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Search, Evaluate, and Read Evidence","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F02-reading-and-literature-matrix","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F02-reading-and-literature-matrix",{"title":27,"path":28,"stem":29},"3. From Sources to Synthesis and Argument","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F03-arguments-outlines-and-paragraphs","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F03-arguments-outlines-and-paragraphs",{"title":31,"path":32,"stem":33},"4. Literature Review and a Defensible Gap","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review",{"title":35,"path":36,"stem":37},"5. Research Design, Evidence, and Core Sections","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F05-core-sections-and-evidence","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F05-core-sections-and-evidence",{"title":39,"path":40,"stem":41},"6. Citation, Paraphrasing, Integrity, and AI","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F06-citation-paraphrasing-and-integrity","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F06-citation-paraphrasing-and-integrity",{"title":43,"path":44,"stem":45},"7. Revision, Review, and Submission","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F07-revision-style-and-submission","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F07-revision-style-and-submission",{"title":47,"path":48,"stem":49},"8. Research Workbook","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template",{"title":51,"path":52,"stem":53},"9. Research Workflow and Tools","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F09-tools-for-academic-writing-and-literature-management","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F09-tools-for-academic-writing-and-literature-management",{"title":55,"path":56,"stem":57},"10. Worked Project — From Question to Defensible Conclusion","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F10-worked-example-from-block-structure-to-question-chain","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F10-worked-example-from-block-structure-to-question-chain",{"title":59,"path":60,"stem":61,"children":62,"page":249},"Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting","en\u002Faccounting",[63,69,87,93,193],{"title":64,"path":65,"stem":66,"children":67},"Accounting — From Evidence to Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002F00-index","en\u002Faccounting\u002F00-index",[68],{"title":64,"path":65,"stem":66},{"title":70,"path":71,"stem":72,"children":73},"Accounting Appendix","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[74,75,79,83],{"title":70,"path":71,"stem":72},{"title":76,"path":77,"stem":78},"Worked Examples and Error Diagnosis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F24-examples-pitfalls","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F24-examples-pitfalls",{"title":80,"path":81,"stem":82},"Accounting Glossary","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F26-glossary","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F26-glossary",{"title":84,"path":85,"stem":86},"Reading and Evidence Map","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F27-reading-map","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F27-reading-map",{"title":88,"path":89,"stem":90,"children":91},"Northstar Record-to-Decision Capstone","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[92],{"title":88,"path":89,"stem":90},{"title":94,"path":95,"stem":96,"children":97},"Financial Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002Findex",[98,99,117,131,165,179],{"title":94,"path":95,"stem":96},{"title":100,"path":101,"stem":102,"children":103},"1. Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002Findex",[104,105,109,113],{"title":100,"path":101,"stem":102},{"title":106,"path":107,"stem":108},"Objectives and Qualitative Characteristics","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F01-objectives-qualitative-characteristics","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F01-objectives-qualitative-characteristics",{"title":110,"path":111,"stem":112},"Equation and Elements","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F02-equation-elements","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F02-equation-elements",{"title":114,"path":115,"stem":116},"Accrual Basis, Estimates and Periods","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F03-accounting-bases-principles","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F03-accounting-bases-principles",{"title":118,"path":119,"stem":120,"children":121},"2. Recording Transactions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002Findex",[122,123,127],{"title":118,"path":119,"stem":120},{"title":124,"path":125,"stem":126},"Double-Entry and Debit\u002FCredit","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F04-double-entry-dr-cr","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F04-double-entry-dr-cr",{"title":128,"path":129,"stem":130},"Accounting Cycle","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F05-accounting-cycle","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F05-accounting-cycle",{"title":132,"path":133,"stem":134,"children":135},"3. Measurement and Adjustments","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002Findex",[136,137,141,145,149,153,157,161],{"title":132,"path":133,"stem":134},{"title":138,"path":139,"stem":140},"Revenue Recognition","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F07-revenue-recognition","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F07-revenue-recognition",{"title":142,"path":143,"stem":144},"Inventory","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F08-inventory","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F08-inventory",{"title":146,"path":147,"stem":148},"Receivables and Expected Credit Losses","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F09-receivables","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F09-receivables",{"title":150,"path":151,"stem":152},"Property, Plant and Equipment","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F10-ppe","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F10-ppe",{"title":154,"path":155,"stem":156},"Intangible Assets","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F11-intangibles","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F11-intangibles",{"title":158,"path":159,"stem":160},"Leases","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F12-leases","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F12-leases",{"title":162,"path":163,"stem":164},"Current and Deferred Income Tax","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F13-income-tax","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F13-income-tax",{"title":166,"path":167,"stem":168,"children":169},"4. Reporting and Cash","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002Findex",[170,171,175],{"title":166,"path":167,"stem":168},{"title":172,"path":173,"stem":174},"Linked