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Search, Evaluate, and Read Evidence","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F02-reading-and-literature-matrix","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F02-reading-and-literature-matrix",{"title":27,"path":28,"stem":29},"3. From Sources to Synthesis and Argument","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F03-arguments-outlines-and-paragraphs","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F03-arguments-outlines-and-paragraphs",{"title":31,"path":32,"stem":33},"4. Literature Review and a Defensible Gap","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review",{"title":35,"path":36,"stem":37},"5. Research Design, Evidence, and Core Sections","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F05-core-sections-and-evidence","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F05-core-sections-and-evidence",{"title":39,"path":40,"stem":41},"6. Citation, Paraphrasing, Integrity, and AI","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F06-citation-paraphrasing-and-integrity","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F06-citation-paraphrasing-and-integrity",{"title":43,"path":44,"stem":45},"7. Revision, Review, and Submission","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F07-revision-style-and-submission","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F07-revision-style-and-submission",{"title":47,"path":48,"stem":49},"8. Research Workbook","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template",{"title":51,"path":52,"stem":53},"9. Research Workflow and Tools","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F09-tools-for-academic-writing-and-literature-management","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F09-tools-for-academic-writing-and-literature-management",{"title":55,"path":56,"stem":57},"10. Worked Project — From Question to Defensible Conclusion","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F10-worked-example-from-block-structure-to-question-chain","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F10-worked-example-from-block-structure-to-question-chain",{"title":59,"path":60,"stem":61,"children":62,"page":249},"Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting","en\u002Faccounting",[63,69,87,93,193],{"title":64,"path":65,"stem":66,"children":67},"Accounting — From Evidence to Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002F00-index","en\u002Faccounting\u002F00-index",[68],{"title":64,"path":65,"stem":66},{"title":70,"path":71,"stem":72,"children":73},"Accounting Appendix","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[74,75,79,83],{"title":70,"path":71,"stem":72},{"title":76,"path":77,"stem":78},"Worked Examples and Error Diagnosis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F24-examples-pitfalls","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F24-examples-pitfalls",{"title":80,"path":81,"stem":82},"Accounting Glossary","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F26-glossary","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F26-glossary",{"title":84,"path":85,"stem":86},"Reading and Evidence Map","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F27-reading-map","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F27-reading-map",{"title":88,"path":89,"stem":90,"children":91},"Northstar Record-to-Decision Capstone","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[92],{"title":88,"path":89,"stem":90},{"title":94,"path":95,"stem":96,"children":97},"Financial Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002Findex",[98,99,117,131,165,179],{"title":94,"path":95,"stem":96},{"title":100,"path":101,"stem":102,"children":103},"1. Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002Findex",[104,105,109,113],{"title":100,"path":101,"stem":102},{"title":106,"path":107,"stem":108},"Objectives and Qualitative Characteristics","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F01-objectives-qualitative-characteristics","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F01-objectives-qualitative-characteristics",{"title":110,"path":111,"stem":112},"Equation and Elements","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F02-equation-elements","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F02-equation-elements",{"title":114,"path":115,"stem":116},"Accrual Basis, Estimates and Periods","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F03-accounting-bases-principles","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F03-accounting-bases-principles",{"title":118,"path":119,"stem":120,"children":121},"2. Recording Transactions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002Findex",[122,123,127],{"title":118,"path":119,"stem":120},{"title":124,"path":125,"stem":126},"Double-Entry and Debit\u002FCredit","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F04-double-entry-dr-cr","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F04-double-entry-dr-cr",{"title":128,"path":129,"stem":130},"Accounting Cycle","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F05-accounting-cycle","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F05-accounting-cycle",{"title":132,"path":133,"stem":134,"children":135},"3. Measurement and Adjustments","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002Findex",[136,137,141,145,149,153,157,161],{"title":132,"path":133,"stem":134},{"title":138,"path":139,"stem":140},"Revenue Recognition","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F07-revenue-recognition","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F07-revenue-recognition",{"title":142,"path":143,"stem":144},"Inventory","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F08-inventory","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F08-inventory",{"title":146,"path":147,"stem":148},"Receivables and Expected Credit Losses","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F09-receivables","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F09-receivables",{"title":150,"path":151,"stem":152},"Property, Plant and Equipment","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F10-ppe","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F10-ppe",{"title":154,"path":155,"stem":156},"Intangible Assets","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F11-intangibles","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F11-intangibles",{"title":158,"path":159,"stem":160},"Leases","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F12-leases","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F12-leases",{"title":162,"path":163,"stem":164},"Current and Deferred Income Tax","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F13-income-tax","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F13-income-tax",{"title":166,"path":167,"stem":168,"children":169},"4. Reporting and Cash","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002Findex",[170,171,175],{"title":166,"path":167,"stem":168},{"title":172,"path":173,"stem":174},"Linked Financial Statements","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F06-financial-statements","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F06-financial-statements",{"title":176,"path":177,"stem":178},"Cash, Reconciliation and Internal Control","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F14-cash-control","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F14-cash-control",{"title":180,"path":181,"stem":182,"children":183},"5. Analysis and Comparison","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002Findex",[184,185,189],{"title":180,"path":181,"stem":182},{"title":186,"path":187,"stem":188},"Ratio Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F15-ratio-analysis","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F15-ratio-analysis",{"title":190,"path":191,"stem":192},"IFRS versus US GAAP","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F25-ifrs-gaap","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F25-ifrs-gaap",{"title":194,"path":195,"stem":196,"children":197},"Management Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002Findex",[198,199,217,235],{"title":194,"path":195,"stem":196},{"title":200,"path":201,"stem":202,"children":203},"1. Cost Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002Findex",[204,205,209,213],{"title":200,"path":201,"stem":202},{"title":206,"path":207,"stem":208},"Cost Concepts and Behaviour","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F16-cost-concepts","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F16-cost-concepts",{"title":210,"path":211,"stem":212},"Costing Systems","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F17-costing-systems","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F17-costing-systems",{"title":214,"path":215,"stem":216},"Variable and Absorption Costing","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F19-variable-vs-absorption","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F19-variable-vs-absorption",{"title":218,"path":219,"stem":220,"children":221},"2. Planning and Control","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002Findex",[222,223,227,231],{"title":218,"path":219,"stem":220},{"title":224,"path":225,"stem":226},"Cost–Volume–Profit Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F18-cvp-analysis","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F18-cvp-analysis",{"title":228,"path":229,"stem":230},"Budgeting and Variance Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F20-budgeting-variances","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F20-budgeting-variances",{"title":232,"path":233,"stem":234},"Performance Measurement","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F21-performance-measurement","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F21-performance-measurement",{"title":236,"path":237,"stem":238,"children":239},"3. Decisions and Investment","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002Findex",[240,241,245],{"title":236,"path":237,"stem":238},{"title":242,"path":243,"stem":244},"Short-Term Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F22-short-term-decisions","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F22-short-term-decisions",{"title":246,"path":247,"stem":248},"Capital Budgeting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F23-capital-budgeting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F23-capital-budgeting",false,{"title":251,"path":252,"stem":253,"children":254,"page":249},"Business Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics",[255,261,279,305,335,365,383,400],{"title":256,"path":257,"stem":258,"children":259},"Business Analytics — From Data to Defensible Action","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-index","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-index",[260],{"title":256,"path":257,"stem":258},{"title":262,"path":263,"stem":264,"children":265},"0. Decision and Data Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[266,267,271,275],{"title":262,"path":263,"stem":264},{"title":268,"path":269,"stem":270},"Decision Framing","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F01-decision-framing","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F01-decision-framing",{"title":272,"path":273,"stem":274},"Data