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Search, Evaluate, and Read Evidence","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F02-reading-and-literature-matrix","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F02-reading-and-literature-matrix",{"title":27,"path":28,"stem":29},"3. From Sources to Synthesis and Argument","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F03-arguments-outlines-and-paragraphs","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F03-arguments-outlines-and-paragraphs",{"title":31,"path":32,"stem":33},"4. Literature Review and a Defensible Gap","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review",{"title":35,"path":36,"stem":37},"5. Research Design, Evidence, and Core Sections","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F05-core-sections-and-evidence","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F05-core-sections-and-evidence",{"title":39,"path":40,"stem":41},"6. Citation, Paraphrasing, Integrity, and AI","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F06-citation-paraphrasing-and-integrity","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F06-citation-paraphrasing-and-integrity",{"title":43,"path":44,"stem":45},"7. Revision, Review, and Submission","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F07-revision-style-and-submission","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F07-revision-style-and-submission",{"title":47,"path":48,"stem":49},"8. Research Workbook","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template",{"title":51,"path":52,"stem":53},"9. Research Workflow and Tools","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F09-tools-for-academic-writing-and-literature-management","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F09-tools-for-academic-writing-and-literature-management",{"title":55,"path":56,"stem":57},"10. Worked Project — From Question to Defensible Conclusion","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F10-worked-example-from-block-structure-to-question-chain","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F10-worked-example-from-block-structure-to-question-chain",{"title":59,"path":60,"stem":61,"children":62,"page":249},"Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting","en\u002Faccounting",[63,69,87,93,193],{"title":64,"path":65,"stem":66,"children":67},"Accounting — From Evidence to Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002F00-index","en\u002Faccounting\u002F00-index",[68],{"title":64,"path":65,"stem":66},{"title":70,"path":71,"stem":72,"children":73},"Accounting Appendix","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[74,75,79,83],{"title":70,"path":71,"stem":72},{"title":76,"path":77,"stem":78},"Worked Examples and Error Diagnosis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F24-examples-pitfalls","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F24-examples-pitfalls",{"title":80,"path":81,"stem":82},"Accounting Glossary","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F26-glossary","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F26-glossary",{"title":84,"path":85,"stem":86},"Reading and Evidence Map","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F27-reading-map","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F27-reading-map",{"title":88,"path":89,"stem":90,"children":91},"Northstar Record-to-Decision Capstone","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[92],{"title":88,"path":89,"stem":90},{"title":94,"path":95,"stem":96,"children":97},"Financial Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002Findex",[98,99,117,131,165,179],{"title":94,"path":95,"stem":96},{"title":100,"path":101,"stem":102,"children":103},"1. Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002Findex",[104,105,109,113],{"title":100,"path":101,"stem":102},{"title":106,"path":107,"stem":108},"Objectives and Qualitative Characteristics","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F01-objectives-qualitative-characteristics","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F01-objectives-qualitative-characteristics",{"title":110,"path":111,"stem":112},"Equation and Elements","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F02-equation-elements","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F02-equation-elements",{"title":114,"path":115,"stem":116},"Accrual Basis, Estimates and Periods","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F03-accounting-bases-principles","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F03-accounting-bases-principles",{"title":118,"path":119,"stem":120,"children":121},"2. Recording Transactions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002Findex",[122,123,127],{"title":118,"path":119,"stem":120},{"title":124,"path":125,"stem":126},"Double-Entry and Debit\u002FCredit","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F04-double-entry-dr-cr","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F04-double-entry-dr-cr",{"title":128,"path":129,"stem":130},"Accounting Cycle","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F05-accounting-cycle","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F05-accounting-cycle",{"title":132,"path":133,"stem":134,"children":135},"3. Measurement and Adjustments","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002Findex",[136,137,141,145,149,153,157,161],{"title":132,"path":133,"stem":134},{"title":138,"path":139,"stem":140},"Revenue Recognition","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F07-revenue-recognition","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F07-revenue-recognition",{"title":142,"path":143,"stem":144},"Inventory","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F08-inventory","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F08-inventory",{"title":146,"path":147,"stem":148},"Receivables and Expected Credit Losses","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F09-receivables","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F09-receivables",{"title":150,"path":151,"stem":152},"Property, Plant and Equipment","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F10-ppe","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F10-ppe",{"title":154,"path":155,"stem":156},"Intangible Assets","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F11-intangibles","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F11-intangibles",{"title":158,"path":159,"stem":160},"Leases","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F12-leases","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F12-leases",{"title":162,"path":163,"stem":164},"Current and Deferred Income Tax","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F13-income-tax","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F13-income-tax",{"title":166,"path":167,"stem":168,"children":169},"4. Reporting and Cash","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002Findex",[170,171,175],{"title":166,"path":167,"stem":168},{"title":172,"path":173,"stem":174},"Linked Financial Statements","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F06-financial-statements","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F06-financial-statements",{"title":176,"path":177,"stem":178},"Cash, Reconciliation and Internal Control","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F14-cash-control","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F14-cash-control",{"title":180,"path":181,"stem":182,"children":183},"5. Analysis and Comparison","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002Findex",[184,185,189],{"title":180,"path":181,"stem":182},{"title":186,"path":187,"stem":188},"Ratio Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F15-ratio-analysis","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F15-ratio-analysis",{"title":190,"path":191,"stem":192},"IFRS versus US GAAP","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F25-ifrs-gaap","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F25-ifrs-gaap",{"title":194,"path":195,"stem":196,"children":197},"Management Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002Findex",[198,199,217,235],{"title":194,"path":195,"stem":196},{"title":200,"path":201,"stem":202,"children":203},"1. Cost Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002Findex",[204,205,209,213],{"title":200,"path":201,"stem":202},{"title":206,"path":207,"stem":208},"Cost Concepts and Behaviour","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F16-cost-concepts","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F16-cost-concepts",{"title":210,"path":211,"stem":212},"Costing Systems","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F17-costing-systems","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F17-costing-systems",{"title":214,"path":215,"stem":216},"Variable and Absorption Costing","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F19-variable-vs-absorption","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F19-variable-vs-absorption",{"title":218,"path":219,"stem":220,"children":221},"2. Planning and Control","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002Findex",[222,223,227,231],{"title":218,"path":219,"stem":220},{"title":224,"path":225,"stem":226},"Cost–Volume–Profit Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F18-cvp-analysis","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F18-cvp-analysis",{"title":228,"path":229,"stem":230},"Budgeting and Variance Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F20-budgeting-variances","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F20-budgeting-variances",{"title":232,"path":233,"stem":234},"Performance Measurement","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F21-performance-measurement","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F21-performance-measurement",{"title":236,"path":237,"stem":238,"children":239},"3. Decisions