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Search, Evaluate, and Read Evidence","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F02-reading-and-literature-matrix","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F02-reading-and-literature-matrix",{"title":27,"path":28,"stem":29},"3. From Sources to Synthesis and Argument","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F03-arguments-outlines-and-paragraphs","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F03-arguments-outlines-and-paragraphs",{"title":31,"path":32,"stem":33},"4. Literature Review and a Defensible Gap","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review",{"title":35,"path":36,"stem":37},"5. Research Design, Evidence, and Core Sections","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F05-core-sections-and-evidence","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F05-core-sections-and-evidence",{"title":39,"path":40,"stem":41},"6. Citation, Paraphrasing, Integrity, and AI","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F06-citation-paraphrasing-and-integrity","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F06-citation-paraphrasing-and-integrity",{"title":43,"path":44,"stem":45},"7. Revision, Review, and Submission","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F07-revision-style-and-submission","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F07-revision-style-and-submission",{"title":47,"path":48,"stem":49},"8. Research Workbook","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template",{"title":51,"path":52,"stem":53},"9. Research Workflow and Tools","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F09-tools-for-academic-writing-and-literature-management","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F09-tools-for-academic-writing-and-literature-management",{"title":55,"path":56,"stem":57},"10. Worked Project — From Question to Defensible Conclusion","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F10-worked-example-from-block-structure-to-question-chain","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F10-worked-example-from-block-structure-to-question-chain",{"title":59,"path":60,"stem":61,"children":62,"page":249},"Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting","en\u002Faccounting",[63,69,87,93,193],{"title":64,"path":65,"stem":66,"children":67},"Accounting — From Evidence to Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002F00-index","en\u002Faccounting\u002F00-index",[68],{"title":64,"path":65,"stem":66},{"title":70,"path":71,"stem":72,"children":73},"Accounting Appendix","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[74,75,79,83],{"title":70,"path":71,"stem":72},{"title":76,"path":77,"stem":78},"Worked Examples and Error Diagnosis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F24-examples-pitfalls","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F24-examples-pitfalls",{"title":80,"path":81,"stem":82},"Accounting Glossary","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F26-glossary","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F26-glossary",{"title":84,"path":85,"stem":86},"Reading and Evidence Map","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F27-reading-map","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F27-reading-map",{"title":88,"path":89,"stem":90,"children":91},"Northstar Record-to-Decision Capstone","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[92],{"title":88,"path":89,"stem":90},{"title":94,"path":95,"stem":96,"children":97},"Financial Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002Findex",[98,99,117,131,165,179],{"title":94,"path":95,"stem":96},{"title":100,"path":101,"stem":102,"children":103},"1. Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002Findex",[104,105,109,113],{"title":100,"path":101,"stem":102},{"title":106,"path":107,"stem":108},"Objectives and Qualitative Characteristics","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F01-objectives-qualitative-characteristics","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F01-objectives-qualitative-characteristics",{"title":110,"path":111,"stem":112},"Equation and Elements","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F02-equation-elements","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F02-equation-elements",{"title":114,"path":115,"stem":116},"Accrual Basis, Estimates and Periods","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F03-accounting-bases-principles","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F03-accounting-bases-principles",{"title":118,"path":119,"stem":120,"children":121},"2. Recording Transactions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002Findex",[122,123,127],{"title":118,"path":119,"stem":120},{"title":124,"path":125,"stem":126},"Double-Entry and Debit\u002FCredit","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F04-double-entry-dr-cr","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F04-double-entry-dr-cr",{"title":128,"path":129,"stem":130},"Accounting Cycle","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F05-accounting-cycle","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F05-accounting-cycle",{"title":132,"path":133,"stem":134,"children":135},"3. Measurement and Adjustments","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002Findex",[136,137,141,145,149,153,157,161],{"title":132,"path":133,"stem":134},{"title":138,"path":139,"stem":140},"Revenue Recognition","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F07-revenue-recognition","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F07-revenue-recognition",{"title":142,"path":143,"stem":144},"Inventory","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F08-inventory","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F08-inventory",{"title":146,"path":147,"stem":148},"Receivables and Expected Credit Losses","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F09-receivables","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F09-receivables",{"title":150,"path":151,"stem":152},"Property, Plant