Contracts","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F02-data-contracts","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F02-data-contracts",{"title":276,"path":277,"stem":278},"Reproducible Analytics Workflow","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F03-reproducible-workflow","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F03-reproducible-workflow",{"title":280,"path":281,"stem":282,"children":283},"1. Descriptive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002Findex",[284,285,289,293,297,301],{"title":280,"path":281,"stem":282},{"title":286,"path":287,"stem":288},"Distributions and Exploratory Data Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F04-distributions-eda","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F04-distributions-eda",{"title":290,"path":291,"stem":292},"KPIs and Denominators","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F05-kpis-denominators","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F05-kpis-denominators",{"title":294,"path":295,"stem":296},"Segments, Cohorts and Funnels","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F06-segmentation-cohorts-funnels","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F06-segmentation-cohorts-funnels",{"title":298,"path":299,"stem":300},"Visual Evidence and Data Stories","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F07-visualisation-story","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F07-visualisation-story",{"title":302,"path":303,"stem":304},"Experiments and Causal Boundaries","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F08-experiments-causal-boundary","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F08-experiments-causal-boundary",{"title":306,"path":307,"stem":308,"children":309},"2. Predictive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002Findex",[310,311,315,319,323,327,331],{"title":306,"path":307,"stem":308},{"title":312,"path":313,"stem":314},"Validation, Baselines and Leakage","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F09-validation-leakage","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F09-validation-leakage",{"title":316,"path":317,"stem":318},"Regression and Forecasting","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F10-regression-forecasting","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F10-regression-forecasting",{"title":320,"path":321,"stem":322},"Classification and Calibration","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F11-classification-calibration","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F11-classification-calibration",{"title":324,"path":325,"stem":326},"Trees and Ensembles","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F12-trees-ensembles","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F12-trees-ensembles",{"title":328,"path":329,"stem":330},"Decision Metrics and Thresholds","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F13-decision-metrics-thresholds","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F13-decision-metrics-thresholds",{"title":332,"path":333,"stem":334},"Explainability, Monitoring and Drift","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F14-explainability-drift","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F14-explainability-drift",{"title":336,"path":337,"stem":338,"children":339},"3. Prescriptive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002Findex",[340,341,345,349,353,357,361],{"title":336,"path":337,"stem":338},{"title":342,"path":343,"stem":344},"Decision-Making under Uncertainty","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F15-decision-uncertainty","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F15-decision-uncertainty",{"title":346,"path":347,"stem":348},"Linear Optimisation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F16-linear-optimization","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F16-linear-optimization",{"title":350,"path":351,"stem":352},"Inventory and Allocation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F17-inventory-allocation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F17-inventory-allocation",{"title":354,"path":355,"stem":356},"Queueing and Simulation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F18-queueing-simulation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F18-queueing-simulation",{"title":358,"path":359,"stem":360},"Pricing and Revenue Management","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F19-pricing-experimentation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F19-pricing-experimentation",{"title":362,"path":363,"stem":364},"Causal Targeting and Policy Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F20-causal-targeting","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F20-causal-targeting",{"title":366,"path":367,"stem":368,"children":369},"4. Deployment and Governance","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002Findex",[370,371,375,379],{"title":366,"path":367,"stem":368},{"title":372,"path":373,"stem":374},"Data Products and Monitoring","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F21-data-products-monitoring","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F21-data-products-monitoring",{"title":376,"path":377,"stem":378},"Governance, Fairness and Privacy","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F22-governance-fairness-privacy","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F22-governance-fairness-privacy",{"title":380,"path":381,"stem":382},"Adoption and Business Value","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F23-adoption-value","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F23-adoption-value",{"title":384,"path":385,"stem":386,"children":387},"Appendix and Revision Tools","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[388,389,393,397],{"title":384,"path":385,"stem":386},{"title":390,"path":391,"stem":392},"Formula and Decision Map","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F24-formula-map","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F24-formula-map",{"title":394,"path":395,"stem":396},"Worked Examples and Pitfalls","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F25-worked-examples-pitfalls","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F25-worked-examples-pitfalls",{"title":84,"path":398,"stem":399},"\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F26-reading-map","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F26-reading-map",{"title":401,"path":402,"stem":403,"children":404},"Capstone — The Evening Delivery Promise","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[405],{"title":401,"path":402,"stem":403},{"title":407,"path":408,"stem":409,"children":410,"page":249},"Financial Economic Time Series","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series",[411,417,423,429,435,441,447,453,459,465,471],{"title":412,"path":413,"stem":414,"children":415},"Financial and Economic Time Series — Course Guide","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F00-intro","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[416],{"title":412,"path":413,"stem":414},{"title":418,"path":419,"stem":420,"children":421},"Three Versions of Time Series","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F01-bridge","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F01-bridge\u002Findex",[422],{"title":418,"path":419,"stem":420},{"title":424,"path":425,"stem":426,"children":427},"Data, Clocks, and Transformations","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F02-data-transformations","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F02-data-transformations\u002Findex",[428],{"title":424,"path":425,"stem":426},{"title":430,"path":431,"stem":432,"children":433},"Predictive Regressions and Persistent Predictors","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F03-predictive-regressions","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F03-predictive-regressions\u002Findex",[434],{"title":430,"path":431,"stem":432},{"title":436,"path":437,"stem":438,"children":439},"Volatility, Tails, and Financial Risk","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F04-volatility-risk","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F04-volatility-risk\u002Findex",[440],{"title":436,"path":437,"stem":438},{"title":442,"path":443,"stem":444,"children":445},"Unit Roots, Cointegration, and Error Correction","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F05-unit-roots-cointegration","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F05-unit-roots-cointegration\u002Findex",[446],{"title":442,"path":443,"stem":444},{"title":448,"path":449,"stem":450,"children":451},"VAR, Structural Identification, and Local Projections","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F06-var-identification","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F06-var-identification\u002Findex",[452],{"title":448,"path":449,"stem":450},{"title":454,"path":455,"stem":456,"children":457},"State Space, Mixed Frequency, and Nowcasting","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F07-state-space-nowcasting","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F07-state-space-nowcasting\u002Findex",[458],{"title":454,"path":455,"stem":456},{"title":460,"path":461,"stem":462,"children":463},"Forecast Evaluation for Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F08-forecast-evaluation","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F08-forecast-evaluation\u002Findex",[464],{"title":460,"path":461,"stem":462},{"title":466,"path":467,"stem":468,"children":469},"Integrated R Laboratory","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F09-r-laboratory","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F09-r-laboratory\u002Findex",[470],{"title":466,"path":467,"stem":468},{"title":472,"path":473,"stem":474,"children":475},"Capstones, Data, and Reading Ladder","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F10-capstone-readings","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F10-capstone-readings\u002Findex",[476],{"title":472,"path":473,"stem":474},{"title":478,"path":479,"stem":480,"children":481,"page":249},"Intro To Economics","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics","en\u002Fintro-to-economics",[482,486,490,494,498,502,506,510,514,518,522,526,530],{"title":483,"path":484,"stem":485},"Introduction to Economics — Decisions, Markets, and the Macroeconomy","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F00-intro",{"title":487,"path":488,"stem":489},"Chapter 1 — Choice, Opportunity Cost, and Trade","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F01-foundations","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F01-foundations",{"title":491,"path":492,"stem":493},"Chapter 2 — Demand, Supply, Equilibrium, and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F02-demand-and-supply","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F02-demand-and-supply",{"title":495,"path":496,"stem":497},"Chapter 3 — Elasticity, Revenue, and Tax Incidence","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F03-elasticity","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F03-elasticity",{"title":499,"path":500,"stem":501},"Chapter 4 — Firms, Market Power, and Market Failure","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F04-market-structures","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F04-market-structures",{"title":503,"path":504,"stem":505},"Chapter 