and Investment","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002Findex",[240,241,245],{"title":236,"path":237,"stem":238},{"title":242,"path":243,"stem":244},"Short-Term Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F22-short-term-decisions","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F22-short-term-decisions",{"title":246,"path":247,"stem":248},"Capital Budgeting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F23-capital-budgeting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F23-capital-budgeting",false,{"title":251,"path":252,"stem":253,"children":254,"page":249},"Business Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics",[255,261,279,305,335,365,383,400],{"title":256,"path":257,"stem":258,"children":259},"Business Analytics — From Data to Defensible Action","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-index","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-index",[260],{"title":256,"path":257,"stem":258},{"title":262,"path":263,"stem":264,"children":265},"0. Decision and Data Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[266,267,271,275],{"title":262,"path":263,"stem":264},{"title":268,"path":269,"stem":270},"Decision Framing","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F01-decision-framing","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F01-decision-framing",{"title":272,"path":273,"stem":274},"Data Contracts","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F02-data-contracts","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F02-data-contracts",{"title":276,"path":277,"stem":278},"Reproducible Analytics Workflow","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F03-reproducible-workflow","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F03-reproducible-workflow",{"title":280,"path":281,"stem":282,"children":283},"1. Descriptive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002Findex",[284,285,289,293,297,301],{"title":280,"path":281,"stem":282},{"title":286,"path":287,"stem":288},"Distributions and Exploratory Data Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F04-distributions-eda","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F04-distributions-eda",{"title":290,"path":291,"stem":292},"KPIs and Denominators","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F05-kpis-denominators","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F05-kpis-denominators",{"title":294,"path":295,"stem":296},"Segments, Cohorts and Funnels","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F06-segmentation-cohorts-funnels","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F06-segmentation-cohorts-funnels",{"title":298,"path":299,"stem":300},"Visual Evidence and Data Stories","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F07-visualisation-story","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F07-visualisation-story",{"title":302,"path":303,"stem":304},"Experiments and Causal Boundaries","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F08-experiments-causal-boundary","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F08-experiments-causal-boundary",{"title":306,"path":307,"stem":308,"children":309},"2. Predictive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002Findex",[310,311,315,319,323,327,331],{"title":306,"path":307,"stem":308},{"title":312,"path":313,"stem":314},"Validation, Baselines and Leakage","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F09-validation-leakage","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F09-validation-leakage",{"title":316,"path":317,"stem":318},"Regression and Forecasting","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F10-regression-forecasting","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F10-regression-forecasting",{"title":320,"path":321,"stem":322},"Classification and Calibration","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F11-classification-calibration","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F11-classification-calibration",{"title":324,"path":325,"stem":326},"Trees and Ensembles","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F12-trees-ensembles","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F12-trees-ensembles",{"title":328,"path":329,"stem":330},"Decision Metrics and Thresholds","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F13-decision-metrics-thresholds","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F13-decision-metrics-thresholds",{"title":332,"path":333,"stem":334},"Explainability, Monitoring and Drift","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F14-explainability-drift","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F14-explainability-drift",{"title":336,"path":337,"stem":338,"children":339},"3. Prescriptive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002Findex",[340,341,345,349,353,357,361],{"title":336,"path":337,"stem":338},{"title":342,"path":343,"stem":344},"Decision-Making under Uncertainty","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F15-decision-uncertainty","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F15-decision-uncertainty",{"title":346,"path":347,"stem":348},"Linear Optimisation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F16-linear-optimization","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F16-linear-optimization",{"title":350,"path":351,"stem":352},"Inventory and Allocation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F17-inventory-allocation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F17-inventory-allocation",{"title":354,"path":355,"stem":356},"Queueing and Simulation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F18-queueing-simulation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F18-queueing-simulation",{"title":358,"path":359,"stem":360},"Pricing and Revenue Management","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F19-pricing-experimentation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F19-pricing-experimentation",{"title":362,"path":363,"stem":364},"Causal Targeting and Policy Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F20-causal-targeting","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F20-causal-targeting",{"title":366,"path":367,"stem":368,"children":369},"4. Deployment and Governance","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002Findex",[370,371,375,379],{"title":366,"path":367,"stem":368},{"title":372,"path":373,"stem":374},"Data Products and Monitoring","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F21-data-products-monitoring","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F21-data-products-monitoring",{"title":376,"path":377,"stem":378},"Governance, Fairness and Privacy","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F22-governance-fairness-privacy","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F22-governance-fairness-privacy",{"title":380,"path":381,"stem":382},"Adoption and Business Value","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F23-adoption-value","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F23-adoption-value",{"title":384,"path":385,"stem":386,"children":387},"Appendix and Revision Tools","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[388,389,393,397],{"title":384,"path":385,"stem":386},{"title":390,"path":391,"stem":392},"Formula and Decision Map","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F24-formula-map","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F24-formula-map",{"title":394,"path":395,"stem":396},"Worked Examples and Pitfalls","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F25-worked-examples-pitfalls","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F25-worked-examples-pitfalls",{"title":84,"path":398,"stem":399},"\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F26-reading-map","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F26-reading-map",{"title":401,"path":402,"stem":403,"children":404},"Capstone — The Evening Delivery Promise","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[405],{"title":401,"path":402,"stem":403},{"title":407,"path":408,"stem":409,"children":410,"page":249},"Financial Economic Time Series","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series",[411,417,423,429,435,441,447,453,459,465,471],{"title":412,"path":413,"stem":414,"children":415},"Financial and Economic Time Series — Course Guide","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F00-intro","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[416],{"title":412,"path":413,"stem":414},{"title":418,"path":419,"stem":420,"children":421},"Three Versions of Time Series","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F01-bridge","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F01-bridge\u002Findex",[422],{"title":418,"path":419,"stem":420},{"title":424,"path":425,"stem":426,"children":427},"Data, Clocks, and Transformations","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F02-data-transformations","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F02-data-transformations\u002Findex",[428],{"title":424,"path":425,"stem":426},{"title":430,"path":431,"stem":432,"children":433},"Predictive Regressions and Persistent Predictors","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F03-predictive-regressions","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F03-predictive-regressions\u002Findex",[434],{"title":430,"path":431,"stem":432},{"title":436,"path":437,"stem":438,"children":439},"Volatility, Tails, and Financial Risk","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F04-volatility-risk","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F04-volatility-risk\u002Findex",[440],{"title":436,"path":437,"stem":438},{"title":442,"path":443,"stem":444,"children":445},"Unit Roots, Cointegration, and Error