[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":3701},["ShallowReactive",2],{"navigation_docs":3,"learnalog_locale_counterpart__zh_microeconometrics_02-iv-panel_09-panel-fixed-effects":1782,"-en-microeconometrics-02-iv-panel-09-panel-fixed-effects":1783,"-en-microeconometrics-02-iv-panel-09-panel-fixed-effects-surround":3696},[4,1038],{"title":5,"path":6,"stem":7,"children":8},"En","\u002Fen","en",[9,12,58,250,406,477,534,715,798,824,943],{"title":10,"path":6,"stem":11},"","en\u002Findex",{"title":13,"path":14,"stem":15,"children":16},"Research Skills and Academic Writing","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002Findex",[17,18,22,26,30,34,38,42,46,50,54],{"title":13,"path":14,"stem":15},{"title":19,"path":20,"stem":21},"1. Research Questions, Scope, and Feasibility","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F01-research-questions-and-planning","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F01-research-questions-and-planning",{"title":23,"path":24,"stem":25},"2. Search, Evaluate, and Read Evidence","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F02-reading-and-literature-matrix","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F02-reading-and-literature-matrix",{"title":27,"path":28,"stem":29},"3. From Sources to Synthesis and Argument","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F03-arguments-outlines-and-paragraphs","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F03-arguments-outlines-and-paragraphs",{"title":31,"path":32,"stem":33},"4. Literature Review and a Defensible Gap","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review",{"title":35,"path":36,"stem":37},"5. Research Design, Evidence, and Core Sections","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F05-core-sections-and-evidence","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F05-core-sections-and-evidence",{"title":39,"path":40,"stem":41},"6. Citation, Paraphrasing, Integrity, and AI","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F06-citation-paraphrasing-and-integrity","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F06-citation-paraphrasing-and-integrity",{"title":43,"path":44,"stem":45},"7. Revision, Review, and Submission","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F07-revision-style-and-submission","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F07-revision-style-and-submission",{"title":47,"path":48,"stem":49},"8. Research Workbook","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template",{"title":51,"path":52,"stem":53},"9. Research Workflow and Tools","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F09-tools-for-academic-writing-and-literature-management","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F09-tools-for-academic-writing-and-literature-management",{"title":55,"path":56,"stem":57},"10. Worked Project — From Question to Defensible Conclusion","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F10-worked-example-from-block-structure-to-question-chain","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F10-worked-example-from-block-structure-to-question-chain",{"title":59,"path":60,"stem":61,"children":62,"page":249},"Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting","en\u002Faccounting",[63,69,87,93,193],{"title":64,"path":65,"stem":66,"children":67},"Accounting — From Evidence to Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002F00-index","en\u002Faccounting\u002F00-index",[68],{"title":64,"path":65,"stem":66},{"title":70,"path":71,"stem":72,"children":73},"Accounting Appendix","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[74,75,79,83],{"title":70,"path":71,"stem":72},{"title":76,"path":77,"stem":78},"Worked Examples and Error Diagnosis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F24-examples-pitfalls","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F24-examples-pitfalls",{"title":80,"path":81,"stem":82},"Accounting Glossary","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F26-glossary","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F26-glossary",{"title":84,"path":85,"stem":86},"Reading and Evidence Map","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F27-reading-map","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F27-reading-map",{"title":88,"path":89,"stem":90,"children":91},"Northstar Record-to-Decision Capstone","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[92],{"title":88,"path":89,"stem":90},{"title":94,"path":95,"stem":96,"children":97},"Financial Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002Findex",[98,99,117,131,165,179],{"title":94,"path":95,"stem":96},{"title":100,"path":101,"stem":102,"children":103},"1. Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002Findex",[104,105,109,113],{"title":100,"path":101,"stem":102},{"title":106,"path":107,"stem":108},"Objectives and Qualitative Characteristics","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F01-objectives-qualitative-characteristics","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F01-objectives-qualitative-characteristics",{"title":110,"path":111,"stem":112},"Equation and Elements","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F02-equation-elements","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F02-equation-elements",{"title":114,"path":115,"stem":116},"Accrual Basis, Estimates and Periods","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F03-accounting-bases-principles","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F03-accounting-bases-principles",{"title":118,"path":119,"stem":120,"children":121},"2. Recording Transactions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002Findex",[122,123,127],{"title":118,"path":119,"stem":120},{"title":124,"path":125,"stem":126},"Double-Entry and Debit\u002FCredit","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F04-double-entry-dr-cr","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F04-double-entry-dr-cr",{"title":128,"path":129,"stem":130},"Accounting Cycle","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F05-accounting-cycle","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F05-accounting-cycle",{"title":132,"path":133,"stem":134,"children":135},"3. Measurement and Adjustments","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002Findex",[136,137,141,145,149,153,157,161],{"title":132,"path":133,"stem":134},{"title":138,"path":139,"stem":140},"Revenue Recognition","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F07-revenue-recognition","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F07-revenue-recognition",{"title":142,"path":143,"stem":144},"Inventory","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F08-inventory","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F08-inventory",{"title":146,"path":147,"stem":148},"Receivables and Expected Credit Losses","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F09-receivables","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F09-receivables",{"title":150,"path":151,"stem":152},"Property, Plant and Equipment","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F10-ppe","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F10-ppe",{"title":154,"path":155,"stem":156},"Intangible Assets","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F11-intangibles","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F11-intangibles",{"title":158,"path":159,"stem":160},"Leases","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F12-leases","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F12-leases",{"title":162,"path":163,"stem":164},"Current and Deferred Income Tax","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F13-income-tax","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F13-income-tax",{"title":166,"path":167,"stem":168,"children":169},"4. Reporting and Cash","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002Findex",[170,171,175],{"title":166,"path":167,"stem":168},{"title":172,"path":173,"stem":174},"Linked Financial Statements","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F06-financial-statements","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F06-financial-statements",{"title":176,"path":177,"stem":178},"Cash, Reconciliation and Internal Control","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F14-cash-control","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F14-cash-control",{"title":180,"path":181,"stem":182,"children":183},"5. Analysis and Comparison","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002Findex",[184,185,189],{"title":180,"path":181,"stem":182},{"title":186,"path":187,"stem":188},"Ratio Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F15-ratio-analysis","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F15-ratio-analysis",{"title":190,"path":191,"stem":192},"IFRS versus US GAAP","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F25-ifrs-gaap","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F25-ifrs-gaap",{"title":194,"path":195,"stem":196,"children":197},"Management Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002Findex",[198,199,217,235],{"title":194,"path":195,"stem":196},{"title":200,"path":201,"stem":202,"children":203},"1. Cost Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002Findex",[204,205,209,213],{"title":200,"path":201,"stem":202},{"title":206,"path":207,"stem":208},"Cost Concepts and Behaviour","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F16-cost-concepts","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F16-cost-concepts",{"title":210,"path":211,"stem":212},"Costing Systems","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F17-costing-systems","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F17-costing-systems",{"title":214,"path":215,"stem":216},"Variable and Absorption Costing","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F19-variable-vs-absorption","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F19-variable-vs-absorption",{"title":218,"path":219,"stem":220,"children":221},"2. Planning and Control","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002Findex",[222,223,227,231],{"title":218,"path":219,"stem":220},{"title":224,"path":225,"stem":226},"Cost–Volume–Profit Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F18-cvp-analysis","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F18-cvp-analysis",{"title":228,"path":229,"stem":230},"Budgeting and Variance Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F20-budgeting-variances","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F20-budgeting-variances",{"title":232,"path":233,"stem":234},"Performance Measurement","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F21-performance-measurement","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F21-performance-measurement",{"title":236,"path":237,"stem":238,"children":239},"3. Decisions and Investment","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002Findex",[240,241,245],{"title":236,"path":237,"stem":238},{"title":242,"path":243,"stem":244},"Short-Term Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F22-short-term-decisions","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F22-short-term-decisions",{"title":246,"path":247,"stem":248},"Capital Budgeting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F23-capital-budgeting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F23-capital-budgeting",false,{"title":251,"path":252,"stem":253,"children":254,"page":249},"Business Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics",[255,261,279,305,335,365,383,400],{"title":256,"path":257,"stem":258,"children":259},"Business Analytics — From Data to Defensible Action","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-index","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-index",[260],{"title":256,"path":257,"stem":258},{"title":262,"path":263,"stem":264,"children":265},"0. Decision and Data Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[266,267,271,275],{"title":262,"path":263,"stem":264},{"title":268,"path":269,"stem":270},"Decision Framing","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F01-decision-framing","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F01-decision-framing",{"title":272,"path":273,"stem":274},"Data Contracts","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F02-data-contracts","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F02-data-contracts",{"title":276,"path":277,"stem":278},"Reproducible Analytics Workflow","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F03-reproducible-workflow","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F03-reproducible-workflow",{"title":280,"path":281,"stem":282,"children":283},"1. Descriptive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002Findex",[284,285,289,293,297,301],{"title":280,"path":281,"stem":282},{"title":286,"path":287,"stem":288},"Distributions and Exploratory Data Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F04-distributions-eda","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F04-distributions-eda",{"title":290,"path":291,"stem":292},"KPIs and Denominators","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F05-kpis-denominators","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F05-kpis-denominators",{"title":294,"path":295,"stem":296},"Segments, Cohorts and Funnels","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F06-segmentation-cohorts-funnels","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F06-segmentation-cohorts-funnels",{"title":298,"path":299,"stem":300},"Visual Evidence and Data Stories","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F07-visualisation-story","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F07-visualisation-story",{"title":302,"path":303,"stem":304},"Experiments and Causal Boundaries","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F08-experiments-causal-boundary","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F08-experiments-causal-boundary",{"title":306,"path":307,"stem":308,"children":309},"2. Predictive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002Findex",[310,311,315,319,323,327,331],{"title":306,"path":307,"stem":308},{"title":312,"path":313,"stem":314},"Validation, Baselines and Leakage","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F09-validation-leakage","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F09-validation-leakage",{"title":316,"path":317,"stem":318},"Regression and Forecasting","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F10-regression-forecasting","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F10-regression-forecasting",{"title":320,"path":321,"stem":322},"Classification and