5 — GDP, Income, Wealth, and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F05-gdp-and-wealth","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F05-gdp-and-wealth",{"title":507,"path":508,"stem":509},"Chapter 6 — Inflation, Purchasing Power, and Labour Markets","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F06-inflation-and-unemployment","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F06-inflation-and-unemployment",{"title":511,"path":512,"stem":513},"Chapter 7 — Productivity, Technology, and Economic Growth","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F07-economic-growth","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F07-economic-growth",{"title":515,"path":516,"stem":517},"Chapter 8 — Money, Credit, and Banking","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F08-money-and-banking","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F08-money-and-banking",{"title":519,"path":520,"stem":521},"Chapter 9 — Business Cycles, AD–AS, and Monetary Policy","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F09-monetary-policy-and-ad-as","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F09-monetary-policy-and-ad-as",{"title":523,"path":524,"stem":525},"Chapter 10 — Fiscal Policy, Distribution, and Public Debt","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F10-fiscal-policy","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F10-fiscal-policy",{"title":527,"path":528,"stem":529},"Chapter 11 — Trade, Capital Flows, and Exchange Rates","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F11-open-economy-and-exchange-rates","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F11-open-economy-and-exchange-rates",{"title":531,"path":532,"stem":533},"Chapter 12 — Integrated Economic Analysis Studio","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F12-review-and-case-studies","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F12-review-and-case-studies",{"title":535,"path":536,"stem":537,"children":538,"page":249},"Microeconometrics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics",[539,557,563,581,603,629,651,673,691,709],{"title":540,"path":541,"stem":542,"children":543},"0. Causal Questions and Designs","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002Findex",[544,545,549,553],{"title":540,"path":541,"stem":542},{"title":546,"path":547,"stem":548},"Causal Questions and Estimands","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F01-causal-question-estimands","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F01-causal-question-estimands",{"title":550,"path":551,"stem":552},"Potential Outcomes and Experiments","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F02-potential-outcomes-experiments","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F02-potential-outcomes-experiments",{"title":554,"path":555,"stem":556},"Causal Diagrams and Controls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F03-dags-controls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F03-dags-controls",{"title":558,"path":559,"stem":560,"children":561},"Microeconometrics — Designing Credible Counterfactuals","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-index","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-index",[562],{"title":558,"path":559,"stem":560},{"title":564,"path":565,"stem":566,"children":567},"1. Regression and Inference","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002Findex",[568,569,573,577],{"title":564,"path":565,"stem":566},{"title":570,"path":571,"stem":572},"OLS as a Projection","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F04-ols-projection","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F04-ols-projection",{"title":574,"path":575,"stem":576},"FWL, Selection and Controls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F05-fwl-selection-controls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F05-fwl-selection-controls",{"title":578,"path":579,"stem":580},"Inference and Clustering","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F06-inference-clustering","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F06-inference-clustering",{"title":582,"path":583,"stem":584,"children":585},"2. Instruments and Panel Data","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002Findex",[586,587,591,595,599],{"title":582,"path":583,"stem":584},{"title":588,"path":589,"stem":590},"Instrumental Variables","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F07-iv-identification","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F07-iv-identification",{"title":592,"path":593,"stem":594},"Weak Instruments and LATE","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F08-weak-iv-late","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F08-weak-iv-late",{"title":596,"path":597,"stem":598},"Panel Fixed Effects","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F09-panel-fixed-effects","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F09-panel-fixed-effects",{"title":600,"path":601,"stem":602},"Dynamic Panels and Limits","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F10-dynamic-panel","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F10-dynamic-panel",{"title":604,"path":605,"stem":606,"children":607},"3. Policy Evaluation Designs","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002Findex",[608,609,613,617,621,625],{"title":604,"path":605,"stem":606},{"title":610,"path":611,"stem":612},"Difference-in-Differences","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F11-did-core","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F11-did-core",{"title":614,"path":615,"stem":616},"Staggered DID and Event Studies","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F12-staggered-event-studies","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F12-staggered-event-studies",{"title":618,"path":619,"stem":620},"Regression Discontinuity","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F13-rdd","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F13-rdd",{"title":622,"path":623,"stem":624},"Matching, Weighting and Overlap","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F14-matching-weighting","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F14-matching-weighting",{"title":626,"path":627,"stem":628},"Synthetic Control","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F15-synthetic-control","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F15-synthetic-control",{"title":630,"path":631,"stem":632,"children":633},"Module 4 — Choice and Limited Outcomes","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002Findex",[634,635,639,643,647],{"title":630,"path":631,"stem":632},{"title":636,"path":637,"stem":638},"Binary Choice","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F16-binary-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F16-binary-choice",{"title":640,"path":641,"stem":642},"Multinomial and Ordered Choice","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F17-multinomial-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F17-multinomial-choice",{"title":644,"path":645,"stem":646},"Count Outcomes","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F18-count-outcomes","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F18-count-outcomes",{"title":648,"path":649,"stem":650},"Censoring, Truncation and Selection","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F19-censoring-selection","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F19-censoring-selection",{"title":652,"path":653,"stem":654,"children":655},"Module 5 — Modern Causal Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002Findex",[656,657,661,665,669],{"title":652,"path":653,"stem":654},{"title":658,"path":659,"stem":660},"Double Machine Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F20-dml","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F20-dml",{"title":662,"path":663,"stem":664},"Heterogeneity and Policy Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F21-heterogeneity-policy","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F21-heterogeneity-policy",{"title":666,"path":667,"stem":668},"Sensitivity and Partial Identification","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F22-sensitivity-partial-id","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F22-sensitivity-partial-id",{"title":670,"path":671,"stem":672},"External Validity and Transport","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F23-external-validity","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F23-external-validity",{"title":674,"path":675,"stem":676,"children":677},"Module 6 — From Data to Auditable Evidence","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002Findex",[678,679,683,687],{"title":674,"path":675,"stem":676},{"title":680,"path":681,"stem":682},"Data Provenance","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F24-data-provenance","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F24-data-provenance",{"title":684,"path":685,"stem":686},"Reproducibility and Reporting","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F25-reproducibility-reporting","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F25-reproducibility-reporting",{"title":688,"path":689,"stem":690},"Paper and Evidence Audit","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F26-paper-audit","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F26-paper-audit",{"title":692,"path":693,"stem":694,"children":695},"Appendix — Revision and Evidence Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[696,697,701,705],{"title":692,"path":693,"stem":694},{"title":698,"path":699,"stem":700},"Formula and Design Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F27-formula-design-map","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F27-formula-design-map",{"title":702,"path":703,"stem":704},"Ten Worked Microeconometric Pitfalls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F28-worked-pitfalls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F28-worked-pitfalls",{"title":706,"path":707,"stem":708},"Reading and Software Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F29-reading-software-map","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F29-reading-software-map",{"title":710,"path":711,"stem":712,"children":713},"Capstone — Should Northbridge Expand Pathways?","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[714],{"title":710,"path":711,"stem":712},{"title":716,"path":717,"stem":718,"children":719,"page":249},"Microeconomics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics",[720,726,732,738,744,750,756,762,768,774,780,786,792],{"title":721,"path":722,"stem":723,"children":724},"Advanced Microeconomics — Course Guide","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[725],{"title":721,"path":722,"stem":723},{"title":727,"path":728,"stem":729,"children":730},"Module 1 — Choice, Duality, and Revealed Preference","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F01-fundations","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F01-fundations\u002Findex",[731],{"title":727,"path":728,"stem":729},{"title":733,"path":734,"stem":735,"children":736},"Module 2 — Comparative Statics and Welfare Measurement","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F02-comparative-statics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F02-comparative-statics\u002Findex",[737],{"title":733,"path":734,"stem":735},{"title":739,"path":740,"stem":741,"children":742},"Module 