Correction","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F05-unit-roots-cointegration","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F05-unit-roots-cointegration\u002Findex",[446],{"title":442,"path":443,"stem":444},{"title":448,"path":449,"stem":450,"children":451},"VAR, Structural Identification, and Local Projections","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F06-var-identification","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F06-var-identification\u002Findex",[452],{"title":448,"path":449,"stem":450},{"title":454,"path":455,"stem":456,"children":457},"State Space, Mixed Frequency, and Nowcasting","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F07-state-space-nowcasting","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F07-state-space-nowcasting\u002Findex",[458],{"title":454,"path":455,"stem":456},{"title":460,"path":461,"stem":462,"children":463},"Forecast Evaluation for Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F08-forecast-evaluation","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F08-forecast-evaluation\u002Findex",[464],{"title":460,"path":461,"stem":462},{"title":466,"path":467,"stem":468,"children":469},"Integrated R Laboratory","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F09-r-laboratory","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F09-r-laboratory\u002Findex",[470],{"title":466,"path":467,"stem":468},{"title":472,"path":473,"stem":474,"children":475},"Capstones, Data, and Reading Ladder","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F10-capstone-readings","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F10-capstone-readings\u002Findex",[476],{"title":472,"path":473,"stem":474},{"title":478,"path":479,"stem":480,"children":481,"page":249},"Intro To Economics","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics","en\u002Fintro-to-economics",[482,486,490,494,498,502,506,510,514,518,522,526,530],{"title":483,"path":484,"stem":485},"Introduction to Economics — Decisions, Markets, and the Macroeconomy","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F00-intro",{"title":487,"path":488,"stem":489},"Chapter 1 — Choice, Opportunity Cost, and Trade","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F01-foundations","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F01-foundations",{"title":491,"path":492,"stem":493},"Chapter 2 — Demand, Supply, Equilibrium, and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F02-demand-and-supply","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F02-demand-and-supply",{"title":495,"path":496,"stem":497},"Chapter 3 — Elasticity, Revenue, and Tax Incidence","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F03-elasticity","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F03-elasticity",{"title":499,"path":500,"stem":501},"Chapter 4 — Firms, Market Power, and Market Failure","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F04-market-structures","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F04-market-structures",{"title":503,"path":504,"stem":505},"Chapter 5 — GDP, Income, Wealth, and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F05-gdp-and-wealth","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F05-gdp-and-wealth",{"title":507,"path":508,"stem":509},"Chapter 6 — Inflation, Purchasing Power, and Labour Markets","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F06-inflation-and-unemployment","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F06-inflation-and-unemployment",{"title":511,"path":512,"stem":513},"Chapter 7 — Productivity, Technology, and Economic Growth","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F07-economic-growth","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F07-economic-growth",{"title":515,"path":516,"stem":517},"Chapter 8 — Money, Credit, and Banking","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F08-money-and-banking","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F08-money-and-banking",{"title":519,"path":520,"stem":521},"Chapter 9 — Business Cycles, AD–AS, and Monetary Policy","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F09-monetary-policy-and-ad-as","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F09-monetary-policy-and-ad-as",{"title":523,"path":524,"stem":525},"Chapter 10 — Fiscal Policy, Distribution, and Public Debt","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F10-fiscal-policy","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F10-fiscal-policy",{"title":527,"path":528,"stem":529},"Chapter 11 — Trade, Capital Flows, and Exchange Rates","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F11-open-economy-and-exchange-rates","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F11-open-economy-and-exchange-rates",{"title":531,"path":532,"stem":533},"Chapter 12 — Integrated Economic Analysis Studio","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F12-review-and-case-studies","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F12-review-and-case-studies",{"title":535,"path":536,"stem":537,"children":538,"page":249},"Microeconometrics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics",[539,557,563,581,603,629,651,673,691,709],{"title":540,"path":541,"stem":542,"children":543},"0. Causal Questions and Designs","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002Findex",[544,545,549,553],{"title":540,"path":541,"stem":542},{"title":546,"path":547,"stem":548},"Causal Questions and Estimands","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F01-causal-question-estimands","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F01-causal-question-estimands",{"title":550,"path":551,"stem":552},"Potential Outcomes and Experiments","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F02-potential-outcomes-experiments","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F02-potential-outcomes-experiments",{"title":554,"path":555,"stem":556},"Causal Diagrams and Controls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F03-dags-controls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F03-dags-controls",{"title":558,"path":559,"stem":560,"children":561},"Microeconometrics — Designing Credible Counterfactuals","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-index","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-index",[562],{"title":558,"path":559,"stem":560},{"title":564,"path":565,"stem":566,"children":567},"1. Regression and Inference","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002Findex",[568,569,573,577],{"title":564,"path":565,"stem":566},{"title":570,"path":571,"stem":572},"OLS as a Projection","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F04-ols-projection","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F04-ols-projection",{"title":574,"path":575,"stem":576},"FWL, Selection and Controls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F05-fwl-selection-controls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F05-fwl-selection-controls",{"title":578,"path":579,"stem":580},"Inference and Clustering","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F06-inference-clustering","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F06-inference-clustering",{"title":582,"path":583,"stem":584,"children":585},"2. Instruments and Panel Data","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002Findex",[586,587,591,595,599],{"title":582,"path":583,"stem":584},{"title":588,"path":589,"stem":590},"Instrumental Variables","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F07-iv-identification","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F07-iv-identification",{"title":592,"path":593,"stem":594},"Weak Instruments and LATE","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F08-weak-iv-late","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F08-weak-iv-late",{"title":596,"path":597,"stem":598},"Panel Fixed Effects","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F09-panel-fixed-effects","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F09-panel-fixed-effects",{"title":600,"path":601,"stem":602},"Dynamic Panels and Limits","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F10-dynamic-panel","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F10-dynamic-panel",{"title":604,"path":605,"stem":606,"children":607},"3. Policy Evaluation Designs","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002Findex",[608,609,613,617,621,625],{"title":604,"path":605,"stem":606},{"title":610,"path":611,"stem":612},"Difference-in-Differences","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F11-did-core","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F11-did-core",{"title":614,"path":615,"stem":616},"Staggered DID and Event Studies","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F12-staggered-event-studies","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F12-staggered-event-studies",{"title":618,"path":619,"stem":620},"Regression Discontinuity","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F13-rdd","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F13-rdd",{"title":622,"path":623,"stem":624},"Matching, Weighting and Overlap","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F14-matching-weighting","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F14-matching-weighting",{"title":626,"path":627,"stem":628},"Synthetic Control","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F15-synthetic-control","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F15-synthetic-control",{"title":630,"path":631,"stem":632,"children":633},"Module 4 — Choice and Limited Outcomes","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002Findex",[634,635,639,643,647],{"title":630,"path":631,"stem":632},{"title":636,"path":637,"stem":638},"Binary Choice","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F16-binary-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F16-binary-choice",{"title":640,"path":641,"stem":642},"Multinomial