Calibration","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F11-classification-calibration","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F11-classification-calibration",{"title":324,"path":325,"stem":326},"Trees and Ensembles","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F12-trees-ensembles","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F12-trees-ensembles",{"title":328,"path":329,"stem":330},"Decision Metrics and Thresholds","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F13-decision-metrics-thresholds","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F13-decision-metrics-thresholds",{"title":332,"path":333,"stem":334},"Explainability, Monitoring and Drift","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F14-explainability-drift","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F14-explainability-drift",{"title":336,"path":337,"stem":338,"children":339},"3. Prescriptive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002Findex",[340,341,345,349,353,357,361],{"title":336,"path":337,"stem":338},{"title":342,"path":343,"stem":344},"Decision-Making under Uncertainty","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F15-decision-uncertainty","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F15-decision-uncertainty",{"title":346,"path":347,"stem":348},"Linear Optimisation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F16-linear-optimization","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F16-linear-optimization",{"title":350,"path":351,"stem":352},"Inventory and Allocation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F17-inventory-allocation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F17-inventory-allocation",{"title":354,"path":355,"stem":356},"Queueing and Simulation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F18-queueing-simulation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F18-queueing-simulation",{"title":358,"path":359,"stem":360},"Pricing and Revenue Management","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F19-pricing-experimentation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F19-pricing-experimentation",{"title":362,"path":363,"stem":364},"Causal Targeting and Policy Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F20-causal-targeting","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F20-causal-targeting",{"title":366,"path":367,"stem":368,"children":369},"4. Deployment and Governance","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002Findex",[370,371,375,379],{"title":366,"path":367,"stem":368},{"title":372,"path":373,"stem":374},"Data Products and Monitoring","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F21-data-products-monitoring","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F21-data-products-monitoring",{"title":376,"path":377,"stem":378},"Governance, Fairness and Privacy","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F22-governance-fairness-privacy","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F22-governance-fairness-privacy",{"title":380,"path":381,"stem":382},"Adoption and Business Value","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F23-adoption-value","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F23-adoption-value",{"title":384,"path":385,"stem":386,"children":387},"Appendix and Revision Tools","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[388,389,393,397],{"title":384,"path":385,"stem":386},{"title":390,"path":391,"stem":392},"Formula and Decision Map","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F24-formula-map","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F24-formula-map",{"title":394,"path":395,"stem":396},"Worked Examples and Pitfalls","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F25-worked-examples-pitfalls","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F25-worked-examples-pitfalls",{"title":84,"path":398,"stem":399},"\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F26-reading-map","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F26-reading-map",{"title":401,"path":402,"stem":403,"children":404},"Capstone — The Evening Delivery Promise","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[405],{"title":401,"path":402,"stem":403},{"title":407,"path":408,"stem":409,"children":410,"page":249},"Financial Economic Time Series","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series",[411,417,423,429,435,441,447,453,459,465,471],{"title":412,"path":413,"stem":414,"children":415},"Financial and Economic Time Series — Course Guide","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F00-intro","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[416],{"title":412,"path":413,"stem":414},{"title":418,"path":419,"stem":420,"children":421},"Three Versions of Time Series","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F01-bridge","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F01-bridge\u002Findex",[422],{"title":418,"path":419,"stem":420},{"title":424,"path":425,"stem":426,"children":427},"Data, Clocks, and Transformations","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F02-data-transformations","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F02-data-transformations\u002Findex",[428],{"title":424,"path":425,"stem":426},{"title":430,"path":431,"stem":432,"children":433},"Predictive Regressions and Persistent Predictors","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F03-predictive-regressions","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F03-predictive-regressions\u002Findex",[434],{"title":430,"path":431,"stem":432},{"title":436,"path":437,"stem":438,"children":439},"Volatility, Tails, and Financial Risk","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F04-volatility-risk","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F04-volatility-risk\u002Findex",[440],{"title":436,"path":437,"stem":438},{"title":442,"path":443,"stem":444,"children":445},"Unit Roots, Cointegration, and Error Correction","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F05-unit-roots-cointegration","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F05-unit-roots-cointegration\u002Findex",[446],{"title":442,"path":443,"stem":444},{"title":448,"path":449,"stem":450,"children":451},"VAR, Structural Identification, and Local Projections","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F06-var-identification","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F06-var-identification\u002Findex",[452],{"title":448,"path":449,"stem":450},{"title":454,"path":455,"stem":456,"children":457},"State Space, Mixed Frequency, and Nowcasting","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F07-state-space-nowcasting","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F07-state-space-nowcasting\u002Findex",[458],{"title":454,"path":455,"stem":456},{"title":460,"path":461,"stem":462,"children":463},"Forecast Evaluation for Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F08-forecast-evaluation","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F08-forecast-evaluation\u002Findex",[464],{"title":460,"path":461,"stem":462},{"title":466,"path":467,"stem":468,"children":469},"Integrated R Laboratory","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F09-r-laboratory","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F09-r-laboratory\u002Findex",[470],{"title":466,"path":467,"stem":468},{"title":472,"path":473,"stem":474,"children":475},"Capstones, Data, and Reading Ladder","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F10-capstone-readings","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F10-capstone-readings\u002Findex",[476],{"title":472,"path":473,"stem":474},{"title":478,"path":479,"stem":480,"children":481,"page":249},"Intro To Economics","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics","en\u002Fintro-to-economics",[482,486,490,494,498,502,506,510,514,518,522,526,530],{"title":483,"path":484,"stem":485},"Introduction to Economics — Decisions, Markets, and the Macroeconomy","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F00-intro",{"title":487,"path":488,"stem":489},"Chapter 1 — Choice, Opportunity Cost, and Trade","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F01-foundations","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F01-foundations",{"title":491,"path":492,"stem":493},"Chapter 2 — Demand, Supply, Equilibrium, and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F02-demand-and-supply","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F02-demand-and-supply",{"title":495,"path":496,"stem":497},"Chapter 3 — Elasticity, Revenue, and Tax Incidence","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F03-elasticity","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F03-elasticity",{"title":499,"path":500,"stem":501},"Chapter 4 — Firms, Market Power, and Market Failure","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F04-market-structures","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F04-market-structures",{"title":503,"path":504,"stem":505},"Chapter 5 — GDP, Income, Wealth, and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F05-gdp-and-wealth","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F05-gdp-and-wealth",{"title":507,"path":508,"stem":509},"Chapter 6 — Inflation, Purchasing Power, and Labour Markets","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F06-inflation-and-unemployment","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F06-inflation-and-unemployment",{"title":511,"path":512,"stem":513},"Chapter 7 — Productivity, Technology, and Economic Growth","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F07-economic-growth","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F07-economic-growth",{"title":515,"path":516,"stem":517},"Chapter 8 — Money, Credit, and Banking","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F08-money-and-banking","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F08-money-and-banking",{"title":519,"path":520,"stem":521},"Chapter 9 — Business Cycles, AD–AS, and Monetary Policy","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F09-monetary-policy-and-ad-as","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F09-monetary-policy-and-ad-as",{"title":523,"path":524,"stem":525},"Chapter 10 — Fiscal Policy, Distribution, and Public Debt","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F10-fiscal-policy","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F10-fiscal-policy",{"title":527,"path":528,"stem":529},"Chapter 11 — Trade, Capital Flows, and Exchange Rates","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F11-open-economy-and-exchange-rates","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F11-open-economy-and-exchange-rates",{"title":531,"path":532,"stem":533},"Chapter 12 — Integrated Economic Analysis Studio","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F12-review-and-case-studies","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F12-review-and-case-studies",{"title":535,"path":536,"stem":537,"children":538,"page":249},"Microeconometrics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics",[539,557,563,581,603,629,651,673,691,709],{"title":540,"path":541,"stem":542,"children":543},"0. Causal Questions and Designs","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002Findex",[544,545,549,553],{"title":540,"path":541,"stem":542},{"title":546,"path":547,"stem":548},"Causal Questions and Estimands","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F01-causal-question-estimands","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F01-causal-question-estimands",{"title":550,"path":551,"stem":552},"Potential Outcomes and Experiments","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F02-potential-outcomes-experiments","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F02-potential-outcomes-experiments",{"title":554,"path":555,"stem":556},"Causal Diagrams and Controls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F03-dags-controls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F03-dags-controls",{"title":558,"path":559,"stem":560,"children":561},"Microeconometrics — Designing Credible Counterfactuals","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-index","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-index",[562],{"title":558,"path":559,"stem":560},{"title":564,"path":565,"stem":566,"children":567},"1. Regression and Inference","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002Findex",[568,569,573,577],{"title":564,"path":565,"stem":566},{"title":570,"path":571,"stem":572},"OLS as a Projection","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F04-ols-projection","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F04-ols-projection",{"title":574,"path":575,"stem":576},"FWL, Selection and Controls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F05-fwl-selection-controls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F05-fwl-selection-controls",{"title":578,"path":579,"stem":580},"Inference and Clustering","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F06-inference-clustering","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F06-inference-clustering",{"title":582,"path":583,"stem":584,"children":585},"2. Instruments and Panel Data","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002Findex",[586,587,591,595,599],{"title":582,"path":583,"stem":584},{"title":588,"path":589,"stem":590},"Instrumental Variables","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F07-iv-identification","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F07-iv-identification",{"title":592,"path":593,"stem":594},"Weak Instruments and LATE","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F08-weak-iv-late","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F08-weak-iv-late",{"title":596,"path":597,"stem":598},"Panel Fixed Effects","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F09-panel-fixed-effects","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F09-panel-fixed-effects",{"title":600,"path":601,"stem":602},"Dynamic Panels and Limits","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F10-dynamic-panel","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F10-dynamic-panel",{"title":604,"path":605,"stem":606,"children":607},"3. Policy Evaluation Designs","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002Findex",[608,609,613,617,621,625],{"title":604,"path":605,"stem":606},{"title":610,"path":611,"stem":612},"Difference-in-Differences","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F11-did-core","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F11-did-core",{"title":614,"path":615,"stem":616},"Staggered DID and Event