3 — Choice under Risk and Insurance","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F03-uncertainty","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F03-uncertainty\u002Findex",[743],{"title":739,"path":740,"stem":741},{"title":745,"path":746,"stem":747,"children":748},"Module 4 — General Equilibrium and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F04-general-equilibrium","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F04-general-equilibrium\u002Findex",[749],{"title":745,"path":746,"stem":747},{"title":751,"path":752,"stem":753,"children":754},"Module 5 — Static, Dynamic, and Repeated Games","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F05-game-theory","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F05-game-theory\u002Findex",[755],{"title":751,"path":752,"stem":753},{"title":757,"path":758,"stem":759,"children":760},"Module 6 — Oligopoly, Entry, and Algorithmic Pricing","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F06-oligopoly","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F06-oligopoly\u002Findex",[761],{"title":757,"path":758,"stem":759},{"title":763,"path":764,"stem":765,"children":766},"Module 7 — Information Economics and Contracts","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F07-information-economics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F07-information-economics\u002Findex",[767],{"title":763,"path":764,"stem":765},{"title":769,"path":770,"stem":771,"children":772},"Module 8 — Mechanism Design and Auctions","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F08-mechanism-design","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F08-mechanism-design\u002Findex",[773],{"title":769,"path":770,"stem":771},{"title":775,"path":776,"stem":777,"children":778},"Module 9 — Behavioural and Experimental Microeconomics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F09-behavioural-economics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F09-behavioural-economics\u002Findex",[779],{"title":775,"path":776,"stem":777},{"title":781,"path":782,"stem":783,"children":784},"Module 10 — Externalities, Public Goods, and Collective Action","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F10-externalities-public-goods","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F10-externalities-public-goods\u002Findex",[785],{"title":781,"path":782,"stem":783},{"title":787,"path":788,"stem":789,"children":790},"Module 11 — Matching and Market Design","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F11-market-design","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F11-market-design\u002Findex",[791],{"title":787,"path":788,"stem":789},{"title":793,"path":794,"stem":795,"children":796},"Module 12 — Integrated Microeconomic Design Studio","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F12-review","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F12-review\u002Findex",[797],{"title":793,"path":794,"stem":795},{"title":799,"path":800,"stem":801,"children":802},"Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground","en\u002Fplayground\u002Findex",[803,804,808,812,816,820],{"title":799,"path":800,"stem":801},{"title":805,"path":806,"stem":807},"Typst Plugin Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F01-typstex","en\u002Fplayground\u002F01-typstex",{"title":809,"path":810,"stem":811},"Citation Plugin Test","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F02-citation","en\u002Fplayground\u002F02-citation",{"title":813,"path":814,"stem":815},"Pyodide Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F03-pyodide","en\u002Fplayground\u002F03-pyodide",{"title":817,"path":818,"stem":819},"WebR Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F04-webr","en\u002Fplayground\u002F04-webr",{"title":821,"path":822,"stem":823},"Chart.js 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文献综述的构建与写作","\u002Fzh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review","zh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review",{"title":1056,"path":1057,"stem":1058},"8. 文献综述清单与模板","\u002Fzh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template","zh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template",{"title":1060,"path":1061,"stem":1062},"10. 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Statistics","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics",[1685,1691,1697,1703,1709,1715,1721],{"title":1686,"path":1687,"stem":1688,"children":1689},"第六章：抽样分布","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F01-sampling","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F01-sampling\u002Findex",[1690],{"title":1686,"path":1687,"stem":1688},{"title":1692,"path":1693,"stem":1694,"children":1695},"第七章：区间估计","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F02-interval-estimation","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F02-interval-estimation\u002Findex",[1696],{"title":1692,"path":1693,"stem":1694},{"title":1698,"path":1699,"stem":1700,"children":1701},"第八章：点估计理论","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F03-point-estimation","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F03-point-estimation\u002Findex",[1702],{"title":1698,"path":1699,"stem":1700},{"title":1704,"path":1705,"stem":1706,"children":1707},"第九章：点估计方法","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F04-pe-method","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F04-pe-method\u002Findex",[1708],{"title":1704,"path":1705,"stem":1706},{"title":1710,"path":1711,"stem":1712,"children":1713},"第十章：假设检验原理","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F05-hypothesis","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F05-hypothesis\u002Findex",[1714],{"title":1710,"path":1711,"stem":1712},{"title":1716,"path":1717,"stem":1718,"children":1719},"第十一章：常用检验方法与选择","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F06-hypothesis-method","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F06-hypothesis-method\u002Findex",[1720],{"title":1716,"path":1717,"stem":1718},{"title":1722,"path":1723,"stem":1724,"children":1725},"第十二章：Bootstrap 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策略全流程","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F09-case-study","zh\u002Fquant\u002F09-case-study",{"title":1779,"path":1780,"stem":1781},"量化投资文献与软件图谱","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F10-reading-software-map","zh\u002Fquant\u002F10-reading-software-map",{"path":1579},{"id":1784,"title":751,"body":1785,"description":5044,"extension":5045,"features":5046,"hero":5046,"layout":5046,"locale":5046,"meta":5047,"navigation":5046,"path":752,"published":5048,"seo":5049,"stem":753,"__hash__":5050},"docs\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F05-game-theory\u002Findex.md",{"type":1786,"value":1787,"toc":5024},"minimark",[1788,1792,1797,1801,1805,1808,1827,1831,1834,2206,2216,2776,2779,2784,2799,2803,2806,2864,2875,2878,2882,2885,2933,2944,3234,3248,3251,3257,3260,3264,3271,3275,3292,3318,3321,3342,3349,3353,3364,3367,3565,3568,3775,3778,4143,4146,4150,4168,4868,4871,4892,4895,4899,4945,4948,4952,4962,4965,4969,4993,4997,5014],[1789,1790,751],"h1",{"id":1791},"module-5-static-dynamic-and-repeated-games",[1793,1794,1796],"h2",{"id":1795},"core-question","Core question",[1798,1799,1800],"p",{},"When each person's best action depends on others, which predictions are mutually consistent—and which threats or promises are credible?",[1793,1802,1804],{"id":1803},"learning-outcomes","Learning outcomes",[1798,1806,1807],{},"You will be able to:",[1809,1810,1811,1815,1818,1821,1824],"ul",{},[1812,1813,1814],"li",{},"specify players, actions, information, timing, and payoffs;",[1812,1816,1817],{},"find pure and mixed Nash equilibria;",[1812,1819,1820],{},"solve finite perfect-information games by backward induction;",[1812,1822,1823],{},"test whether repeated-game cooperation is incentive compatible;",[1812,1825,1826],{},"distinguish Nash, subgame-perfect, and Bayesian Nash equilibrium.",[1793,1828,1830],{"id":1829},"_1-write-the-game-before-solving-it","1. Write the game before solving it",[1798,1832,1833],{},"A strategic-form game is:",[1835,1836,1839],"span",{"className":1837},[1838],"katex-display",[1835,1840,1843,1938],{"className":1841},[1842],"katex",[1835,1844,1847],{"className":1845},[1846],"katex-mathml",[1848,1849,1852],"math",{"xmlns":1850,"display":1851},"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML","block",[1853,1854,1855,1933],"semantics",{},[1856,1857,1858,1862,1866,1870,1873,1877,1880,1889,1903,1905,1907,1914,1926,1929],"mrow",{},[1859,1860,1861],"mi",{},"G",[1863,1864,1865],"mo",{},"=",[1863,1867,1869],{"stretchy":1868},"false","⟨",[1859,1871,1872],{},"N",[1863,1874,1876],{"separator":1875},"true",",",[1863,1878,1879],{"stretchy":1868},"(",[1881,1882,1883,1886],"msub",{},[1859,1884,1885],{},"A",[1859,1887,1888],{},"i",[1881,1890,1891,1894],{},[1863,1892,1893],{"stretchy":1868},")",[1856,1895,1896,1898,1901],{},[1859,1897,1888],{},[1863,1899,1900],{},"∈",[1859,1902,1872],{},[1863,1904,1876],{"separator":1875},[1863,1906,1879],{"stretchy":1868},[1881,1908,1909,1912],{},[1859,1910,1911],{},"u",[1859,1913,1888],{},[1881,1915,1916,1918],{},[1863,1917,1893],{"stretchy":1868},[1856,1919,1920,1922,1924],{},[1859,1921,1888],{},[1863,1923,1900],{},[1859,1925,1872],{},[1863,1927,1928],{"stretchy":1868},"⟩",[1859,1930,1932],{"mathvariant":1931},"normal",".",[1934,1935,1937],"annotation",{"encoding":1936},"application\u002Fx-tex","G=\\langle N,(A_i)_{i\\in N},(u_i)_{i\\in N}\\rangle.",[1835,1939,1942,1968],{"className":1940,"ariaHidden":1875},[1941],"katex-html",[1835,1943,1946,1951,1956,1961,1965],{"className":1944},[1945],"base",[1835,1947],{"className":1948,"style":1950},[1949],"strut","height:0.6833em;",[1835,1952,1861],{"className":1953},[1954,1955],"mord","mathnormal",[1835,1957],{"className":1958,"style":1960},[1959],"mspace","margin-right:0.2778em;",[1835,1962,1865],{"className":1963},[1964],"mrel",[1835,1966],{"className":1967,"style":1960},[1959],[1835,1969,1971,1975,1979,1983,1987,1991,1994,2050,2102,2105,2108,2111,2151,2200,2203],{"className":1970},[1945],[1835,1972],{"className":1973,"style":1974},[1949],"height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;",[1835,1976,1869],{"className":1977},[1978],"mopen",[1835,1980,1872],{"className":1981,"style":1982},[1954,1955],"margin-right:0.109em;",[1835,1984,1876],{"className":1985},[1986],"mpunct",[1835,1988],{"className":1989,"style":1990},[1959],"margin-right:0.1667em;",[1835,1992,1879],{"className":1993},[1978],[1835,1995,1997,2000],{"className":1996},[1954],[1835,1998,1885],{"className":1999},[1954,1955],[1835,2001,2004],{"className":2002},[2003],"msupsub",[1835,2005,2009,2041],{"className":2006},[2007,2008],"vlist-t","vlist-t2",[1835,2010,2013,2036],{"className":2011},[2012],"vlist-r",[1835,2014,2018],{"className":2015,"style":2017},[2016],"vlist","height:0.3117em;",[1835,2019,2021,2026],{"style":2020},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1835,2022],{"className":2023,"style":2025},[2024],"pstrut","height:2.7em;",[1835,2027,2033],{"className":2028},[2029,2030,2031,2032],"sizing","reset-size6","size3","mtight",[1835,2034,1888],{"className":2035},[1954,1955,2032],[1835,2037,2040],{"className":2038},[2039],"vlist-s","​",[1835,2042,2044],{"className":2043},[2012],[1835,2045,2048],{"className":2046