and Ordered Choice","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F17-multinomial-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F17-multinomial-choice",{"title":644,"path":645,"stem":646},"Count Outcomes","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F18-count-outcomes","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F18-count-outcomes",{"title":648,"path":649,"stem":650},"Censoring, Truncation and Selection","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F19-censoring-selection","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F19-censoring-selection",{"title":652,"path":653,"stem":654,"children":655},"Module 5 — Modern Causal Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002Findex",[656,657,661,665,669],{"title":652,"path":653,"stem":654},{"title":658,"path":659,"stem":660},"Double Machine Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F20-dml","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F20-dml",{"title":662,"path":663,"stem":664},"Heterogeneity and Policy Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F21-heterogeneity-policy","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F21-heterogeneity-policy",{"title":666,"path":667,"stem":668},"Sensitivity and Partial Identification","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F22-sensitivity-partial-id","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F22-sensitivity-partial-id",{"title":670,"path":671,"stem":672},"External Validity and Transport","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F23-external-validity","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F23-external-validity",{"title":674,"path":675,"stem":676,"children":677},"Module 6 — From Data to Auditable Evidence","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002Findex",[678,679,683,687],{"title":674,"path":675,"stem":676},{"title":680,"path":681,"stem":682},"Data Provenance","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F24-data-provenance","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F24-data-provenance",{"title":684,"path":685,"stem":686},"Reproducibility and Reporting","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F25-reproducibility-reporting","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F25-reproducibility-reporting",{"title":688,"path":689,"stem":690},"Paper and Evidence Audit","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F26-paper-audit","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F26-paper-audit",{"title":692,"path":693,"stem":694,"children":695},"Appendix — Revision and Evidence Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[696,697,701,705],{"title":692,"path":693,"stem":694},{"title":698,"path":699,"stem":700},"Formula and Design Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F27-formula-design-map","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F27-formula-design-map",{"title":702,"path":703,"stem":704},"Ten Worked Microeconometric Pitfalls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F28-worked-pitfalls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F28-worked-pitfalls",{"title":706,"path":707,"stem":708},"Reading and Software Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F29-reading-software-map","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F29-reading-software-map",{"title":710,"path":711,"stem":712,"children":713},"Capstone — Should Northbridge Expand Pathways?","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[714],{"title":710,"path":711,"stem":712},{"title":716,"path":717,"stem":718,"children":719,"page":249},"Microeconomics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics",[720,726,732,738,744,750,756,762,768,774,780,786,792],{"title":721,"path":722,"stem":723,"children":724},"Advanced Microeconomics — Course Guide","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[725],{"title":721,"path":722,"stem":723},{"title":727,"path":728,"stem":729,"children":730},"Module 1 — Choice, Duality, and Revealed Preference","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F01-fundations","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F01-fundations\u002Findex",[731],{"title":727,"path":728,"stem":729},{"title":733,"path":734,"stem":735,"children":736},"Module 2 — Comparative Statics and Welfare Measurement","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F02-comparative-statics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F02-comparative-statics\u002Findex",[737],{"title":733,"path":734,"stem":735},{"title":739,"path":740,"stem":741,"children":742},"Module 3 — Choice under Risk and Insurance","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F03-uncertainty","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F03-uncertainty\u002Findex",[743],{"title":739,"path":740,"stem":741},{"title":745,"path":746,"stem":747,"children":748},"Module 4 — General Equilibrium and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F04-general-equilibrium","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F04-general-equilibrium\u002Findex",[749],{"title":745,"path":746,"stem":747},{"title":751,"path":752,"stem":753,"children":754},"Module 5 — Static, Dynamic, and Repeated Games","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F05-game-theory","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F05-game-theory\u002Findex",[755],{"title":751,"path":752,"stem":753},{"title":757,"path":758,"stem":759,"children":760},"Module 6 — Oligopoly, Entry, and Algorithmic Pricing","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F06-oligopoly","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F06-oligopoly\u002Findex",[761],{"title":757,"path":758,"stem":759},{"title":763,"path":764,"stem":765,"children":766},"Module 7 — Information Economics and Contracts","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F07-information-economics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F07-information-economics\u002Findex",[767],{"title":763,"path":764,"stem":765},{"title":769,"path":770,"stem":771,"children":772},"Module 8 — Mechanism Design and Auctions","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F08-mechanism-design","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F08-mechanism-design\u002Findex",[773],{"title":769,"path":770,"stem":771},{"title":775,"path":776,"stem":777,"children":778},"Module 9 — Behavioural and Experimental Microeconomics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F09-behavioural-economics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F09-behavioural-economics\u002Findex",[779],{"title":775,"path":776,"stem":777},{"title":781,"path":782,"stem":783,"children":784},"Module 10 — Externalities, Public Goods, and Collective Action","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F10-externalities-public-goods","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F10-externalities-public-goods\u002Findex",[785],{"title":781,"path":782,"stem":783},{"title":787,"path":788,"stem":789,"children":790},"Module 11 — Matching and Market Design","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F11-market-design","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F11-market-design\u002Findex",[791],{"title":787,"path":788,"stem":789},{"title":793,"path":794,"stem":795,"children":796},"Module 12 — Integrated Microeconomic Design Studio","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F12-review","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F12-review\u002Findex",[797],{"title":793,"path":794,"stem":795},{"title":799,"path":800,"stem":801,"children":802},"Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground","en\u002Fplayground\u002Findex",[803,804,808,812,816,820],{"title":799,"path":800,"stem":801},{"title":805,"path":806,"stem":807},"Typst Plugin Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F01-typstex","en\u002Fplayground\u002F01-typstex",{"title":809,"path":810,"stem":811},"Citation Plugin Test","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F02-citation","en\u002Fplayground\u002F02-citation",{"title":813,"path":814,"stem":815},"Pyodide Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F03-pyodide","en\u002Fplayground\u002F03-pyodide",{"title":817,"path":818,"stem":819},"WebR Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F04-webr","en\u002Fplayground\u002F04-webr",{"title":821,"path":822,"stem":823},"Chart.js 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文献综述的构建与写作","\u002Fzh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review","zh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review",{"title":1056,"path":1057,"stem":1058},"8. 文献综述清单与模板","\u002Fzh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template","zh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template",{"title":1060,"path":1061,"stem":1062},"10. 