Studies","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F12-staggered-event-studies","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F12-staggered-event-studies",{"title":618,"path":619,"stem":620},"Regression Discontinuity","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F13-rdd","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F13-rdd",{"title":622,"path":623,"stem":624},"Matching, Weighting and Overlap","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F14-matching-weighting","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F14-matching-weighting",{"title":626,"path":627,"stem":628},"Synthetic Control","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F15-synthetic-control","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F15-synthetic-control",{"title":630,"path":631,"stem":632,"children":633},"Module 4 — Choice and Limited Outcomes","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002Findex",[634,635,639,643,647],{"title":630,"path":631,"stem":632},{"title":636,"path":637,"stem":638},"Binary Choice","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F16-binary-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F16-binary-choice",{"title":640,"path":641,"stem":642},"Multinomial and Ordered Choice","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F17-multinomial-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F17-multinomial-choice",{"title":644,"path":645,"stem":646},"Count Outcomes","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F18-count-outcomes","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F18-count-outcomes",{"title":648,"path":649,"stem":650},"Censoring, Truncation and Selection","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F19-censoring-selection","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F19-censoring-selection",{"title":652,"path":653,"stem":654,"children":655},"Module 5 — Modern Causal Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002Findex",[656,657,661,665,669],{"title":652,"path":653,"stem":654},{"title":658,"path":659,"stem":660},"Double Machine Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F20-dml","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F20-dml",{"title":662,"path":663,"stem":664},"Heterogeneity and Policy Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F21-heterogeneity-policy","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F21-heterogeneity-policy",{"title":666,"path":667,"stem":668},"Sensitivity and Partial Identification","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F22-sensitivity-partial-id","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F22-sensitivity-partial-id",{"title":670,"path":671,"stem":672},"External Validity and Transport","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F23-external-validity","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F23-external-validity",{"title":674,"path":675,"stem":676,"children":677},"Module 6 — From Data to Auditable Evidence","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002Findex",[678,679,683,687],{"title":674,"path":675,"stem":676},{"title":680,"path":681,"stem":682},"Data Provenance","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F24-data-provenance","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F24-data-provenance",{"title":684,"path":685,"stem":686},"Reproducibility and Reporting","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F25-reproducibility-reporting","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F25-reproducibility-reporting",{"title":688,"path":689,"stem":690},"Paper and Evidence Audit","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F26-paper-audit","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F26-paper-audit",{"title":692,"path":693,"stem":694,"children":695},"Appendix — Revision and Evidence Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[696,697,701,705],{"title":692,"path":693,"stem":694},{"title":698,"path":699,"stem":700},"Formula and Design Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F27-formula-design-map","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F27-formula-design-map",{"title":702,"path":703,"stem":704},"Ten Worked Microeconometric Pitfalls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F28-worked-pitfalls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F28-worked-pitfalls",{"title":706,"path":707,"stem":708},"Reading and Software Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F29-reading-software-map","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F29-reading-software-map",{"title":710,"path":711,"stem":712,"children":713},"Capstone — Should Northbridge Expand Pathways?","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[714],{"title":710,"path":711,"stem":712},{"title":716,"path":717,"stem":718,"children":719,"page":249},"Microeconomics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics",[720,726,732,738,744,750,756,762,768,774,780,786,792],{"title":721,"path":722,"stem":723,"children":724},"Advanced Microeconomics — Course Guide","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[725],{"title":721,"path":722,"stem":723},{"title":727,"path":728,"stem":729,"children":730},"Module 1 — Choice, Duality, and Revealed Preference","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F01-fundations","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F01-fundations\u002Findex",[731],{"title":727,"path":728,"stem":729},{"title":733,"path":734,"stem":735,"children":736},"Module 2 — Comparative Statics and Welfare Measurement","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F02-comparative-statics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F02-comparative-statics\u002Findex",[737],{"title":733,"path":734,"stem":735},{"title":739,"path":740,"stem":741,"children":742},"Module 3 — Choice under Risk and Insurance","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F03-uncertainty","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F03-uncertainty\u002Findex",[743],{"title":739,"path":740,"stem":741},{"title":745,"path":746,"stem":747,"children":748},"Module 4 — General Equilibrium and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F04-general-equilibrium","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F04-general-equilibrium\u002Findex",[749],{"title":745,"path":746,"stem":747},{"title":751,"path":752,"stem":753,"children":754},"Module 5 — Static, Dynamic, and Repeated Games","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F05-game-theory","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F05-game-theory\u002Findex",[755],{"title":751,"path":752,"stem":753},{"title":757,"path":758,"stem":759,"children":760},"Module 6 — Oligopoly, Entry, and Algorithmic Pricing","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F06-oligopoly","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F06-oligopoly\u002Findex",[761],{"title":757,"path":758,"stem":759},{"title":763,"path":764,"stem":765,"children":766},"Module 7 — Information Economics and Contracts","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F07-information-economics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F07-information-economics\u002Findex",[767],{"title":763,"path":764,"stem":765},{"title":769,"path":770,"stem":771,"children":772},"Module 8 — Mechanism Design and Auctions","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F08-mechanism-design","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F08-mechanism-design\u002Findex",[773],{"title":769,"path":770,"stem":771},{"title":775,"path":776,"stem":777,"children":778},"Module 9 — Behavioural and Experimental Microeconomics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F09-behavioural-economics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F09-behavioural-economics\u002Findex",[779],{"title":775,"path":776,"stem":777},{"title":781,"path":782,"stem":783,"children":784},"Module 10 — Externalities, Public Goods, and Collective Action","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F10-externalities-public-goods","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F10-externalities-public-goods\u002Findex",[785],{"title":781,"path":782,"stem":783},{"title":787,"path":788,"stem":789,"children":790},"Module 11 — Matching and Market Design","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F11-market-design","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F11-market-design\u002Findex",[791],{"title":787,"path":788,"stem":789},{"title":793,"path":794,"stem":795,"children":796},"Module 12 — Integrated Microeconomic Design Studio","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F12-review","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F12-review\u002Findex",[797],{"title":793,"path":794,"stem":795},{"title":799,"path":800,"stem":801,"children":802},"Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground","en\u002Fplayground\u002Findex",[803,804,808,812,816,820],{"title":799,"path":800,"stem":801},{"title":805,"path":806,"stem":807},"Typst Plugin Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F01-typstex","en\u002Fplayground\u002F01-typstex",{"title":809,"path":810,"stem":811},"Citation Plugin Test","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F02-citation","en\u002Fplayground\u002F02-citation",{"title":813,"path":814,"stem":815},"Pyodide Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F03-pyodide","en\u002Fplayground\u002F03-pyodide",{"title":817,"path":818,"stem":819},"WebR Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F04-webr","en\u002Fplayground\u002F04-webr",{"title":821,"path":822,"stem":823},"Chart.js Visualizations","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F05-chartjs","en\u002Fplayground\u002F05-chartjs",{"title":825,"path":826,"stem":827,"children":828,"page":249},"Statistics For Insurance","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance",[829,835,857,883,905,927,937],{"title":830,"path":831,"stem":832,"children":833},"Statistics for General Insurance","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F01-intro","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F01-intro\u002Findex",[834],{"title":830,"path":831,"stem":832},{"title":836,"path":837,"stem":838,"children":839},"Claims Development and Reserving","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F02-chain-ladder","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F02-chain-ladder\u002Findex",[840,841,845,849,853],{"title":836,"path":837,"stem":838},{"title":842,"path":843,"stem":844},"Basic Chain Ladder","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F02-chain-ladder\u002F01-basic-chain","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F02-chain-ladder\u002F01-basic-chain",{"title":846,"path":847,"stem":848},"Frequency–Severity Reserving","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F02-chain-ladder\u002F02-average-per-claim","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F02-chain-ladder\u002F02-average-per-claim",{"title":850,"path":851,"stem":852},"Bornhuetter–Ferguson Method","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F02-chain-ladder\u002F03-b-f-method","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F02-chain-ladder\u002F03-b-f-method",{"title":854,"path":855,"stem":856},"Uncertainty and Diagnostics","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F02-chain-ladder\u002F04-uncertainty-diagnostics","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F02-chain-ladder\u002F04-uncertainty-diagnostics",{"title":858,"path":859,"stem":860,"children":861},"Frequency and Severity Models","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F03-common-dist","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F03-common-dist\u002Findex",[862,863,867,871,875,879],{"title":858,"path":859,"stem":860},{"title":864,"path":865,"stem":866},"Core Severity Models","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F03-common-dist\u002F01-loss-dist","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F03-common-dist\u002F01-loss-dist",{"title":868,"path":869,"stem":870},"Tail Models and Extreme Values","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F03-common-dist\u002F02-more-dist","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F03-common-dist\u002F02-more-dist",{"title":872,"path":873,"stem":874},"Claim Count Models","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F03-common-dist\u002F03-case-dist","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F03-common-dist\u002F03-case-dist",{"title":876,"path":877,"stem":878},"Fitting and Validating Loss Models","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F03-common-dist\u002F04-fit-dist","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F03-common-dist\u002F04-fit-dist",{"title":880,"path":881,"stem":882},"Mixtures and Heterogeneity","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F03-common-dist\u002F05-mix-dist","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F03-common-dist\u002F05-mix-dist",{"title":884,"path":885,"stem":886,"children":887},"Reinsurance as a Loss Transformation","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F04-reinsurance","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F04-reinsurance\u002Findex",[888,889,893,897,901],{"title":884,"path":885,"stem":886},{"title":890,"path":891,"stem":892},"Proportional Reinsurance","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F04-reinsurance\u002F01-proportional","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F04-reinsurance\u002F01-proportional",{"title":894,"path":895,"stem":896},"Excess-of-Loss Reinsurance","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F04-reinsurance\u002F02-excess","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F04-reinsurance\u002F02-excess",{"title":898,"path":899,"stem":900},"Inflation and Layer Erosion","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F04-reinsurance\u002F03-inflation","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F04-reinsurance\u002F03-inflation",{"title":902,"path":903,"stem":904},"Reinsurance Decision Lab","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F04-reinsurance\u002F04-examples","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F04-reinsurance\u002F04-examples",{"title":906,"path":907,"stem":908,"children":909},"Aggregate Risk and Capital","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F05-risk-theory","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F05-risk-theory\u002Findex",[910,911,915,919,923],{"title":906,"path":907,"stem":908},{"title":912,"path":913,"stem":914},"Collective Risk Model","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F05-risk-theory\u002F01-collective","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F05-risk-theory\u002F01-collective",{"title":916,"path":917,"stem":918},"Individual Risk