Financial Statements","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F06-financial-statements","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F06-financial-statements",{"title":176,"path":177,"stem":178},"Cash, Reconciliation and Internal Control","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F14-cash-control","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F14-cash-control",{"title":180,"path":181,"stem":182,"children":183},"5. Analysis and Comparison","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002Findex",[184,185,189],{"title":180,"path":181,"stem":182},{"title":186,"path":187,"stem":188},"Ratio Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F15-ratio-analysis","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F15-ratio-analysis",{"title":190,"path":191,"stem":192},"IFRS versus US GAAP","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F25-ifrs-gaap","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F25-ifrs-gaap",{"title":194,"path":195,"stem":196,"children":197},"Management Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002Findex",[198,199,217,235],{"title":194,"path":195,"stem":196},{"title":200,"path":201,"stem":202,"children":203},"1. Cost Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002Findex",[204,205,209,213],{"title":200,"path":201,"stem":202},{"title":206,"path":207,"stem":208},"Cost Concepts and Behaviour","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F16-cost-concepts","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F16-cost-concepts",{"title":210,"path":211,"stem":212},"Costing Systems","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F17-costing-systems","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F17-costing-systems",{"title":214,"path":215,"stem":216},"Variable and Absorption Costing","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F19-variable-vs-absorption","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F19-variable-vs-absorption",{"title":218,"path":219,"stem":220,"children":221},"2. Planning and Control","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002Findex",[222,223,227,231],{"title":218,"path":219,"stem":220},{"title":224,"path":225,"stem":226},"Cost–Volume–Profit Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F18-cvp-analysis","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F18-cvp-analysis",{"title":228,"path":229,"stem":230},"Budgeting and Variance Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F20-budgeting-variances","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F20-budgeting-variances",{"title":232,"path":233,"stem":234},"Performance Measurement","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F21-performance-measurement","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F21-performance-measurement",{"title":236,"path":237,"stem":238,"children":239},"3. Decisions and Investment","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002Findex",[240,241,245],{"title":236,"path":237,"stem":238},{"title":242,"path":243,"stem":244},"Short-Term Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F22-short-term-decisions","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F22-short-term-decisions",{"title":246,"path":247,"stem":248},"Capital Budgeting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F23-capital-budgeting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F23-capital-budgeting",false,{"title":251,"path":252,"stem":253,"children":254,"page":249},"Business Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics",[255,261,279,305,335,365,383,400],{"title":256,"path":257,"stem":258,"children":259},"Business Analytics — From Data to Defensible Action","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-index","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-index",[260],{"title":256,"path":257,"stem":258},{"title":262,"path":263,"stem":264,"children":265},"0. Decision and Data Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[266,267,271,275],{"title":262,"path":263,"stem":264},{"title":268,"path":269,"stem":270},"Decision Framing","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F01-decision-framing","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F01-decision-framing",{"title":272,"path":273,"stem":274},"Data Contracts","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F02-data-contracts","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F02-data-contracts",{"title":276,"path":277,"stem":278},"Reproducible Analytics Workflow","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F03-reproducible-workflow","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F03-reproducible-workflow",{"title":280,"path":281,"stem":282,"children":283},"1. Descriptive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002Findex",[284,285,289,293,297,301],{"title":280,"path":281,"stem":282},{"title":286,"path":287,"stem":288},"Distributions and Exploratory Data Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F04-distributions-eda","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F04-distributions-eda",{"title":290,"path":291,"stem":292},"KPIs and Denominators","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F05-kpis-denominators","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F05-kpis-denominators",{"title":294,"path":295,"stem":296},"Segments, Cohorts and Funnels","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F06-segmentation-cohorts-funnels","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F06-segmentation-cohorts-funnels",{"title":298,"path":299,"stem":300},"Visual Evidence and Data Stories","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F07-visualisation-story","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F07-visualisation-story",{"title":302,"path":303,"stem":304},"Experiments and Causal Boundaries","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F08-experiments-causal-boundary","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F08-experiments-causal-boundary",{"title":306,"path":307,"stem":308,"children":309},"2. Predictive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002Findex",[310,311,315,319,323,327,331],{"title":306,"path":307,"stem":308},{"title":312,"path":313,"stem":314},"Validation, Baselines and Leakage","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F09-validation-leakage","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F09-validation-leakage",{"title":316,"path":317,"stem":318},"Regression and Forecasting","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F10-regression-forecasting","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F10-regression-forecasting",{"title":320,"path":321,"stem":322},"Classification and Calibration","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F11-classification-calibration","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F11-classification-calibration",{"title":324,"path":325,"stem":326},"Trees and