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策略全流程","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F09-case-study","zh\u002Fquant\u002F09-case-study",{"title":1779,"path":1780,"stem":1781},"量化投资文献与软件图谱","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F10-reading-software-map","zh\u002Fquant\u002F10-reading-software-map",{"path":1603},{"id":1784,"title":775,"body":1785,"description":3909,"extension":3910,"features":3911,"hero":3911,"layout":3911,"locale":3911,"meta":3912,"navigation":3911,"path":776,"published":3913,"seo":3914,"stem":777,"__hash__":3915},"docs\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F09-behavioural-economics\u002Findex.md",{"type":1786,"value":1787,"toc":3888},"minimark",[1788,1792,1797,1801,1805,1808,1827,1831,1834,1923,1926,1930,1938,2437,2444,2458,2461,2466,2481,2484,2488,2495,2953,2962,2966,2976,3082,3085,3088,3092,3095,3658,3661,3664,3668,3671,3688,3691,3697,3701,3704,3731,3734,3738,3749,3752,3763,3766,3770,3773,3776,3796,3801,3805,3808,3825,3829,3857,3861,3878],[1789,1790,775],"h1",{"id":1791},"module-9-behavioural-and-experimental-microeconomics",[1793,1794,1796],"h2",{"id":1795},"core-question","Core question",[1798,1799,1800],"p",{},"Which departures from the standard choice model are stable enough to predict, test, and use in policy without explaining every surprise after it occurs?",[1793,1802,1804],{"id":1803},"learning-outcomes","Learning outcomes",[1798,1806,1807],{},"You will be able to:",[1809,1810,1811,1815,1818,1821,1824],"ul",{},[1812,1813,1814],"li",{},"distinguish preference, belief, attention, and optimisation errors;",[1812,1816,1817],{},"use reference dependence, present bias, and social-preference models;",[1812,1819,1820],{},"design and critique a behavioural experiment;",[1812,1822,1823],{},"interpret evidence on nudges at scale;",[1812,1825,1826],{},"identify the welfare and autonomy problem in behavioural policy.",[1793,1828,1830],{"id":1829},"_1-diagnose-the-benchmark-before-replacing-it","1. Diagnose the benchmark before replacing it",[1798,1832,1833],{},"An observed choice can differ from a simple model because of:",[1835,1836,1837,1853],"table",{},[1838,1839,1840],"thead",{},[1841,1842,1843,1847,1850],"tr",{},[1844,1845,1846],"th",{},"Channel",[1844,1848,1849],{},"Example",[1844,1851,1852],{},"Evidence needed",[1854,1855,1856,1868,1879,1890,1901,1912],"tbody",{},[1841,1857,1858,1862,1865],{},[1859,1860,1861],"td",{},"preferences",[1859,1863,1864],{},"dislike of losses or inequality",[1859,1866,1867],{},"stable choice pattern across equivalent tasks",[1841,1869,1870,1873,1876],{},[1859,1871,1872],{},"beliefs",[1859,1874,1875],{},"overestimated rare risk",[1859,1877,1878],{},"elicited expectations or information treatment",[1841,1880,1881,1884,1887],{},[1859,1882,1883],{},"attention",[1859,1885,1886],{},"fee or attribute not noticed",[1859,1888,1889],{},"salience\u002Feye-tracking\u002Finformation intervention",[1841,1891,1892,1895,1898],{},[1859,1893,1894],{},"computation",[1859,1896,1897],{},"choice set too complex",[1859,1899,1900],{},"simplification or decision-time evidence",[1841,1902,1903,1906,1909],{},[1859,1904,1905],{},"constraint",[1859,1907,1908],{},"liquidity or time prevents action",[1859,1910,1911],{},"budget, eligibility, or access data",[1841,1913,1914,1917,1920],{},[1859,1915,1916],{},"social meaning",[1859,1918,1919],{},"action signals identity or norm",[1859,1921,1922],{},"variation in observability\u002Fcontext",[1798,1924,1925],{},"Calling all six “bias” prevents a causal diagnosis.",[1793,1927,1929],{"id":1928},"_2-reference-dependence-and-prospect-theory","2. Reference dependence and prospect theory",[1798,1931,1932,1933,1937],{},"Outcomes are evaluated as gains or losses relative to reference point ",[1934,1935,1936],"code",{},"r",":",[1939,1940,1943],"span",{"className":1941},[1942],"katex-display",[1939,1944,1947,2093],{"className":1945},[1946],"katex",[1939,1948,1951],{"className":1949},[1950],"katex-mathml",[1952,1953,1956],"math",{"xmlns":1954,"display":1955},"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML","block",[1957,1958,1959,2088],"semantics",{},[1960,1961,1962,1966,1971,1974,1977,1979,1982,1985],"mrow",{},[1963,1964,1965],"mi",{},"v",[1967,1968,1970],"mo",{"stretchy":1969},"false","(",[1963,1972,1973],{},"x",[1967,1975,1976],{},"−",[1963,1978,1936],{},[1967,1980,1981],{"stretchy":1969},")",[1967,1983,1984],{},"=",[1960,1986,1987,1991],{},[1967,1988,1990],{"fence":1989},"true","{",[1992,1993,1997,2043],"mtable",{"rowspacing":1994,"columnalign":1995,"columnspacing":1996},"0.36em","left left","1em",[1998,1999,2000,2028],"mtr",{},[2001,2002,2003],"mtd",{},[2004,2005,2007],"mstyle",{"scriptlevel":2006,"displaystyle":1969},"0",[1960,2008,2009,2011,2013,2015,2017,2025],{},[1967,2010,1970],{"stretchy":1969},[1963,2012,1973],{},[1967,2014,1976],{},[1963,2016,1936],{},[2018,2019,2020,2022],"msup",{},[1967,2021,1981],{"stretchy":1969},[1963,2023,2024],{},"α",[1967,2026,2027],{"separator":1989},",",[2001,2029,2030],{},[2004,2031,2032],{"scriptlevel":2006,"displaystyle":1969},[1960,2033,2034,2036,2039,2041],{},[1963,2035,1973],{},[1967,2037,2038],{},"≥",[1963,2040,1936],{},[1967,2042,2027],{"separator":1989},[1998,2044,2045,2073],{},[2001,2046,2047],{},[2004,2048,2049],{"scriptlevel":2006,"displaystyle":1969},[1960,2050,2051,2053,2056,2058,2060,2062,2064,2071],{},[1967,2052,1976],{},[1963,2054,2055],{},"λ",[1967,2057,1970],{"stretchy":1969},[1963,2059,1936],{},[1967,2061,1976],{},[1963,2063,1973],{},[2018,2065,2066,2068],{},[1967,2067,1981],{"stretchy":1969},[1963,2069,2070],{},"β",[1967,2072,2027],{"separator":1989},[2001,2074,2075],{},[2004,2076,2077],{"scriptlevel":2006,"displaystyle":1969},[1960,2078,2079,2081,2084,2086],{},[1963,2080,1973],{},[1967,2082,2083],{},"\u003C",[1963,2085,1936],{},[1967,2087,2027],{"separator":1989},[2089,2090,2092],"annotation",{"encoding":2091},"application\u002Fx-tex","v(x-r)=\n\\begin{cases}\n(x-r)^\\alpha,&x\\ge r,\\\\\n-\\lambda(r-x)^\\beta,&x\u003Cr,\n\\end{cases}",[1939,2094,2097,2131,2156],{"className":2095,"ariaHidden":1989},[2096],"katex-html",[1939,2098,2101,2106,2112,2116,2119,2124,2128],{"className":2099},[2100],"base",[1939,2102],{"className":2103,"style":2105},[2104],"strut","height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;",[1939,2107,1965],{"className":2108,"style":2111},[2109,2110],"mord","mathnormal","margin-right:0.0359em;",[1939,2113,1970],{"className":2114},[2115],"mopen",[1939,2117,1973],{"className":2118},[2109,2110],[1939,2120],{"className":2121,"style":2123},[2122],"mspace","margin-right:0.2222em;",[1939,2125,1976],{"className":2126},[2127],"mbin",[1939,2129],{"className":2130,"style":2123},[2122],[1939,2132,2134,2137,2141,2145,2149,2153],{"className":2133},[2100],[1939,2135],{"className":2136,"style":2105},[2104],[1939,2138,1936],{"className":2139,"style":2140},[2109,2110],"margin-right:0.0278em;",[1939,2142,1981],{"className":2143},[2144],"mclose",[1939,2146],{"className":2147,"style":2148},[2122],"margin-right:0.2778em;",[1939,2150,1984],{"className":2151},[2152],"mrel",[1939,2154],{"className":2155,"style":2148},[2122],[1939,2157,2159,2163],{"className":2158},[2100],[1939,2160],{"className":2161,"style":2162},[2104],"height:3em;vertical-align:-1.25em;",[1939,2164,2167,2177,2433],{"className":2165},[2166],"minner",[1939,2168,2172],{"className":2169,"style":2171},[2115,2170],"delimcenter","top:0em;",[1939,2173,1990],{"className":2174},[2175,2176],"delimsizing","size4",[1939,2178,2180],{"className":2179},[2109],[1939,2181,2183,2353,2358],{"className":2182},[1992],[1939,2184,2187],{"className":2185},[2186],"col-align-l",[1939,2188,2192,2344],{"className":2189},[2190,2191],"vlist-t","vlist-t2",[1939,2193,2196,2339],{"className":2194},[2195],"vlist-r",[1939,2197,2201,2272],{"className":2198,"style":2200},[2199],"vlist","height:1.69em;",[1939,2202,2204,2209],{"style":2203},"top:-3.69em;",[1939,2205],{"className":2206,"style":2208},[2207],"pstrut","height:3.008em;",[1939,2210,2212,2215,2218,2221,2224,2227,2230,2268],{"className":2211},[2109],[1939,2213,1970],{"className":2214},[2115],[1939,2216,1973],{"className":2217},[2109,2110],[1939,2219],{"className":2220,"style":2123},[2122],[1939,2222,1976],{"className":2223},[2127],[1939,2225],{"className":2226,"style":2123},[2122],[1939,2228,1936],{"className":2229,"style":2140},[2109,2110],[1939,2231,2233,2236],{"className":2232},[2144],[1939,2234,1981],{"className":2235},[2144],[1939,2237,2240],{"className":2238},[2239],"msupsub",[1939,2241,2243],{"className":2242},[2190],[1939,2244,2246],{"className":2245},[2195],[1939,2247,2250],{"className":2248,"style":2249},[2199],"height:0.6644em;",[1939,2251,2253,2257],{"style":2252},"top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1939,2254],{"className":2255,"style":2256},[2207],"height:2.7em;",[1939,2258,2264],{"className":2259},[2260,2261,2262,2263],"sizing","reset-size6","size3","mtight",[1939,2265,2024],{"className":2266,"style":2267},[2109,2110,2263],"margin-right:0.0037em;",[1939,2269,2027],{"className":2270},[2271],"mpunct",[1939,2273,2275,2278],{"style":2274},"top:-2.25em;",[1939,2276],{"className":2277,"style":2208},[2207],[1939,2279,2281,2284,2287,2290,2293,2296,2299,2302,2305,2336],{"className":2280},[2109],[1939,2282,1976],{"className":2283},[2109],[1939,2285,2055],{"className":2286},[2109,2110],[1939,2288,1970],{"className":2289},[2115],[1939,2291,1936],{"className":2292,"style":2140},[2109,2110],[1939,2294],{"className":2295,"style":2123},[2122],[1939,2297,1976],{"className":2298},[2127],[1939,2300],{"className":2301,"style":2123},[2122],[1939,2303,1973],{"className":2304},[2109,2110],[1939,2306,2308,2311],{"className":2307},[2144],[1939,2309,1981],{"className":2310},[2144],[1939,2312,2314],{"className":2313},[2239],[1939,2315,2317],{"className":2316},[2190],[1939,2318,2320],{"className":2319},[2195],[1939,2321,2324],{"className":2322,"style":2323},[2199],"height:0.8491em;",[1939,2325,2326,2329],{"style":2252},[1939,2327],{"className":2328,"style":2256},[2207],[1939,2330,2332],{"className":2331},[2260,2261,2262,2263],[1939,2333,2070],{"className":2334,"style":2335},[2109,2110,2263],"margin-right:0.0528em;",[1939,2337,2027],{"className":2338},[2271],[1939,2340,2343],{"className":2341},[2342],"vlist-s","​",[1939,2345,2347],{"className":2346},[2195],[1939,2348,2351],{"className":2349,"style":2350},[2199],"height:1.19em;",[1939,2352],{},[1939,2354],{"className":2355,"style":2357},[2356],"arraycolsep","width:1em;",[1939,2359,2361],{"className":2360},[2186],[1939,2362,2364,2425],{"className":2363},[2190,2191],[1939,2365,2367,2422],{"className":2366},[2195],[1939,2368,2370,2396],{"className":2369,"style":2200},[2199],[1939,2371,2372,2375],{"style":2203},[1939,2373],{"className":2374,"style":2208},[2207],[1939,2376,2378,2381,2384,2387,2390,2393],{"className":2377},[2109],[1939,2379,1973],{"className":2380},[2109,2110],[1939,2382],{"className":2383,"style":2148},[2122],[1939,2385,2038],{"className":2386},[2152],[1939,2388],{"className":2389,"style":2148},[2122],[1939,2391,1936],{"className":2392,"style":2140},[2109,2110],[1939,2394,2027],{"className":2395},[2271],[1939,2397,2398,2401],{"style":2274},[1939,2399],{"className":2400,"style":2208},[2207],[1939,2402,2404,2407,2410,2413,2416,2419],{"className":2403},[2109],[1939,2405,1973],{"className":2406},[2109,2110],[1939,2408],{"className":2409,"style":2148},[2122],[1939,2411,2083],{"className":2412},[2152],[1939,2414],{"className":2415,"style":2148},[2122],[1939,2417,1936],{"className":2418,"style":2140},[2109,2110],[1939,2420,2027],{"className":2421},[2271],[1939,2423,2343],{"className":2424},[2342],[1939,2426,2428],{"className":2427},[2195],[1939,2429,2431],{"className":2430,"style":2350},[2199],[1939,2432],{},[1939,2434],{"className":2435},[2144,2436],"nulldelimiter",[1798,2438,2439,2440,2443],{},"typically