Model","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F05-risk-theory\u002F02-individual","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F05-risk-theory\u002F02-individual",{"title":920,"path":921,"stem":922},"Aggregate Risk Computation Lab","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F05-risk-theory\u002F03-examples","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F05-risk-theory\u002F03-examples",{"title":924,"path":925,"stem":926},"Tail Risk, Dependence, and Capital","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F05-risk-theory\u002F04-tail-capital","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F05-risk-theory\u002F04-tail-capital",{"title":928,"path":929,"stem":930,"children":931},"Surplus and Ruin Theory","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F06-ruin-theory","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F06-ruin-theory\u002Findex",[932,933],{"title":928,"path":929,"stem":930},{"title":934,"path":935,"stem":936},"Finite-Time Ruin Simulation","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F06-ruin-theory\u002F01-finite-time-simulation","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F06-ruin-theory\u002F01-finite-time-simulation",{"title":938,"path":939,"stem":940,"children":941},"Portfolio Risk Capstone","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F07-capstone","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F07-capstone\u002Findex",[942],{"title":938,"path":939,"stem":940},{"title":944,"path":945,"stem":946,"children":947,"page":249},"Time Series","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series","en\u002Ftime-series",[948,958,964,970,976,982,988,994,1016],{"title":949,"path":950,"stem":951,"children":952},"Classical Time Series — Course Guide","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F00-intro","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[953,954],{"title":949,"path":950,"stem":951},{"title":955,"path":956,"stem":957},"Preparation — Stationarity in 30 Minutes","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F00-intro\u002F01-stationary","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F00-intro\u002F01-stationary",{"title":959,"path":960,"stem":961,"children":962},"Module 1 — Processes, Dependence, and Stationarity","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F01-stochastic-process","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F01-stochastic-process\u002Findex",[963],{"title":959,"path":960,"stem":961},{"title":965,"path":966,"stem":967,"children":968},"Module 2 — ARMA, ARIMA, and Model Identification","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F02-arma","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F02-arma\u002Findex",[969],{"title":965,"path":966,"stem":967},{"title":971,"path":972,"stem":973,"children":974},"Module 3 — Linear Prediction and State-Space Recursions","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F03-prediction","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F03-prediction\u002Findex",[975],{"title":971,"path":972,"stem":973},{"title":977,"path":978,"stem":979,"children":980},"Module 4 — Estimation, Likelihood, and Inference","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F04-estimation","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F04-estimation\u002Findex",[981],{"title":977,"path":978,"stem":979},{"title":983,"path":984,"stem":985,"children":986},"Module 5 — Systems, Seasonality, and Cointegration","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F05-multi-ar","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F05-multi-ar\u002Findex",[987],{"title":983,"path":984,"stem":985},{"title":989,"path":990,"stem":991,"children":992},"Module 6 — Spectral Analysis, Cycles, and Filters","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F06-spectral-analysis","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F06-spectral-analysis\u002Findex",[993],{"title":989,"path":990,"stem":991},{"title":995,"path":996,"stem":997,"children":998},"R Matrix Laboratory","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F07-r-implementation","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F07-r-implementation\u002Findex",[999,1000,1004,1008,1012],{"title":995,"path":996,"stem":997},{"title":1001,"path":1002,"stem":1003},"R Matrix Lab 1 — Covariance Geometry","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F07-r-implementation\u002F01-covariance-matrices","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F07-r-implementation\u002F01-covariance-matrices",{"title":1005,"path":1006,"stem":1007},"R Matrix Lab 2 — AR Recursions and Yule–Walker Equations","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F07-r-implementation\u002F02-ar-recursions","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F07-r-implementation\u002F02-ar-recursions",{"title":1009,"path":1010,"stem":1011},"R Matrix Lab 3 — Prediction and Gaussian Likelihood","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F07-r-implementation\u002F03-prediction-likelihood","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F07-r-implementation\u002F03-prediction-likelihood",{"title":1013,"path":1014,"stem":1015},"R Matrix Lab 4 — State Space and Kalman Filtering","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F07-r-implementation\u002F04-state-space","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F07-r-implementation\u002F04-state-space",{"title":1017,"path":1018,"stem":1019,"children":1020},"Optional Python Appendix — Empirical Forecasting","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F08-python-implementation","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F08-python-implementation\u002Findex",[1021,1022,1026,1030,1034],{"title":1017,"path":1018,"stem":1019},{"title":1023,"path":1024,"stem":1025},"Optional Python Lab 1 — Explore Before Modeling","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F08-python-implementation\u002F01-exploration","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F08-python-implementation\u002F01-exploration",{"title":1027,"path":1028,"stem":1029},"Optional Python Lab 2 — Diagnose Stationarity","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F08-python-implementation\u002F02-stationarity","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F08-python-implementation\u002F02-stationarity",{"title":1031,"path":1032,"stem":1033},"Optional Python Lab 3 — Fit and Audit ARMA Errors","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F08-python-implementation\u002F03-arma-fitting","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F08-python-implementation\u002F03-arma-fitting",{"title":1035,"path":1036,"stem":1037},"Optional Python Lab 4 — Forecast, Backtest, and Monitor","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F08-python-implementation\u002F04-forecasting","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F08-python-implementation\u002F04-forecasting",{"title":1039,"path":1040,"stem":1041,"children":1042},"Zh","\u002Fzh","zh",[1043,1045,1063,1247,1323,1365,1421,1467,1543,1625,1633,1731],{"title":10,"path":1040,"stem":1044},"zh\u002Findex",{"title":1046,"path":1047,"stem":1048,"children":1049},"学术写作与文献综述","\u002Fzh\u002Facademic-writing","zh\u002Facademic-writing\u002Findex",[1050,1051,1055,1059],{"title":1046,"path":1047,"stem":1048},{"title":1052,"path":1053,"stem":1054},"4. 文献综述的构建与写作","\u002Fzh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review","zh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review",{"title":1056,"path":1057,"stem":1058},"8. 文献综述清单与模板","\u002Fzh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template","zh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template",{"title":1060,"path":1061,"stem":1062},"10. 从分块结构到问题链：文献综述示例","\u002Fzh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F10-从分块结构到问题链-文献综述示例","zh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F10-从分块结构到问题链-文献综述示例",{"title":59,"path":1064,"stem":1065,"children":1066,"page":249},"\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting","zh\u002Faccounting",[1067,1073,1087,1191],{"title":1068,"path":1069,"stem":1070,"children":1071},"会计学学习路线图","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002F00-index","zh\u002Faccounting\u002F00-index",[1072],{"title":1068,"path":1069,"stem":1070},{"title":1074,"path":1075,"stem":1076,"children":1077},"附录","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[1078,1079,1083],{"title":1074,"path":1075,"stem":1076},{"title":1080,"path":1081,"stem":1082},"综合示例与常见陷阱","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F24-examples-pitfalls","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F24-examples-pitfalls",{"title":1084,"path":1085,"stem":1086},"会计术语速查表","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F26-glossary","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F26-glossary",{"title":1088,"path":1089,"stem":1090,"children":1091},"金融会计","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002Findex",[1092,1093,1111,1125,1159,1173],{"title":1088,"path":1089,"stem":1090},{"title":1094,"path":1095,"stem":1096,"children":1097},"1. 基础","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002Findex",[1098,1099,1103,1107],{"title":1094,"path":1095,"stem":1096},{"title":1100,"path":1101,"stem":1102},"会计信息目标与质量特征","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F01-objectives-qualitative-characteristics","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F01-objectives-qualitative-characteristics",{"title":1104,"path":1105,"stem":1106},"会计等式与要素","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F02-equation-elements","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F02-equation-elements",{"title":1108,"path":1109,"stem":1110},"记账基础与原则","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F03-accounting-bases-principles","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F03-accounting-bases-principles",{"title":1112,"path":1113,"stem":1114,"children":1115},"2. 交易记录","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002Findex",[1116,1117,1121],{"title":1112,"path":1113,"stem":1114},{"title":1118,"path":1119,"stem":1120},"复式记账与借贷规则","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F04-double-entry-dr-cr","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F04-double-entry-dr-cr",{"title":1122,"path":1123,"stem":1124},"会计循环","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F05-accounting-cycle","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F05-accounting-cycle",{"title":1126,"path":1127,"stem":1128,"children":1129},"3. 计量与调整","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002Findex",[1130,1131,1135,1139,1143,1147,1151,1155],{"title":1126,"path":1127,"stem":1128},{"title":1132,"path":1133,"stem":1134},"收入确认","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F07-revenue-recognition","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F07-revenue-recognition",{"title":1136,"path":1137,"stem":1138},"存货","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F08-inventory","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F08-inventory",{"title":1140,"path":1141,"stem":1142},"应收账款","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F09-receivables","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F09-receivables",{"title":1144,"path":1145,"stem":1146},"固定资产","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F10-ppe","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F10-ppe",{"title":1148,"path":1149,"stem":1150},"无形资产","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F11-intangibles","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F11-intangibles",{"title":1152,"path":1153,"stem":1154},"租赁","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F12-leases","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F12-leases",{"title":1156,"path":1157,"stem":1158},"所得税","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F13-income-tax","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F13-income-tax",{"title":1160,"path":1161,"stem":1162,"children":1163},"4. 报表与现金","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002Findex",[1164,1165,1169],{"title":1160,"path":1161,"stem":1162},{"title":1166,"path":1167,"stem":1168},"财务报表","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F06-financial-statements","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F06-financial-statements",{"title":1170,"path":1171,"stem":1172},"现金控制","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F14-cash-control","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F14-cash-control",{"title":1174,"path":1175,"stem":1176,"children":1177},"5. 分析与比较","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002Findex",[1178,1179,1183,1187],{"title":1174,"path":1175,"stem":1176},{"title":1180,"path":1181,"stem":1182},"财务比率分析","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F15-ratio-analysis","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F15-ratio-analysis",{"title":1184,"path":1185,"stem":1186},"IFRS 与 US GAAP 对比","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F25-ifrs-gaap","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F25-ifrs-gaap",{"title":1188,"path":1189,"stem":1190},"2026 准则更新与报告案例","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F27-current-standards-2026","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F27-current-standards-2026",{"title":1192,"path":1193,"stem":1194,"children":1195},"管理会计","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002Findex",[1196,1197,1215,1233],{"title":1192,"path":1193,"stem":1194},{"title":1198,"path":1199,"stem":1200,"children":1201},"1. 成本基础","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002Findex",[1202,1203,1207,1211],{"title":1198,"path":1199,"stem":1200},{"title":1204,"path":1205,"stem":1206},"成本概念","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F16-cost-concepts","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F16-cost-concepts",{"title":1208,"path":1209,"stem":1210},"成本核算系统","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F17-costing-systems","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F17-costing-systems",{"title":1212,"path":1213,"stem":1214},"变动成本法 vs. 吸收成本法","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F19-variable-vs-absorption","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F19-variable-vs-absorption",{"title":1216,"path":1217,"stem":1218,"children":1219},"2. 