035,2038],{"className":2015},[1934],[1840,2017],{"className":2018,"style":1939},[1938],[1840,2020,1866],{"className":2021,"style":1945},[1943,1944],[1840,2023,1907],{"className":2024,"style":1949},[1943,1944],[1840,2026,1910],{"className":2027,"style":2028},[1943,1944],"margin-right:0.0278em;",[1840,2030,1877],{"className":2031},[1957],[1840,2033,1880],{"className":2034},[1943,1944],[1840,2036,1883],{"className":2037},[1964],[1840,2039,1920],{"className":2040},[1943],[1798,2042,2043],{},"The market equates marginal benefit with private marginal cost; efficiency equates it with social marginal cost.",[2045,2046,2048],"h3",{"id":2047},"worked-pollution-market","Worked pollution market",[1798,2050,2051,2052,2055],{},"Let inverse demand be ",[1835,2053,2054],{},"P=100−Q",", private marginal cost be 20, and marginal external damage be 20 per unit.",[1798,2057,2058],{},"Market outcome:",[1840,2060,2062],{"className":2061},[1843],[1840,2063,2065,2106],{"className":2064},[1847],[1840,2066,2068],{"className":2067},[1851],[1853,2069,2070],{"xmlns":1855,"display":1856},[1858,2071,2072,2103],{},[1861,2073,2074,2078,2081,2083,2085,2088,2091,2098,2100],{},[2075,2076,2077],"mn",{},"100",[1874,2079,2080],{},"−",[1864,2082,1880],{},[1874,2084,1886],{},[2075,2086,2087],{},"20",[1874,2089,2090],{},"⇒",[2092,2093,2094,2096],"msub",{},[1864,2095,1880],{},[1864,2097,1866],{},[1874,2099,1886],{},[2075,2101,2102],{},"80.",[1922,2104,2105],{"encoding":1924},"100-Q=20\\Rightarrow Q_M=80.",[1840,2107,2109,2128,2147,2166,2237],{"className":2108,"ariaHidden":1930},[1929],[1840,2110,2112,2116,2119,2122,2125],{"className":2111},[1934],[1840,2113],{"className":2114,"style":2115},[1938],"height:0.7278em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;",[1840,2117,2077],{"className":2118},[1943],[1840,2120],{"className":2121,"style":2005},[1968],[1840,2123,2080],{"className":2124},[2009],[1840,2126],{"className":2127,"style":2005},[1968],[1840,2129,2131,2135,2138,2141,2144],{"className":2130},[1934],[1840,2132],{"className":2133,"style":2134},[1938],"height:0.8778em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[1840,2136,1880],{"className":2137},[1943,1944],[1840,2139],{"className":2140,"style":1969},[1968],[1840,2142,1886],{"className":2143},[1973],[1840,2145],{"className":2146,"style":1969},[1968],[1840,2148,2150,2154,2157,2160,2163],{"className":2149},[1934],[1840,2151],{"className":2152,"style":2153},[1938],"height:0.6444em;",[1840,2155,2087],{"className":2156},[1943],[1840,2158],{"className":2159,"style":1969},[1968],[1840,2161,2090],{"className":2162},[1973],[1840,2164],{"className":2165,"style":1969},[1968],[1840,2167,2169,2172,2228,2231,2234],{"className":2168},[1934],[1840,2170],{"className":2171,"style":2134},[1938],[1840,2173,2175,2178],{"className":2174},[1943],[1840,2176,1880],{"className":2177},[1943,1944],[1840,2179,2182],{"className":2180},[2181],"msupsub",[1840,2183,2187,2219],{"className":2184},[2185,2186],"vlist-t","vlist-t2",[1840,2188,2191,2214],{"className":2189},[2190],"vlist-r",[1840,2192,2196],{"className":2193,"style":2195},[2194],"vlist","height:0.3283em;",[1840,2197,2199,2204],{"style":2198},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1840,2200],{"className":2201,"style":2203},[2202],"pstrut","height:2.7em;",[1840,2205,2211],{"className":2206},[2207,2208,2209,2210],"sizing","reset-size6","size3","mtight",[1840,2212,1866],{"className":2213,"style":1945},[1943,1944,2210],[1840,2215,2218],{"className":2216},[2217],"vlist-s","​",[1840,2220,2222],{"className":2221},[2190],[1840,2223,2226],{"className":2224,"style":2225},[2194],"height:0.15em;",[1840,2227],{},[1840,2229],{"className":2230,"style":1969},[1968],[1840,2232,1886],{"className":2233},[1973],[1840,2235],{"className":2236,"style":1969},[1968],[1840,2238,2240,2243],{"className":2239},[1934],[1840,2241],{"className":2242,"style":2153},[1938],[1840,2244,2102],{"className":2245},[1943],[1798,2247,2248],{},"Efficient