,"style":2047},[2016],"height:0.15em;",[1835,2049],{},[1835,2051,2054,2057],{"className":2052},[2053],"mclose",[1835,2055,1893],{"className":2056},[2053],[1835,2058,2060],{"className":2059},[2003],[1835,2061,2063,2093],{"className":2062},[2007,2008],[1835,2064,2066,2090],{"className":2065},[2012],[1835,2067,2070],{"className":2068,"style":2069},[2016],"height:0.3283em;",[1835,2071,2072,2075],{"style":2020},[1835,2073],{"className":2074,"style":2025},[2024],[1835,2076,2078],{"className":2077},[2029,2030,2031,2032],[1835,2079,2081,2084,2087],{"className":2080},[1954,2032],[1835,2082,1888],{"className":2083},[1954,1955,2032],[1835,2085,1900],{"className":2086},[1964,2032],[1835,2088,1872],{"className":2089,"style":1982},[1954,1955,2032],[1835,2091,2040],{"className":2092},[2039],[1835,2094,2096],{"className":2095},[2012],[1835,2097,2100],{"className":2098,"style":2099},[2016],"height:0.1774em;",[1835,2101],{},[1835,2103,1876],{"className":2104},[1986],[1835,2106],{"className":2107,"style":1990},[1959],[1835,2109,1879],{"className":2110},[1978],[1835,2112,2114,2117],{"className":2113},[1954],[1835,2115,1911],{"className":2116},[1954,1955],[1835,2118,2120],{"className":2119},[2003],[1835,2121,2123,2143],{"className":2122},[2007,2008],[1835,2124,2126,2140],{"className":2125},[2012],[1835,2127,2129],{"className":2128,"style":2017},[2016],[1835,2130,2131,2134],{"style":2020},[1835,2132],{"className":2133,"style":2025},[2024],[1835,2135,2137],{"className":2136},[2029,2030,2031,2032],[1835,2138,1888],{"className":2139},[1954,1955,2032],[1835,2141,2040],{"className":2142},[2039],[1835,2144,2146],{"className":2145},[2012],[1835,2147,2149],{"className":2148,"style":2047},[2016],[1835,2150],{},[1835,2152,2154,2157],{"className":2153},[2053],[1835,2155,1893],{"className":2156},[2053],[1835,2158,2160],{"className":2159},[2003],[1835,2161,2163,2192],{"className":2162},[2007,2008],[1835,2164,2166,2189],{"className":2165},[2012],[1835,2167,2169],{"className":2168,"style":2069},[2016],[1835,2170,2171,2174],{"style":2020},[1835,2172],{"className":2173,"style":2025},[2024],[1835,2175,2177],{"className":2176},[2029,2030,2031,2032],[1835,2178,2180,2183,2186],{"className":2179},[1954,2032],[1835,2181,1888],{"className":2182},[1954,1955,2032],[1835,2184,1900],{"className":2185},[1964,2032],[1835,2187,1872],{"className":2188,"style":1982},[1954,1955,2032],[1835,2190,2040],{"className":2191},[2039],[1835,2193,2195],{"className":2194},[2012],[1835,2196,2198],{"className":2197,"style":2099},[2016],[1835,2199],{},[1835,2201,1928],{"className":2202},[2053],[1835,2204,1932],{"className":2205},[1954],[1798,2207,2208,2209,2213,2214,1876],{},"A strategy profile ",[2210,2211,2212],"code",{},"a*"," is a Nash equilibrium if, for every player ",[2210,2215,1888],{},[1835,2217,2219],{"className":2218},[1838],[1835,2220,2222,2326],{"className":2221},[1842],[1835,2223,2225],{"className":2224},[1846],[1848,2226,2227],{"xmlns":1850,"display":1851},[1853,2228,2229,2323],{},[1856,2230,2231,2237,2239,2250,2252,2265,2267,2270,2276,2278,2284,2286,2298,2300,2303,2307,2313,2315,2321],{},[1881,2232,2233,2235],{},[1859,2234,1911],{},[1859,2236,1888],{},[1863,2238,1879],{"stretchy":1868},[2240,2241,2242,2245,2247],"msubsup",{},[1859,2243,2244],{},"a",[1859,2246,1888],{},[1863,2248,2249],{},"∗",[1863,2251,1876],{"separator":1875},[2240,2253,2254,2256,2263],{},[1859,2255,2244],{},[1856,2257,2258,2261],{},[1863,2259,2260],{},"−",[1859,2262,1888],{},[1863,2264,2249],{},[1863,2266,1893],{"stretchy":1868},[1863,2268,2269],{},"≥",[1881,2271,2272,2274],{},[1859,2273,1911],{},[1859,2275,1888],{},[1863,2277,1879],{"stretchy":1868},[1881,2279,2280,2282],{},[1859,2281,2244],{},[1859,2283,1888],{},[1863,2285,1876],{"separator":1875},[2240,2287,2288,2290,2296],{},[1859,2289,2244],{},[1856,2291,2292,2294],{},[1863,2293,2260],{},[1859,2295,1888],{},[1863,2297,2249],{},[1863,2299,1893],{"stretchy":1868},[1959,2301],{"width":2302},"1em",[2304,2305,2306],"mtext",{},"for all ",[1881,2308,2309,2311],{},[1859,2310,2244],{},[1859,2312,1888],{},[1863,2314,1900],{},[1881,2316,2317,2319],{},[1859,2318,1885],{},[1859,2320,1888],{},[1859,2322,1932],{"mathvariant":1931},[1934,2324,2325],{"encoding":1936},"u_i(a_i^*,a_{-i}^*)\\ge u_i(a_i,a_{-i}^*)\n\\quad\\text{for all }a_i\\in A_i.",[1835,2327,2329,2511,2726],{"className":2328,"ariaHidden":1875},[1941],[1835,2330,2332,2336,2376,2379,2435,2438,2441,2499,2502,2505,2508],{"className":2331},[1945],[1835,2333],{"className":2334,"style":2335},[1949],"height:1.0553em;vertical-align:-0.3053em;",[1835,2337,2339,2342],{"className":2338},[1954],[1835,2340,1911],{"className":2341},[1954,1955],[1835,2343,2345],{"className":2344},[2003],[1835,2346,2348,2368],{"className":2347},[2007,2008],[1835,2349,2351,2365],{"className":2350},[2012],[1835,2352,2354],{"className":2353,"style":2017},[2016],[1835,2355,2356,2359],{"style":2020},[1835,2357],{"className":2358,"style":2025},[2024],[1835,2360,2362],{"className":2361},[2029,2030,2031,2032],[1835,2363,1888],{"className":2364},[1954,1955,2032],[1835,2366,2040],{"className":2367},[2039],[1835,2369,2371],{"className":2370},[2012],[1835,2372,2374],{"className":2373,"style":2047},[2016],[1835,2375],{},[1835,2377,1879],{"className":2378},[1978],[1835,2380,2382,2385],{"className":2381},[1954],[1835,2383,2244],{"className":2384},[1954,1955],[1835,2386,2388],{"className":2387},[2003],[1835,2389,2391,2426],{"className":2390},[2007,2008],[1835,2392,2394,2423],{"className":2393},[2012],[1835,2395,2398,2410],{"className":2396,"style":2397},[2016],"height:0.7387em;",[1835,2399,2401,2404],{"style":2400},"top:-2.453em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1835,2402],{"className":2403,"style":2025},[2024],[1835,2405,2407],{"className":2406},[2029,2030,2031,2032],[1835,2408,1888],{"className":2409},[1954,1955,2032],[1835,2411,2413,2416],{"style":2412},"top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1835,2414],{"className":2415,"style":2025},[2024],[1835,2417,2419],{"className":2418},[2029,2030,2031,2032],[1835,2420,2249],{"className":2421},[2422,2032],"mbin",[1835,2424,2040],{"className":2425},[2039],[1835,2427,2429],{"className":2428},[2012],[1835,2430,2433],{"className":2431,"style":2432},[2016],"height:0.247em;",[1835,2434],{},[1835,2436,1876],{"className":2437},[1986],[1835,2439],{"className":2440,"style":1990},[1959],[1835,2442,2444,2447],{"className":2443},[1954],[1835,2445,2244],{"className":2446},[1954,1955],[1835,2448,2450],{"className":2449},[2003],[1835,2451,2453,2490],{"className":2452},[2007,2008],[1835,2454,2456,2487],{"className":2455},[2012],[1835,2457,2459,2476],{"className":2458,"style":2397},[2016],[1835,2460,2461,2464],{"style":2400},[1835,2462],{"className":2463,"style":2025},[2024],[1835,2465,2467],{"className":2466},[2029,2030,2031,2032],[1835,2468,2470,2473],{"className":2469},[1954,2032],[1835,2471,2260],{"className":2472},[1954,2032],[1835,2474,1888],{"className":2475},[1954,1955,2032],[1835,2477,2478,2481],{"style":2412},[1835,2479],{"className":2480,"style":2025},[2024],[1835,2482,2484],{"className":2483},[2029,2030,2031,2032],[1835,2485,2249],{"className":2486},[2422,2032],[1835,2488,2040],{"className":2489},[2039],[1835,2491,2493],{"className":2492},[2012],[1835,2494,2497],{"className":2495,"style":2496},[2016],"height:0.3053em;",[1835,2498],{},[1835,2500,1893],{"className":2501},[2053],[1835,2503],{"className":2504,"style":1960},[1959],[1835,2506,2269],{"className":2507},[1964],[1835,2509],{"className":2510,"style":1960},[1959],[1835,2512,2514,2517,2557,2560,2600,2603,2606,2663,2666,2670,2677,2717,2720,2723],{"className":2513},[1945],[1835,2515],{"className":2516,"style":2335},[1949],[1835,2518,2520,2523],{"className":2519},[1954],[1835,2521,1911],{"className":2522},[1954,1955],[1835,2524,2526],{"className":2525},[2003],[1835,2527,2529,2549],{"className":2528},[2007,2008],[1835,2530,2532,2546],{"className":2531},[2012],[1835,2533,2535],{"className":2534,"style":2017},[2016],[1835,2536,2537,2540],{"style":2020},[1835,2538],{"className":2539,"style":2025},[2024],[1835,2541,2543],{"className":2542},[2029,2030,2031,2032],[1835,2544,1888],{"className":2545},[1954,1955,2032],[1835,2547,2040],{"className":2548},[2039],[1835,2550,2552],{"className":2551},[2012],[1835,2553,2555],{"className":2554,"style":2047},[2016],[1835,2556],{},[1835,2558,1879],{"className":2559},[1978],[1835,2561,2563,2566],{"className":2562},[1954],[1835,2564,2244],{"className":2565},[1954,1955],[1835,2567,2569],{"className":2568},[2003],[1835,2570,2572,2592],{"className":2571},[2007,2008],[1835,2573,2575,2589],{"className":2574},[2012],[1835,2576,2578],{"className":2577,"style":2017},[2016],[1835,2579,2580,2583],{"style":2020},[1835,2581],{"className":2582,"style":2025},[2024],[1835,2584,2586],{"className":2585},[2029,2030,2031,2032],[1835,2587,1888],{"className":2588},[1954,1955,2032],[1835,2590,2040],{"className":2591},[2039],[1835,2593,2595],{"className":2594},[2012],[1835,2596,2598],{"className":2597,"style":2047},[2016],[1835,2599],{},[1835,2601,1876],{"className":2602},[1986],[1835,2604],{"className":2605,"style":1990},[1959],[1835,2607,2609,2612],{"className":2608},[1954],[1835,2610,2244],{"className":2611},[1954,1955],[1835,2613,2615],{"className":2614},[2003],[1835,2616,2618,2655],{"className":2617},[2007,2008],[1835,2619,2621,2652],{"className":2620},[2012],[1835,2622,2624,2641],{"className":2623,"style":2397},[2016],[1835,2625,2626,2629],{"style":2400},[1835,2627],{"className":2628,"style":2025},[2024],[1835,2630,2632],{"className":2631},[2029,2030,2031,2032],[1835,2633,2635,2638],{"className":2634},[1954,2032],[1835,2636,2260],{"className":2637},[1954,2032],[1835,2639,1888],{"className":2640},[1954,1955,2032],[1835,2642,2643,2646],{"style":2412},[1835,2644],{"className":2645,"style":2025},[2024],[1835,2647,2649],{"className":2648},[2029,2030,2031,2032],[1835,2650,2249],{"className":2651},[2422,2032],[1835,2653,2040],{"className":2654},[2039],[1835,2656,2658],{"className":2657},[2012],[1835,2659,2661],{"className":2660,"style":2496},[2016],[1835,2662],{},[1835,2664,1893],{"className":2665},[2053],[1835,2667],{"className":2668,"style":2669},[1959],"margin-right:1em;",[1835,2671,2674],{"className":2672},[1954,2673],"text",[1835,2675,2306],{"className":2676},[1954],[1835,2678,2680,2683],{"className":2679},[1954],[1835,2681,2244],{"className":2682},[1954,1955],[1835,2684,2686],{"className":2685},[2003],[1835,2687,2689,2709],{"className":2688},[2007,2008],[1835,2690,2692,2706],{"className":2691},[2012],[1835,2693,2695],{"className":2694,"style":2017},[2016],[1835,2696,2697,2700],{"style":2020},[1835,2698],{"className":2699,"style":2025},[2024],[1835,2701,2703],{"className":2702},[2029,2030,2031,2032],[1835,2704,1888],{"className":2705},[1954,1955,2032],[1835,2707,2040],{"className":2708},[2039],[1835,2710,2712],{"className":2711},[2012],[1835,2713,2715],{"className":2714,"style":2047},[2016],[1835,2716],{},[1835,2718],{"className":2719,"style":1960},[1959],[1835,2721,1900],{"className":2722},[1964],[1835,2724],{"className":2725,"style":1960},[1959],[1835,2727,2729,2733,2773],{"className":2728},[1945],[1835,2730],{"className":2731,"style":2732},[1949],"height:0.8333em;vertical-align:-0.15em;",[1835,2734,2736,2739],{"className":2735},[1954],[1835,2737,1885],{"className":2738},[1954,1955],[1835,2740,2742],{"className":2741},[2003],[1835,2743,2745,2765],{"className":2744},[2007,2008],[1835,2746,2748,2762],{"className":2747},[2012],[1835,2749,2751],{"className":2750,"style":2017},[2016],[1835,2752,2753,2756],{"style":2020},[1835,2754],{"className":2755,"style":2025},[2024],[1835,2757,2759],{"className":2758},[2029,2030,2031,2032],[1835,2760,1888],{"className":2761},[1954,1955,2032],[1835,2763,2040],{"className":2764},[2039],[1835,2766,2768],{"className":2767},[2012],[1835,2769,2771],{"className":2770,"style":2047},[2016],[1835,2772],{},[1835,2774,1932],{"className":2775},[1954],[1798,2777,2778],{},"No