and Equipment","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F10-ppe","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F10-ppe",{"title":154,"path":155,"stem":156},"Intangible Assets","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F11-intangibles","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F11-intangibles",{"title":158,"path":159,"stem":160},"Leases","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F12-leases","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F12-leases",{"title":162,"path":163,"stem":164},"Current and Deferred Income Tax","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F13-income-tax","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F13-income-tax",{"title":166,"path":167,"stem":168,"children":169},"4. Reporting and Cash","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002Findex",[170,171,175],{"title":166,"path":167,"stem":168},{"title":172,"path":173,"stem":174},"Linked Financial Statements","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F06-financial-statements","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F06-financial-statements",{"title":176,"path":177,"stem":178},"Cash, Reconciliation and Internal Control","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F14-cash-control","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F14-cash-control",{"title":180,"path":181,"stem":182,"children":183},"5. Analysis and Comparison","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002Findex",[184,185,189],{"title":180,"path":181,"stem":182},{"title":186,"path":187,"stem":188},"Ratio Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F15-ratio-analysis","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F15-ratio-analysis",{"title":190,"path":191,"stem":192},"IFRS versus US GAAP","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F25-ifrs-gaap","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F25-ifrs-gaap",{"title":194,"path":195,"stem":196,"children":197},"Management Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002Findex",[198,199,217,235],{"title":194,"path":195,"stem":196},{"title":200,"path":201,"stem":202,"children":203},"1. Cost Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002Findex",[204,205,209,213],{"title":200,"path":201,"stem":202},{"title":206,"path":207,"stem":208},"Cost Concepts and Behaviour","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F16-cost-concepts","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F16-cost-concepts",{"title":210,"path":211,"stem":212},"Costing Systems","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F17-costing-systems","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F17-costing-systems",{"title":214,"path":215,"stem":216},"Variable and Absorption Costing","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F19-variable-vs-absorption","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F19-variable-vs-absorption",{"title":218,"path":219,"stem":220,"children":221},"2. Planning and Control","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002Findex",[222,223,227,231],{"title":218,"path":219,"stem":220},{"title":224,"path":225,"stem":226},"Cost–Volume–Profit Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F18-cvp-analysis","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F18-cvp-analysis",{"title":228,"path":229,"stem":230},"Budgeting and Variance Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F20-budgeting-variances","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F20-budgeting-variances",{"title":232,"path":233,"stem":234},"Performance Measurement","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F21-performance-measurement","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F21-performance-measurement",{"title":236,"path":237,"stem":238,"children":239},"3. Decisions and Investment","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002Findex",[240,241,245],{"title":236,"path":237,"stem":238},{"title":242,"path":243,"stem":244},"Short-Term Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F22-short-term-decisions","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F22-short-term-decisions",{"title":246,"path":247,"stem":248},"Capital Budgeting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F23-capital-budgeting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F23-capital-budgeting",false,{"title":251,"path":252,"stem":253,"children":254,"page":249},"Business Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics",[255,261,279,305,335,365,383,400],{"title":256,"path":257,"stem":258,"children":259},"Business Analytics — From Data to Defensible Action","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-index","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-index",[260],{"title":256,"path":257,"stem":258},{"title":262,"path":263,"stem":264,"children":265},"0. Decision and Data Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[266,267,271,275],{"title":262,"path":263,"stem":264},{"title":268,"path":269,"stem":270},"Decision Framing","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F01-decision-framing","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F01-decision-framing",{"title":272,"path":273,"stem":274},"Data Contracts","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F02-data-contracts","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F02-data-contracts",{"title":276,"path":277,"stem":278},"Reproducible Analytics Workflow","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F03-reproducible-workflow","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F03-reproducible-workflow",{"title":280,"path":281,"stem":282,"children":283},"1. Descriptive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002Findex",[284,285,289,293,297,301],{"title":280,"path":281,"stem":282},{"title":286,"path":287,"stem":288},"Distributions and Exploratory