outcome:",[1840,2250,2252],{"className":2251},[1843],[1840,2253,2255,2296],{"className":2254},[1847],[1840,2256,2258],{"className":2257},[1851],[1853,2259,2260],{"xmlns":1855,"display":1856},[1858,2261,2262,2293],{},[1861,2263,2264,2266,2268,2270,2272,2274,2276,2278,2280,2288,2290],{},[2075,2265,2077],{},[1874,2267,2080],{},[1864,2269,1880],{},[1874,2271,1886],{},[2075,2273,2087],{},[1874,2275,1902],{},[2075,2277,2087],{},[1874,2279,2090],{},[2281,2282,2283,2285],"msup",{},[1864,2284,1880],{},[1874,2286,2287],{},"∗",[1874,2289,1886],{},[2075,2291,2292],{},"60.",[1922,2294,2295],{"encoding":1924},"100-Q=20+20\\Rightarrow Q^*=60.",[1840,2297,2299,2317,2335,2353,2371,2418],{"className":2298,"ariaHidden":1930},[1929],[1840,2300,2302,2305,2308,2311,2314],{"className":2301},[1934],[1840,2303],{"className":2304,"style":2115},[1938],[1840,2306,2077],{"className":2307},[1943],[1840,2309],{"className":2310,"style":2005},[1968],[1840,2312,2080],{"className":2313},[2009],[1840,2315],{"className":2316,"style":2005},[1968],[1840,2318,2320,2323,2326,2329,2332],{"className":2319},[1934],[1840,2321],{"className":2322,"style":2134},[1938],[1840,2324,1880],{"className":2325},[1943,1944],[1840,2327],{"className":2328,"style":1969},[1968],[1840,2330,1886],{"className":2331},[1973],[1840,2333],{"className":2334,"style":1969},[1968],[1840,2336,2338,2341,2344,2347,2350],{"className":2337},[1934],[1840,2339],{"className":2340,"style":2115},[1938],[1840,2342,2087],{"className":2343},[1943],[1840,2345],{"className":2346,"style":2005},[1968],[1840,2348,1902],{"className":2349},[2009],[1840,2351],{"className":2352,"style":2005},[1968],[1840,2354,2356,2359,2362,2365,2368],{"className":2355},[1934],[1840,2357],{"className":2358,"style":2153},[1938],[1840,2360,2087],{"className":2361},[1943],[1840,2363],{"className":2364,"style":1969},[1968],[1840,2366,2090],{"className":2367},[1973],[1840,2369],{"className":2370,"style":1969},[1968],[1840,2372,2374,2378,2409,2412,2415],{"className":2373},[1934],[1840,2375],{"className":2376,"style":2377},[1938],"height:0.9331em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[1840,2379,2381,2384],{"className":2380},[1943],[1840,2382,1880],{"className":2383},[1943,1944],[1840,2385,2387],{"className":2386},[2181],[1840,2388,2390],{"className":2389},[2185],[1840,2391,2393],{"className":2392},[2190],[1840,2394,2397],{"className":2395,"style":2396},[2194],"height:0.7387em;",[1840,2398,2400,2403],{"style":2399},"top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1840,2401],{"className":2402,"style":2203},[2202],[1840,2404,2406],{"className":2405},[2207,2208,2209,2210],[1840,2407,2287],{"className":2408},[2009,2210],[1840,2410],{"className":2411,"style":1969},[1968],[1840,2413,1886],{"className":2414},[1973],[1840,2416],{"className":2417,"style":1969},[1968],[1840,2419,2421,2424],{"className":2420},[1934],[1840,2422],{"className":2423,"style":2153},[1938],[1840,2425,2292],{"className":2426},[1943],[1798,2428,2429],{},"A per-unit Pigouvian tax of 20 aligns private and social marginal cost in this benchmark.",[1798,2431,2432,2433,2437],{},"Tax revenue is a transfer; avoided damage is a social benefit; lost mutually beneficial ",[2434,2435,2436],"strong",{},"private"," trades between 60 and 80 are the cost required to avoid larger external harm. Distribution depends on demand, supply, ownership, and revenue use.",[1793,2439,2441],{"id":2440},"_2-an-externality-is-not-every-indirect-effect","2. An externality is not every indirect effect",[1809,2443,2444,2447,2450,2453],{},[1812,2445,2446],{},"A factory's smoke harming nearby health is a technological externality.",[1812,2448,2449],{},"Higher coffee demand raising the market price is a pecuniary effect already transmitted by price.",[1812,2451,2452],{},"Knowledge spillovers from research can be positive externalities.",[1812,2454,2455],{},"Network effects may be internalised by a platform—or remain external to users and rivals.",[1798,2457,2458],{},"Policy needs the unpriced marginal effect, not merely the observation that someone is affected.",[1793,2460,2462],{"id":2461},"_3-match-the-instrument-to-information","3. Match the instrument to