计划与控制","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002Findex",[1220,1221,1225,1229],{"title":1216,"path":1217,"stem":1218},{"title":1222,"path":1223,"stem":1224},"本量利分析","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F18-cvp-analysis","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F18-cvp-analysis",{"title":1226,"path":1227,"stem":1228},"预算与差异分析","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F20-budgeting-variances","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F20-budgeting-variances",{"title":1230,"path":1231,"stem":1232},"绩效评价","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F21-performance-measurement","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F21-performance-measurement",{"title":1234,"path":1235,"stem":1236,"children":1237},"3. 决策与投资","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002Findex",[1238,1239,1243],{"title":1234,"path":1235,"stem":1236},{"title":1240,"path":1241,"stem":1242},"短期决策","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F22-short-term-decisions","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F22-short-term-decisions",{"title":1244,"path":1245,"stem":1246},"资本预算","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F23-capital-budgeting","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F23-capital-budgeting",{"title":1248,"path":1249,"stem":1250,"children":1251},"资产定价理论","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002Findex",[1252,1253,1259,1265,1271,1277,1283,1289,1295,1301,1307,1313,1319],{"title":1248,"path":1249,"stem":1250},{"title":1254,"path":1255,"stem":1256,"children":1257},"第一章：引言与基础","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F01-intro","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F01-intro\u002Findex",[1258],{"title":1254,"path":1255,"stem":1256},{"title":1260,"path":1261,"stem":1262,"children":1263},"第二章：效用理论与风险偏好","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F02-utility","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F02-utility\u002Findex",[1264],{"title":1260,"path":1261,"stem":1262},{"title":1266,"path":1267,"stem":1268,"children":1269},"第三章：均值-方差分析","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F03-mean-variance","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F03-mean-variance\u002Findex",[1270],{"title":1266,"path":1267,"stem":1268},{"title":1272,"path":1273,"stem":1274,"children":1275},"第四章：资本资产定价模型(CAPM)","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F04-capm","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F04-capm\u002Findex",[1276],{"title":1272,"path":1273,"stem":1274},{"title":1278,"path":1279,"stem":1280,"children":1281},"第五章：因子模型","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F05-factor-models","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F05-factor-models\u002Findex",[1282],{"title":1278,"path":1279,"stem":1280},{"title":1284,"path":1285,"stem":1286,"children":1287},"第六章：跨期资产定价","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F06-intertemporal","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F06-intertemporal\u002Findex",[1288],{"title":1284,"path":1285,"stem":1286},{"title":1290,"path":1291,"stem":1292,"children":1293},"第七章：期权定价理论","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F07-options","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F07-options\u002Findex",[1294],{"title":1290,"path":1291,"stem":1292},{"title":1296,"path":1297,"stem":1298,"children":1299},"第八章：固定收益证券","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F08-fixed-income","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F08-fixed-income\u002Findex",[1300],{"title":1296,"path":1297,"stem":1298},{"title":1302,"path":1303,"stem":1304,"children":1305},"第九章：市场有效性与异象","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F09-efficiency","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F09-efficiency\u002Findex",[1306],{"title":1302,"path":1303,"stem":1304},{"title":1308,"path":1309,"stem":1310,"children":1311},"第十章：数值方法与实证应用","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F10-empirical","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F10-empirical\u002Findex",[1312],{"title":1308,"path":1309,"stem":1310},{"title":1314,"path":1315,"stem":1316,"children":1317},"第十一章：资产定价浏览器交互实验","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F11-interactive-labs","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F11-interactive-labs\u002Findex",[1318],{"title":1314,"path":1315,"stem":1316},{"title":1320,"path":1321,"stem":1322},"第十二章：前沿文献与现代资产定价案例（2023—2026）","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F12-frontier-literature-2026","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F12-frontier-literature-2026",{"title":1324,"path":1325,"stem":1326,"children":1327},"计量经济学","\u002Fzh\u002Feconometrics","zh\u002Feconometrics\u002Findex",[1328,1329,1333,1337,1341,1345,1349,1353,1357,1361],{"title":1324,"path":1325,"stem":1326},{"title":1330,"path":1331,"stem":1332},"第一章：数据、概率与回归对象","\u002Fzh\u002Feconometrics\u002F01-data-and-regression","zh\u002Feconometrics\u002F01-data-and-regression",{"title":1334,"path":1335,"stem":1336},"第二章：OLS、矩阵与几何解释","\u002Fzh\u002Feconometrics\u002F02-ols-and-geometry","zh\u002Feconometrics\u002F02-ols-and-geometry",{"title":1338,"path":1339,"stem":1340},"第三章：统计推断与稳健标准误","\u002Fzh\u002Feconometrics\u002F03-inference-and-robustness","zh\u002Feconometrics\u002F03-inference-and-robustness",{"title":1342,"path":1343,"stem":1344},"第四章：内生性、工具变量与两阶段最小二乘","\u002Fzh\u002Feconometrics\u002F04-endogeneity-and-iv","zh\u002Feconometrics\u002F04-endogeneity-and-iv",{"title":1346,"path":1347,"stem":1348},"第五章：面板数据与时间序列","\u002Fzh\u002Feconometrics\u002F05-panel-and-time-series","zh\u002Feconometrics\u002F05-panel-and-time-series",{"title":1350,"path":1351,"stem":1352},"第六章：估计方法与因果设计的共同基础","\u002Fzh\u002Feconometrics\u002F06-estimation-and-causal-design","zh\u002Feconometrics\u002F06-estimation-and-causal-design",{"title":1354,"path":1355,"stem":1356},"第七章：可重复计量实证项目","\u002Fzh\u002Feconometrics\u002F07-reproducible-project","zh\u002Feconometrics\u002F07-reproducible-project",{"title":1358,"path":1359,"stem":1360},"第八章：计量经济学浏览器回归实验","\u002Fzh\u002Feconometrics\u002F08-interactive-regression-labs","zh\u002Feconometrics\u002F08-interactive-regression-labs",{"title":1362,"path":1363,"stem":1364},"第九章：前沿文献与现代计量案例（2023—2026）","\u002Fzh\u002Feconometrics\u002F09-frontier-literature-2026","zh\u002Feconometrics\u002F09-frontier-literature-2026",{"title":478,"path":1366,"stem":1367,"children":1368,"page":249},"\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics",[1369,1373,1377,1381,1385,1389,1393,1397,1401,1405,1409,1413,1417],{"title":1370,"path":1371,"stem":1372},"经济学导论 (微观与宏观)","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F00-intro","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F00-intro",{"title":1374,"path":1375,"stem":1376},"第1章：经济学基础原理","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F01-foundations","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F01-foundations",{"title":1378,"path":1379,"stem":1380},"第2章：需求与供给","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F02-demand-and-supply","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F02-demand-and-supply",{"title":1382,"path":1383,"stem":1384},"第3章：弹性","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F03-elasticity","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F03-elasticity",{"title":1386,"path":1387,"stem":1388},"第4章：市场结构","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F04-market-structures","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F04-market-structures",{"title":1390,"path":1391,"stem":1392},"第5章：GDP 与财富","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F05-gdp-and-wealth","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F05-gdp-and-wealth",{"title":1394,"path":1395,"stem":1396},"第6章：通货膨胀与失业","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F06-inflation-and-unemployment","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F06-inflation-and-unemployment",{"title":1398,"path":1399,"stem":1400},"第7章：经济增长","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F07-economic-growth","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F07-economic-growth",{"title":1402,"path":1403,"stem":1404},"第8章：货币与银行","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F08-money-and-banking","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F08-money-and-banking",{"title":1406,"path":1407,"stem":1408},"第9章：货币政策与 AD-AS 模型","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F09-monetary-policy-and-ad-as","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F09-monetary-policy-and-ad-as",{"title":1410,"path":1411,"stem":1412},"第10章：财政政策","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F10-fiscal-policy","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F10-fiscal-policy",{"title":1414,"path":1415,"stem":1416},"第11章：开放经济与汇率","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F11-open-economy-and-exchange-rates","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F11-open-economy-and-exchange-rates",{"title":1418,"path":1419,"stem":1420},"第12章：综合复习与案例分析","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F12-review-and-case-studies","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F12-review-and-case-studies",{"title":1422,"path":1423,"stem":1424,"children":1425},"宏观经济学","\u002Fzh\u002Fmacroeconomics","zh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002Findex",[1426,1427,1431,1435,1439,1443,1447,1451,1455,1459,1463],{"title":1422,"path":1423,"stem":1424},{"title":1428,"path":1429,"stem":1430},"第一章：国民账户与宏观指标","\u002Fzh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F01-national-accounts","zh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F01-national-accounts",{"title":1432,"path":1433,"stem":1434},"第二章：消费、投资与凯恩斯交叉","\u002Fzh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F02-consumption-investment","zh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F02-consumption-investment",{"title":1436,"path":1437,"stem":1438},"第三章：货币、银行与货币政策","\u002Fzh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F03-money-and-monetary-policy","zh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F03-money-and-monetary-policy",{"title":1440,"path":1441,"stem":1442},"第四章：AD–AS、通货膨胀与失业","\u002Fzh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F04-ad-as-inflation-unemployment","zh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F04-ad-as-inflation-unemployment",{"title":1444,"path":1445,"stem":1446},"第五章：财政政策、债务与稳定化","\u002Fzh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F05-fiscal-policy-and-debt","zh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F05-fiscal-policy-and-debt",{"title":1448,"path":1449,"stem":1450},"第六章：经济增长、生产率与发展","\u002Fzh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F06-growth-productivity","zh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F06-growth-productivity",{"title":1452,"path":1453,"stem":1454},"第七章：开放经济、汇率与国际收支","\u002Fzh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F07-open-economy","zh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F07-open-economy",{"title":1456,"path":1457,"stem":1458},"第八章：宏观研究项目与政策分析","\u002Fzh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F08-macro-research-project","zh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F08-macro-research-project",{"title":1460,"path":1461,"stem":1462},"第九章：宏观经济学浏览器交互实验","\u002Fzh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F09-interactive-policy-labs","zh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F09-interactive-policy-labs",{"title":1464,"path":1465,"stem":1466},"第十章：前沿文献与当代宏观案例（2023—2026）","\u002Fzh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F10-frontier-literature-2026","zh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F10-frontier-literature-2026",{"title":1468,"path":1469,"stem":1470,"children":1471},"微观计量经济学","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Findex",[1472,1473,1479,1485,1491,1497,1503,1509,1515,1521,1527,1533,1539],{"title":1468,"path":1469,"stem":1470},{"title":1474,"path":1475,"stem":1476,"children":1477},"第一章：微观计量与因果推断导论","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-intro","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-intro\u002Findex",[1478],{"title":1474,"path":1475,"stem":1476},{"title":1480,"path":1481,"stem":1482,"children":1483},"第二章：线性回归与 OLS","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-ols","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-ols\u002Findex",[1484],{"title":1480,"path":1481,"stem":1482},{"title":1486,"path":1487,"stem":1488,"children":1489},"第三章：工具变量法","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-iv","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-iv\u002Findex",[1490],{"title":1486,"path":1487,"stem":1488},{"title":1492,"path":1493,"stem":1494,"children":1495},"第四章：面板数据方法","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-panel","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-panel\u002Findex",[1496],{"title":1492,"path":1493,"stem":1494},{"title":1498,"path":1499,"stem":1500,"children":1501},"第五章：双重差分法","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-did","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-did\u002Findex",[1502],{"title":1498,"path":1499,"stem":1500},{"title":1504,"path":1505,"stem":1506,"children":1507},"第六章：断点回归设计","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-rdd","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-rdd\u002Findex",[1508],{"title":1504,"path":1505,"stem":1506},{"title":1510,"path":1511,"stem":1512,"children":1513},"第七章：匹配、倾向得分与加权","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F07-matching","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F07-matching\u002Findex",[1514],{"title":1510,"path":1511,"stem":1512},{"title":1516,"path":1517,"stem":1518,"children":1519},"第八章：离散选择模型","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F08-discrete-choice","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F08-discrete-choice\u002Findex",[1520],{"title":1516,"path":1517,"stem":1518},{"title":1522,"path":1523,"stem":1524,"children":1525},"第九章：计数数据与受限因变量","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F09-count-limited","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F09-count-limited\u002Findex",[1526],{"title":1522,"path":1523,"stem":1524},{"title":1528,"path":1529,"stem":1530,"children":1531},"第十章：合成控制法","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F10-synthetic-control","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F10-synthetic-control\u002Findex",[1532],{"title":1528,"path":1529,"stem":1530},{"title":1534,"path":1535,"stem":1536,"children":1537},"第十一章：机器学习与因果推断","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F11-ml-causal","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F11-ml-causal\u002Findex",[1538],{"title":1534,"path":1535,"stem":1536},{"title":1540,"path":1541,"stem":1542},"第十二章：前沿文献与现代微观案例（2024—2026）","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F12-frontier-literature-2026","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F12-frontier-literature-2026",{"title":716,"path":1544,"stem":1545,"children":1546,"page":249},"\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics",[1547,1553,1559,1565,1571,1577,1583,1589,1595,1601,1607,1613,1619],{"title":1548,"path":1549,"stem":1550,"children":1551},"微观经济学 