with ",[1934,2441,2442],{},"λ>1",". The model combines:",[1809,2445,2446,2449,2452,2455],{},[1812,2447,2448],{},"reference dependence;",[1812,2450,2451],{},"greater sensitivity to losses than equal gains;",[1812,2453,2454],{},"diminishing sensitivity away from the reference;",[1812,2456,2457],{},"nonlinear decision weights on probabilities.",[1798,2459,2460],{},"These are separate empirical components. Loss aversion alone does not imply overweighting rare probabilities.",[2462,2463,2465],"h3",{"id":2464},"worked-framing-example","Worked framing example",[1809,2467,2468,2475],{},[1812,2469,2470,2474],{},[2471,2472,2473],"strong",{},"Gain frame:"," receive £10 for sure or take a 50–50 gamble paying £20 or £0.",[1812,2476,2477,2480],{},[2471,2478,2479],{},"Loss frame:"," first receive a £20 reference endowment, then lose £10 for sure or take a 50–50 gamble that loses £0 or £20.",[1798,2482,2483],{},"Final payoffs are identical, yet the salient £20 reference can make the second description feel like losses and increase risk seeking. A valid test randomises framing while holding payoffs, information, and comprehension fixed.",[1793,2485,2487],{"id":2486},"_3-present-bias-and-commitment","3. Present bias and commitment",[1798,2489,2490,2491,2494],{},"Quasi-hyperbolic preferences at time ",[1934,2492,2493],{},"t"," are:",[1939,2496,2498],{"className":2497},[1942],[1939,2499,2501,2597],{"className":2500},[1946],[1939,2502,2504],{"className":2503},[1950],[1952,2505,2506],{"xmlns":1954,"display":1955},[1957,2507,2508,2594],{},[1960,2509,2510,2518,2520,2527,2530,2532,2558,2565,2577,2579,2582,2584,2586,2588,2591],{},[2511,2512,2513,2516],"msub",{},[1963,2514,2515],{},"U",[1963,2517,2493],{},[1967,2519,1984],{},[2511,2521,2522,2525],{},[1963,2523,2524],{},"u",[1963,2526,2493],{},[1967,2528,2529],{},"+",[1963,2531,2070],{},[2533,2534,2535,2538,2549],"munderover",{},[1967,2536,2537],{},"∑",[1960,2539,2540,2543,2545],{},[1963,2541,2542],{},"k",[1967,2544,1984],{},[2546,2547,2548],"mn",{},"1",[1960,2550,2551,2554,2556],{},[1963,2552,2553],{},"T",[1967,2555,1976],{},[1963,2557,2493],{},[2018,2559,2560,2563],{},[1963,2561,2562],{},"δ",[1963,2564,2542],{},[2511,2566,2567,2569],{},[1963,2568,2524],{},[1960,2570,2571,2573,2575],{},[1963,2572,2493],{},[1967,2574,2529],{},[1963,2576,2542],{},[1967,2578,2027],{"separator":1989},[2122,2580],{"width":2581},"2em",[2546,2583,2006],{},[1967,2585,2083],{},[1963,2587,2070],{},[1967,2589,2590],{},"≤",[2546,2592,2593],{},"1.",[2089,2595,2596],{"encoding":2091},"U_t=u_t+\\beta\\sum_{k=1}^{T-t}\\delta^ku_{t+k},\n\\qquad 0\u003C\\beta\\le1.",[1939,2598,2600,2660,2717,2924,2943],{"className":2599,"ariaHidden":1989},[2096],[1939,2601,2603,2607,2651,2654,2657],{"className":2602},[2100],[1939,2604],{"className":2605,"style":2606},[2104],"height:0.8333em;vertical-align:-0.15em;",[1939,2608,2610,2614],{"className":2609},[2109],[1939,2611,2515],{"className":2612,"style":2613},[2109,2110],"margin-right:0.109em;",[1939,2615,2617],{"className":2616},[2239],[1939,2618,2620,2642],{"className":2619},[2190,2191],[1939,2621,2623,2639],{"className":2622},[2195],[1939,2624,2627],{"className":2625,"style":2626},[2199],"height:0.2806em;",[1939,2628,2630,2633],{"style":2629},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.109em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1939,2631],{"className":2632,"style":2256},[2207],[1939,2634,2636],{"className":2635},[2260,2261,2262,2263],[1939,2637,2493],{"className":2638},[2109,2110,2263],[1939,2640,2343],{"className":2641},[2342],[1939,2643,2645],{"className":2644},[2195],[1939,2646,2649],{"className":2647,"style":2648},[2199],"height:0.15em;",[1939,2650],{},[1939,2652],{"className":2653,"style":2148},[2122],[1939,2655,1984],{"className":2656},[2152],[1939,2658],{"className":2659,"style":2148},[2122],[1939,2661,2663,2667,2708,2711,2714],{"className":2662},[2100],[1939,2664],{"className":2665,"style":2666},[2104],"height:0.7333em;vertical-align:-0.15em;",[1939,2668,2670,2673],{"className":2669},[2109],[1939,2671,2524],{"className":2672},[2109,2110],[1939,2674,2676],{"className":2675},[2239],[1939,2677,2679,2700],{"className":2678},[2190,2191],[1939,2680,2682,2697],{"className":2681},[2195],[1939,2683,2685],{"className":2684,"style":2626},[2199],[1939,2686,2688,2691],{"style":2687},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1939,2689],{"className":2690,"style":2256},[2207],[1939,2692,2694],{"className":2693},[2260,2261,2262,2263],[1939,2695,2493],{"className":2696},[2109,2110,2263],[1939,2698,2343],{"className":2699},[2342],[1939,2701,2703],{"className":2702},[2195],[1939,2704,2706],{"className":2705,"style":2648},[2199],[1939,2707],{},[1939,2709],{"className":2710,"style":2123},[2122],[1939,2712,2529],{"className":2713},[2127],[1939,2715],{"className":2716,"style":2123},[2122],[1939,2718,2720,2724,2727,2731,2816,2819,2851,2902,2905,2909,2912,2915,2918,2921],{"className":2719},[2100],[1939,2721],{"className":2722,"style":2723},[2104],"height:3.1304em;vertical-align:-1.3021em;",[1939,2725,2070],{"className":2726,"style":2335},[2109,2110],[1939,2728],{"className":2729,"style":2730},[2122],"margin-right:0.1667em;",[1939,2732,2736],{"className":2733},[2734,2735],"mop","op-limits",[1939,2737,2739,2807],{"className":2738},[2190,2191],[1939,2740,2742,2804],{"className":2741},[2195],[1939,2743,2746,2769,2782],{"className":2744,"style":2745},[2199],"height:1.8283em;",[1939,2747,2749,2753],{"style":2748},"top:-1.8479em;margin-left:0em;",[1939,2750],{"className":2751,"style":2752},[2207],"height:3.05em;",[1939,2754,2756],{"className":2755},[2260,2261,2262,2263],[1939,2757,2759,2763,2766],{"className":2758},[2109,2263],[1939,2760,2542],{"className":2761,"style":2762},[2109,2110,2263],"margin-right:0.0315em;",[1939,2764,1984],{"className":2765},[2152,2263],[1939,2767,2548],{"className":2768},[2109,2263],[1939,2770,2772,2775],{"style":2771},"top:-3.05em;",[1939,2773],{"className":2774,"style":2752},[2207],[1939,2776,2777],{},[1939,2778,2537],{"className":2779},[2734,2780,2781],"op-symbol","large-op",[1939,2783,2785,2788],{"style":2784},"top:-4.3em;margin-left:0em;",[1939,2786],{"className":2787,"style":2752},[2207],[1939,2789,2791],{"className":2790},[2260,2261,2262,2263],[1939,2792,2794,2798,2801],{"className":2793},[2109,2263],[1939,2795,2553],{"className":2796,"style":2797},[2109,2110,2263],"margin-right:0.1389em;",[1939,2799,1976],{"className":2800},[2127,2263],[1939,2802,2493],{"className":2803},[2109,2110,2263],[1939,2805,2343],{"className":2806},[2342],[1939,2808,2810],{"className":2809},[2195],[1939,2811,2814],{"className":2812,"style":2813},[2199],"height:1.3021em;",[1939,2815],{},[1939,2817],{"className":2818,"style":2730},[2122],[1939,2820,2822,2826],{"className":2821},[2109],[1939,2823,2562],{"className":2824,"style":2825},[2109,2110],"margin-right:0.0379em;",[1939,2827,2829],{"className":2828},[2239],[1939,2830,2832],{"className":2831},[2190],[1939,2833,2835],{"className":2834},[2195],[1939,2836,2839],{"className":2837,"style":2838},[2199],"height:0.8991em;",[1939,2840,2842,2845],{"style":2841},"top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1939,2843],{"className":2844,"style":2256},[2207],[1939,2846,2848],{"className":2847},[2260,2261,2262,2263],[1939,2849,2542],{"className":2850,"style":2762},[2109,2110,2263],[1939,2852,2854,2857],{"className":2853},[2109],[1939,2855,2524],{"className":2856},[2109,2110],[1939,2858,2860],{"className":2859},[2239],[1939,2861,2863,2893],{"className":2862},[2190,2191],[1939,2864,2866,2890],{"className":2865},[2195],[1939,2867,2870],{"className":2868,"style":2869},[2199],"height:0.3361em;",[1939,2871,2872,2875],{"style":2687},[1939,2873],{"className":2874,"style":2256},[2207],[1939,2876,2878],{"className":2877},[2260,2261,2262,2263],[1939,2879,2881,2884,2887],{"className":2880},[2109,2263],[1939,2882,2493],{"className":2883},[2109,2110,2263],[1939,2885,2529],{"className":2886},[2127,2263],[1939,2888,2542],{"className":2889,"style":2762},[2109,2110,2263],[1939,2891,2343],{"className":2892},[2342],[1939,2894,2896],{"className":2895},[2195],[1939,2897,2900],{"className":2898,"style":2899},[2199],"height:0.2083em;",[1939,2901],{},[1939,2903,2027],{"className":2904},[2271],[1939,2906],{"className":2907,"style":2908},[2122],"margin-right:2em;",[1939,2910],{"className":2911,"style":2730},[2122],[1939,2913,2006],{"className":2914},[2109],[1939,2916],{"className":2917,"style":2148},[2122],[1939,2919,2083],{"className":2920},[2152],[1939,2922],{"className":2923,"style":2148},[2122],[1939,2925,2927,2931,2934,2937,2940],{"className":2926},[2100],[1939,2928],{"className":2929,"style":2930},[2104],"height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[1939,2932,2070],{"className":2933,"style":2335},[2109,2110],[1939,2935],{"className":2936,"style":2148},[2122],[1939,2938,2590],{"className":2939},[2152],[1939,2941],{"className":2942,"style":2148},[2122],[1939,2944,2946,2950],{"className":2945},[2100],[1939,2947],{"className":2948,"style":2949},[2104],"height:0.6444em;",[1939,2951,2593],{"className":2952},[2109],[1798,2954,2955,2957,2958,2961],{},[1934,2956,2562],{}," captures ordinary