information",[2464,2465,2466,2485],"table",{},[2467,2468,2469],"thead",{},[2470,2471,2472,2476,2479,2482],"tr",{},[2473,2474,2475],"th",{},"Instrument",[2473,2477,2478],{},"Fixes",[2473,2480,2481],{},"Strength",[2473,2483,2484],{},"Main risk",[2486,2487,2488,2503,2517,2531,2545,2559],"tbody",{},[2470,2489,2490,2494,2497,2500],{},[2491,2492,2493],"td",{},"Pigouvian tax",[2491,2495,2496],{},"price per harmful unit",[2491,2498,2499],{},"continuous incentive to reduce",[2491,2501,2502],{},"damage and response uncertain",[2470,2504,2505,2508,2511,2514],{},[2491,2506,2507],{},"subsidy",[2491,2509,2510],{},"positive spillover\u002Fabatement",[2491,2512,2513],{},"rewards adoption",[2491,2515,2516],{},"pays inframarginal action; fiscal cost",[2470,2518,2519,2522,2525,2528],{},[2491,2520,2521],{},"standard",[2491,2523,2524],{},"action or technology",[2491,2526,2527],{},"direct and enforceable",[2491,2529,2530],{},"ignores heterogeneous abatement cost",[2470,2532,2533,2536,2539,2542],{},[2491,2534,2535],{},"cap-and-trade",[2491,2537,2538],{},"total quantity",[2491,2540,2541],{},"cap is explicit; trading lowers cost",[2491,2543,2544],{},"volatile price; allocation and monitoring",[2470,2546,2547,2550,2553,2556],{},[2491,2548,2549],{},"liability",[2491,2551,2552],{},"realised harm",[2491,2554,2555],{},"uses case-specific evidence",[2491,2557,2558],{},"proof, delay, insolvency",[2470,2560,2561,2564,2567,2570],{},[2491,2562,2563],{},"information",[2491,2565,2566],{},"misperceived harm",[2491,2568,2569],{},"low coercion",[2491,2571,2572],{},"weak when incentives dominate",[1798,2574,2575],{},"Under uncertainty, a tax controls marginal cost while quantity adjusts; a cap controls quantity while allowance price adjusts. Relative slopes of marginal damage and abatement cost, catastrophic thresholds, and learning determine which error is more costly.",[1793,2577,2579],{"id":2578},"_4-coasean-bargaining-clarifies-rights-and-transaction-costs","4. Coasean bargaining clarifies rights and transaction costs",[1798,2581,2582],{},"A factory can prevent damage at cost 30; a resident suffers damage 50.",[1809,2584,2585,2588],{},[1812,2586,2587],{},"If the factory has the right to pollute, the resident can pay between 30 and 50 for abatement.",[1812,2589,2590],{},"If the resident has the right to clean air, the factory abates rather than pay at least 50 for permission.",[1798,2592,2593],{},"With clear rights, complete information, transferable utility, and costless bargaining, both assignments lead to abatement. The assignment changes the transfer and therefore distribution.",[1798,2595,2596],{},"The Coase theorem is a benchmark for diagnosing frictions. With millions of affected people, strategic holdout, uncertain future damage, legal costs, wealth effects, and cross-border enforcement, bargaining may not reach the efficient result.",[1793,2598,2600],{"id":2599},"_5-tradable-permits-use-heterogeneous-abatement-costs","5. Tradable permits use heterogeneous abatement costs",[1798,2602,2603],{},"Suppose firms A and B must jointly cut 10 units. Their marginal abatement costs are:",[1840,2605,2607],{"className":2606},[1843],[1840,2608,2610,2677],{"className":2609},[1847],[1840,2611,2613],{"className":2612},[1851],[1853,2614,2615],{"xmlns":1855,"display":1856},[1858,2616,2617,2674],{},[1861,2618,2619,2621,2624,2630,2632,2635,2642,2645,2648,2650,2652,2659,2661,2664,2666,2672],{},[1864,2620,1866],{},[1864,2622,2623],{},"A",[2092,2625,2626,2628],{},[1864,2627,1872],{},[1864,2629,2623],{},[1874,2631,1886],{},[2075,2633,2634],{},"2",[2092,2636,2637,2640],{},[1864,2638,2639],{},"a",[1864,2641,2623],{},[1874,2643,2644],{"separator":1930},",",[1968,2646],{"width":2647},"2em",[1864,2649,1866],{},[1864,2651,2623],{},[2092,2653,2654,2656],{},[1864,2655,1872],{},[1864,2657,2658],{},"B",[1874,2660,1886],{},[2075,2662,2663],{},"8",[1874,2665,1902],{},[2092,2667,2668,2670],{},[1864,2669,2639],{},[1864,2671,2658],{},[1864,2673,1920],{"mathvariant":1919},[1922,2675,2676],{"encoding":1924},"MAC_A=2a_A,\n\\qquad