player wants a unilateral deviation. This is strategic stability, not cooperation, morality, or efficiency.",[2780,2781,2783],"h3",{"id":2782},"best-response-routine","Best-response routine",[2785,2786,2787,2790,2793,2796],"ol",{},[1812,2788,2789],{},"Hold opponents' actions fixed.",[1812,2791,2792],{},"Mark every payoff-maximising response.",[1812,2794,2795],{},"Find cells where all players' marks intersect.",[1812,2797,2798],{},"Check ties and weak dominance explicitly.",[1793,2800,2802],{"id":2801},"_2-dominance-can-produce-inefficient-equilibrium","2. Dominance can produce inefficient equilibrium",[1798,2804,2805],{},"Consider a prisoner's dilemma:",[2807,2808,2809,2825],"table",{},[2810,2811,2812],"thead",{},[2813,2814,2815,2818,2822],"tr",{},[2816,2817],"th",{},[2816,2819,2821],{"align":2820},"right","B: Cooperate",[2816,2823,2824],{"align":2820},"B: Defect",[2826,2827,2828,2847],"tbody",{},[2813,2829,2830,2837,2842],{},[2831,2832,2833],"td",{},[2834,2835,2836],"strong",{},"A: Cooperate",[2831,2838,2839],{"align":2820},[2210,2840,2841],{},"3,3",[2831,2843,2844],{"align":2820},[2210,2845,2846],{},"0,5",[2813,2848,2849,2854,2859],{},[2831,2850,2851],{},[2834,2852,2853],{},"A: Defect",[2831,2855,2856],{"align":2820},[2210,2857,2858],{},"5,0",[2831,2860,2861],{"align":2820},[2210,2862,2863],{},"1,1",[1798,2865,2866,2867,2870,2871,2874],{},"Defect strictly dominates cooperate for both, so ",[2210,2868,2869],{},"(Defect, Defect)"," is the unique Nash equilibrium. Yet ",[2210,2872,2873],{},"(Cooperate, Cooperate)"," Pareto dominates it.",[1798,2876,2877],{},"The failure is not irrationality. Each player rationally responds to an institution that cannot enforce joint commitment.",[1793,2879,2881],{"id":2880},"_3-mixed-strategies-make-opponents-indifferent","3. Mixed strategies make opponents indifferent",[1798,2883,2884],{},"In matching pennies, A wins when actions match; B wins when they differ:",[2807,2886,2887,2899],{},[2810,2888,2889],{},[2813,2890,2891,2893,2896],{},[2816,2892],{},[2816,2894,2895],{"align":2820},"B: L",[2816,2897,2898],{"align":2820},"B: R",[2826,2900,2901,2918],{},[2813,2902,2903,2908,2913],{},[2831,2904,2905],{},[2834,2906,2907],{},"A: U",[2831,2909,2910],{"align":2820},[2210,2911,2912],{},"1,−1",[2831,2914,2915],{"align":2820},[2210,2916,2917],{},"−1,1",[2813,2919,2920,2925,2929],{},[2831,2921,2922],{},[2834,2923,2924],{},"A: D",[2831,2926,2927],{"align":2820},[2210,2928,2917],{},[2831,2930,2931],{"align":2820},[2210,2932,2912],{},[1798,2934,2935,2936,2939,2940,2943],{},"There is no pure equilibrium. Let B choose ",[2210,2937,2938],{},"L"," with probability ",[2210,2941,2942],{},"q",". A's expected payoffs are:",[1835,2945,2947],{"className":2946},[1838],[1835,2948,2950,3023],{"className":2949},[1842],[1835,2951,2953],{"className":2952},[1846],[1848,2954,2955],{"xmlns":1850,"display":1851},[1853,2956,2957,3020],{},[1856,2958,2959,2962,2969,2971,2973,2975,2977,2981,2983,2985,2988,2990,2993,2995,3001,3003,3006,3008,3010,3012,3014,3016,3018],{},[1859,2960,2961],{},"E",[1881,2963,2964,2967],{},[1859,2965,2966],{},"U",[1859,2968,1885],{},[1863,2970,1879],{"stretchy":1868},[1859,2972,2966],{},[1863,2974,1893],{"stretchy":1868},[1863,2976,1865],{},[2978,2979,2980],"mn",{},"2",[1859,2982,2942],{},[1863,2984,2260],{},[2978,2986,2987],{},"1",[1863,2989,1876],{"separator":1875},[1959,2991],{"width":2992},"2em",[1859,2994,2961],{},[1881,2996,2997,2999],{},[1859,2998,2966],{},[1859,3000,1885],{},[1863,3002,1879],{"stretchy":1868},[1859,3004,3005],{},"D",[1863,3007,1893],{"stretchy":1868},[1863,3009,1865],{},[2978,3011,2987],{},[1863,3013,2260],{},[2978,3015,2980],{},[1859,3017,2942],{},[1859,3019,1932],{"mathvariant":1931},[1934,3021,3022],{"encoding":1936},"EU_A(U)=2q-1,\n\\qquad EU_A(D)=1-2q.",[1835,3024,3026,3095,3119,3200,3219],{"className":3025,"ariaHidden":1875},[1941],[1835,3027,3029,3032,3036,3077,3080,3083,3086,3089,3092],{"className":3028},[1945],[1835,3030],{"className":3031,"style":1974},[1949],[1835,3033,2961],{"className":3034,"style":3035},[1954,1955],"margin-right:0.0576em;",[1835,3037,3039,3042],{"className":3038},[1954],[1835,3040,2966],{"className":3041,"style":1982},[1954,1955],[1835,3043,3045],{"className":3044},[2003],[1835,3046,3048,3069],{"className":3047},[2007,2008],[1835,3049,3051,3066],{"className":3050},[2012],[1835,3052,3054],{"className":3053,"style":2069},[2016],[1835,3055,3057,3060],{"style":3056},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.109em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1835,3058],{"className":3059,"style":2025},[2024],[1835,3061,3063],{"className":3062},[2029,2030,2031,2032],[1835,3064,1885],{"className":3065},[1954,1955,2032],[1835,3067,2040],{"className":3068},[2039],[1835,3070,3072],{"className":3071},[2012],[1835,3073,3075],{"className":3074,"style":2047},[2016],[1835,3076],{},[1835,3078,1879],{"className":3079},[1978],[1835,3081,2966],{"className":3082,"style":1982},[1954,1955],[1835,3084,1893],{"className":3085},[2053],[1835,3087],{"className":3088,"style":1960},[1959],[1835,3090,1865],{"className":3091},[1964],[1835,3093],{"className":3094,"style":1960},[1959],[1835,3096,3098,3102,3105,3109,3113,3116],{"className":3097},[1945],[1835,3099],{"className":3100,"style":3101},[1949],"height:0.8389em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[1835,3103,2980],{"className":3104},[1954],[1835,3106,2942],{"className":3107,"style":3108},[1954,1955],"margin-right:0.0359em;",[1835,3110],{"className":3111,"style":3112},[1959],"margin-right:0.2222em;",[1835,3114,2260],{"className":3115},[2422],[1835,3117],{"className":3118,"style":3112},[1959],[1835,3120,3122,3125,3128,3131,3135,3138,3141,3181,3184,3188,3191,3194,3197],{"className":3121},[1945],[1835,3123],{"className":3124,"style":1974},[1949],[1835,3126,2987],{"className":3127},[1954],[1835,3129,1876],{"className":3130},[1986],[1835,3132],{"className":3133,"style":3134},[1959],"margin-right:2em;",[1835,3136],{"className":3137,"style":1990},[1959],[1835,3139,2961],{"className":3140,"style":3035},[1954,1955],[1835,3142,3144,3147],{"className":3143},[1954],[1835,3145,2966],{"className":3146,"style":1982},[1954,1955],[1835,3148,3150],{"className":3149},[2003],[1835,3151,3153,3173],{"className":3152},[2007,2008],[1835,3154,3156,3170],{"className":3155},[2012],[1835,3157,3159],{"className":3158,"style":2069},[2016],[1835,3160,3161,3164],{"style":3056},[1835,3162],{"className":3163,"style":2025},[2024],[1835,3165,3167],{"className":3166},[2029,2030,2031,2032],[1835,3168,1885],{"className":3169},[1954,1955,2032],[1835,3171,2040],{"className":3172},[2039],[1835,3174,3176],{"className":3175},[2012],[1835,3177,3179],{"className":3178,"style":2047},[2016],[1835,3180],{},[1835,3182,1879],{"className":3183},[1978],[1835,3185,3005],{"className":3186,"style":3187},[1954,1955],"margin-right:0.0278em;",[1835,3189,1893],{"className":3190},[2053],[1835,3192],{"className":3193,"style":1960},[1959],[1835,3195,1865],{"className":3196},[1964],[1835,3198],{"className":3199,"style":1960},[1959],[1835,3201,3203,3207,3210,3213,3216],{"className":3202},[1945],[1835,3204],{"className":3205,"style":3206},[1949],"height:0.7278em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;",[1835,3208,2987],{"className":3209},[1954],[1835,3211],{"className":3212,"style":3112},[1959],[1835,3214,2260],{"className":3215},[2422],[1835,3217],{"className":3218,"style":3112},[1959],[1835,3220,3222,3225,3228,3231],{"className":3221},[1945],[1835,3223],{"className":3224,"style":3101},[1949],[1835,3226,2980],{"className":3227},[1954],[1835,3229,2942],{"className":3230,"style":3108},[1954,1955],[1835,3232,1932],{"className":3233},[1954],[1798,3235,3236,3237,3240,3241,3244,3245,1932],{},"A mixes only if ",[2210,3238,3239],{},"q=1\u002F2",". Symmetry gives A's probability ",[2210,3242,3243],{},"p=1\u002F2",". The mixed equilibrium is ",[2210,3246,3247],{},"(p,q)=(1\u002F2,1\u002F2)",[1798,3249,3250],{},"Mixing is not indecision. Each probability makes the opponent exactly indifferent among actions used with positive probability.",[3252,3253],"pyodide",{"code64":3254,"layout":3255,"locale":7,"title":3256},"cm93ID0gW1szLCAwXSwgWzUsIDFdXQpjb2wgPSBbWzMsIDVdLCBbMCwgMV1dCgplcXVpbGlicmlhID0gW10KZm9yIGkgaW4gcmFuZ2UoMik6CiAgICBmb3IgaiBpbiByYW5nZSgyKToKICAgICAgICByb3dfYmVzdCA9IHJvd1tpXVtqXSA9PSBtYXgocm93W2tdW2pdIGZvciBrIGluIHJhbmdlKDIpKQogICAgICAgIGNvbF9iZXN0ID0gY29sW2ldW2pdID09IG1heChjb2xbaV1ba10gZm9yIGsgaW4gcmFuZ2UoMikpCiAgICAgICAgaWYgcm93X2Jlc3QgYW5kIGNvbF9iZXN0OgogICAgICAgICAgICBlcXVpbGlicmlhLmFwcGVuZCgoaSwgaikpCgpwcmludCgiUHVyZSBOYXNoIGNlbGxzOiIsIGVxdWlsaWJyaWEp","vertical","Find pure Nash equilibria in a finite two-player game",[1798,3258,3259],{},"Every finite game has at least one mixed-strategy Nash equilibrium. It may have several, creating a selection problem.",[1793,3261,3263],{"id":3262},"_4-dynamic-games-require-complete-strategies","4. Dynamic games require complete strategies",[1798,3265,3266,3267,3270],{},"An extensive-form game specifies decision nodes, actions, information sets, probabilities, and terminal payoffs. A strategy states what a player would do at ",[2834,3268,3269],{},"every"," information set, including those not reached in equilibrium.",[2780,3272,3274],{"id":3273},"entry-deterrence-example","Entry-deterrence example",[1798,3276,3277,3278,3281,3282,3285,3286,3281,3289,1932],{},"An entrant chooses ",[2210,3279,3280],{},"Out"," or ",[2210,3283,3284],{},"Enter",". After entry, the incumbent chooses ",[2210,3287,3288],{},"Fight",[2210,3290,3291],{},"Accommodate",[1809,3293,3294,3302,3310],{},[1812,3295,3296,3298,3299,1932],{},[2210,3297,3280],{}," gives ",[2210,3300,3301],{},"(0,2)",[1812,3303,3304,3298,3307,1932],{},[2210,3305,3306],{},"Enter, Fight",[2210,3308,3309],{},"(−1,−1)",[1812,3311,3312,3298,3315,1932],{},[2210,3313,3314],{},"Enter, Accommodate",[2210,3316,3317],{},"(1,1)",[1798,3319,3320],{},"Backward induction:",[2785,3322,3323,3333],{},[1812,3324,3325,3326,3328,3329,3332],{},"after entry, the incumbent prefers ",[2210,3327,2987],{}," to ",[2210,3330,3331],{},"−1",", so accommodates;",[1812,3334,3335,3336,3328,3338,3341],{},"anticipating this, the entrant prefers ",[2210,3337,2987],{},[2210,3339,3340],{},"0",", so enters.",[1798,3343,3344,3345,3348],{},"The subgame-perfect Nash equilibrium is ",[2210,3346,3347],{},"Enter; Accommodate",". “I will fight entry” is not credible because fighting is not optimal when the decision arrives.",[1793,3350,3352],{"id":3351},"_5-repetition-can-make-future-punishment-valuable","5. Repetition can make future punishment valuable",[1798,3354,3355,3356,3359,3360,3363],{},"Repeat the prisoner's dilemma indefinitely with discount factor ",[2210,3357,3358],{},"δ",". Under ",[2834,3361,3362],{},"grim trigger",", each player cooperates until any defection, then defects forever.",[1798,3365,3366],{},"Cooperation