Ensembles","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F12-trees-ensembles","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F12-trees-ensembles",{"title":328,"path":329,"stem":330},"Decision Metrics and Thresholds","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F13-decision-metrics-thresholds","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F13-decision-metrics-thresholds",{"title":332,"path":333,"stem":334},"Explainability, Monitoring and Drift","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F14-explainability-drift","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F14-explainability-drift",{"title":336,"path":337,"stem":338,"children":339},"3. Prescriptive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002Findex",[340,341,345,349,353,357,361],{"title":336,"path":337,"stem":338},{"title":342,"path":343,"stem":344},"Decision-Making under Uncertainty","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F15-decision-uncertainty","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F15-decision-uncertainty",{"title":346,"path":347,"stem":348},"Linear Optimisation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F16-linear-optimization","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F16-linear-optimization",{"title":350,"path":351,"stem":352},"Inventory and Allocation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F17-inventory-allocation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F17-inventory-allocation",{"title":354,"path":355,"stem":356},"Queueing and Simulation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F18-queueing-simulation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F18-queueing-simulation",{"title":358,"path":359,"stem":360},"Pricing and Revenue Management","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F19-pricing-experimentation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F19-pricing-experimentation",{"title":362,"path":363,"stem":364},"Causal Targeting and Policy Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F20-causal-targeting","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F20-causal-targeting",{"title":366,"path":367,"stem":368,"children":369},"4. Deployment and Governance","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002Findex",[370,371,375,379],{"title":366,"path":367,"stem":368},{"title":372,"path":373,"stem":374},"Data Products and Monitoring","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F21-data-products-monitoring","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F21-data-products-monitoring",{"title":376,"path":377,"stem":378},"Governance, Fairness and Privacy","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F22-governance-fairness-privacy","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F22-governance-fairness-privacy",{"title":380,"path":381,"stem":382},"Adoption and Business Value","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F23-adoption-value","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F23-adoption-value",{"title":384,"path":385,"stem":386,"children":387},"Appendix and Revision Tools","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[388,389,393,397],{"title":384,"path":385,"stem":386},{"title":390,"path":391,"stem":392},"Formula and Decision Map","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F24-formula-map","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F24-formula-map",{"title":394,"path":395,"stem":396},"Worked Examples and Pitfalls","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F25-worked-examples-pitfalls","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F25-worked-examples-pitfalls",{"title":84,"path":398,"stem":399},"\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F26-reading-map","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F26-reading-map",{"title":401,"path":402,"stem":403,"children":404},"Capstone — The Evening Delivery Promise","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[405],{"title":401,"path":402,"stem":403},{"title":407,"path":408,"stem":409,"children":410,"page":249},"Financial Economic Time Series","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series",[411,417,423,429,435,441,447,453,459,465,471],{"title":412,"path":413,"stem":414,"children":415},"Financial and Economic Time Series — Course Guide","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F00-intro","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[416],{"title":412,"path":413,"stem":414},{"title":418,"path":419,"stem":420,"children":421},"Three Versions of Time Series","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F01-bridge","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F01-bridge\u002Findex",[422],{"title":418,"path":419,"stem":420},{"title":424,"path":425,"stem":426,"children":427},"Data, Clocks, and Transformations","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F02-data-transformations","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F02-data-transformations\u002Findex",[428],{"title":424,"path":425,"stem":426},{"title":430,"path":431,"stem":432,"children":433},"Predictive Regressions and Persistent Predictors","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F03-predictive-regressions","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F03-predictive-regressions\u002Findex",[434],{"title":430,"path":431,"stem":432},{"title":436,"path":437,"stem":438,"children":439},"Volatility, Tails, and Financial Risk","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F04-volatility-risk","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F04-volatility-risk\u002Findex",[440],{"title":436,"path":437,"stem":438},{"title":442,"path":443,"stem":444,"children":445},"Unit Roots, Cointegration, and Error Correction","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F05-unit-roots-cointegration","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F05-unit-roots-cointegration\u002Findex",[446],{"title":442,"path":443,"stem":444},{"title":448,"path":449,"stem":450,"children":451},"VAR, Structural Identification, and Local Projections","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F06-var-identification","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F06-var-identification\u002Findex",[452],{"title":448,"path":449,"stem":450},{"title":454,"path":455,"stem":456,"children":457},"State Space, Mixed Frequency, and Nowcasting","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F07-state-space-nowcasting","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F07-state-space-nowcasting\u002Findex",[458],{"title":454,"path":455,"stem":456},{"title":460,"path":461,"stem":462,"children":463},"Forecast Evaluation for Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F08-forecast-evaluation","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F08-forecast-evaluation\u002Findex",[464],{"title":460,"path":461,"stem":462},{"title":466,"path":467,"stem":468,"children":469},"Integrated R