MAC_B=8+a_B.",[1840,2678,2680,2743,2860,2878],{"className":2679,"ariaHidden":1930},[1929],[1840,2681,2683,2687,2690,2693,2734,2737,2740],{"className":2682},[1934],[1840,2684],{"className":2685,"style":2686},[1938],"height:0.8333em;vertical-align:-0.15em;",[1840,2688,1866],{"className":2689,"style":1945},[1943,1944],[1840,2691,2623],{"className":2692},[1943,1944],[1840,2694,2696,2699],{"className":2695},[1943],[1840,2697,1872],{"className":2698,"style":1953},[1943,1944],[1840,2700,2702],{"className":2701},[2181],[1840,2703,2705,2726],{"className":2704},[2185,2186],[1840,2706,2708,2723],{"className":2707},[2190],[1840,2709,2711],{"className":2710,"style":2195},[2194],[1840,2712,2714,2717],{"style":2713},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0715em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1840,2715],{"className":2716,"style":2203},[2202],[1840,2718,2720],{"className":2719},[2207,2208,2209,2210],[1840,2721,2623],{"className":2722},[1943,1944,2210],[1840,2724,2218],{"className":2725},[2217],[1840,2727,2729],{"className":2728},[2190],[1840,2730,2732],{"className":2731,"style":2225},[2194],[1840,2733],{},[1840,2735],{"className":2736,"style":1969},[1968],[1840,2738,1886],{"className":2739},[1973],[1840,2741],{"className":2742,"style":1969},[1968],[1840,2744,2746,2749,2752,2792,2796,2800,2804,2807,2810,2851,2854,2857],{"className":2745},[1934],[1840,2747],{"className":2748,"style":2134},[1938],[1840,2750,2634],{"className":2751},[1943],[1840,2753,2755,2758],{"className":2754},[1943],[1840,2756,2639],{"className":2757},[1943,1944],[1840,2759,2761],{"className":2760},[2181],[1840,2762,2764,2784],{"className":2763},[2185,2186],[1840,2765,2767,2781],{"className":2766},[2190],[1840,2768,2770],{"className":2769,"style":2195},[2194],[1840,2771,2772,2775],{"style":2198},[1840,2773],{"className":2774,"style":2203},[2202],[1840,2776,2778],{"className":2777},[2207,2208,2209,2210],[1840,2779,2623],{"className":2780},[1943,1944,2210],[1840,2782,2218],{"className":2783},[2217],[1840,2785,2787],{"className":2786},[2190],[1840,2788,2790],{"className":2789,"style":2225},[2194],[1840,2791],{},[1840,2793,2644],{"className":2794},[2795],"mpunct",[1840,2797],{"className":2798,"style":2799},[1968],"margin-right:2em;",[1840,2801],{"className":2802,"style":2803},[1968],"margin-right:0.1667em;",[1840,2805,1866],{"className":2806,"style":1945},[1943,1944],[1840,2808,2623],{"className":2809},[1943,1944],[1840,2811,2813,2816],{"className":2812},[1943],[1840,2814,1872],{"className":2815,"style":1953},[1943,1944],[1840,2817,2819],{"className":2818},[2181],[1840,2820,2822,2843],{"className":2821},[2185,2186],[1840,2823,2825,2840],{"className":2824},[2190],[1840,2826,2828],{"className":2827,"style":2195},[2194],[1840,2829,2830,2833],{"style":2713},[1840,2831],{"className":2832,"style":2203},[2202],[1840,2834,2836],{"className":2835},[2207,2208,2209,2210],[1840,2837,2658],{"className":2838,"style":2839},[1943,1944,2210],"margin-right:0.0502em;",[1840,2841,2218],{"className":2842},[2217],[1840,2844,2846],{"className":2845},[2190],[1840,2847,2849],{"className":2848,"style":2225},[2194],[1840,2850],{},[1840,2852],{"className":2853,"style":1969},[1968],[1840,2855,1886],{"className":2856},[1973],[1840,2858],{"className":2859,"style":1969},[1968],[1840,2861,2863,2866,2869,2872,2875],{"className":2862},[1934],[1840,2864],{"className":2865,"style":2115},[1938],[1840,2867,2663],{"className":2868},[1943],[1840,2870],{"className":2871,"style":2005},[1968],[1840,2873,1902],{"className":2874},[2009],[1840,2876],{"className":2877,"style":2005},[1968],[1840,2879,2881,2885,2925],{"className":2880},[1934],[1840,2882],{"className":2883,"style":2884},[1938],"height:0.5806em;vertical-align:-0.15em;",[1840,2886,2888,2891],{"className":2887},[1943],[1840,2889,2639],{"className":2890},[1943,1944],[1840,2892,2894],{"className":2893},[2181],[1840,2895,2897,2917],{"className":2896},[2185,2186],[1840,2898,2900,2914],{"className":2899},[2190],[1840,2901,2903],{"className":2902,"style":2195},[2194],[1840,2904,2905,2908],{"style":2198},[1840,2906],{"className":2907,"style":2203},[2202],[1840,2909,2911],{"className":2910},[2207,2208,2209,2210],[1840,2912,2658],{"className":2913,"style":2839},[1943,1944,2210],[1840,2915,2218],{"className":2916},[2217],[1840,2918,2920],{"className":2919},[2190],[1840,2921,2923],{"className":2922,"style":2225},[2194],[1840,2924],{},[1840,2926,1920],{"className":2927},[1943],[1798,2929,2930],{},"Cost-effective