Data Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F04-distributions-eda","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F04-distributions-eda",{"title":290,"path":291,"stem":292},"KPIs and Denominators","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F05-kpis-denominators","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F05-kpis-denominators",{"title":294,"path":295,"stem":296},"Segments, Cohorts and Funnels","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F06-segmentation-cohorts-funnels","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F06-segmentation-cohorts-funnels",{"title":298,"path":299,"stem":300},"Visual Evidence and Data Stories","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F07-visualisation-story","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F07-visualisation-story",{"title":302,"path":303,"stem":304},"Experiments and Causal Boundaries","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F08-experiments-causal-boundary","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F08-experiments-causal-boundary",{"title":306,"path":307,"stem":308,"children":309},"2. Predictive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002Findex",[310,311,315,319,323,327,331],{"title":306,"path":307,"stem":308},{"title":312,"path":313,"stem":314},"Validation, Baselines and Leakage","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F09-validation-leakage","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F09-validation-leakage",{"title":316,"path":317,"stem":318},"Regression and Forecasting","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F10-regression-forecasting","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F10-regression-forecasting",{"title":320,"path":321,"stem":322},"Classification and Calibration","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F11-classification-calibration","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F11-classification-calibration",{"title":324,"path":325,"stem":326},"Trees and Ensembles","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F12-trees-ensembles","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F12-trees-ensembles",{"title":328,"path":329,"stem":330},"Decision Metrics and Thresholds","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F13-decision-metrics-thresholds","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F13-decision-metrics-thresholds",{"title":332,"path":333,"stem":334},"Explainability, Monitoring and Drift","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F14-explainability-drift","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F14-explainability-drift",{"title":336,"path":337,"stem":338,"children":339},"3. Prescriptive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002Findex",[340,341,345,349,353,357,361],{"title":336,"path":337,"stem":338},{"title":342,"path":343,"stem":344},"Decision-Making under Uncertainty","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F15-decision-uncertainty","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F15-decision-uncertainty",{"title":346,"path":347,"stem":348},"Linear Optimisation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F16-linear-optimization","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F16-linear-optimization",{"title":350,"path":351,"stem":352},"Inventory and Allocation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F17-inventory-allocation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F17-inventory-allocation",{"title":354,"path":355,"stem":356},"Queueing and Simulation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F18-queueing-simulation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F18-queueing-simulation",{"title":358,"path":359,"stem":360},"Pricing and Revenue Management","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F19-pricing-experimentation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F19-pricing-experimentation",{"title":362,"path":363,"stem":364},"Causal Targeting and Policy Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F20-causal-targeting","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F20-causal-targeting",{"title":366,"path":367,"stem":368,"children":369},"4. Deployment and Governance","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002Findex",[370,371,375,379],{"title":366,"path":367,"stem":368},{"title":372,"path":373,"stem":374},"Data Products and Monitoring","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F21-data-products-monitoring","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F21-data-products-monitoring",{"title":376,"path":377,"stem":378},"Governance, Fairness and Privacy","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F22-governance-fairness-privacy","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F22-governance-fairness-privacy",{"title":380,"path":381,"stem":382},"Adoption and Business Value","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F23-adoption-value","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F23-adoption-value",{"title":384,"path":385,"stem":386,"children":387},"Appendix and Revision Tools","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[388,389,393,397],{"title":384,"path":385,"stem":386},{"title":390,"path":391,"stem":392},"Formula and Decision Map","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F24-formula-map","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F24-formula-map",{"title":394,"path":395,"stem":396},"Worked Examples and Pitfalls","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F25-worked-examples-pitfalls","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F25-worked-examples-pitfalls",{"title":84,"path":398,"stem":399},"\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F26-reading-map","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F26-reading-map",{"title":401,"path":402,"stem":403,"children":404},"Capstone — The Evening Delivery Promise","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[405],{"title":401,"path":402,"stem":403},{"title":407,"path":408,"stem":409,"children":410,"page":249},"Financial