yields:",[1835,3368,3370],{"className":3369},[1838],[1835,3371,3373,3411],{"className":3372},[1842],[1835,3374,3376],{"className":3375},[1846],[1848,3377,3378],{"xmlns":1850,"display":1851},[1853,3379,3380,3408],{},[1856,3381,3382,3390,3392,3406],{},[1881,3383,3384,3387],{},[1859,3385,3386],{},"V",[1859,3388,3389],{},"C",[1863,3391,1865],{},[3393,3394,3395,3398],"mfrac",{},[2978,3396,3397],{},"3",[1856,3399,3400,3402,3404],{},[2978,3401,2987],{},[1863,3403,2260],{},[1859,3405,3358],{},[1859,3407,1932],{"mathvariant":1931},[1934,3409,3410],{"encoding":1936},"V_C=\\frac{3}{1-\\delta}.",[1835,3412,3414,3471],{"className":3413,"ariaHidden":1875},[1941],[1835,3415,3417,3420,3462,3465,3468],{"className":3416},[1945],[1835,3418],{"className":3419,"style":2732},[1949],[1835,3421,3423,3426],{"className":3422},[1954],[1835,3424,3386],{"className":3425,"style":3112},[1954,1955],[1835,3427,3429],{"className":3428},[2003],[1835,3430,3432,3454],{"className":3431},[2007,2008],[1835,3433,3435,3451],{"className":3434},[2012],[1835,3436,3438],{"className":3437,"style":2069},[2016],[1835,3439,3441,3444],{"style":3440},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.2222em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1835,3442],{"className":3443,"style":2025},[2024],[1835,3445,3447],{"className":3446},[2029,2030,2031,2032],[1835,3448,3389],{"className":3449,"style":3450},[1954,1955,2032],"margin-right:0.0715em;",[1835,3452,2040],{"className":3453},[2039],[1835,3455,3457],{"className":3456},[2012],[1835,3458,3460],{"className":3459,"style":2047},[2016],[1835,3461],{},[1835,3463],{"className":3464,"style":1960},[1959],[1835,3466,1865],{"className":3467},[1964],[1835,3469],{"className":3470,"style":1960},[1959],[1835,3472,3474,3478,3562],{"className":3473},[1945],[1835,3475],{"className":3476,"style":3477},[1949],"height:2.0908em;vertical-align:-0.7693em;",[1835,3479,3481,3485,3559],{"className":3480},[1954],[1835,3482],{"className":3483},[1978,3484],"nulldelimiter",[1835,3486,3488],{"className":3487},[3393],[1835,3489,3491,3550],{"className":3490},[2007,2008],[1835,3492,3494,3547],{"className":3493},[2012],[1835,3495,3498,3524,3535],{"className":3496,"style":3497},[2016],"height:1.3214em;",[1835,3499,3501,3505],{"style":3500},"top:-2.314em;",[1835,3502],{"className":3503,"style":3504},[2024],"height:3em;",[1835,3506,3508,3511,3514,3517,3520],{"className":3507},[1954],[1835,3509,2987],{"className":3510},[1954],[1835,3512],{"className":3513,"style":3112},[1959],[1835,3515,2260],{"className":3516},[2422],[1835,3518],{"className":3519,"style":3112},[1959],[1835,3521,3358],{"className":3522,"style":3523},[1954,1955],"margin-right:0.0379em;",[1835,3525,3527,3530],{"style":3526},"top:-3.23em;",[1835,3528],{"className":3529,"style":3504},[2024],[1835,3531],{"className":3532,"style":3534},[3533],"frac-line","border-bottom-width:0.04em;",[1835,3536,3538,3541],{"style":3537},"top:-3.677em;",[1835,3539],{"className":3540,"style":3504},[2024],[1835,3542,3544],{"className":3543},[1954],[1835,3545,3397],{"className":3546},[1954],[1835,3548,2040],{"className":3549},[2039],[1835,3551,3553],{"className":3552},[2012],[1835,3554,3557],{"className":3555,"style":3556},[2016],"height:0.7693em;",[1835,3558],{},[1835,3560],{"className":3561},[2053,3484],[1835,3563,1932],{"className":3564},[1954],[1798,3566,3567],{},"A one-time deviation yields 5 now and 1 thereafter:",[1835,3569,3571],{"className":3570},[1838],[1835,3572,3574,3614],{"className":3573},[1842],[1835,3575,3577],{"className":3576},[1846],[1848,3578,3579],{"xmlns":1850,"display":1851},[1853,3580,3581,3611],{},[1856,3582,3583,3589,3591,3594,3597,3609],{},[1881,3584,3585,3587],{},[1859,3586,3386],{},[1859,3588,3005],{},[1863,3590,1865],{},[2978,3592,3593],{},"5",[1863,3595,3596],{},"+",[3393,3598,3599,3601],{},[1859,3600,3358],{},[1856,3602,3603,3605,3607],{},[2978,3604,2987],{},[1863,3606,2260],{},[1859,3608,3358],{},[1859,3610,1932],{"mathvariant":1931},[1934,3612,3613],{"encoding":1936},"V_D=5+\\frac{\\delta}{1-\\delta}.",[1835,3615,3617,3672,3690],{"className":3616,"ariaHidden":1875},[1941],[1835,3618,3620,3623,3663,3666,3669],{"className":3619},[1945],[1835,3621],{"className":3622,"style":2732},[1949],[1835,3624,3626,3629],{"className":3625},[1954],[1835,3627,3386],{"className":3628,"style":3112},[1954,1955],[1835,3630,3632],{"className":3631},[2003],[1835,3633,3635,3655],{"className":3634},[2007,2008],[1835,3636,3638,3652],{"className":3637},[2012],[1835,3639,3641],{"className":3640,"style":2069},[2016],[1835,3642,3643,3646],{"style":3440},[1835,3644],{"className":3645,"style":2025},[2024],[1835,3647,3649],{"className":3648},[2029,2030,2031,2032],[1835,3650,3005],{"className":3651,"style":3187},[1954,1955,2032],[1835,3653,2040],{"className":3654},[2039],[1835,3656,3658],{"className":3657},[2012],[1835,3659,3661],{"className":3660,"style":2047},[2016],[1835,3662],{},[1835,3664],{"className":3665,"style":1960},[1959],[1835,3667,1865],{"className":3668},[1964],[1835,3670],{"className":3671,"style":1960},[1959],[1835,3673,3675,3678,3681,3684,3687],{"className":3674},[1945],[1835,3676],{"className":3677,"style":3206},[1949],[1835,3679,3593],{"className":3680},[1954],[1835,3682],{"className":3683,"style":3112},[1959],[1835,3685,3596],{"className":3686},[2422],[1835,3688],{"className":3689,"style":3112},[1959],[1835,3691,3693,3697,3772],{"className":3692},[1945],[1835,3694],{"className":3695,"style":3696},[1949],"height:2.1408em;vertical-align:-0.7693em;",[1835,3698,3700,3703,3769],{"className":3699},[1954],[1835,3701],{"className":3702},[1978,3484],[1835,3704,3706],{"className":3705},[3393],[1835,3707,3709,3761],{"className":3708},[2007,2008],[1835,3710,3712,3758],{"className":3711},[2012],[1835,3713,3716,3739,3747],{"className":3714,"style":3715},[2016],"height:1.3714em;",[1835,3717,3718,3721],{"style":3500},[1835,3719],{"className":3720,"style":3504},[2024],[1835,3722,3724,3727,3730,3733,3736],{"className":3723},[1954],[1835,3725,2987],{"className":3726},[1954],[1835,3728],{"className":3729,"style":3112},[1959],[1835,3731,2260],{"className":3732},[2422],[1835,3734],{"className":3735,"style":3112},[1959],[1835,3737,3358],{"className":3738,"style":3523},[1954,1955],[1835,3740,3741,3744],{"style":3526},[1835,3742],{"className":3743,"style":3504},[2024],[1835,3745],{"className":3746,"style":3534},[3533],[1835,3748,3749,3752],{"style":3537},[1835,3750],{"className":3751,"style":3504},[2024],[1835,3753,3755],{"className":3754},[1954],[1835,3756,3358],{"className":3757,"style":3523},[1954,1955],[1835,3759,2040],{"className":3760},[2039],[1835,3762,3764],{"className":3763},[2012],[1835,3765,3767],{"className":3766,"style":3556},[2016],[1835,3768],{},[1835,3770],{"className":3771},[2053,3484],[1835,3773,1932],{"className":3774},[1954],[1798,3776,3777],{},"Cooperation is sustainable when:",[1835,3779,3781],{"className":3780},[1838],[1835,3782,3784,3846],{"className":3783},[1842],[1835,3785,3787],{"className":3786},[1846],[1848,3788,3789],{"xmlns":1850,"display":1851},[1853,3790,3791,3843],{},[1856,3792,3793,3805,3807,3809,3811,3823,3826,3829,3831,3833,3835,3841],{},[3393,3794,3795,3797],{},[2978,3796,3397],{},[1856,3798,3799,3801,3803],{},[2978,3800,2987],{},[1863,3802,2260],{},[1859,3804,3358],{},[1863,3806,2269],{},[2978,3808,3593],{},[1863,3810,3596],{},[3393,3812,3813,3815],{},[1859,3814,3358],{},[1856,3816,3817,3819,3821],{},[2978,3818,2987],{},[1863,3820,2260],{},[1859,3822,3358],{},[2304,3824,3825],{},"  ",[1863,3827,3828],{},"⟺",[2304,3830,3825],{},[1859,3832,3358],{},[1863,3834,2269],{},[3393,3836,3837,3839],{},[2978,3838,2987],{},[2978,3840,2980],{},[1859,3842,1932],{"mathvariant":1931},[1934,3844,3845],{"encoding":1936},"\\frac{3}{1-\\delta}\\ge5+\\frac{\\delta}{1-\\delta}\n\\iff\\delta\\ge\\frac12.",[1835,3847,3849,3938,3956,4051,4070],{"className":3848,"ariaHidden":1875},[1941],[1835,3850,3852,3855,3929,3932,3935],{"className":3851},[1945],[1835,3853],{"className":3854,"style":3477},[1949],[1835,3856,3858,3861,3926],{"className":3857},[1954],[1835,3859],{"className":3860},[1978,3484],[1835,3862,3864],{"className":3863},[3393],[1835,3865,3867,3918],{"className":3866},[2007,2008],[1835,3868,3870,3915],{"className":3869},[2012],[1835,3871,3873,3896,3904],{"className":3872,"style":3497},[2016],[1835,3874,3875,3878],{"style":3500},[1835,3876],{"className":3877,"style":3504},[2024],[1835,3879,3881,3884,3887,3890,3893],{"className":3880},[1954],[1835,3882,2987],{"className":3883},[1954],[1835,3885],{"className":3886,"style":3112},[1959],[1835,3888,2260],{"className":3889},[2422],[1835,3891],{"className":3892,"style":3112},[1959],[1835,3894,3358],{"className":3895,"style":3523},[1954,1955],[1835,3897,3898,3901],{"style":3526},[1835,3899],{"className":3900,"style":3504},[2024],[1835,3902],{"className":3903,"style":3534},[3533],[1835,3905,3906,3909],{"style":3537},[1835,3907],{"className":3908,"style":3504},[2024],[1835,3910,3912],{"className":3911},[1954],[1835,3913,3397],{"className":3914},[1954],[1835,3916,2040],{"className":3917},[2039],[1835,3919,3921],{"className":3920},[2012],[1835,3922,3924],{"className":3923,"style":3556},[2016],[1835,3925],{},[1835,3927],{"className":3928},[2053,3484],[1835,3930],{"className":3931,"style":1960},[1959],[1835,3933,2269],{"className":3934},[1964],[1835,3936],{"className":3937,"style":1960},[1959],[1835,3939,3941,3944,3947,3950,3953],{"className":3940},[1945],[1835,3942],{"className":3943,"style":3206},[1949],[1835,3945,3593],{"className":3946},[1954],[1835,3948],{"className":3949,"style":3112},[1959],[1835,3951,3596],{"className":3952},[2422],[1835,3954],{"className":3955,"style":3112},[1959],[1835,3957,3959,3962,4036,4039,4042,4045,4048],{"className":3958},[1945],[1835,3960],{"className":3961,"style":3696},[1949],[1835,3963,3965,3968,4033],{"className":3964},[1954],[1835,3966],{"className":3967},[1978,3484],[1835,3969,3971],{"className":3970},[3393],[1835,3972,3974,4025],{"className":3973},[2007,2008],[1835,3975,3977,4022],{"className":3976},[2012],[1835,3978,3980,4003,4011],{"className":3979,"style":3715},[2016],[1835,3981,3982,3985],{"style":3500},[1835,3983],{"className":3984,"style":3504},[2024],[1835,3986,3988,3991,3994,3997,4000],{"className":3987},[1954],[1835,3989,2987],{"className":3990},[1954],[1835,3992],{"className":3993,"style":3112},[1959],[1835,3995,2260],{"className":3996},[2422],[1835,3998],{"className":3999,"style":3112},[1959],[1835,4001,3358],{"className":4002,"style":3523},[1954,1955],[1835,4004,4005,4008],{"style":3526},[1835,4006],{"className":4007,"style":3504},[2024],[1835,4009],{"className":4010,"style":3534},[3533],[1835,4012,4013,4016],{"style":3537},[1835,4014],{"className":4015,"style":3504},[2024],[1835,4017,4019],{"className":4018},[1954],[1835,4020,3358],{"className":4021,"style":3523},[1954,1955],[1835,4023,2040],{"className":4024},[2039],[1835,4026,4028],{"className":4027},[2012],[1835,4029,4031],{"className":4030,"style":3556},[2016],[1835,4032],{},[1835,4034],{"className":4035},[2053,3484],[1835,4037],{"className":4038,"style":1960},[1959],[1835,4040],{"className":4041,"style":1960},[1959],[1835,4043,3828],{"className":4044},[1964],[1835,4046],{"className":4047,"style":1960},[1959],[1835,4049],{"className":4050,"style":1960},[1959],[1835,4052,4054,4058,4061,4064,4067],{"className":4053},[1945],[1835,4055],{"className":4056,"style":4057},[1949],"height:0.8304em;vertical-align:-0.136em;",[1835,4059,3358],{"className":4060,"style":3523},[1954,1955],[1835,4062],{"className":4063,"style":1960},[1959],[1835,4065,2269],{"className":4066},[1964],[1835,4068],{"className":4069,"style":1960},[1959],[1835,4071,4073,4077,4140],{"className":4072},[1945],[1835,4074],{"className":4075,"style":4076},[1949],"height:2.0074em;vertical-align:-0.686em;",[1835,4078,4080,4083,4137],{"className":4079},[1954],[1835,4081],{"className":4082},[1978,3484],[1835,4084,4086],{"className":4085},[3393],[1835,4087,4089,4128],{"className":4088},[2007,2008],[1835,4090,4092,4125],{"className":4091},[2012],[1835,4093,4095,4106,4114],{"className":4094,"style":3497},[2016],[1835,4096,4097,4100],{"style":3500},[1835,4098],{"className":4099,"style":3504},[2024],[1835,4101,4103],{"className":4102},[1954],[1835,4104,2980],{"className":4105},[1954],[1835,4107,4108,4111],{"style":3526},[1835,4109],{"className":4110,"style":3504},[2024],[1835,4112],{"className":4113,"style":3534},[3533],[1835,4115,4116,4119],{"style":3537},[1835,4117],{"className":4118,"style":3504},[2024],[1835,4120,4122],{"className":4121},[1954],[1835,4123,2987],{"className":4124},[1954],[1835,4126,2040],{"className":4127},[2039],[1835,4129,4131],{"className":4130},[2012],[1835,4132,4135],{"className":4133,"style":4134},[2016],"height:0.686em;",[1835,4136],{},[1835,4138],{"className":4139},[2053,3484],[1835,4141,1932],{"className":4142},[1954],[1798,4144,4145],{},"Patience, monitoring, and