allocation equalises marginal costs and meets the cap:",[1840,2932,2934],{"className":2933},[1843],[1840,2935,2937,2992],{"className":2936},[1847],[1840,2938,2940],{"className":2939},[1851],[1853,2941,2942],{"xmlns":1855,"display":1856},[1858,2943,2944,2989],{},[1861,2945,2946,2948,2954,2956,2958,2960,2966,2968,2970,2976,2978,2984,2986],{},[2075,2947,2634],{},[2092,2949,2950,2952],{},[1864,2951,2639],{},[1864,2953,2623],{},[1874,2955,1886],{},[2075,2957,2663],{},[1874,2959,1902],{},[2092,2961,2962,2964],{},[1864,2963,2639],{},[1864,2965,2658],{},[1874,2967,2644],{"separator":1930},[1968,2969],{"width":2647},[2092,2971,2972,2974],{},[1864,2973,2639],{},[1864,2975,2623],{},[1874,2977,1902],{},[2092,2979,2980,2982],{},[1864,2981,2639],{},[1864,2983,2658],{},[1874,2985,1886],{},[2075,2987,2988],{},"10.",[1922,2990,2991],{"encoding":1924},"2a_A=8+a_B,\n\\qquad a_A+a_B=10.",[1840,2993,2995,3054,3072,3177,3232],{"className":2994,"ariaHidden":1930},[1929],[1840,2996,2998,3002,3005,3045,3048,3051],{"className":2997},[1934],[1840,2999],{"className":3000,"style":3001},[1938],"height:0.7944em;vertical-align:-0.15em;",[1840,3003,2634],{"className":3004},[1943],[1840,3006,3008,3011],{"className":3007},[1943],[1840,3009,2639],{"className":3010},[1943,1944],[1840,3012,3014],{"className":3013},[2181],[1840,3015,3017,3037],{"className":3016},[2185,2186],[1840,3018,3020,3034],{"className":3019},[2190],[1840,3021,3023],{"className":3022,"style":2195},[2194],[1840,3024,3025,3028],{"style":2198},[1840,3026],{"className":3027,"style":2203},[2202],[1840,3029,3031],{"className":3030},[2207,2208,2209,2210],[1840,3032,2623],{"className":3033},[1943,1944,2210],[1840,3035,2218],{"className":3036},[2217],[1840,3038,3040],{"className":3039},[2190],[1840,3041,3043],{"className":3042,"style":2225},[2194],[1840,3044],{},[1840,3046],{"className":3047,"style":1969},[1968],[1840,3049,1886],{"className":3050},[1973],[1840,3052],{"className":3053,"style":1969},[1968],[1840,3055,3057,3060,3063,3066,3069],{"className":3056},[1934],[1840,3058],{"className":3059,"style":2115},[1938],[1840,3061,2663],{"className":3062},[1943],[1840,3064],{"className":3065,"style":2005},[1968],[1840,3067,1902],{"className":3068},[2009],[1840,3070],{"className":3071,"style":2005},[1968],[1840,3073,3075,3079,3119,3122,3125,3128,3168,3171,3174],{"className":3074},[1934],[1840,3076],{"className":3077,"style":3078},[1938],"height:0.7778em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[1840,3080,3082,3085],{"className":3081},[1943],[1840,3083,2639],{"className":3084},[1943,1944],[1840,3086,3088],{"className":3087},[2181],[1840,3089,3091,3111],{"className":3090},[2185,2186],[1840,3092,3094,3108],{"className":3093},[2190],[1840,3095,3097],{"className":3096,"style":2195},[2194],[1840,3098,3099,3102],{"style":2198},[1840,3100],{"className":3101,"style":2203},[2202],[1840,3103,3105],{"className":3104},[2207,2208,2209,2210],[1840,3106,2658],{"className":3107,"style":2839},[1943,1944,2210],[1840,3109,2218],{"className":3110},[2217],[1840,3112,3114],{"className":3113},[2190],[1840,3115,3117],{"className":3116,"style":2225},[2194],[1840,3118],{},[1840,3120,2644],{"className":3121},[2795],[1840,3123],{"className":3124,"style":2799},[1968],[1840,3126],{"className":3127,"style":2803},[1968],[1840,3129,3131,3134],{"className":3130},[1943],[1840,3132,2639],{"className":3133},[1943,1944],[1840,3135,3137],{"className":3136},[2181],[1840,3138,3140,3160],{"className":3139},[2185,2186],[1840,3141,3143,3157],{"className":3142},[2190],[1840,3144,3146],{"className":3145,"style":2195},[2194],[1840,3147,3148,3151],{"style":2198},[1840,3149],{"className":3150,"style":2203},[2202],[1840,3152,3154],{"className":3153},[2207,2208,2209,2210],[1840,3155,2623],{"className":3156},[1943,1944,2210],[1840,3158,2218],{"className":3159},[2217],[1840,3161,3163],{"className":3162},[2190],[1840,3164,3166],{"className":3165,"style":2225},[2194],[1840