patience; ",[1934,2959,2960],{},"β\u003C1"," adds extra discounting of every future period relative to now.",[2462,2963,2965],{"id":2964},"worked-procrastination","Worked procrastination",[1798,2967,2968,2969,2972,2973,1937],{},"Studying now costs 6 units; tomorrow's exam benefit is 8. Let ",[1934,2970,2971],{},"β=0.6"," and ",[1934,2974,2975],{},"δ=1",[1939,2977,2979],{"className":2978},[1942],[1939,2980,2982,3018],{"className":2981},[1946],[1939,2983,2985],{"className":2984},[1950],[1952,2986,2987],{"xmlns":1954,"display":1955},[1957,2988,2989,3015],{},[1960,2990,2991,2993,2996,2998,3001,3003,3006,3008,3010,3012],{},[1967,2992,1976],{},[2546,2994,2995],{},"6",[1967,2997,2529],{},[2546,2999,3000],{},"0.6",[1967,3002,1970],{"stretchy":1969},[2546,3004,3005],{},"8",[1967,3007,1981],{"stretchy":1969},[1967,3009,1984],{},[1967,3011,1976],{},[2546,3013,3014],{},"1.2.",[2089,3016,3017],{"encoding":2091},"-6+0.6(8)=-1.2.",[1939,3019,3021,3043,3070],{"className":3020,"ariaHidden":1989},[2096],[1939,3022,3024,3028,3031,3034,3037,3040],{"className":3023},[2100],[1939,3025],{"className":3026,"style":3027},[2104],"height:0.7278em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;",[1939,3029,1976],{"className":3030},[2109],[1939,3032,2995],{"className":3033},[2109],[1939,3035],{"className":3036,"style":2123},[2122],[1939,3038,2529],{"className":3039},[2127],[1939,3041],{"className":3042,"style":2123},[2122],[1939,3044,3046,3049,3052,3055,3058,3061,3064,3067],{"className":3045},[2100],[1939,3047],{"className":3048,"style":2105},[2104],[1939,3050,3000],{"className":3051},[2109],[1939,3053,1970],{"className":3054},[2115],[1939,3056,3005],{"className":3057},[2109],[1939,3059,1981],{"className":3060},[2144],[1939,3062],{"className":3063,"style":2148},[2122],[1939,3065,1984],{"className":3066},[2152],[1939,3068],{"className":3069,"style":2148},[2122],[1939,3071,3073,3076,3079],{"className":3072},[2100],[1939,3074],{"className":3075,"style":3027},[2104],[1939,3077,1976],{"className":3078},[2109],[1939,3080,3014],{"className":3081},[2109],[1798,3083,3084],{},"The student postpones. Tomorrow, the same present-bias calculation can repeat. A commitment device—scheduled study group, website block, or deadline—can improve the earlier self's welfare if the person is sophisticated about future inconsistency.",[1798,3086,3087],{},"The device can harm a time-consistent or liquidity-constrained person. Observed delay alone does not identify present bias.",[1793,3089,3091],{"id":3090},"_4-social-preferences","4. Social preferences",[1798,3093,3094],{},"In a two-person Fehr–Schmidt representation:",[1939,3096,3098],{"className":3097},[1942],[1939,3099,3101,3202],{"className":3100},[1946],[1939,3102,3104],{"className":3103},[1950],[1952,3105,3106],{"xmlns":1954,"display":1955},[1957,3107,3108,3199],{},[1960,3109,3110,3117,3119,3125,3127,3133,3136,3139,3141,3148,3150,3156,3158,3160,3163,3165,3171,3173,3175,3177,3183,3185,3191,3193,3195,3197],{},[2511,3111,3112,3114],{},[1963,3113,2524],{},[1963,3115,3116],{},"i",[1967,3118,1984],{},[2511,3120,3121,3123],{},[1963,3122,1973],{},[1963,3124,3116],{},[1967,3126,1976],{},[2511,3128,3129,3131],{},[1963,3130,2024],{},[1963,3132,3116],{},[1963,3134,3135],{},"max",[1967,3137,3138],{},"⁡",[1967,3140,1990],{"stretchy":1969},[2511,3142,3143,3145],{},[1963,3144,1973],{},[1963,3146,3147],{},"j",[1967,3149,1976],{},[2511,3151,3152,3154],{},[1963,3153,1973],{},[1963,3155,3116],{},[1967,3157,2027],{"separator":1989},[2546,3159,2006],{},[1967,3161,3162],{"stretchy":1969},"}",[1967,3164,1976],{},[2511,3166,3167,3169],{},[1963,3168,2070],{},[1963,3170,3116],{},[1963,3172,3135],{},[1967,3174,3138],{},[1967,3176,1990],{"stretchy":1969},[2511,3178,3179,3181],{},[1963,3180,1973],{},[1963,3182,3116],{},[1967,3184,1976],{},[2511,3186,3187,3189],{},[1963,3188,1973],{},[1963,3190,3147],{},[1967,3192,2027],{"separator":1989},[2546,3194,2006],{},[1967,3196,3162],{"stretchy":1969},[1967,3198,2027],{"separator":1989},[2089,3200,3201],{"encoding":2091},"u_i=x_i\n-\\alpha_i\\max\\{x_j-x_i,0\\}\n-\\beta_i\\max\\{x_i-x_j,0\\},",[1939,3203,3205,3262,3317,3425,3492,3597],{"className":3204,"ariaHidden":1989},[2096],[1939,3206,3208,3212,3253,3256,3259],{"className":3207},[2100],[1939,3209],{"className":3210,"style":3211},[2104],"height:0.5806em;vertical-align:-0.15em;",[1939,3213,3215,3218],{"className":3214},[2109],[1939,3216,2524],{"className":3217},[2109,2110],[1939,3219,3221],{"className":3220},[2239],[1939,3222,3224,3245],{"className":3223},[2190,2191],[1939,3225,3227,3242],{"className":3226},[2195],[1939,3228,3231],{"className":3229,"style":3230},[2199],"height:0.3117em;",[1939,3232,3233,3236],{"style":2687},[1939,3234],{"className":3235,"style":2256},[2207],[1939,3237,3239],{"className":3238},[2260,2261,2262,2263],[1939,3240,3116],{"className":3241},[2109,2110,2263],[1939,3243,2343],{"className":3244},[2342],[1939,3246,3248],{"className":3247},[2195],[1939,3249,3251],{"className":3250,"style":2648},[2199],[1939,3252],{},[1939,3254],{"className":3255,"style":2148},[2122],[1939,3257,1984],{"className":3258},[2152],[1939,3260],{"className":3261,"style":2148},[2122],[1939,3263,3265,3268,3308,3311,3314],{"className":3264},[2100],[1939,3266],{"className":3267,"style":2666},[2104],[1939,3269,3271,3274],{"className":3270},[2109],[1939,3272,1973],{"className":3273},[2109,2110],[1939,3275,3277],{"className":3276},[2239],[1939,3278,3280,3300],{"className":3279},[2190,2191],[1939,3281,3283,3297],{"className":3282},[2195],[1939,3284,3286],{"className":3285,"style":3230},[2199],[1939,3287,3288,3291],{"style":2687},[1939,3289],{"className":3290,"style":2256},[2207],[1939,3292,3294],{"className":3293},[2260,2261,2262,2263],[1939,3295,3116],{"className":3296},[2109,2110,2263],[1939,3298,2343],{"className":3299},[2342],[1939,3301,3303],{"className":3302},[2195],[1939,3304,3306],{"className":3305,"style":2648},[2199],[1939,3307],{},[1939,3309],{"className":3310,"style":2123},[2122],[1939,3312,1976],{"className":3313},[2127],[1939,3315],{"className":3316,"style":2123},[2122],[1939,3318,3320,3324,3365,3368,3371,3374,3416,3419,3422],{"className":3319},[2100],[1939,3321],{"className":3322,"style":3323},[2104],"height:1.0361em;vertical-align:-0.2861em;",[1939,3325,3327,3330],{"className":3326},[2109],[1939,3328,2024],{"className":3329,"style":2267},[2109,2110],[1939,3331,3333],{"className":3332},[2239],[1939,3334,3336,3357],{"className":3335},[2190,2191],[1939,3337,3339,3354],{"className":3338},[2195],[1939,3340,3342],{"className":3341,"style":3230},[2199],[1939,3343,3345,3348],{"style":3344},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0037em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1939,3346],{"className":3347,"style":2256},[2207],[1939,3349,3351],{"className":3350},[2260,2261,2262,2263],[1939,3352,3116],{"className":3353},[2109,2110,2263],[1939,3355,2343],{"className":3356},[2342],[1939,3358,3360],{"className":3359},[2195],[1939,3361,3363],{"className":3362,"style":2648},[2199],[1939,3364],{},[1939,3366],{"className":3367,"style":2730},[2122],[1939,3369,3135],{"className":3370},[2734],[1939,3372,1990],{"className":3373},[2115],[1939,3375,3377,3380],{"className":3376},[2109],[1939,3378,1973],{"className":3379},[2109,2110],[1939,3381,3383],{"className":3382},[2239],[1939,3384,3386,3407],{"className":3385},[2190,2191],[1939,3387,3389,3404],{"className":3388},[2195],[1939,3390,3392],{"className":3391,"style":3230},[2199],[1939,3393,3394,3397],{"style":2687},[1939,3395],{"className":3396,"style":2256},[2207],[1939,3398,3400],{"className":3399},[2260,2261,2262,2263],[1939,3401,3147],{"className":3402,"style":3403},[2109,2110,2263],"margin-right:0.0572em;",[1939,3405,2343],{"className":3406},[2342],[1939,3408,3410],{"className":3409},[2195],[1939,3411,3414],{"className":3412,"style":3413},[2199],"height:0.2861em;",[1939,3415],{},[1939,3417],{"className":3418,"style":2123},[2122],[1939,3420,1976],{"className":3421},[2127],[1939,3423],{"className":3424,"style":2123},[2122],[1939,3426,3428,3431,3471,3474,3477,3480,3483,3486,3489],{"className":3427},[2100],[1939,3429],{"className":3430,"style":2105},[2104],[1939,3432,3434,3437],{"className":3433},[2109],[1939,3435,1973],{"className":3436},[2109,2110],[1939,3438,3440],{"className":3439},[2239],[1939,3441,3443,3463],{"className":3442},[2190,2191],[1939,3444,3446,3460],{"className":3445},[2195],[1939,3447,3449],{"className":3448,"style":3230},[2199],[1939,3450,3451,3454],{"style":2687},[1939,3452],{"className":3453,"style":2256},[2207],[1939,3455,3457],{"className":3456},[2260,2261,2262,2263],[1939,3458,3116],{"className":3459},[2109,2110,2263],[1939,3461,2343],{"className":3462},[2342],[1939,3464,3466],{"className":3465},[2195],[1939,3467,3469],{"className":3468,"style":2648},[2199],[1939,3470],{},[1939,3472,2027],{"className":3473},[2271],[1939,3475],{"className":3476,"style":2730},[2122],[1939,3478,2006],{"className":3479},[2109],[1939,3481,3162],{"className":3482},[2144],[1939,3484],{"className":3485,"style":2123},[2122],[1939,3487,1976],{"className":3488},[2127],[1939,3490],{"className":3491,"style":2123},[2122],[1939,3493,3495,3498,3539,3542,3545,3548,3588,3591,3594],{"className":3494},[2100],[1939,3496],{"className":3497,"style":2105},[2104],[1939,3499,3501,3504],{"className":3500},[2109],[1939,3502,2070],{"className":3503,"style":2335},[2109,2110],[1939,3505,3507],{"className":3506},[2239],[1939,3508,3510,3531],{"className":3509},[2190,2191],[1939,3511,3513,3528],{"className":3512},[2195],[1939,3514,3516],{"className":3515,"style":3230},[2199],[1939,3517,3519,3522],{"style":3518},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0528em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1939,3520],{"className":3521,"style":2256},[2207],[1939,3523,3525],{"className":3524},[2260,2261,2262,2263],[1939,3526,3116],{"className":3527},[2109,2110,2263],[1939,3529,2343],{"className":3530},[2342],[1939,3532,3534],{"className":3533},[2195],[1939,