III","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F00-intro","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[1552],{"title":1548,"path":1549,"stem":1550},{"title":1554,"path":1555,"stem":1556,"children":1557},"消费者理论与分析基础","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F01-fundations","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F01-fundations\u002Findex",[1558],{"title":1554,"path":1555,"stem":1556},{"title":1560,"path":1561,"stem":1562,"children":1563},"比较静态分析与福利测度","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F02-comparative-statics","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F02-comparative-statics\u002Findex",[1564],{"title":1560,"path":1561,"stem":1562},{"title":1566,"path":1567,"stem":1568,"children":1569},"不确定性下的决策","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F03-uncertainty","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F03-uncertainty\u002Findex",[1570],{"title":1566,"path":1567,"stem":1568},{"title":1572,"path":1573,"stem":1574,"children":1575},"一般均衡与福利经济学","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F04-general-equilibrium","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F04-general-equilibrium\u002Findex",[1576],{"title":1572,"path":1573,"stem":1574},{"title":1578,"path":1579,"stem":1580,"children":1581},"博弈论：静态与动态博弈","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F05-game-theory","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F05-game-theory\u002Findex",[1582],{"title":1578,"path":1579,"stem":1580},{"title":1584,"path":1585,"stem":1586,"children":1587},"寡头垄断与策略性市场行为","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F06-oligopoly","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F06-oligopoly\u002Findex",[1588],{"title":1584,"path":1585,"stem":1586},{"title":1590,"path":1591,"stem":1592,"children":1593},"信息经济学：逆向选择与道德风险","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F07-information-economics","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F07-information-economics\u002Findex",[1594],{"title":1590,"path":1591,"stem":1592},{"title":1596,"path":1597,"stem":1598,"children":1599},"机制设计与拍卖理论","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F08-mechanism-design","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F08-mechanism-design\u002Findex",[1600],{"title":1596,"path":1597,"stem":1598},{"title":1602,"path":1603,"stem":1604,"children":1605},"行为与实验微观经济学","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F09-behavioural-economics","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F09-behavioural-economics\u002Findex",[1606],{"title":1602,"path":1603,"stem":1604},{"title":1608,"path":1609,"stem":1610,"children":1611},"外部性、公共物品与机制","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F10-externalities-public-goods","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F10-externalities-public-goods\u002Findex",[1612],{"title":1608,"path":1609,"stem":1610},{"title":1614,"path":1615,"stem":1616,"children":1617},"市场设计与匹配理论","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F11-market-design","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F11-market-design\u002Findex",[1618],{"title":1614,"path":1615,"stem":1616},{"title":1620,"path":1621,"stem":1622,"children":1623},"第十二章：微观经济学：回顾与前沿应用","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F12-review","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F12-review\u002Findex",[1624],{"title":1620,"path":1621,"stem":1622},{"title":799,"path":1626,"stem":1627,"children":1628,"page":249},"\u002Fzh\u002Fplayground","zh\u002Fplayground",[1629],{"title":1630,"path":1631,"stem":1632},"Chart.js 可视化","\u002Fzh\u002Fplayground\u002F05-chartjs","zh\u002Fplayground\u002F05-chartjs",{"title":1634,"path":1635,"stem":1636,"children":1637},"概率论与数理统计","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002Findex",[1638,1639,1645,1680,1727],{"title":1634,"path":1635,"stem":1636},{"title":1640,"path":1641,"stem":1642,"children":1643},"第零章：概率统计的对象与学习方法","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F00-intro","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[1644],{"title":1640,"path":1641,"stem":1642},{"title":1646,"path":1647,"stem":1648,"children":1649,"page":249},"01 Probability","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F01-probability","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F01-probability",[1650,1656,1662,1668,1674],{"title":1651,"path":1652,"stem":1653,"children":1654},"第一章：概率论基础","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F01-probability\u002F01-prob-theory","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F01-probability\u002F01-prob-theory\u002Findex",[1655],{"title":1651,"path":1652,"stem":1653},{"title":1657,"path":1658,"stem":1659,"children":1660},"第二章：随机变量与分布","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F01-probability\u002F02-random-variables","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F01-probability\u002F02-random-variables\u002Findex",[1661],{"title":1657,"path":1658,"stem":1659},{"title":1663,"path":1664,"stem":1665,"children":1666},"第三章：期望、方差与条件矩","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F01-probability\u002F03-moment","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F01-probability\u002F03-moment\u002Findex",[1667],{"title":1663,"path":1664,"stem":1665},{"title":1669,"path":1670,"stem":1671,"children":1672},"第四章：常见分布族与建模机制","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F01-probability\u002F04-families","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F01-probability\u002F04-families\u002Findex",[1673],{"title":1669,"path":1670,"stem":1671},{"title":1675,"path":1676,"stem":1677,"children":1678},"第五章：收敛与渐近理论","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F01-probability\u002F05-asymptotics","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F01-probability\u002F05-asymptotics\u002Findex",[1679],{"title":1675,"path":1676,"stem":1677},{"title":1681,"path":1682,"stem":1683,"children":1684,"page":249},"02 Statistics","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics",[1685,1691,1697,1703,1709,1715,1721],{"title":1686,"path":1687,"stem":1688,"children":1689},"第六章：抽样分布","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F01-sampling","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F01-sampling\u002Findex",[1690],{"title":1686,"path":1687,"stem":1688},{"title":1692,"path":1693,"stem":1694,"children":1695},"第七章：区间估计","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F02-interval-estimation","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F02-interval-estimation\u002Findex",[1696],{"title":1692,"path":1693,"stem":1694},{"title":1698,"path":1699,"stem":1700,"children":1701},"第八章：点估计理论","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F03-point-estimation","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F03-point-estimation\u002Findex",[1702],{"title":1698,"path":1699,"stem":1700},{"title":1704,"path":1705,"stem":1706,"children":1707},"第九章：点估计方法","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F04-pe-method","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F04-pe-method\u002Findex",[1708],{"title":1704,"path":1705,"stem":1706},{"title":1710,"path":1711,"stem":1712,"children":1713},"第十章：假设检验原理","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F05-hypothesis","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F05-hypothesis\u002Findex",[1714],{"title":1710,"path":1711,"stem":1712},{"title":1716,"path":1717,"stem":1718,"children":1719},"第十一章：常用检验方法与选择","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F06-hypothesis-method","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F06-hypothesis-method\u002Findex",[1720],{"title":1716,"path":1717,"stem":1718},{"title":1722,"path":1723,"stem":1724,"children":1725},"第十二章：Bootstrap 与重抽样","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F07-bootstrap","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F07-bootstrap\u002Findex",[1726],{"title":1722,"path":1723,"stem":1724},{"title":1728,"path":1729,"stem":1730},"第十三章：前沿文献与现代统计案例（2023—2026）","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F03-frontier-literature-2026","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F03-frontier-literature-2026",{"title":1732,"path":1733,"stem":1734,"children":1735,"page":249},"Quant","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant","zh\u002Fquant",[1736,1742,1746,1750,1754,1758,1762,1766,1770,1774,1778],{"title":1737,"path":1738,"stem":1739,"children":1740},"量化投资——从可检验信号到可执行组合","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F00-index","zh\u002Fquant\u002F00-index",[1741],{"title":1737,"path":1738,"stem":1739},{"title":1743,"path":1744,"stem":1745},"数据获取与预处理","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F01-research-data","zh\u002Fquant\u002F01-research-data",{"title":1747,"path":1748,"stem":1749},"因子与交易信号","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F02-factor-and-signals","zh\u002Fquant\u002F02-factor-and-signals",{"title":1751,"path":1752,"stem":1753},"策略建模与回测","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F03-modeling-and-backtest","zh\u002Fquant\u002F03-modeling-and-backtest",{"title":1755,"path":1756,"stem":1757},"组合构建与风险建模（资产定价视角）","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F04-portfolio-and-risk","zh\u002Fquant\u002F04-portfolio-and-risk",{"title":1759,"path":1760,"stem":1761},"执行策略与市场微结构概览","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F05-execution-and-microstructure","zh\u002Fquant\u002F05-execution-and-microstructure",{"title":1763,"path":1764,"stem":1765},"策略上线、监控与迭代","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F06-production-and-monitoring","zh\u002Fquant\u002F06-production-and-monitoring",{"title":1767,"path":1768,"stem":1769},"量化工程与工具链概览","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F07-engineering-stack","zh\u002Fquant\u002F07-engineering-stack",{"title":1771,"path":1772,"stem":1773},"计量方法与实证检验","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F08-econometric-methods","zh\u002Fquant\u002F08-econometric-methods",{"title":1775,"path":1776,"stem":1777},"案例研究：多因子股票 Alpha 策略全流程","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F09-case-study","zh\u002Fquant\u002F09-case-study",{"title":1779,"path":1780,"stem":1781},"量化投资文献与软件图谱","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F10-reading-software-map","zh\u002Fquant\u002F10-reading-software-map",null,{"id":1784,"title":596,"body":1785,"description":3690,"extension":3691,"features":1782,"hero":1782,"layout":1782,"locale":1782,"meta":3692,"navigation":1782,"path":597,"published":3693,"seo":3694,"stem":598,"__hash__":3695},"docs\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F09-panel-fixed-effects.md",{"type":1786,"value":1787,"toc":3681},"minimark",[1788,1792,1797,1879,2290,2473,2535,2539,2542,3107,3180,3183,3189,3192,3196,3264,3272,3276,3279,3622,3625,3629,3632,3652,3663,3667,3670,3675],[1789,1790,596],"h1",{"id":1791},"panel-fixed-effects",[1793,1794,1796],"h2",{"id":1795},"panel-data-change-the-comparison","Panel data change the comparison",[1798,1799,1800,1801,1847,1848,1878],"p",{},"For unit ",[1802,1803,1806,1828],"span",{"className":1804},[1805],"katex",[1802,1807,1810],{"className":1808},[1809],"katex-mathml",[1811,1812,1814],"math",{"xmlns":1813},"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML",[1815,1816,1817,1824],"semantics",{},[1818,1819,1820],"mrow",{},[1821,1822,1823],"mi",{},"i",[1825,1826,1823],"annotation",{"encoding":1827},"application\u002Fx-tex",[1802,1829,1833],{"className":1830,"ariaHidden":1832},[1831],"katex-html","true",[1802,1834,1837,1842],{"className":1835},[1836],"base",[1802,1838],{"className":1839,"style":1841},[1840],"strut","height:0.6595em;",[1802,1843,1823],{"className":1844},[1845,1846],"mord","mathnormal"," and time ",[1802,1849,1851,1865],{"className":1850},[1805],[1802,1852,1854],{"className":1853},[1809],[1811,1855,1856],{"xmlns":1813},[1815,1857,1858,1863],{},[1818,1859,1860],{},[1821,1861,1862],{},"t",[1825,1864,1862],{"encoding":1827},[1802,1866,1868],{"className":1867,"ariaHidden":1832},[1831],[1802,1869,1871,1875],{"className":1870},[1836],[1802,1872],{"className":1873,"style":1874},[1840],"height:0.6151em;",[1802,1876,1862],{"className":1877},[1845,1846],",",[1802,1880,1883],{"className":1881},[1882],"katex-display",[1802,1884,1886,1965],{"className":1885},[1805],[1802,1887,1889],{"className":1888},[1809],[1811,1890,1892],{"xmlns":1813,"display":1891},"block",[1815,1893,1894,1962],{},[1818,1895,1896,1908,1912,1915,1926,1929,1936,1938,1945,1947,1958],{},[1897,1898,1899,1902],"msub",{},[1821,1900,1901],{},"Y",[1818,1903,1904,1906],{},[1821,1905,1823],{},[1821,1907,1862],{},[1909,1910,1911],"mo",{},"=",[1821,1913,1914],{},"τ",[1897,1916,1917,1920],{},[1821,1918,1919],{},"D",[1818,1921,1922,1924],{},[1821,1923,1823],{},[1821,1925,1862],{},[1909,1927,1928],{},"+",[1897,1930,1931,1934],{},[1821,1932,1933],{},"α",[1821,1935,1823],{},[1909,1937,1928],{},[1897,1939,1940,1943],{},[1821,1941,1942],{},"λ",[1821,1944,1862],{},[1909,1946,1928],{},[1897,1948,1949,1952],{},[1821,1950,1951],{},"ε",[1818,1953,1954,1956],{},[1821,1955,1823],{},[1821,1957,1862],{},[1821,1959,1961],{"mathvariant":1960},"normal",".",[1825,1963,1964],{"encoding":1827},"Y_{it}=\\tau