,3167],{},[1840,3169],{"className":3170,"style":2005},[1968],[1840,3172,1902],{"className":3173},[2009],[1840,3175],{"className":3176,"style":2005},[1968],[1840,3178,3180,3183,3223,3226,3229],{"className":3179},[1934],[1840,3181],{"className":3182,"style":2884},[1938],[1840,3184,3186,3189],{"className":3185},[1943],[1840,3187,2639],{"className":3188},[1943,1944],[1840,3190,3192],{"className":3191},[2181],[1840,3193,3195,3215],{"className":3194},[2185,2186],[1840,3196,3198,3212],{"className":3197},[2190],[1840,3199,3201],{"className":3200,"style":2195},[2194],[1840,3202,3203,3206],{"style":2198},[1840,3204],{"className":3205,"style":2203},[2202],[1840,3207,3209],{"className":3208},[2207,2208,2209,2210],[1840,3210,2658],{"className":3211,"style":2839},[1943,1944,2210],[1840,3213,2218],{"className":3214},[2217],[1840,3216,3218],{"className":3217},[2190],[1840,3219,3221],{"className":3220,"style":2225},[2194],[1840,3222],{},[1840,3224],{"className":3225,"style":1969},[1968],[1840,3227,1886],{"className":3228},[1973],[1840,3230],{"className":3231,"style":1969},[1968],[1840,3233,3235,3238],{"className":3234},[1934],[1840,3236],{"className":3237,"style":2153},[1938],[1840,3239,2988],{"className":3240},[1943],[1798,3242,3243,3244,3247,3248,3251,3252,3255,3256,3259],{},"Solving gives ",[1835,3245,3246],{},"a_A=6",", ",[1835,3249,3250],{},"a_B=4",", and allowance price 12. Requiring five units from each would leave marginal costs unequal (",[1835,3253,3254],{},"10"," versus ",[1835,3257,3258],{},"13",") and waste an opportunity to reallocate abatement.",[1798,3261,3262],{},"Trading finds the cost-effective allocation only if emissions are measured, permits are enforceable, market power is limited, and local pollutant “hot spots” are addressed.",[1793,3264,3266],{"id":3265},"_6-public-goods-require-adding-willingness-to-pay-vertically","6. Public goods require adding willingness to pay vertically",[1798,3268,3269,3270,3273],{},"A pure public good is non-rival and non-excludable. Everyone consumes the same quantity ",[1835,3271,3272],{},"G",", so the Samuelson condition is:",[1840,3275,3277],{"className":3276},[1843],[1840,3278,3280,3323],{"className":3279},[1847],[1840,3281,3283],{"className":3282},[1851],[1853,3284,3285],{"xmlns":1855,"display":1856},[1858,3286,3287,3320],{},[1861,3288,3289,3298,3300,3303,3309,3311,3313,3315,3318],{},[3290,3291,3292,3295],"munder",{},[1874,3293,3294],{},"∑",[1864,3296,3297],{},"i",[1864,3299,1866],{},[1864,3301,3302],{},"R",[2092,3304,3305,3307],{},[1864,3306,1869],{},[1864,3308,3297],{},[1874,3310,1886],{},[1864,3312,1866],{},[1864,3314,3302],{},[1864,3316,3317],{},"T",[1864,3319,1920],{"mathvariant":1919},[1922,3321,3322],{"encoding":1924},"\\sum_i MRS_i=MRT.",[1840,3324,3326,3447],{"className":3325,"ariaHidden":1930},[1929],[1840,3327,3329,3333,3386,3389,3392,3396,3438,3441,3444],{"className":3328},[1934],[1840,3330],{"className":3331,"style":3332},[1938],"height:2.3277em;vertical-align:-1.2777em;",[1840,3334,3338],{"className":3335},[3336,3337],"mop","op-limits",[1840,3339,3341,3377],{"className":3340},[2185,2186],[1840,3342,3344,3374],{"className":3343},[2190],[1840,3345,3348,3361],{"className":3346,"style":3347},[2194],"height:1.05em;",[1840,3349,3351,3355],{"style":3350},"top:-1.8723em;margin-left:0em;",[1840,3352],{"className":3353,"style":3354},[2202],"height:3.05em;",[1840,3356,3358],{"className":3357},[2207,2208,2209,2210],[1840,3359,3297],{"className":3360},[1943,1944,2210],[1840,3362,3364,3367],{"style":3363},"top:-3.05em;",[1840,3365],{"className":3366,"style":3354},[2202],[1840,3368,3369],{},[1840,3370,3294],{"className":3371},[3336,3372,3373],"op-symbol","large-op",[1840,3375,2218],{"className":3376},[2217],[1840,3378,3380],{"className":3379},[2190],[1840,3381,3384],{"className":3382,"style":3383},[2194],"height:1.2777em;",[1840,3385],{},[1840,3387],{"className":3388,"style":2803},[1968],[1840,3390,1866],{"className":3391,"style":1945},[1943,1944],[1840,3393,3302],{"className":3394,"style":3395},[1943,1944],"margin-right:0.0077em;",[1840,3397,3399,3402],{"className":3398},[1943],[1840,3400,1869