Economic Time Series","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series",[411,417,423,429,435,441,447,453,459,465,471],{"title":412,"path":413,"stem":414,"children":415},"Financial and Economic Time Series — Course Guide","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F00-intro","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[416],{"title":412,"path":413,"stem":414},{"title":418,"path":419,"stem":420,"children":421},"Three Versions of Time Series","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F01-bridge","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F01-bridge\u002Findex",[422],{"title":418,"path":419,"stem":420},{"title":424,"path":425,"stem":426,"children":427},"Data, Clocks, and Transformations","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F02-data-transformations","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F02-data-transformations\u002Findex",[428],{"title":424,"path":425,"stem":426},{"title":430,"path":431,"stem":432,"children":433},"Predictive Regressions and Persistent Predictors","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F03-predictive-regressions","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F03-predictive-regressions\u002Findex",[434],{"title":430,"path":431,"stem":432},{"title":436,"path":437,"stem":438,"children":439},"Volatility, Tails, and Financial Risk","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F04-volatility-risk","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F04-volatility-risk\u002Findex",[440],{"title":436,"path":437,"stem":438},{"title":442,"path":443,"stem":444,"children":445},"Unit Roots, Cointegration, and Error Correction","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F05-unit-roots-cointegration","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F05-unit-roots-cointegration\u002Findex",[446],{"title":442,"path":443,"stem":444},{"title":448,"path":449,"stem":450,"children":451},"VAR, Structural Identification, and Local Projections","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F06-var-identification","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F06-var-identification\u002Findex",[452],{"title":448,"path":449,"stem":450},{"title":454,"path":455,"stem":456,"children":457},"State Space, Mixed Frequency, and Nowcasting","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F07-state-space-nowcasting","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F07-state-space-nowcasting\u002Findex",[458],{"title":454,"path":455,"stem":456},{"title":460,"path":461,"stem":462,"children":463},"Forecast Evaluation for Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F08-forecast-evaluation","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F08-forecast-evaluation\u002Findex",[464],{"title":460,"path":461,"stem":462},{"title":466,"path":467,"stem":468,"children":469},"Integrated R Laboratory","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F09-r-laboratory","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F09-r-laboratory\u002Findex",[470],{"title":466,"path":467,"stem":468},{"title":472,"path":473,"stem":474,"children":475},"Capstones, Data, and Reading Ladder","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F10-capstone-readings","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F10-capstone-readings\u002Findex",[476],{"title":472,"path":473,"stem":474},{"title":478,"path":479,"stem":480,"children":481,"page":249},"Intro To Economics","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics","en\u002Fintro-to-economics",[482,486,490,494,498,502,506,510,514,518,522,526,530],{"title":483,"path":484,"stem":485},"Introduction to Economics — Decisions, Markets, and the Macroeconomy","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F00-intro",{"title":487,"path":488,"stem":489},"Chapter 1 — Choice, Opportunity Cost, and Trade","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F01-foundations","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F01-foundations",{"title":491,"path":492,"stem":493},"Chapter 2 — Demand, Supply, Equilibrium, and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F02-demand-and-supply","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F02-demand-and-supply",{"title":495,"path":496,"stem":497},"Chapter 3 — Elasticity, Revenue, and Tax Incidence","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F03-elasticity","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F03-elasticity",{"title":499,"path":500,"stem":501},"Chapter 4 — Firms, Market Power, and Market Failure","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F04-market-structures","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F04-market-structures",{"title":503,"path":504,"stem":505},"Chapter 5 — GDP, Income, Wealth, and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F05-gdp-and-wealth","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F05-gdp-and-wealth",{"title":507,"path":508,"stem":509},"Chapter 6 — Inflation, Purchasing Power, and Labour Markets","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F06-inflation-and-unemployment","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F06-inflation-and-unemployment",{"title":511,"path":512,"stem":513},"Chapter 7 — Productivity, Technology, and Economic Growth","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F07-economic-growth","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F07-economic-growth",{"title":515,"path":516,"stem":517},"Chapter 8 — Money, Credit, and Banking","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F08-money-and-banking","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F08-money-and-banking",{"title":519,"path":520,"stem":521},"Chapter 9 — Business Cycles, AD–AS, and Monetary Policy","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F09-monetary-policy-and-ad-as","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F09-monetary-policy-and-ad-as",{"title":523,"path":524,"stem":525},"Chapter 10 — Fiscal Policy, Distribution, and Public