D_{it}+\\alpha_i+\\lambda_t+\\varepsilon_{it}.",[1802,1966,1968,2050,2118,2176,2234],{"className":1967,"ariaHidden":1832},[1831],[1802,1969,1971,1975,2038,2043,2047],{"className":1970},[1836],[1802,1972],{"className":1973,"style":1974},[1840],"height:0.8333em;vertical-align:-0.15em;",[1802,1976,1978,1982],{"className":1977},[1845],[1802,1979,1901],{"className":1980,"style":1981},[1845,1846],"margin-right:0.2222em;",[1802,1983,1986],{"className":1984},[1985],"msupsub",[1802,1987,1991,2029],{"className":1988},[1989,1990],"vlist-t","vlist-t2",[1802,1992,1995,2024],{"className":1993},[1994],"vlist-r",[1802,1996,2000],{"className":1997,"style":1999},[1998],"vlist","height:0.3117em;",[1802,2001,2003,2008],{"style":2002},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.2222em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1802,2004],{"className":2005,"style":2007},[2006],"pstrut","height:2.7em;",[1802,2009,2015],{"className":2010},[2011,2012,2013,2014],"sizing","reset-size6","size3","mtight",[1802,2016,2018,2021],{"className":2017},[1845,2014],[1802,2019,1823],{"className":2020},[1845,1846,2014],[1802,2022,1862],{"className":2023},[1845,1846,2014],[1802,2025,2028],{"className":2026},[2027],"vlist-s","​",[1802,2030,2032],{"className":2031},[1994],[1802,2033,2036],{"className":2034,"style":2035},[1998],"height:0.15em;",[1802,2037],{},[1802,2039],{"className":2040,"style":2042},[2041],"mspace","margin-right:0.2778em;",[1802,2044,1911],{"className":2045},[2046],"mrel",[1802,2048],{"className":2049,"style":2042},[2041],[1802,2051,2053,2056,2060,2108,2111,2115],{"className":2052},[1836],[1802,2054],{"className":2055,"style":1974},[1840],[1802,2057,1914],{"className":2058,"style":2059},[1845,1846],"margin-right:0.1132em;",[1802,2061,2063,2067],{"className":2062},[1845],[1802,2064,1919],{"className":2065,"style":2066},[1845,1846],"margin-right:0.0278em;",[1802,2068,2070],{"className":2069},[1985],[1802,2071,2073,2100],{"className":2072},[1989,1990],[1802,2074,2076,2097],{"className":2075},[1994],[1802,2077,2079],{"className":2078,"style":1999},[1998],[1802,2080,2082,2085],{"style":2081},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0278em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1802,2083],{"className":2084,"style":2007},[2006],[1802,2086,2088],{"className":2087},[2011,2012,2013,2014],[1802,2089,2091,2094],{"className":2090},[1845,2014],[1802,2092,1823],{"className":2093},[1845,1846,2014],[1802,2095,1862],{"className":2096},[1845,1846,2014],[1802,2098,2028],{"className":2099},[2027],[1802,2101,2103],{"className":2102},[1994],[1802,2104,2106],{"className":2105,"style":2035},[1998],[1802,2107],{},[1802,2109],{"className":2110,"style":1981},[2041],[1802,2112,1928],{"className":2113},[2114],"mbin",[1802,2116],{"className":2117,"style":1981},[2041],[1802,2119,2121,2125,2167,2170,2173],{"className":2120},[1836],[1802,2122],{"className":2123,"style":2124},[1840],"height:0.7333em;vertical-align:-0.15em;",[1802,2126,2128,2132],{"className":2127},[1845],[1802,2129,1933],{"className":2130,"style":2131},[1845,1846],"margin-right:0.0037em;",[1802,2133,2135],{"className":2134},[1985],[1802,2136,2138,2159],{"className":2137},[1989,1990],[1802,2139,2141,2156],{"className":2140},[1994],[1802,2142,2144],{"className":2143,"style":1999},[1998],[1802,2145,2147,2150],{"style":2146},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0037em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1802,2148],{"className":2149,"style":2007},[2006],[1802,2151,2153],{"className":2152},[2011,2012,2013,2014],[1802,2154,1823],{"className":2155},[1845,1846,2014],[1802,2157,2028],{"className":2158},[2027],[1802,2160,2162],{"className":2161},[1994],[1802,2163,2165],{"className":2164,"style":2035},[1998],[1802,2166],{},[1802,2168],{"className":2169,"style":1981},[2041],[1802,2171,1928],{"className":2172},[2114],[1802,2174],{"className":2175,"style":1981},[2041],[1802,2177,2179,2183,2225,2228,2231],{"className":2178},[1836],[1802,2180],{"className":2181,"style":2182},[1840],"height:0.8444em;vertical-align:-0.15em;",[1802,2184,2186,2189],{"className":2185},[1845],[1802,2187,1942],{"className":2188},[1845,1846],[1802,2190,2192],{"className":2191},[1985],[1802,2193,2195,2217],{"className":2194},[1989,1990],[1802,2196,2198,2214],{"className":2197},[1994],[1802,2199,2202],{"className":2200,"style":2201},[1998],"height:0.2806em;",[1802,2203,2205,2208],{"style":2204},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1802,2206],{"className":2207,"style":2007},[2006],[1802,2209,2211],{"className":2210},[2011,2012,2013,2014],[1802,2212,1862],{"className":2213},[1845,1846,2014],[1802,2215,2028],{"className":2216},[2027],[1802,2218,2220],{"className":2219},[1994],[1802,2221,2223],{"className":2222,"style":2035},[1998],[1802,2224],{},[1802,2226],{"className":2227,"style":1981},[2041],[1802,2229,1928],{"className":2230},[2114],[1802,2232],{"className":2233,"style":1981},[2041],[1802,2235,2237,2241,2287],{"className":2236},[1836],[1802,2238],{"className":2239,"style":2240},[1840],"height:0.5806em;vertical-align:-0.15em;",[1802,2242,2244,2247],{"className":2243},[1845],[1802,2245,1951],{"className":2246},[1845,1846],[1802,2248,2250],{"className":2249},[1985],[1802,2251,2253,2279],{"className":2252},[1989,1990],[1802,2254,2256,2276],{"className":2255},[1994],[1802,2257,2259],{"className":2258,"style":1999},[1998],[1802,2260,2261,2264],{"style":2204},[1802,2262],{"className":2263,"style":2007},[2006],[1802,2265,2267],{"className":2266},[2011,2012,2013,2014],[1802,2268,2270,2273],{"className":2269},[1845,2014],[1802,2271,1823],{"className":2272},[1845,1846,2014],[1802,2274,1862],{"className":2275},[1845,1846,2014],[1802,2277,2028],{"className":2278},[2027],[1802,2280,2282],{"className":2281},[1994],[1802,2283,2285],{"className":2284,"style":2035},[1998],[1802,2286],{},[1802,2288,1961],{"className":2289},[1845],[2291,2292,2293,2367,2440],"ul",{},[2294,2295,2296,2366],"li",{},[1802,2297,2299,2317],{"className":2298},[1805],[1802,2300,2302],{"className":2301},[1809],[1811,2303,2304],{"xmlns":1813},[1815,2305,2306,2314],{},[1818,2307,2308],{},[1897,2309,2310,2312],{},[1821,2311,1933],{},[1821,2313,1823],{},[1825,2315,2316],{"encoding":1827},"\\alpha_i",[1802,2318,2320],{"className":2319,"ariaHidden":1832},[1831],[1802,2321,2323,2326],{"className":2322},[1836],[1802,2324],{"className":2325,"style":2240},[1840],[1802,2327,2329,2332],{"className":2328},[1845],[1802,2330,1933],{"className":2331,"style":2131},[1845,1846],[1802,2333,2335],{"className":2334},[1985],[1802,2336,2338,2358],{"className":2337},[1989,1990],[1802,2339,2341,2355],{"className":2340},[1994],[1802,2342,2344],{"className":2343,"style":1999},[1998],[1802,2345,2346,2349],{"style":2146},[1802,2347],{"className":2348,"style":2007},[2006],[1802,2350,2352],{"className":2351},[2011,2012,2013,2014],[1802,2353,1823],{"className":2354},[1845,1846,2014],[1802,2356,2028],{"className":2357},[2027],[1802,2359,2361],{"className":2360},[1994],[1802,2362,2364],{"className":2363,"style":2035},[1998],[1802,2365],{}," absorbs time-invariant unit differences;",[2294,2368,2369,2439],{},[1802,2370,2372,2390],{"className":2371},[1805],[1802,2373,2375],{"className":2374},[1809],[1811,2376,2377],{"xmlns":1813},[1815,2378,2379,2387],{},[1818,2380,2381],{},[1897,2382,2383,2385],{},[1821,2384,1942],{},[1821,2386,1862],{},[1825,2388,2389],{"encoding":1827},"\\lambda_t",[1802,2391,2393],{"className":2392,"ariaHidden":1832},[1831],[1802,2394,2396,2399],{"className":2395},[1836],[1802,2397],{"className":2398,"style":2182},[1840],[1802,2400,2402,2405],{"className":2401},[1845],[1802,2403,1942],{"className":2404},[1845,1846],[1802,2406,2408],{"className":2407},[1985],[1802,2409,2411,2431],{"className":2410},[1989,1990],[1802,2412,2414,2428],{"className":2413},[1994],[1802,2415,2417],{"className":2416,"style":2201},[1998],[1802,2418,2419,2422],{"style":2204},[1802,2420],{"className":2421,"style":2007},[2006],[1802,2423,2425],{"className":2424},[2011,2012,2013,2014],[1802,2426,1862],{"className":2427},[1845,1846,2014],[1802,2429,2028],{"className":2430},[2027],[1802,2432,2434],{"className":2433},[1994],[1802,2435,2437],{"className":2436,"style":2035},[1998],[1802,2438],{}," absorbs shocks common to all units in a period;",[2294,2441,2442,2472],{},[1802,2443,2445,2459],{"className":2444},[1805],[1802,2446,2448],{"className":2447},[1809],[1811,2449,2450],{"xmlns":1813},[1815,2451,2452,2456],{},[1818,2453,2454],{},[1821,2455,1914],{},[1825,2457,2458],{"encoding":1827},"\\tau",[1802,2460,2462],{"className":2461,"ariaHidden":1832},[1831],[1802,2463,2465,2469],{"className":2464},[1836],[1802,2466],{"className":2467,"style":2468},[1840],"height:0.4306em;",[1802,2470,1914],{"className":2471,"style":2059},[1845,1846]," is estimated from within-unit treatment changes after common time changes are removed.",[1798,2474,2475,2476,2505,2506,2534],{},"Units that never change ",[1802,2477,2479,2492],{"className":2478},[1805],[1802,2480,2482],{"className":2481},[1809],[1811,2483,2484],{"xmlns":1813},[1815,2485,2486,2490],{},[1818,2487,2488],{},[1821,2489,1919],{},[1825,2491,1919],{"encoding":1827},[1802,2493,2495],{"className":2494,"ariaHidden":1832},[1831],[1802,2496,2498,2502],{"className":2497},[1836],[1802,2499],{"className":2500,"style":2501},[1840],"height:0.6833em;",[1802,2503,1919],{"className":2504,"style":2066},[1845,1846]," do not directly identify ",[1802,2507,2509,2522],{"className":2508},[1805],[1802,2510,2512],{"className":2511},[1809],[1811,2513,2514],{"xmlns":1813},[1815,2515,2516,2520],{},[1818,2517,2518],{},[1821,2519,1914],{},[1825,2521,2458],{"encoding":1827},[1802,2523,2525],{"className":2524,"ariaHidden":1832},[1831],[1802,2526,2528,2531],{"className":2527},[1836],[1802,2529],{"className":2530,"style":2468},[1840],[1802,2532,1914],{"className":2533,"style":2059},[1845,1846],", although they can help estimate other components.",[1793,2536,2538],{"id":2537},"the-within-transformation","The within transformation",[1798,2540,2541],{},"With unit fixed effects only, subtract each unit’s time mean:",[1802,2543,2545],{"className":2544},[1882],[1802,2546,2548,2648],{"className":2547},[1805],[1802,2549,2551],{"className":2550},[1809],[1811,2552,2553],{"xmlns":1813,"display":1891},[1815,2554,2555,2645],{},[1818,2556,2557,2567,2570,2582,2584,2586,2590,2600,2602,2612,2615,2617,2619,2629,2631,2641,2643],{},[1897,2558,2559,2561],{},[1821,2560,1901],{},[1818,2562,2563,2565],{},[1821,2564,1823],{},[1821,2566,1862],{},[1909,2568,2569],{},"−",[1897,2571,2572,2580],{},[2573,2574,2575,2577],"mover",{"accent":1832},[1821,2576,1901],{},[1909,2578,2579],{},"ˉ",[1821,2581,1823],{},[1909,2583,1911],{},[1821,2585,1914],{},[1909,2587,2589],{"stretchy":2588},"false","(",[1897,2591,2592,2594],{},[1821,2593,1919],{},[1818,2595,2596,2598],{},[1821,2597,1823],{},[1821,2599,1862],{},[1909,2601,2569],{},[1897,2603,2604,2610],{},[2573,2605,2606,2608],{"accent":1832},[1821,2607,1919],{},[1909,2609,2579],{},[1821,2611,1823],{},[1909,2613,2614],{"stretchy":2588},")",[1909,2616,1928],{},[1909,2618,2589],{"stretchy":2588},[1897,2620,2621,2623],{},[1821,2622,1951],{},[1818,2624,2625,2627],{},[1821,2626,1823],{},[1821,2628,1862],{},[1909,2630,2569],{},[1897,2632,2633,2639],{},[2573,2634,2635,2637],{"accent":1832},[1821,2636,1951],{},[1909,2638,2579],{},[1821,2640,1823],{},[1909,2642,2614],{"stretchy":2588},[1821,2644,1961],{"mathvariant":1960},[1825,2646,2647],{"encoding":1827},"Y_{it}-\\bar Y_i=\\tau(D_{it}-\\bar D_i)+(\\varepsilon_{it}-\\bar\\varepsilon_i).",[1802,2649,2651,2712,2803,2872,2961,3025],{"className":2650,"ariaHidden":1832},[1831],[1802,2652,2654,2657,2703,2706,2709],{"className":2653},[1836],[1802,2655],{"className":2656,"style":1974},[1840],[1802,2658,2660,2663],{"className":2659},[1845],[1802,2661,1901],{"className":2662,"style":1981},[1845,1846],[1802,2664,2666],{"className":2665},[1985],[1802,2667,2669,2695],{"className":2668},[1989,1990],[1802,2670,2672,2692],{"className":2671},[1994],[1802,2673,2675],{"className":2674,"style":1999},[1998],[1802,2676,2677,2680],{"style":2002},[1802,2678],{"className":2679,"style":2007},[2006],[1802,2681,2683],{"className":2682},[2011,2012,2013,2014],[1802,2684,2686,2689],{"className":2685},[1845,2014],[1802,2687,1823],{"className":2688},[1845,1846,2014],[1802,2690,1862],{"className":2691},[1845,1846,2014],[1802,2693,2028],{"className":2694},[2027],[1802,2696,2698],{"className":2697},[1994],[1802,2699,2701],{"className":2700,"style":2035},[1998],[1802,2702],{},[1802,2704],{"className":2705,"style":1981},[2041],[1802,2707,2569],{"className":2708},[2114],[1802,2710],{"className":2711,"style":1981},[2041],[1802,2713,2715,2719,2794,2797,2800],{"className":2714},[1836],[1802,2716],{"className":2717,"style":2718},[1840],"height:0.9701em;vertical-align:-0.15em;",[1802,2720,2722,2760],{"className":2721},[1845],[1802,2723,2726],{"className":2724},[1845,2725],"accent",[1802,2727,2729],{"className":2728},[1989],[1802,2730,2732],{"className":2731},[1994],[1802,2733,2736,2746],{"className":2734,"style":2735},[1998],"height:0.8201em;",[1802,2737,2739,2743],{"style":2738},"top:-3em;",[1802,2740],{"className":2741,"style":2742},[2006],"height:3em;",[1802,2744,1901],{"className":2745,"style":1981},[1845,1846],[1802,2747,2749,2752],{"style":2748},"top:-3.2523em;",[1802,2750],{"className":2751,"style":2742},[2006],[1802,2753,2757],{"className":2754,"style":2756},[2755],"accent-body","left:-0.25em;",[1802,2758,2579],{"className":2759},[1845],[1802,2761,2763],{"className":2762},[1985],[1802,2764,2766,2786],{"className":2765},[1989,1990],[1802,2767,2769,2783],{"className":2768},[1994],[1802,2770,2772],{"className":2771,"style":1999},[1998],[1802,2773,2774,2777],{"style":2002},[1802,2775],{"className":2776,"style":2007},[2006],[1802,2778,2780],{"className":2779},[2011,2012,2013,2014],[1802,2781,1823],{"className":2782},[1845,1846,2014],[1802,2784,2028],{"className":2785},[2027],[1802,2787,2789],{"className":2788},[1994],[1802,2790,2792],{"className":2791,"style":2035},[1998],[1802,2793],{},[1802,2795],{"className":2796,"style":2042},[2041],[1802,2798,1911],{"className":2799},[2046],[1802,2801],{"className":2802,"style":2042},[2041],[1802,2804,2806,2810,2813,2817,2863,2866,2869],{"className":2805},[1836],[1802,2807],{"className":2808,"style":2809},[1840],"height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;",[1802,2811,1914],{"className":2812,"style":2059},[1845,1846],[1802,2814,2589],{"className":2815},[2816],"mopen",[1802,2818,2820,2823],{"className":2819},[1845],[1802,2821,1919],{"className":2822,"style":2066},[1845,1846],[1802,2824,2826],{"className":2825},[1985],[1802,2827,2829,2855],{"className":2828},[1989,1990],[1802,2830,2832,2852],{"className":2831},[1994],[1802,2833,2835],{"className":2834,"style":1999},[1998],[1802,2836,2837,2840],{"style":2081},[1802,2838],{"className":2839,"style":2007},[2006],[1802,2841,2843],{"className":2842},[2011,2012,2013,2014],[1802,2844,2846,2849],{"className":2845},[1845,2014],[1802,2847,1823],{"className":2848},[1845,1846,2014],[1802,2850,1862],{"className":2851},[1845,1846,2014],[1802,2853,2028],{"className":2854},[2027],[1802,2856,2858],{"className":2857},[1994],[1802,2859,2861],{"className":2860,"style":2035},[1998],[1802,2862],{},[1802,2864],{"className":2865,"style":1981},[2041],[1802,2867,2569],{"className":2868},[2114],[1802,2870],{"className":2871,"style":1981},[2041],[1802,2873,2875,2879,2948,2952,2955,2958],{"className":2874},[1836],[1802,2876],{"className":2877,"style":2878},[1840],"height:1.0701em;vertical-align:-0.25em;",[1802,2880,2882,2914],{"className":2881},[1845],[1802,2883,2885],{"className":2884},[1845,2725],[1802,2886,2888],{"className":2887},[1989],[1802,2889,2891],{"className":2890},[1994],[1802,2892,2894,2902],{"className":2893,"style":2735},[1998],[1802,2895,2896,2899],{"style":2738},[1802,2897],{"className":2898,"style":2742},[2006],[1802,2900,1919],{"className":2901,"style":2066},[1845,1846],[1802,2903,2904,2907],{"style":2748},[1802,2905],{"className