Laboratory","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F09-r-laboratory","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F09-r-laboratory\u002Findex",[470],{"title":466,"path":467,"stem":468},{"title":472,"path":473,"stem":474,"children":475},"Capstones, Data, and Reading Ladder","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F10-capstone-readings","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F10-capstone-readings\u002Findex",[476],{"title":472,"path":473,"stem":474},{"title":478,"path":479,"stem":480,"children":481,"page":249},"Intro To Economics","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics","en\u002Fintro-to-economics",[482,486,490,494,498,502,506,510,514,518,522,526,530],{"title":483,"path":484,"stem":485},"Introduction to Economics — Decisions, Markets, and the Macroeconomy","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F00-intro",{"title":487,"path":488,"stem":489},"Chapter 1 — Choice, Opportunity Cost, and Trade","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F01-foundations","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F01-foundations",{"title":491,"path":492,"stem":493},"Chapter 2 — Demand, Supply, Equilibrium, and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F02-demand-and-supply","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F02-demand-and-supply",{"title":495,"path":496,"stem":497},"Chapter 3 — Elasticity, Revenue, and Tax Incidence","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F03-elasticity","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F03-elasticity",{"title":499,"path":500,"stem":501},"Chapter 4 — Firms, Market Power, and Market Failure","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F04-market-structures","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F04-market-structures",{"title":503,"path":504,"stem":505},"Chapter 5 — GDP, Income, Wealth, and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F05-gdp-and-wealth","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F05-gdp-and-wealth",{"title":507,"path":508,"stem":509},"Chapter 6 — Inflation, Purchasing Power, and Labour Markets","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F06-inflation-and-unemployment","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F06-inflation-and-unemployment",{"title":511,"path":512,"stem":513},"Chapter 7 — Productivity, Technology, and Economic Growth","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F07-economic-growth","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F07-economic-growth",{"title":515,"path":516,"stem":517},"Chapter 8 — Money, Credit, and Banking","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F08-money-and-banking","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F08-money-and-banking",{"title":519,"path":520,"stem":521},"Chapter 9 — Business Cycles, AD–AS, and Monetary Policy","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F09-monetary-policy-and-ad-as","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F09-monetary-policy-and-ad-as",{"title":523,"path":524,"stem":525},"Chapter 10 — Fiscal Policy, Distribution, and Public Debt","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F10-fiscal-policy","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F10-fiscal-policy",{"title":527,"path":528,"stem":529},"Chapter 11 — Trade, Capital Flows, and Exchange Rates","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F11-open-economy-and-exchange-rates","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F11-open-economy-and-exchange-rates",{"title":531,"path":532,"stem":533},"Chapter 12 — Integrated Economic Analysis Studio","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F12-review-and-case-studies","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F12-review-and-case-studies",{"title":535,"path":536,"stem":537,"children":538,"page":249},"Microeconometrics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics",[539,557,563,581,603,629,651,673,691,709],{"title":540,"path":541,"stem":542,"children":543},"0. Causal Questions and Designs","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002Findex",[544,545,549,553],{"title":540,"path":541,"stem":542},{"title":546,"path":547,"stem":548},"Causal Questions and Estimands","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F01-causal-question-estimands","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F01-causal-question-estimands",{"title":550,"path":551,"stem":552},"Potential Outcomes and Experiments","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F02-potential-outcomes-experiments","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F02-potential-outcomes-experiments",{"title":554,"path":555,"stem":556},"Causal Diagrams and Controls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F03-dags-controls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F03-dags-controls",{"title":558,"path":559,"stem":560,"children":561},"Microeconometrics — Designing Credible Counterfactuals","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-index","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-index",[562],{"title":558,"path":559,"stem":560},{"title":564,"path":565,"stem":566,"children":567},"1. Regression and Inference","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002Findex",[568,569,573,577],{"title":564,"path":565,"stem":566},{"title":570,"path":571,"stem":572},"OLS as a Projection","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F04-ols-projection","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F04-ols-projection",{"title":574,"path":575,"stem":576},"FWL, Selection and Controls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F05-fwl-selection-controls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F05-fwl-selection-controls",{"title":578,"path":579,"stem":580},"Inference and Clustering","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F06-inference-clustering","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F06-inference-clustering",{"title":582,"path":583,"stem":584,"children":585},"2. Instruments and Panel Data","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002Findex",[586,587,591,595,599],{"title":582,"path":583,"stem":584},{"title":588,"path":589,"stem":590},"Instrumental Variables","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F07-iv-identification","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F07-iv-identification",{"title":592,"path":593,"stem":594},"Weak Instruments and LATE","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F08-weak-iv-late","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F08-weak-iv-late",{"title":596,"path":597,"stem":598},"Panel Fixed Effects","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F09-panel-fixed-effects","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F09-panel-fixed-effects",{"title":600,"path":601,"stem":602},"Dynamic Panels and Limits","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F10-dynamic-panel","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F10-dynamic-panel",{"title":604,"path":605,"stem":606,"children":607},"3. Policy Evaluation