3535,3537],{"className":3536,"style":2648},[2199],[1939,3538],{},[1939,3540],{"className":3541,"style":2730},[2122],[1939,3543,3135],{"className":3544},[2734],[1939,3546,1990],{"className":3547},[2115],[1939,3549,3551,3554],{"className":3550},[2109],[1939,3552,1973],{"className":3553},[2109,2110],[1939,3555,3557],{"className":3556},[2239],[1939,3558,3560,3580],{"className":3559},[2190,2191],[1939,3561,3563,3577],{"className":3562},[2195],[1939,3564,3566],{"className":3565,"style":3230},[2199],[1939,3567,3568,3571],{"style":2687},[1939,3569],{"className":3570,"style":2256},[2207],[1939,3572,3574],{"className":3573},[2260,2261,2262,2263],[1939,3575,3116],{"className":3576},[2109,2110,2263],[1939,3578,2343],{"className":3579},[2342],[1939,3581,3583],{"className":3582},[2195],[1939,3584,3586],{"className":3585,"style":2648},[2199],[1939,3587],{},[1939,3589],{"className":3590,"style":2123},[2122],[1939,3592,1976],{"className":3593},[2127],[1939,3595],{"className":3596,"style":2123},[2122],[1939,3598,3600,3603,3643,3646,3649,3652,3655],{"className":3599},[2100],[1939,3601],{"className":3602,"style":3323},[2104],[1939,3604,3606,3609],{"className":3605},[2109],[1939,3607,1973],{"className":3608},[2109,2110],[1939,3610,3612],{"className":3611},[2239],[1939,3613,3615,3635],{"className":3614},[2190,2191],[1939,3616,3618,3632],{"className":3617},[2195],[1939,3619,3621],{"className":3620,"style":3230},[2199],[1939,3622,3623,3626],{"style":2687},[1939,3624],{"className":3625,"style":2256},[2207],[1939,3627,3629],{"className":3628},[2260,2261,2262,2263],[1939,3630,3147],{"className":3631,"style":3403},[2109,2110,2263],[1939,3633,2343],{"className":3634},[2342],[1939,3636,3638],{"className":3637},[2195],[1939,3639,3641],{"className":3640,"style":3413},[2199],[1939,3642],{},[1939,3644,2027],{"className":3645},[2271],[1939,3647],{"className":3648,"style":2730},[2122],[1939,3650,2006],{"className":3651},[2109],[1939,3653,3162],{"className":3654},[2144],[1939,3656,2027],{"className":3657},[2271],[1798,3659,3660],{},"with disadvantageous inequality often weighted more than advantageous inequality.",[1798,3662,3663],{},"This can rationalise rejection of a low offer in an ultimatum game: the responder sacrifices money to avoid or punish an unequal outcome. Alternatives include reciprocity, norm enforcement, experimenter demand, reputation, and confusion. Different games or treatments are needed to separate them.",[1793,3665,3667],{"id":3666},"_5-defaults-salience-and-friction","5. Defaults, salience, and friction",[1798,3669,3670],{},"A default can change participation through:",[1809,3672,3673,3676,3679,3682,3685],{},[1812,3674,3675],{},"effort saved by accepting it;",[1812,3677,3678],{},"implied recommendation;",[1812,3680,3681],{},"loss aversion around the status quo;",[1812,3683,3684],{},"procrastination;",[1812,3686,3687],{},"inattention.",[1798,3689,3690],{},"The mechanism determines design. If effort is the problem, simplify active choice. If comprehension is the problem, improve explanation. If the default conveys endorsement, disclose how it was selected.",[1798,3692,3693,3696],{},[2471,3694,3695],{},"Sludge"," adds friction that benefits the designer at the chooser's expense—for example, one-click enrolment but a multi-page cancellation path.",[1793,3698,3700],{"id":3699},"_6-experimental-design-is-part-of-the-theory","6. Experimental design is part of the theory",[1798,3702,3703],{},"A credible experiment specifies:",[3705,3706,3707,3710,3713,3716,3719,3722,3725,3728],"ol",{},[1812,3708,3709],{},"population and recruitment;",[1812,3711,3712],{},"randomisation unit and treatment contrast;",[1812,3714,3715],{},"incentive-compatible outcome;",[1812,3717,3718],{},"manipulation\u002Fcomprehension checks;",[1812,3720,3721],{},"primary outcome and analysis plan;",[1812,3723,3724],{},"attrition, interference, and multiple-testing handling;",[1812,3726,3727],{},"treatment effect and uncertainty;",[1812,3729,3730],{},"transport from experiment to policy setting.",[1798,3732,3733],{},"Laboratory control strengthens mechanism tests; field scale strengthens realism. Neither automatically supplies the other.",[1793,3735,3737],{"id":3736},"_7-evidence-case-nudges-at-scale","7. Evidence case: nudges at scale",[1798,3739,3740,3741,3748],{},"DellaVigna and Linos assemble 126 randomised trials run by two large US nudge units, covering more than 23 million individuals. Average take-up effects were about 1.4 percentage points, compared with 8.7 points in a sample of published academic nudge studies; the scaled effects remained statistically meaningful but were much smaller (",[3742,3743,3747],"a",{"href":3744,"rel":3745},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3982\u002FECTA18709",[3746],"nofollow","2022",").",[1798,3750,3751],{},"The result teaches three lessons:",[1809,3753,3754,3757,3760],{},[1812,3755,3756],{},"publication selection can favour large effects;",[1812,3758,3759],{},"academics may optimise interventions more intensively;",[1812,3761,3762],{},"scaled programmes cover broader populations and outcomes.",[1798,3764,3765],{},"It does not show that every nudge is weak. Effects vary by behaviour and implementation, and a small percentage-point change can be cost-effective at low marginal cost.",[1793,3767,3769],{"id":3768},"_8-welfare-when-choices-are-inconsistent","8. Welfare when choices are inconsistent",[1798,3771,3772],{},"Standard revealed-preference welfare says a chosen option is at least as good as an available alternative. With inattention, unstable reference points, or present bias, which choice reveals welfare—the immediate choice, informed choice, planned choice, or experienced outcome?",[1798,3774,3775],{},"A behavioural policy appraisal should report:",[1809,3777,3778,3781,3784,3787,3790,3793],{},[1812,3779,3780],{},"whose preferences define welfare and at what time;",[1812,3782,3783],{},"whether information or choice is restricted;",[1812,3785,3786],{},"heterogeneity and opt-out cost;",[1812,3788,3789],{},"distribution of errors and benefits;",[1812,3791,3792],{},"manipulation risk and designer incentives;",[1812,3794,3795],{},"learning, persistence, and long-run response.",[3797,3798,3800],"tip",{"title":3799},"Prefer diagnostic designs","An intervention that helps distinguish mechanisms is more valuable than one that merely moves an outcome. Active choice versus default, information versus simplification, and immediate versus delayed effects can reveal why behaviour changed.",[1793,3802,3804],{"id":3803},"_9-from-anomaly-to-cumulative-evidence","9. From anomaly to cumulative evidence",[1798,3806,3807],{},"One surprising choice is not a new theory. A useful behavioural model should:",[3705,3809,3810,3813,3816,3819,3822],{},[1812,3811,3812],{},"state a restricted departure from a benchmark;",[1812,3814,3815],{},"predict a new pattern before seeing it;",[1812,3817,3818],{},"survive incentive, framing, and comprehension checks;",[1812,3820,3821],{},"replicate across samples or explain heterogeneity;",[1812,3823,3824],{},"improve prediction or policy relative to a simpler model.",[1793,3826,3828],{"id":3827},"practice","Practice",[3705,3830,3831,3834,3844,3851,3854],{},[1812,3832,3833],{},"Separate loss aversion and probability weighting in a 2×2 experimental design.",[1812,3835,3836,3837,2972,3840,3843],{},"Solve the procrastination example for ",[1934,3838,3839],{},"β=0.9",[1934,3841,3842],{},"δ=0.95",".",[1812,3845,3846,3847,3850],{},"Use the Fehr–Schmidt model to find when a responder rejects a ",[1934,3848,3849],{},"9\u002F1"," split.",[1812,3852,3853],{},"Design a default experiment with an active-choice comparison arm.",[1812,3855,3856],{},"Explain why a 1.4-point effect can be valuable yet fail a strong cost-benefit test.",[1793,3858,3860],{"id":3859},"quick-check","Quick check",[1809,3862,3863,3866,3869,3872,3875],{},[1812,3864,3865],{},"An anomaly must be defined relative to a clear benchmark.",[1812,3867,3868],{},"Reference dependence, probability weighting, and loss aversion are distinct.",[1812,3870,3871],{},"Present bias creates preference reversal and possible demand for commitment.",[1812,3873,3874],{},"Experimental control does not guarantee policy-scale effect size.",[1812,3876,3877],{},"Behavioural welfare requires an explicit standard and easy opt-out.",[1798,3879,3880,3883,3884,3843],{},[2471,3881,3882],{},"Next:"," ",[3742,3885,3887],{"href":3886},"..\u002F10-externalities-public-goods\u002F","internalise external effects and provide public goods",{"title":10,"searchDepth":3889,"depth":3889,"links":3890},2,[3891,3892,3893,3894,3898,3901,3902,3903,3904,3905,3906,3907,3908],{"id":1795,"depth":3889,"text":1796},{"id":1803,"depth":3889,"text":1804},{"id":1829,"depth":3889,"text":1830},{"id":1928,"depth":3889,"text":1929,"children":3895},[3896],{"id":2464,"depth":3897,"text":2465},3,{"id":2486,"depth":3889,"text":2487,"children":3899},[3900],{"id":2964,"depth":3897,"text":2965},{"id":3090,"depth":3889,"text":3091},{"id":3666,"depth":3889,"text":3667},{"id":3699,"depth":3889,"text":3700},{"id":3736,"depth":3889,"text":3737},{"id":3768,"depth":3889,"text":3769},{"id":3803,"depth":3889,"text":3804},{"id":3827,"depth":3889,"text":3828},{"id":3859,"depth":3889,"text":3860},"Reference dependence, probability weighting, present bias, social preferences, limited attention, experiments, nudges, and welfare.","md",null,{},true,{"title":775,"description":3909},"n8OV1kYIWQ8da7JijlJotWkPRXbt5bN3JS7-h4iYfxQ",[3917,3919],{"title":769,"path":770,"stem":771,"description":3918,"children":-1},"Revelation, incentive compatibility, Vickrey–Clarke–Groves mechanisms, first-price bidding, revenue equivalence, optimal auctions, and digital advertising.",{"title":781,"path":782,"stem":783,"description":3920,"children":-1},"Pigouvian policy, bargaining, cap-and-trade, public-good provision, common resources, uncertainty, distribution, and current carbon pricing.",1785754733083]