":2906,"style":2742},[2006],[1802,2908,2911],{"className":2909,"style":2910},[2755],"left:-0.1944em;",[1802,2912,2579],{"className":2913},[1845],[1802,2915,2917],{"className":2916},[1985],[1802,2918,2920,2940],{"className":2919},[1989,1990],[1802,2921,2923,2937],{"className":2922},[1994],[1802,2924,2926],{"className":2925,"style":1999},[1998],[1802,2927,2928,2931],{"style":2081},[1802,2929],{"className":2930,"style":2007},[2006],[1802,2932,2934],{"className":2933},[2011,2012,2013,2014],[1802,2935,1823],{"className":2936},[1845,1846,2014],[1802,2938,2028],{"className":2939},[2027],[1802,2941,2943],{"className":2942},[1994],[1802,2944,2946],{"className":2945,"style":2035},[1998],[1802,2947],{},[1802,2949,2614],{"className":2950},[2951],"mclose",[1802,2953],{"className":2954,"style":1981},[2041],[1802,2956,1928],{"className":2957},[2114],[1802,2959],{"className":2960,"style":1981},[2041],[1802,2962,2964,2967,2970,3016,3019,3022],{"className":2963},[1836],[1802,2965],{"className":2966,"style":2809},[1840],[1802,2968,2589],{"className":2969},[2816],[1802,2971,2973,2976],{"className":2972},[1845],[1802,2974,1951],{"className":2975},[1845,1846],[1802,2977,2979],{"className":2978},[1985],[1802,2980,2982,3008],{"className":2981},[1989,1990],[1802,2983,2985,3005],{"className":2984},[1994],[1802,2986,2988],{"className":2987,"style":1999},[1998],[1802,2989,2990,2993],{"style":2204},[1802,2991],{"className":2992,"style":2007},[2006],[1802,2994,2996],{"className":2995},[2011,2012,2013,2014],[1802,2997,2999,3002],{"className":2998},[1845,2014],[1802,3000,1823],{"className":3001},[1845,1846,2014],[1802,3003,1862],{"className":3004},[1845,1846,2014],[1802,3006,2028],{"className":3007},[2027],[1802,3009,3011],{"className":3010},[1994],[1802,3012,3014],{"className":3013,"style":2035},[1998],[1802,3015],{},[1802,3017],{"className":3018,"style":1981},[2041],[1802,3020,2569],{"className":3021},[2114],[1802,3023],{"className":3024,"style":1981},[2041],[1802,3026,3028,3031,3101,3104],{"className":3027},[1836],[1802,3029],{"className":3030,"style":2809},[1840],[1802,3032,3034,3067],{"className":3033},[1845],[1802,3035,3037],{"className":3036},[1845,2725],[1802,3038,3040],{"className":3039},[1989],[1802,3041,3043],{"className":3042},[1994],[1802,3044,3047,3055],{"className":3045,"style":3046},[1998],"height:0.5678em;",[1802,3048,3049,3052],{"style":2738},[1802,3050],{"className":3051,"style":2742},[2006],[1802,3053,1951],{"className":3054},[1845,1846],[1802,3056,3057,3060],{"style":2738},[1802,3058],{"className":3059,"style":2742},[2006],[1802,3061,3064],{"className":3062,"style":3063},[2755],"left:-0.1667em;",[1802,3065,2579],{"className":3066},[1845],[1802,3068,3070],{"className":3069},[1985],[1802,3071,3073,3093],{"className":3072},[1989,1990],[1802,3074,3076,3090],{"className":3075},[1994],[1802,3077,3079],{"className":3078,"style":1999},[1998],[1802,3080,3081,3084],{"style":2204},[1802,3082],{"className":3083,"style":2007},[2006],[1802,3085,3087],{"className":3086},[2011,2012,2013,2014],[1802,3088,1823],{"className":3089},[1845,1846,2014],[1802,3091,2028],{"className":3092},[2027],[1802,3094,3096],{"className":3095},[1994],[1802,3097,3099],{"className":3098,"style":2035},[1998],[1802,3100],{},[1802,3102,2614],{"className":3103},[2951],[1802,3105,1961],{"className":3106},[1845],[1798,3108,3109,3110,3179],{},"The unobserved constant ",[1802,3111,3113,3130],{"className":3112},[1805],[1802,3114,3116],{"className":3115},[1809],[1811,3117,3118],{"xmlns":1813},[1815,3119,3120,3128],{},[1818,3121,3122],{},[1897,3123,3124,3126],{},[1821,3125,1933],{},[1821,3127,1823],{},[1825,3129,2316],{"encoding":1827},[1802,3131,3133],{"className":3132,"ariaHidden":1832},[1831],[1802,3134,3136,3139],{"className":3135},[1836],[1802,3137],{"className":3138,"style":2240},[1840],[1802,3140,3142,3145],{"className":3141},[1845],[1802,3143,1933],{"className":3144,"style":2131},[1845,1846],[1802,3146,3148],{"className":3147},[1985],[1802,3149,3151,3171],{"className":3150},[1989,1990],[1802,3152,3154,3168],{"className":3153},[1994],[1802,3155,3157],{"className":3156,"style":1999},[1998],[1802,3158,3159,3162],{"style":2146},[1802,3160],{"className":3161,"style":2007},[2006],[1802,3163,3165],{"className":3164},[2011,2012,2013,2014],[1802,3166,1823],{"className":3167},[1845,1846,2014],[1802,3169,2028],{"className":3170},[2027],[1802,3172,3174],{"className":3173},[1994],[1802,3175,3177],{"className":3176,"style":2035},[1998],[1802,3178],{}," disappears. A permanent characteristic such as birthplace also disappears, so its coefficient cannot be separately estimated in the standard within regression.",[1798,3181,3182],{},"For two-way fixed effects, subtract unit and time means and add the grand mean.",[3184,3185],"web-r",{"code64":3186,"layout":3187,"locale":7,"title":3188},"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","vertical","Compare pooled and two-way within slopes",[1798,3190,3191],{},"The pooled slope mixes between-unit differences with within-unit change. The two-way transformation removes the constructed unit and period components; real data require a causal argument for the remaining change.",[1793,3193,3195],{"id":3194},"what-fixed-effects-do-not-remove","What fixed effects do not remove",[3197,3198,3199,3212],"table",{},[3200,3201,3202],"thead",{},[3203,3204,3205,3209],"tr",{},[3206,3207,3208],"th",{},"Threat",[3206,3210,3211],{},"Example",[3213,3214,3215,3224,3232,3240,3248,3256],"tbody",{},[3203,3216,3217,3221],{},[3218,3219,3220],"td",{},"time-varying confounding",[3218,3222,3223],{},"a local recession triggers policy and changes employment",[3203,3225,3226,3229],{},[3218,3227,3228],{},"anticipation",[3218,3230,3231],{},"firms adjust before the clean-air zone starts",[3203,3233,3234,3237],{},[3218,3235,3236],{},"reverse causality",[3218,3238,3239],{},"rising pollution accelerates policy adoption",[3203,3241,3242,3245],{},[3218,3243,3244],{},"measurement error",[3218,3246,3247],{},"differencing amplifies noisy treatment changes",[3203,3249,3250,3253],{},[3218,3251,3252],{},"dynamic response",[3218,3254,3255],{},"current outcome depends on past policy and past outcome",[3203,3257,3258,3261],{},[3218,3259,3260],{},"spillovers",[3218,3262,3263],{},"traffic moves from treated to comparison municipalities",[1798,3265,3266,3267,3271],{},"“Controls for all unit characteristics” means all ",[3268,3269,3270],"strong",{},"time-invariant additive"," unit components in the specified model—not every unobserved factor.",[1793,3273,3275],{"id":3274},"strict-exogeneity-is-demanding","Strict exogeneity is demanding",[1798,3277,3278],{},"A standard fixed-effects argument often requires",[1802,3280,3282],{"className":3281},[1882],[1802,3283,3285,3362],{"className":3284},[1805],[1802,3286,3288],{"className":3287},[1809],[1811,3289,3290],{"xmlns":1813,"display":1891},[1815,3291,3292,3359],{},[1818,3293,3294,3297,3300,3310,3313,3325,3327,3330,3332,3343,3345,3351,3354,3356],{},[1821,3295,3296],{},"E",[1909,3298,3299],{"stretchy":2588},"[",[1897,3301,3302,3304],{},[1821,3303,1951],{},[1818,3305,3306,3308],{},[1821,3307,1823],{},[1821,3309,1862],{},[1909,3311,3312],{},"∣",[1897,3314,3315,3317],{},[1821,3316,1919],{},[1818,3318,3319,3321],{},[1821,3320,1823],{},[3322,3323,3324],"mn",{},"1",[1909,3326,1878],{"separator":1832},[1909,3328,3329],{},"…",[1909,3331,1878],{"separator":1832},[1897,3333,3334,3336],{},[1821,3335,1919],{},[1818,3337,3338,3340],{},[1821,3339,1823],{},[1821,3341,3342],{},"T",[1909,3344,1878],{"separator":1832},[1897,3346,3347,3349],{},[1821,3348,1933],{},[1821,3350,1823],{},[1909,3352,3353],{"stretchy":2588},"]",[1909,3355,1911],{},[3322,3357,3358],{},"0.",[1825,3360,3361],{"encoding":1827},"E[\\varepsilon_{it}\\mid D_{i1},\\ldots,D_{iT},\\alpha_i]=0.",[1802,3363,3365,3433,3612],{"className":3364,"ariaHidden":1832},[1831],[1802,3366,3368,3371,3375,3378,3424,3427,3430],{"className":3367},[1836],[1802,3369],{"className":3370,"style":2809},[1840],[1802,3372,3296],{"className":3373,"style":3374},[1845,1846],"margin-right:0.0576em;",[1802,3376,3299],{"className":3377},[2816],[1802,3379,3381,3384],{"className":3380},[1845],[1802,3382,1951],{"className":3383},[1845,1846],[1802,3385,3387],{"className":3386},[1985],[1802,3388,3390,3416],{"className":3389},[1989,1990],[1802,3391,3393,3413],{"className":3392},[1994],[1802,3394,3396],{"className":3395,"style":1999},[1998],[1802,3397,3398,3401],{"style":2204},[1802,3399],{"className":3400,"style":2007},[2006],[1802,3402,3404],{"className":3403},[2011,2012,2013,2014],[1802,3405,3407,3410],{"className":3406},[1845,2014],[1802,3408,1823],{"className":3409},[1845,1846,2014],[1802,3411,1862],{"className":3412},[1845,1846,2014],[1802,3414,2028],{"className":3415},[2027],[1802,3417,3419],{"className":3418},[1994],[1802,3420,3422],{"className":3421,"style":2035},[1998],[1802,3423],{},[1802,3425],{"className":3426,"style":2042},[2041],[1802,3428,3312],{"className":3429},[2046],[1802,3431],{"className":3432,"style":2042},[2041],[1802,3434,3436,3439,3485,3489,3493,3497,3500,3503,3506,3554,3557,3560,3600,3603,3606,3609],{"className":3435},[1836],[1802,3437],{"className":3438,"style":2809},[1840],[1802,3440,3442,3445],{"className":3441},[1845],[1802,3443,1919],{"className":3444,"style":2066},[1845,1846],[1802,3446,3448],{"className":3447},[1985],[1802,3449,3451,3477],{"className":3450},[1989,1990],[1802,3452,3454,3474],{"className":3453},[1994],[1802,3455,3457],{"className":3456,"style":1999},[1998],[1802,3458,3459,3462],{"style":2081},[1802,3460],{"className":3461,"style":2007},[2006],[1802,3463,3465],{"className":3464},[2011,2012,2013,2014],[1802,3466,3468,3471],{"className":3467},[1845,2014],[1802,3469,1823],{"className":3470},[1845,1846,2014],[1802,3472,3324],{"className":3473},[1845,2014],[1802,3475,2028],{"className":3476},[2027],[1802,3478,3480],{"className":3479},[1994],[1802,3481,3483],{"className":3482,"style":2035},[1998],[1802,3484],{},[1802,3486,1878],{"className":3487},[3488],"mpunct",[1802,3490],{"className":3491,"style":3492},[2041],"margin-right:0.1667em;",[1802,3494,3329],{"className":3495},[3496],"minner",[1802,3498],{"className":3499,"style":3492},[2041],[1802,3501,1878],{"className":3502},[3488],[1802,3504],{"className":3505,"style":3492},[2041],[1802,3507,3509,3512],{"className":3508},[1845],[1802,3510,1919],{"className":3511,"style":2066},[1845,1846],[1802,3513,3515],{"className":3514},[1985],[1802,3516,3518,3546],{"className":3517},[1989,1990],[1802,3519,3521,3543],{"className":3520},[1994],[1802,3522,3525],{"className":3523,"style":3524},[1998],"height:0.3283em;",[1802,3526,3527,3530],{"style":2081},[1802,3528],{"className":3529,"style":2007},[2006],[1802,3531,3533],{"className":3532},[2011,2012,2013,2014],[1802,3534,3536,3539],{"className":3535},[1845,2014],[1802,3537,1823],{"className":3538},[1845,1846,2014],[1802,3540,3342],{"className":3541,"style":3542},[1845,1846,2014],"margin-right:0.1389em;",[1802,3544,2028],{"className":3545},[2027],[1802,3547,3549],{"className":3548},[1994],[1802,3550,3552],{"className":3551,"style":2035},[1998],[1802,3553],{},[1802,3555,1878],{"className":3556},[3488],[1802,3558],{"className":3559,"style":3492},[2041],[1802,3561,3563,3566],{"className":3562},[1845],[1802,3564,1933],{"className":3565,"style":2131},[1845,1846],[1802,3567,3569],{"className":3568},[1985],[1802,3570,3572,3592],{"className":3571},[1989,1990],[1802,3573,3575,3589],{"className":3574},[1994],[1802,3576,3578],{"className":3577,"style":1999},[1998],[1802,3579,3580,3583],{"style":2146},[1802,3581],{"className":3582,"style":2007},[2006],[1802,3584,3586],{"className":3585},[2011,2012,2013,2014],[1802,3587,1823],{"className":3588},[1845,1846,2014],[1802,3590,2028],{"className":3591},[2027],[1802,3593,3595],{"className":3594},[1994],[1802,3596,3598],{"className":3597,"style":2035},[1998],[1802,3599],{},[1802,3601,3353],{"className":3602},[2951],[1802,3604],{"className":3605,"style":2042},[2041],[1802,3607,1911],{"className":3608},[2046],[1802,3610],{"className":3611,"style":2042},[2041],[1802,3613,3615,3619],{"className":3614},[1836],[1802,3616],{"className":3617,"style":3618},[1840],"height:0.6444em;",[1802,3620,3358],{"className":3621},[1845],[1798,3623,3624],{},"Current shocks must not predict past or future treatment after conditioning. Policy adopted in response to an outcome shock can violate this condition even when unit fixed effects are present.",[1793,3626,3628],{"id":3627},"variation-and-weighting-audit","Variation and weighting audit",[1798,3630,3631],{},"Report:",[2291,3633,3634,3637,3640,3643,3646,3649],{},[2294,3635,3636],{},"how many units switch treatment and when;",[2294,3638,3639],{},"within versus between variation;",[2294,3641,3642],{},"units lost because outcomes or treatment do not vary;",[2294,3644,3645],{},"leverage of unusual switchers;",[2294,3647,3648],{},"clustering and serial-correlation treatment;",[2294,3650,3651],{},"whether the coefficient averages heterogeneous effects with problematic weights.",[1798,3653,3654,3655,3662],{},"For causal interpretation of two-way fixed-effects regressions, ",[3656,3657,3661],"a",{"href":3658,"rel":3659},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1017\u002Fpan.2020.33",[3660],"nofollow","Imai and Kim (2021)"," emphasise explicit counterfactual and treatment-history assumptions rather than a purely mechanical panel specification.",[1793,3664,3666],{"id":3665},"quick-check","Quick check",[1798,3668,3669],{},"A municipality’s policy changes once, immediately after a pollution spike. Do municipality and year fixed effects identify the policy effect?",[3671,3672,3674],"legacy-details",{"title":3673},"Answer","Not automatically. The time-varying spike may both trigger adoption and predict future pollution. Fixed effects remove stable municipality differences and common year shocks, not this municipality-specific dynamic confounding.",[1798,3676,3677],{},[3656,3678,3680],{"href":3679},".\u002F10-dynamic-panel","Next: Dynamic Panels and Limits",{"title":10,"searchDepth":3682,"depth":3682,"links":3683},2,[3684,3685,3686,3687,3688,3689],{"id":1795,"depth":3682,"text":1796},{"id":2537,"depth":3682,"text":2538},{"id":3194,"depth":3682,"text":3195},{"id":3274,"depth":3682,"text":3275},{"id":3627,"depth":3682,"text":3628},{"id":3665,"depth":3682,"text":3666},"Use within-unit variation while recognising time-varying confounding and limited support","md",{},true,{"title":596,"description":3690},"ADJZKeDpiNxfnruGVqbSdKq30BvVMhta_HbTYo9_2cM",[3697,3699],{"title":592,"path":593,"stem":594,"description":3698,"children":-1},"Diagnose unstable IV ratios, weak-identification inference and complier-specific interpretation",{"title":600,"path":601,"stem":602,"description":3700,"children":-1},"Handle lagged outcomes, anticipation, persistence and unbalanced observation without overclaiming",1785754728010]