Designs","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002Findex",[608,609,613,617,621,625],{"title":604,"path":605,"stem":606},{"title":610,"path":611,"stem":612},"Difference-in-Differences","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F11-did-core","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F11-did-core",{"title":614,"path":615,"stem":616},"Staggered DID and Event Studies","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F12-staggered-event-studies","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F12-staggered-event-studies",{"title":618,"path":619,"stem":620},"Regression Discontinuity","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F13-rdd","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F13-rdd",{"title":622,"path":623,"stem":624},"Matching, Weighting and Overlap","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F14-matching-weighting","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F14-matching-weighting",{"title":626,"path":627,"stem":628},"Synthetic Control","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F15-synthetic-control","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F15-synthetic-control",{"title":630,"path":631,"stem":632,"children":633},"Module 4 — Choice and Limited Outcomes","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002Findex",[634,635,639,643,647],{"title":630,"path":631,"stem":632},{"title":636,"path":637,"stem":638},"Binary Choice","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F16-binary-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F16-binary-choice",{"title":640,"path":641,"stem":642},"Multinomial and Ordered Choice","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F17-multinomial-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F17-multinomial-choice",{"title":644,"path":645,"stem":646},"Count Outcomes","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F18-count-outcomes","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F18-count-outcomes",{"title":648,"path":649,"stem":650},"Censoring, Truncation and Selection","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F19-censoring-selection","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F19-censoring-selection",{"title":652,"path":653,"stem":654,"children":655},"Module 5 — Modern Causal Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002Findex",[656,657,661,665,669],{"title":652,"path":653,"stem":654},{"title":658,"path":659,"stem":660},"Double Machine Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F20-dml","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F20-dml",{"title":662,"path":663,"stem":664},"Heterogeneity and Policy Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F21-heterogeneity-policy","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F21-heterogeneity-policy",{"title":666,"path":667,"stem":668},"Sensitivity and Partial Identification","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F22-sensitivity-partial-id","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F22-sensitivity-partial-id",{"title":670,"path":671,"stem":672},"External Validity and Transport","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F23-external-validity","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F23-external-validity",{"title":674,"path":675,"stem":676,"children":677},"Module 6 — From Data to Auditable Evidence","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002Findex",[678,679,683,687],{"title":674,"path":675,"stem":676},{"title":680,"path":681,"stem":682},"Data Provenance","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F24-data-provenance","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F24-data-provenance",{"title":684,"path":685,"stem":686},"Reproducibility and Reporting","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F25-reproducibility-reporting","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F25-reproducibility-reporting",{"title":688,"path":689,"stem":690},"Paper and Evidence Audit","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F26-paper-audit","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F26-paper-audit",{"title":692,"path":693,"stem":694,"children":695},"Appendix — Revision and Evidence Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[696,697,701,705],{"title":692,"path":693,"stem":694},{"title":698,"path":699,"stem":700},"Formula and Design Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F27-formula-design-map","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F27-formula-design-map",{"title":702,"path":703,"stem":704},"Ten Worked Microeconometric Pitfalls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F28-worked-pitfalls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F28-worked-pitfalls",{"title":706,"path":707,"stem":708},"Reading and Software Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F29-reading-software-map","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F29-reading-software-map",{"title":710,"path":711,"stem":712,"children":713},"Capstone — Should Northbridge Expand Pathways?","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[714],{"title":710,"path":711,"stem":712},{"title":716,"path":717,"stem":718,"children":719,"page":249},"Microeconomics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics",[720,726,732,738,744,750,756,762,768,774,780,786,792],{"title":721,"path":722,"stem":723,"children":724},"Advanced Microeconomics — Course Guide","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[725],{"title":721,"path":722,"stem":723},{"title":727,"path":728,"stem":729,"children":730},"Module 1 — Choice, Duality, and Revealed Preference","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F01-fundations","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F01-fundations\u002Findex",[731],{"title":727,"path":728,"stem":729},{"title":733,"path":734,"stem":735,"children":736},"Module 2 — Comparative Statics and Welfare Measurement","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F02-comparative-statics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F02-comparative-statics\u002Findex",[737],{"title":733,"path":734,"stem":735},{"title":739,"path":740,"stem":741,"children":742},"Module 3 — Choice under Risk and Insurance","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F03-uncertainty","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F03-uncertainty\u002Findex",[743],{"title":739,"path":740,"stem":741},{"title":745,"path":746,"stem":747,"children":748},"Module 4 — General Equilibrium and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F04-general-equilibrium","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F04-general-equilibrium\u002Findex",[749],{"title":745,"path":746,"stem":747},{"title":751,"path":752,"stem":753,"children":754},"Module 5 — Static, Dynamic, and Repeated Games","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F05-game-theory","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F05-game-theory\u002Findex",[755],{"title":751,"path":752,"stem":753},{"title":757,"path":758,"stem":759,"children":760},"Module 