],{"className":3401,"style":1949},[1943,1944],[1840,3403,3405],{"className":3404},[2181],[1840,3406,3408,3430],{"className":3407},[2185,2186],[1840,3409,3411,3427],{"className":3410},[2190],[1840,3412,3415],{"className":3413,"style":3414},[2194],"height:0.3117em;",[1840,3416,3418,3421],{"style":3417},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0576em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1840,3419],{"className":3420,"style":2203},[2202],[1840,3422,3424],{"className":3423},[2207,2208,2209,2210],[1840,3425,3297],{"className":3426},[1943,1944,2210],[1840,3428,2218],{"className":3429},[2217],[1840,3431,3433],{"className":3432},[2190],[1840,3434,3436],{"className":3435,"style":2225},[2194],[1840,3437],{},[1840,3439],{"className":3440,"style":1969},[1968],[1840,3442,1886],{"className":3443},[1973],[1840,3445],{"className":3446,"style":1969},[1968],[1840,3448,3450,3454,3457,3460,3463],{"className":3449},[1934],[1840,3451],{"className":3452,"style":3453},[1938],"height:0.6833em;",[1840,3455,1866],{"className":3456,"style":1945},[1943,1944],[1840,3458,3302],{"className":3459,"style":3395},[1943,1944],[1840,3461,3317],{"className":3462,"style":1989},[1943,1944],[1840,3464,1920],{"className":3465},[1943],[1798,3467,3468],{},"For a project costing 10 with individual values 6, 4, and 3, total value is 13, so provision creates surplus 3. No individual values it enough to pay the full cost, creating a free-rider problem.",[1798,3470,3471],{},"Private contributions typically underprovide because each contributor bears the cost but shares the benefit. Tax finance can solve funding but creates information and political-allocation problems: true values are private and agents may understate them.",[1793,3473,3475],{"id":3474},"_7-do-not-confuse-four-types-of-goods","7. Do not confuse four types of goods",[2464,3477,3478,3490],{},[2467,3479,3480],{},[2470,3481,3482,3484,3487],{},[2473,3483],{},[2473,3485,3486],{},"Excludable",[2473,3488,3489],{},"Non-excludable",[2486,3491,3492,3505],{},[2470,3493,3494,3499,3502],{},[2491,3495,3496],{},[2434,3497,3498],{},"Rival",[2491,3500,3501],{},"private good",[2491,3503,3504],{},"common-pool resource",[2470,3506,3507,3512,3515],{},[2491,3508,3509],{},[2434,3510,3511],{},"Non-rival",[2491,3513,3514],{},"club good",[2491,3516,3517],{},"public good",[1798,3519,3520],{},"A fishery is rival but difficult to exclude from: overuse is the central problem. A congested road can move from club-like to rival as traffic rises. Classification depends on technology and institutional design, not the product's name.",[1793,3522,3524],{"id":3523},"_8-dynamic-externalities-and-innovation","8. Dynamic externalities and innovation",[1798,3526,3527],{},"Climate emissions accumulate; research today changes future technology; antibiotic use affects future resistance. Dynamic policy must consider:",[1809,3529,3530,3533,3536,3539,3542],{},[1812,3531,3532],{},"stock versus flow damage;",[1812,3534,3535],{},"discounting and intergenerational welfare;",[1812,3537,3538],{},"uncertainty and irreversible thresholds;",[1812,3540,3541],{},"innovation and learning-by-doing;",[1812,3543,3544],{},"policy credibility and stranded investment.",[1798,3546,3547],{},"A static corrective tax is a starting condition, not a complete transition strategy.",[1793,3549,3551],{"id":3550},"_9-current-case-carbon-pricing-in-2026","9. Current case: carbon pricing in 2026",[1798,3553,3554,3555,3561],{},"The World Bank reports that 87 implemented direct carbon-pricing policies cover nearly 30% of global greenhouse-gas emissions and mobilised more than US$107 billion for public budgets in 2025 (",[2639,3556,3560],{"href":3557,"rel":3558},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.worldbank.org\u002Fen\u002Fpublication\u002Fstate-and-trends-of-carbon-pricing",[3559],"nofollow","State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2026",").",[1798,3563,3564],{},"These facts show institutional reach, not a single causal effect. “Covered” emissions may face different prices, exemptions, free allocations, offsets, enforcement, and