credible punishment support cooperation. Noise can make grim trigger excessively harsh; forgiving strategies may perform better but require a different incentive calculation.",[1793,4147,4149],{"id":4148},"_6-incomplete-information-creates-bayesian-games","6. Incomplete information creates Bayesian games",[1798,4151,4152,4153,4155,4156,4159,4160,4163,4164,4167],{},"Player ",[2210,4154,1888],{}," has private type ",[2210,4157,4158],{},"t_i",", belief ",[2210,4161,4162],{},"\\mu_i(t_{-i}\\mid t_i)",", and strategy ",[2210,4165,4166],{},"s_i(t_i)",". A Bayesian Nash equilibrium 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,[1954,1955,2032],[1835,4595,2040],{"className":4596},[2039],[1835,4598,4600],{"className":4599},[2012],[1835,4601,4604],{"className":4602,"style":4603},[2016],"height:0.2025em;",[1835,4605],{},[1835,4607,4243],{"className":4608},[1964,2032],[1835,4610,4612,4615],{"className":4611},[1954,2032],[1835,4613,4196],{"className":4614},[1954,1955,2032],[1835,4616,4618],{"className":4617},[2003],[1835,4619,4621,4641],{"className":4620},[2007,2008],[1835,4622,4624,4638],{"className":4623},[2012],[1835,4625,4627],{"className":4626,"style":4474},[2016],[1835,4628,4629,4632],{"style":4477},[1835,4630],{"className":4631,"style":4481},[2024],[1835,4633,4635],{"className":4634},[2029,4485,4486,2032],[1835,4636,1888],{"className":4637},[1954,1955,2032],[1835,4639,2040],{"className":4640},[2039],[1835,4642,4644],{"className":4643},[2012],[1835,4645,4647],{"className":4646,"style":4499},[2016],[1835,4648],{},[1835,4650,2040],{"className":4651},[2039],[1835,4653,4655],{"className":4654},[2012],[1835,4656,4659],{"className":4657,"style":4658},[2016],"height:0.3552em;",[1835,4660],{},[1835,4662,4252],{"className":4663},[1978],[1835,4665,4667,4670],{"className":4666},[1954],[1835,4668,1911],{"className":4669},[1954,1955],[1835,4671,4673],{"className":4672},[2003],[1835,4674,4676,4696],{"className":4675},[2007,2008],[1835,4677,4679,4693],{"className":4678},[2012],[1835,4680,4682],{"className":4681,"style":2017},[2016],[1835,4683,4684,4687],{"style":2020},[1835,4685],{"className":4686,"style":2025},[2024],[1835,4688,4690],{"className":4689},[2029,2030,2031,2032],[1835,4691,1888],{"className":4692},[1954,1955,2032],[1835,4694,2040],{"className":4695},[2039],[1835,4697,4699],{"className":4698},[2012],[1835,4700,4702],{"className":4701,"style":2047},[2016],[1835,4703],{},[1835,4705,1879],{"className":4706},[1978],[1835,4708,4710,4713],{"className":4709},[1954],[1835,4711,2244],{"className":4712},[1954,1955],[1835,4714,4716],{"className":4715},[2003],[1835,4717,4719,4739],{"className":4718},[2007,2008],[1835,4720,4722,4736],{"className":4721},[2012],[1835,4723,4725],{"className":4724,"style":2017},[2016],[1835,4726,4727,4730],{"style":2020},[1835,4728],{"className":4729,"style":2025},[2024],[1835,4731,4733],{"className":4732},[2029,2030,2031,2032],[1835,4734,1888],{"className":4735},[1954,1955,2032],[1835,4737,2040],{"className":4738},[2039],[1835,4740,4742],{"className":4741},[2012],[1835,4743,4745],{"className":4744,"style":2047},[2016],[1835,4746],{},[1835,4748,1876],{"className":4749},[1986],[1835,4751],{"className":4752,"style":1990},[1959],[1835,4754,4756,4759],{"className":4755},[1954],[1835,4757,4187],{"className":4758},[1954,1955],[1835,4760,4762],{"className":4761},[2003],[1835,4763,4765,4791],{"className":4764},[2007,2008],[1835,4766,4768,4788],{"className":4767},[2012],[1835,4769,4771],{"className":4770,"style":2017},[2016],[1835,4772,4773,4776],{"style":2020},[1835,4774],{"className":4775,"style":2025},[2024],[1835,4777,4779],{"className":4778},[2029,2030,2031,2032],[1835,4780,4782,4785],{"className":4781},[1954,2032],[1835,4783,2260],{"className":4784},[1954,2032],[1835,4786,1888],{"className":4787},[1954,1955,2032],[1835,4789,2040],{"className":4790},[2039],[1835,4792,4794],{"className":4793},[2012],[1835,4795,4798],{"className":4796,"style":4797},[2016],"height:0.2083em;",[1835,4799],{},[1835,4801,1879],{"className":4802},[1978],[1835,4804,4806,4809],{"className":4805},[1954],[1835,4807,4196],{"className":4808},[1954,1955],[1835,4810,4812],{"className":4811},[2003],[1835,4813,4815,4841],{"className":4814},[2007,2008],[1835,4816,4818,4838],{"className":4817},[2012],[1835,4819,4821],{"className":4820,"style":2017},[2016],[1835,4822,4823,4826],{"style":2020},[1835,4824],{"className":4825,"style":2025},[2024],[1835,4827,4829],{"className":4828},[2029,2030,2031,2032],[1835,4830,4832,4835],{"className":4831},[1954,2032],[1835,4833,2260],{"className":4834},[1954,2032],[1835,4836,1888],{"className":4837},[1954,1955,2032],[1835,4839,2040],{"className":4840},[2039],[1835,4842,4844],{"className":4843},[2012],[1835,4845,4847],{"className":4846,"style":4797},[2016],[1835,4848],{},[1835,4850,1893],{"className":4851},[2053],[1835,4853,1876],{"className":4854},[1986],[1835,4856],{"className":4857,"style":1990},[1959],[1835,4859,4196],{"className":4860},[1954,1955],[1835,4862,4864],{"className":4863},[2053],")]",[1835,4866,1932],{"className":4867},[1954],[1798,4869,4870],{},"The distinction is crucial:",[1809,4872,4873,4880,4886],{},[1812,4874,4875,4876,4879],{},"random ",[2834,4877,4878],{},"actions"," produce mixed strategies;",[1812,4881,4875,4882,4885],{},[2834,4883,4884],{},"types"," represent private information;",[1812,4887,4875,4888,4891],{},[2834,4889,4890],{},"states"," may be moves by nature observed by some players.",[1798,4893,4894],{},"Auctions, signalling, screening, and contracts use this framework in Modules 7–8.",[1793,4896,4898],{"id":4897},"_7-equilibrium-refinements-answer-different-objections","7. Equilibrium refinements answer different objections",[2807,4900,4901,4911],{},[2810,4902,4903],{},[2813,4904,4905,4908],{},[2816,4906,4907],{},"Concept",[2816,4909,4910],{},"Rules out or addresses",[2826,4912,4913,4921,4929,4937],{},[2813,4914,4915,4918],{},[2831,4916,4917],{},"subgame perfection",[2831,4919,4920],{},"non-credible actions in proper subgames",[2813,4922,4923,4926],{},[2831,4924,4925],{},"sequential equilibrium",[2831,4927,4928],{},"inconsistent beliefs\u002Factions at information sets",[2813,4930,4931,4934],{},[2831,4932,4933],{},"perfect Bayesian equilibrium",[2831,4935,4936],{},"sequential rationality plus Bayes-consistent beliefs where possible",[2813,4938,4939,4942],{},[2831,4940,4941],{},"trembling-hand perfection",[2831,4943,4944],{},"equilibria dependent on exact zero-probability mistakes",[1798,4946,4947],{},"A refinement is useful only if its behavioural and informational assumptions fit the institution.",[1793,4949,4951],{"id":4950},"_8-current-extension-pricing-algorithms-as-players","8. Current extension: pricing algorithms as players",[1798,4953,4954,4955,4961],{},"Johnson, Rhodes, and Wildenbeest model platforms where sellers use Q-learning pricing algorithms. They show theoretically and in simulations that demand-steering rules which reward lower prices with greater prominence can disrupt algorithms' ability to rotate demand and share profits; history-dependent, non-neutral rules can lower prices (",[2244,4956,4960],{"href":4957,"rel":4958},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.3982\u002FECTA19978",[4959],"nofollow","2023",").",[1798,4963,4964],{},"This result links repeated interaction to institution design. Its boundary matters: simulated Q-learning agents in a specified marketplace are not proof that every deployed algorithm colludes or that one ranking rule is optimal under all consumer-search and platform incentives.",[1793,4966,4968],{"id":4967},"practice","Practice",[2785,4970,4971,4974,4977,4984,4990],{},[1812,4972,4973],{},"Find all equilibria in a 2×2 coordination game and explain the selection problem.",[1812,4975,4976],{},"Solve a 2×2 zero-sum game with unequal payoffs by indifference.",[1812,4978,4979,4980,4983],{},"Change the entry game's fight payoff to ",[2210,4981,4982],{},"(−1,2)"," and resolve it.",[1812,4985,4986,4987,1932],{},"Derive the grim-trigger threshold for payoffs ",[2210,4988,4989],{},"(R,T,P,S)",[1812,4991,4992],{},"Describe one platform interaction as a Bayesian game: identify types, beliefs, actions, and observables.",[1793,4994,4996],{"id":4995},"quick-check","Quick check",[1809,4998,4999,5002,5005,5008,5011],{},[1812,5000,5001],{},"Nash equilibrium is mutual best response, not necessarily welfare maximisation.",[1812,5003,5004],{},"Mixed strategies equalise expected payoffs on their support.",[1812,5006,5007],{},"Dynamic strategies specify off-path actions.",[1812,5009,5010],{},"Repeated cooperation requires a profitable future to outweigh deviation.",[1812,5012,5013],{},"Bayesian equilibrium makes strategies contingent on private types.",[1798,5015,5016,5019,5020,1932],{},[2834,5017,5018],{},"Next:"," ",[2244,5021,5023],{"href":5022},"..\u002F06-oligopoly\u002F","apply strategic models to oligopoly, entry, and algorithmic pricing",{"title":10,"searchDepth":5025,"depth":5025,"links":5026},2,[5027,5028,5029,5033,5034,5035,5038,5039,5040,5041,5042,5043],{"id":1795,"depth":5025,"text":1796},{"id":1803,"depth":5025,"text":1804},{"id":1829,"depth":5025,"text":1830,"children":5030},[5031],{"id":2782,"depth":5032,"text":2783},3,{"id":2801,"depth":5025,"text":2802},{"id":2880,"depth":5025,"text":2881},{"id":3262,"depth":5025,"text":3263,"children":5036},[5037],{"id":3273,"depth":5032,"text":3274},{"id":3351,"depth":5025,"text":3352},{"id":4148,"depth":5025,"text":4149},{"id":4897,"depth":5025,"text":4898},{"id":4950,"depth":5025,"text":4951},{"id":4967,"depth":5025,"text":4968},{"id":4995,"depth":5025,"text":4996},"Best responses, Nash equilibrium, mixed strategies, backward induction, credibility, repeated interaction, and Bayesian games.","md",null,{},true,{"title":751,"description":5044},"1daL8KJnXHBagVOgKCzPrKu8qXre3J3sxxrQC0tMqLk",[5052,5054],{"title":745,"path":746,"stem":747,"description":5053,"children":-1},"Exchange economies, Walrasian equilibrium, Pareto efficiency, welfare theorems, existence, distribution, production, and network propagation.",{"title":757,"path":758,"stem":759,"description":5055,"children":-1},"Cournot, Bertrand, Stackelberg, collusion, entry, platform competition, pricing algorithms, welfare, and competition policy.",1785754732534]