6 — Oligopoly, Entry, and Algorithmic Pricing","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F06-oligopoly","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F06-oligopoly\u002Findex",[761],{"title":757,"path":758,"stem":759},{"title":763,"path":764,"stem":765,"children":766},"Module 7 — Information Economics and Contracts","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F07-information-economics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F07-information-economics\u002Findex",[767],{"title":763,"path":764,"stem":765},{"title":769,"path":770,"stem":771,"children":772},"Module 8 — Mechanism Design and Auctions","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F08-mechanism-design","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F08-mechanism-design\u002Findex",[773],{"title":769,"path":770,"stem":771},{"title":775,"path":776,"stem":777,"children":778},"Module 9 — Behavioural and Experimental Microeconomics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F09-behavioural-economics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F09-behavioural-economics\u002Findex",[779],{"title":775,"path":776,"stem":777},{"title":781,"path":782,"stem":783,"children":784},"Module 10 — Externalities, Public Goods, and Collective Action","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F10-externalities-public-goods","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F10-externalities-public-goods\u002Findex",[785],{"title":781,"path":782,"stem":783},{"title":787,"path":788,"stem":789,"children":790},"Module 11 — Matching and Market Design","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F11-market-design","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F11-market-design\u002Findex",[791],{"title":787,"path":788,"stem":789},{"title":793,"path":794,"stem":795,"children":796},"Module 12 — Integrated Microeconomic Design Studio","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F12-review","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F12-review\u002Findex",[797],{"title":793,"path":794,"stem":795},{"title":799,"path":800,"stem":801,"children":802},"Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground","en\u002Fplayground\u002Findex",[803,804,808,812,816,820],{"title":799,"path":800,"stem":801},{"title":805,"path":806,"stem":807},"Typst Plugin Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F01-typstex","en\u002Fplayground\u002F01-typstex",{"title":809,"path":810,"stem":811},"Citation Plugin Test","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F02-citation","en\u002Fplayground\u002F02-citation",{"title":813,"path":814,"stem":815},"Pyodide Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F03-pyodide","en\u002Fplayground\u002F03-pyodide",{"title":817,"path":818,"stem":819},"WebR Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F04-webr","en\u002Fplayground\u002F04-webr",{"title":821,"path":822,"stem":823},"Chart.js 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文献综述的构建与写作","\u002Fzh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review","zh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review",{"title":1056,"path":1057,"stem":1058},"8. 文献综述清单与模板","\u002Fzh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template","zh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template",{"title":1060,"path":1061,"stem":1062},"10. 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Westborough’s −4 change predicts a no-policy Clearborough value of 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observed pollution is 30, eight units lower.",[2198,2199],"pyodide",{"code64":2200,"layout":2201,"locale":7,"title":2202},"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","vertical","Construct the DID counterfactual",[1798,2204,2205],{},"The last lines turn a hidden trend violation into an explicit sensitivity parameter.",[1793,2207,2209,2210],{"id":2208},"parallel-trends-is-about-y0y0y0","Parallel trends is about ",[1860,2211,2213,2235],{"className":2212},[1867],[1860,2214,2216],{"className":2215},[1871],[1873,2217,2218],{"xmlns":1875},[1878,2219,2220,2232],{},[1881,2221,2222,2225,2227,2230],{},[1890,2223,2224],{},"Y",[1899,2226,1908],{"stretchy":1907},[1913,2228,2229],{},"0",[1899,2231,1918],{"stretchy":1907},[1946,2233,2234],{"encoding":1948},"Y(0)",[1860,2236,2238],{"className":2237,"ariaHidden":1886},[1953],[1860,2239,2241,2244,2247,2250,2253],{"className":2240},[1957],[1860,2242],{"className":2243,"style":2043},[1961],[1860,2245,2224],{"className":2246,"style":2061},[1966,1994],[1860,2248,1908],{"className":2249},[2047],[1860,2251,2229],{"className":2252},[1966],[1860,2254,1918],{"className":2255},[2057],[1798,2257,2258],{},"For two periods,",[1860,2260,2262],{"className":2261},[1863],[1860,2263,2265,2368],{"className":2264},[1867],[1860,2266,2268],{"className":2267},[1871],[1873,2269,2270],{"xmlns":1875,"display":1876},[1878,2271,2272,2365],{},[1881,2273,2274,2277,2280,2288,2290,2292,2294,2296,2302,2304,2306,2308,2311,2314,2316,2318,2321,2323,2325,2327,2333,2335,2337,2339,2341,2347,2349,2351,2353,2355,2357,2359,2361,2363],{},[1890,2275,2276],{},"E",[1899,2278,2279],{"stretchy":1907},"[",[2281,2282,2283,2285],"msub",{},[1890,2284,2224],{},[1913,2286,2287],{},"1",[1899,2289,1908],{"stretchy":1907},[1913,2291,2229],{},[1899,2293,1918],{"stretchy":1907},[1899,2295,1911],{},[2281,2297,2298,2300],{},[1890,2299,2224],{},[1913,2301,2229],{},[1899,2303,1908],{"stretchy":1907},[1913,2305,2229],{},[1899,2307,1918],{"stretchy":1907},[1899,2309,2310],{},"∣",[1890,2312,2313],{},"G",[1899,2315,1904],{},[1913,2317,2287],{},[1899,2319,2320],{"stretchy":1907},"]",[1899,2322,1904],{},[1890,2324,2276],{},[1899,2326,2279],{"stretchy":1907},[2281,2328,2329,2331],{},[1890,2330,2224],{},[1913,2332,2287],{},[1899,2334,1908],{"stretchy":1907},[1913,2336,2229],{},[1899,2338,1918],{"stretchy":1907},[1899,2340,1911],{},[2281,2342,2343,2345],{},[1890,2344,2224],{},[1913,2346,2229],{},[1899,2348,1908],{"stretchy":1907},[1913,2350,2229],{},[1899,2352,1918],{"stretchy":1907},[1899,2354,2310],{},[1890,2356,2313],{},[1899,2358,1904],{},[1913,2360,2229],{},[1899,2362,2320],{"stretchy":1907},[1890,2364,1944],{"mathvariant":1943},[1946,2366,2367],{"encoding":1948},"E[Y_1(0)-Y_0(0)\\mid 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2229],{"className":2662},[1966,2418],[1860,2664,2426],{"className":2665},[2425],[1860,2667,2669],{"className":2668},[1975],[1860,2670,2672],{"className":2671,"style":2433},[1979],[1860,2673],{},[1860,2675,1908],{"className":2676},[2047],[1860,2678,2229],{"className":2679},[1966],[1860,2681,1918],{"className":2682},[2057],[1860,2684],{"className":2685,"style":2029},[2028],[1860,2687,2310],{"className":2688},[2033],[1860,2690],{"className":2691,"style":2029},[2028],[1860,2693,2695,2698,2701,2704,2707],{"className":2694},[1957],[1860,2696],{"className":2697,"style":2524},[1961],[1860,2699,2313],{"className":2700},[1966,1994],[1860,2702],{"className":2703,"style":2029},[2028],[1860,2705,1904],{"className":2706},[2033],[1860,2708],{"className":2709,"style":2029},[2028],[1860,2711,2713,2716,2719,2722],{"className":2712},[1957],[1860,2714],{"className":2715,"style":2043},[1961],[1860,2717,2229],{"className":2718},[1966],[1860,2720,2320],{"className":2721},[2057],[1860,2723,1944],{"className":2724},[1966],[1798,2726,2727,2728,2732],{},"The