expectations. A policy evaluation must examine:",[3566,3567,3568,3571,3574,3577,3580,3583],"ol",{},[1812,3569,3570],{},"effective marginal price and coverage;",[1812,3572,3573],{},"emissions response and relocation\u002Fleakage;",[1812,3575,3576],{},"household and firm incidence;",[1812,3578,3579],{},"revenue recycling;",[1812,3581,3582],{},"interaction with standards, innovation policy, and trade;",[1812,3584,3585],{},"monitoring and policy durability.",[3587,3588,3590,3591,3594,3595,3598,3599,3602],"tip",{"title":3589},"Separate three carbon questions","The efficient ",[2434,3592,3593],{},"price"," depends on marginal damage and uncertainty. The cost-effective ",[2434,3596,3597],{},"allocation"," equalises marginal abatement cost. The politically sustainable ",[2434,3600,3601],{},"package"," also requires distribution, transition, and credibility.",[1793,3604,3606],{"id":3605},"_10-government-failure-is-part-of-the-comparison","10. Government failure is part of the comparison",[1798,3608,3609],{},"Public intervention can be distorted by poor information, capture, administrative cost, weak enforcement, unstable rules, or distributional conflict. The relevant comparison is imperfect market versus feasible policy—not ideal government versus actual market, or vice versa.",[1793,3611,3613],{"id":3612},"practice","Practice",[3566,3615,3616,3622,3625,3628,3638],{},[1812,3617,3618,3619,1920],{},"Recalculate the pollution example when marginal damage is ",[1835,3620,3621],{},"Q\u002F4",[1812,3623,3624],{},"Compare a tax of 20 with a quantity cap of 60 under uncertain demand.",[1812,3626,3627],{},"Change the bargaining example so abatement costs 60; trace outcomes under each right assignment.",[1812,3629,3630,3631,3634,3635,1920],{},"Solve the permit allocation when ",[1835,3632,3633],{},"MAC_A=a_A"," and ",[1835,3636,3637],{},"MAC_B=4+2a_B",[1812,3639,3640],{},"Design a carbon-pricing package that protects low-income households without removing the marginal emissions signal.",[1793,3642,3644],{"id":3643},"quick-check","Quick check",[1809,3646,3647,3650,3653,3656,3659],{},[1812,3648,3649],{},"Efficiency uses marginal social, not only private, cost and benefit.",[1812,3651,3652],{},"Coasean bargaining identifies when rights and transaction costs matter.",[1812,3654,3655],{},"Taxes fix a price; caps fix a quantity.",[1812,3657,3658],{},"Public-good benefits are summed across people at a common quantity.",[1812,3660,3661],{},"Carbon-policy coverage is not the same as a uniform effective incentive.",[1798,3663,3664,3667,3668,1920],{},[2434,3665,3666],{},"Next:"," ",[2639,3669,3671],{"href":3670},"..\u002F11-market-design\u002F","allocate indivisible positions through matching and market design",{"title":10,"searchDepth":3673,"depth":3673,"links":3674},2,[3675,3676,3677,3681,3682,3683,3684,3685,3686,3687,3688,3689,3690,3691],{"id":1795,"depth":3673,"text":1796},{"id":1803,"depth":3673,"text":1804},{"id":1829,"depth":3673,"text":1830,"children":3678},[3679],{"id":2047,"depth":3680,"text":2048},3,{"id":2440,"depth":3673,"text":2441},{"id":2461,"depth":3673,"text":2462},{"id":2578,"depth":3673,"text":2579},{"id":2599,"depth":3673,"text":2600},{"id":3265,"depth":3673,"text":3266},{"id":3474,"depth":3673,"text":3475},{"id":3523,"depth":3673,"text":3524},{"id":3550,"depth":3673,"text":3551},{"id":3605,"depth":3673,"text":3606},{"id":3612,"depth":3673,"text":3613},{"id":3643,"depth":3673,"text":3644},"Pigouvian policy, bargaining, cap-and-trade, public-good provision, common resources, uncertainty, distribution, and current carbon pricing.","md",null,{},true,{"title":781,"description":3692},"dVB0KufqkYVNNhTBLc7h2WEhf3EkW_Lw_qa1GmtbCPo",[3700,3702],{"title":775,"path":776,"stem":777,"description":3701,"children":-1},"Reference dependence, probability weighting, present bias, social preferences, limited attention, experiments, nudges, and welfare.",{"title":787,"path":788,"stem":789,"description":3703,"children":-1},"Stability, deferred acceptance, school choice, top trading cycles, kidney exchange, strategy-proofness, and practical market design.",1785754733176]