assumption allows different baseline levels. It concerns the treated group’s ",[2729,2730,2731],"strong",{},"unobserved untreated change after policy",", so it cannot be proved by pre-policy data.",[1798,2734,2735],{},"Pre-trends, institutional history and alternative comparison groups can make it more or less credible.",[1793,2737,2739],{"id":2738},"regression-form-reproduces-the-table","Regression form reproduces the table",[1860,2741,2743],{"className":2742},[1863],[1860,2744,2746,2852],{"className":2745},[1867],[1860,2747,2749],{"className":2748},[1871],[1873,2750,2751],{"xmlns":1875,"display":1876},[1878,2752,2753,2849],{},[1881,2754,2755,2767,2769,2772,2775,2778,2784,2786,2789,2792,2795,2798,2804,2806,2809,2811,2817,2820,2822,2824,2826,2832,2834,2836,2847],{},[2281,2756,2757,2759],{},[1890,2758,2224],{},[1881,2760,2761,2764],{},[1890,2762,2763],{},"i",[1890,2765,2766],{},"t",[1899,2768,1904],{},[1890,2770,2771],{},"α",[1899,2773,2774],{},"+",[1890,2776,2777],{},"β",[2281,2779,2780,2782],{},[1890,2781,2313],{},[1890,2783,2763],{},[1899,2785,2774],{},[1890,2787,2788],{},"λ",[1890,2790,2791],{},"P",[1890,2793,2794],{},"o",[1890,2796,2797],{},"s",[2281,2799,2800,2802],{},[1890,2801,2766],{},[1890,2803,2766],{},[1899,2805,2774],{},[1890,2807,2808],{},"τ",[1899,2810,1908],{"stretchy":1907},[2281,2812,2813,2815],{},[1890,2814,2313],{},[1890,2816,2763],{},[1899,2818,2819],{},"×",[1890,2821,2791],{},[1890,2823,2794],{},[1890,2825,2797],{},[2281,2827,2828,2830],{},[1890,2829,2766],{},[1890,2831,2766],{},[1899,2833,1918],{"stretchy":1907},[1899,2835,2774],{},[2281,2837,2838,2841],{},[1890,2839,2840],{},"ε",[1881,2842,2843,2845],{},[1890,2844,2763],{},[1890,2846,2766],{},[1890,2848,1944],{"mathvariant":1943},[1946,2850,2851],{"encoding":1948},"Y_{it}=\\alpha+\\beta G_i+\\lambda Post_t\n+\\tau(G_i\\times Post_t)+\\varepsilon_{it}.",[1860,2853,2855,2918,2938,2999,3066,3128,3192],{"className":2854,"ariaHidden":1886},[1953],[1860,2856,2858,2862,2909,2912,2915],{"className":2857},[1957],[1860,2859],{"className":2860,"style":2861},[1961],"height:0.8333em;vertical-align:-0.15em;",[1860,2863,2865,2868],{"className":2864},[1966],[1860,2866,2224],{"className":2867,"style":2061},[1966,1994],[1860,2869,2871],{"className":2870},[2393],[1860,2872,2874,2901],{"className":2873},[1971,2397],[1860,2875,2877,2898],{"className":2876},[1975],[1860,2878,2881],{"className":2879,"style":2880},[1979],"height:0.3117em;",[1860,2882,2883,2886],{"style":2407},[1860,2884],{"className":2885,"style":2411},[1986],[1860,2887,2889],{"className":2888},[2415,2416,2417,2418],[1860,2890,2892,2895],{"className":2891},[1966,2418],[1860,2893,2763],{"className":2894},[1966,1994,2418],[1860,2896,2766],{"className":2897},[1966,1994,2418],[1860,2899,2426],{"className":2900},[2425],[1860,2902,2904],{"className":2903},[1975],[1860,2905,2907],{"className":2906,"style":2433},[1979],[1860,2908],{},[1860,2910],{"className":2911,"style":2029},[2028],[1860,2913,1904],{"className":2914},[2033],[1860,2916],{"className":2917,"style":2029},[2028],[1860,2919,2921,2925,2929,2932,2935],{"className":2920},[1957],[1860,2922],{"className":2923,"style":2924},[1961],"height:0.6667em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;",[1860,2926,2771],{"className":2927,"style":2928},[1966,1994],"margin-right:0.0037em;",[1860,2930],{"className":2931,"style":2061},[2028],[1860,2933,2774],{"className":2934},[2065],[1860,2936],{"className":2937,"style":2061},[2028],[1860,2939,2941,2945,2949,2990,2993,2996],{"className":2940},[1957],[1860,2942],{"className":2943,"style":2944},[1961],"height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[1860,2946,2777],{"className":2947,"style":2948},[1966,1994],"margin-right:0.0528em;",[1860,2950,2952,2955],{"className":2951},[1966],[1860,2953,2313],{"className":2954},[1966,1994],[1860,2956,2958],{"className":2957},[2393],[1860,2959,2961,2982],{"className":2960},[1971,2397],[1860,2962,2964,2979],{"className":2963},[1975],[1860,2965,2967],{"className":2966,"style":2880},[1979],[1860,2968,2970,2973],{"style":2969},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1860,2971],{"className":2972,"style":2411},[1986],[1860,2974,2976],{"className":2975},[2415,2416,2417,2418],[1860,2977,2763],{"className":2978},[1966,1994,2418],[1860,2980,2426],{"className":2981},[2425],[1860,2983,2985],{"className":2984},[1975],[1860,2986,2988],{"className":2987,"style":2433},[1979],[1860,2989],{},[1860,2991],{"className":2992,"style":2061},[2028],[1860,2994,2774],{"className":2995},[2065],[1860,2997],{"className":2998,"style":2061},[2028],[1860,3000,3002,3006,3009,3012,3016,3057,3060,3063],{"className":3001},[1957],[1860,3003],{"className":3004,"style":3005},[1961],"height:0.8444em;vertical-align:-0.15em;",[1860,3007,2788],{"className":3008},[1966,1994],[1860,3010,2791],{"className":3011,"style":1998},[1966,1994],[1860,3013,3015],{"className":3014},[1966,1994],"os",[1860,3017,3019,3022],{"className":3018},[1966],[1860,3020,2766],{"className":3021},[1966,1994],[1860,3023,3025],{"className":3024},[2393],[1860,3026,3028,3049],{"className":3027},[1971,2397],[1860,3029,3031,3046],{"className":3030},[1975],[1860,3032,3035],{"className":3033,"style":3034},[1979],"height:0.2806em;",[1860,3036,3037,3040],{"style":2969},[1860,3038],{"className":3039,"style":2411},[1986],[1860,3041,3043],{"className":3042},[2415,2416,2417,2418],[1860,3044,2766],{"className":3045},[1966,1994,2418],[1860,3047,2426],{"className":3048},[2425],[1860,3050,3052],{"className":3051},[1975],[1860,3053,3055],{"className":3054,"style":2433},[1979],[1860,3056],{},[1860,3058],{"className":3059,"style":2061},[2028],[1860,3061,2774],{"className":3062},[2065],[1860,3064],{"className":3065,"style":2061},[2028],[1860,3067,3069,3072,3076,3079,3119,3122,3125],{"className":3068},[1957],[1860,3070],{"className":3071,"style":2043},[1961],[1860,3073,2808],{"className":3074,"style":3075},[1966,1994],"margin-right:0.1132em;",[1860,3077,1908],{"className":3078},[2047],[1860,3080,3082,3085],{"className":3081},[1966],[1860,3083,2313],{"className":3084},[1966,1994],[1860,3086,3088],{"className":3087},[2393],[1860,3089,3091,3111],{"className":3090},[1971,2397],[1860,3092,3094,3108],{"className":3093},[1975],[1860,3095,3097],{"className":3096,"style":2880},[1979],[1860,3098,3099,3102],{"style":2969},[1860,3100],{"className":3101,"style":2411},[1986],[1860,3103,3105],{"className":3104},[2415,2416,2417,2418],[1860,3106,2763],{"className":3107},[1966,1994,2418],[1860,3109,2426],{"className":3110},[2425],[1860,3112,3114],{"className":3113},[1975],[1860,3115,3117],{"className":3116,"style":2433},[1979],[1860,3118],{},[1860,3120],{"className":3121,"style":2061},[2028],[1860,3123,2819],{"className":3124},[2065],[1860,3126],{"className":3127,"style":2061},[2028],[1860,3129,3131,3134,3137,3140,3180,3183,3186,3189],{"className":3130},[1957],[1860,3132],{"className":3133,"style":2043},[1961],[1860,3135,2791],{"className":3136,"style":1998},[1966,1994],[1860,3138,3015],{"className":3139},[1966,1994],[1860,3141,3143,3146],{"className":3142},[1966],[1860,3144,2766],{"className":3145},[1966,1994],[1860,3147,3149],{"className":3148},[2393],[1860,3150,3152,3172],{"className":3151},[1971,2397],[1860,3153,3155,3169],{"className":3154},[1975],[1860,3156,3158],{"className":3157,"style":3034},[1979],[1860,3159,3160,3163],{"style":2969},[1860,3161],{"className":3162,"style":2411},[1986],[1860,3164,3166],{"className":3165},[2415,2416,2417,2418],[1860,3167,2766],{"className":3168},[1966,1994,2418],[1860,3170,2426],{"className":3171},[2425],[1860,3173,3175],{"className":3174},[1975],[1860,3176,3178],{"className":3177,"style":2433},[1979],[1860,3179],{},[1860,3181,1918],{"className":3182},[2057],[1860,3184],{"className":3185,"style":2061},[2028],[1860,3187,2774],{"className":3188},[2065],[1860,3190],{"className":3191,"style":2061},[2028],[1860,3193,3195,3199,3245],{"className":3194},[1957],[1860,3196],{"className":3197,"style":3198},[1961],"height:0.5806em;vertical-align:-0.15em;",[1860,3200,3202,3205],{"className":3201},[1966],[1860,3203,2840],{"className":3204},[1966,1994],[1860,3206,3208],{"className":3207},[2393],[1860,3209,3211,3237],{"className":3210},[1971,2397],[1860,3212,3214,3234],{"className":3213},[1975],[1860,3215,3217],{"className":3216,"style":2880},[1979],[1860,3218,3219,3222],{"style":2969},[1860,3220],{"className":3221,"style":2411},[1986],[1860,3223,3225],{"className":3224},[2415,2416,2417,2418],[1860,3226,3228,3231],{"className":3227},[1966,2418],[1860,3229,2763],{"className":3230},[1966,1994,2418],[1860,3232,2766],{"className":3233},[1966,1994,2418],[1860,3235,2426],{"className":3236},[2425],[1860,3238,3240],{"className":3239},[1975],[1860,3241,3243],{"className":3242,"style":2433},[1979],[1860,3244],{},[1860,3246,1944],{"className":3247},[1966],[1798,3249,3250,3251,3315],{},"In a 2×2 saturated model, ",[1860,3252,3254,3272],{"className":3253},[1867],[1860,3255,3257],{"className":3256},[1871],[1873,3258,3259],{"xmlns":1875},[1878,3260,3261,3269],{},[1881,3262,3263],{},[1884,3264,3265,3267],{"accent":1886},[1890,3266,2808],{},[1899,3268,1901],{},[1946,3270,3271],{"encoding":1948},"\\hat\\tau",[1860,3273,3275],{"className":3274,"ariaHidden":1886},[1953],[1860,3276,3278,3282],{"className":3277},[1957],[1860,3279],{"className":3280,"style":3281},[1961],"height:0.6944em;",[1860,3283,3285],{"className":3284},[1966,1967],[1860,3286,3288],{"className":3287},[1971],[1860,3289,3291],{"className":3290},[1975],[1860,3292,3294,3302],{"className":3293,"style":3281},[1979],[1860,3295,3296,3299],{"style":1982},[1860,3297],{"className":3298,"style":1987},[1986],[1860,3300,2808],{"className":3301,"style":3075},[1966,1994],[1860,3303,3304,3307],{"style":1982},[1860,3305],{"className":3306,"style":1987},[1986],[1860,3308,3312],{"className":3309,"style":3311},[3310],"accent-body","left:-0.2222em;",[1860,3313,1901],{"className":3314},[1966]," equals the four-cell DID. Controls or additional periods change the estimand unless specified carefully.",[1793,3317,3319],{"id":3318},"four-threats-four-diagnostics","Four threats, four diagnostics",[1802,3321,3322,3332],{},[1805,3323,3324],{},[1808,3325,3326,3329],{},[1811,3327,3328],{},"Threat",[1811,3330,3331],{},"Evidence that addresses it",[1825,3333,3334,3342,3350,3358,3366],{},[1808,3335,3336,3339],{},[1830,3337,3338],{},"differential untreated trend",[1830,3340,3341],{},"multiple pre-periods, institutional argument, sensitivity bounds",[1808,3343,3344,3347],{},[1830,3345,3346],{},"anticipation",[1830,3348,3349],{},"policy-announcement timeline and alternative treatment date",[1808,3351,3352,3355],{},[1830,3353,3354],{},"concurrent intervention",[1830,3356,3357],{},"policy inventory and unaffected outcomes",[1808,3359,3360,3363],{},[1830,3361,3362],{},"spillover",[1830,3364,3365],{},"geography\u002Fmarket links and wider treatment definition",[1808,3367,3368,3371],{},[1830,3369,3370],{},"composition change",[1830,3372,3373],{},"stable units or repeated-cross-section composition audit",[1798,3375,3376],{},"A placebo that does not target the principal threat is decorative robustness.",[1793,3378,3380],{"id":3379},"repeated-cross-section-versus-panel","Repeated cross-section versus panel",[1798,3382,3383],{},"Panel DID follows the same units. Repeated cross-sections compare population means sampled each period. The latter requires stable population composition or conditional assumptions; migration caused by the policy can change who is observed.",[1798,3385,3386],{},"Inference should reflect treatment assignment and serial correlation. A policy assigned to municipalities usually requires municipality-level dependence, not resident-level independence.",[1793,3388,3390],{"id":3389},"classic-illustration-modern-reading","Classic illustration, modern reading",[1798,3392,3393,3394,3401],{},"Card and Krueger’s ",[3395,3396,3400],"a",{"href":3397,"rel":3398},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2307\u002F2118030",[3399],"nofollow","minimum-wage study"," compares New Jersey and Pennsylvania fast-food employment before and after a policy change. Use it to identify the four-cell logic, then ask how measurement, comparison choice, one treated policy and later evidence affect the claim.",[1793,3403,3405],{"id":3404},"quick-check","Quick check",[1798,3407,3408],{},"The treated and comparison groups have identical pre-policy levels but different pre-policy trends. Is DID credible?",[3410,3411,3413],"legacy-details",{"title":3412},"Answer","Identical levels do not supply parallel trends. The diverging pre-policy paths undermine the comparison unless a credible conditional or structural explanation supports the post-policy counterfactual, with sensitivity analysis.",[1798,3415,3416],{},[3395,3417,3419],{"href":3418},".\u002F12-staggered-event-studies","Next: Staggered DID and Event Studies",{"title":10,"searchDepth":3421,"depth":3421,"links":3422},2,[3423,3424,3426,3427,3428,3429,3430],{"id":1795,"depth":3421,"text":1796},{"id":2208,"depth":3421,"text":3425},"Parallel trends is about Y(0)Y(0)Y(0)",{"id":2738,"depth":3421,"text":2739},{"id":3318,"depth":3421,"text":3319},{"id":3379,"depth":3421,"text":3380},{"id":3389,"depth":3421,"text":3390},{"id":3404,"depth":3421,"text":3405},"Use a comparison group’s change to estimate the treated group’s missing untreated trend","md",{},true,{"title":610,"description":3431},"Tly_Aj7zeiDnaBkmgduVx_TrLvUUv7G_EIsGonmunyo",[3438,3440],{"title":604,"path":605,"stem":606,"description":3439,"children":-1},"Construct untreated outcomes from trends, thresholds, comparable units and weighted donor paths",{"title":614,"path":615,"stem":616,"description":3441,"children":-1},"Estimate cohort-time effects without contaminated comparisons and test sensitivity to trend violations",1785754728443]