Debt","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F10-fiscal-policy","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F10-fiscal-policy",{"title":527,"path":528,"stem":529},"Chapter 11 — Trade, Capital Flows, and Exchange Rates","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F11-open-economy-and-exchange-rates","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F11-open-economy-and-exchange-rates",{"title":531,"path":532,"stem":533},"Chapter 12 — Integrated Economic Analysis Studio","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F12-review-and-case-studies","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F12-review-and-case-studies",{"title":535,"path":536,"stem":537,"children":538,"page":249},"Microeconometrics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics",[539,557,563,581,603,629,651,673,691,709],{"title":540,"path":541,"stem":542,"children":543},"0. Causal Questions and Designs","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002Findex",[544,545,549,553],{"title":540,"path":541,"stem":542},{"title":546,"path":547,"stem":548},"Causal Questions and Estimands","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F01-causal-question-estimands","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F01-causal-question-estimands",{"title":550,"path":551,"stem":552},"Potential Outcomes and Experiments","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F02-potential-outcomes-experiments","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F02-potential-outcomes-experiments",{"title":554,"path":555,"stem":556},"Causal Diagrams and Controls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F03-dags-controls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F03-dags-controls",{"title":558,"path":559,"stem":560,"children":561},"Microeconometrics — Designing Credible Counterfactuals","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-index","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-index",[562],{"title":558,"path":559,"stem":560},{"title":564,"path":565,"stem":566,"children":567},"1. Regression and Inference","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002Findex",[568,569,573,577],{"title":564,"path":565,"stem":566},{"title":570,"path":571,"stem":572},"OLS as a Projection","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F04-ols-projection","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F04-ols-projection",{"title":574,"path":575,"stem":576},"FWL, Selection and Controls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F05-fwl-selection-controls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F05-fwl-selection-controls",{"title":578,"path":579,"stem":580},"Inference and Clustering","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F06-inference-clustering","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F06-inference-clustering",{"title":582,"path":583,"stem":584,"children":585},"2. Instruments and Panel Data","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002Findex",[586,587,591,595,599],{"title":582,"path":583,"stem":584},{"title":588,"path":589,"stem":590},"Instrumental Variables","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F07-iv-identification","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F07-iv-identification",{"title":592,"path":593,"stem":594},"Weak Instruments and LATE","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F08-weak-iv-late","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F08-weak-iv-late",{"title":596,"path":597,"stem":598},"Panel Fixed Effects","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F09-panel-fixed-effects","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F09-panel-fixed-effects",{"title":600,"path":601,"stem":602},"Dynamic Panels and Limits","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F10-dynamic-panel","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F10-dynamic-panel",{"title":604,"path":605,"stem":606,"children":607},"3. Policy Evaluation Designs","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002Findex",[608,609,613,617,621,625],{"title":604,"path":605,"stem":606},{"title":610,"path":611,"stem":612},"Difference-in-Differences","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F11-did-core","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F11-did-core",{"title":614,"path":615,"stem":616},"Staggered DID and Event Studies","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F12-staggered-event-studies","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F12-staggered-event-studies",{"title":618,"path":619,"stem":620},"Regression Discontinuity","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F13-rdd","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F13-rdd",{"title":622,"path":623,"stem":624},"Matching, Weighting and Overlap","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F14-matching-weighting","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F14-matching-weighting",{"title":626,"path":627,"stem":628},"Synthetic Control","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F15-synthetic-control","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F15-synthetic-control",{"title":630,"path":631,"stem":632,"children":633},"Module 4 — Choice and Limited Outcomes","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002Findex",[634,635,639,643,647],{"title":630,"path":631,"stem":632},{"title":636,"path":637,"stem":638},"Binary Choice","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F16-binary-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F16-binary-choice",{"title":640,"path":641,"stem":642},"Multinomial and Ordered Choice","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F17-multinomial-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F17-multinomial-choice",{"title":644,"path":645,"stem":646},"Count Outcomes","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F18-count-outcomes","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F18-count-outcomes",{"title":648,"path":649,"stem":650},"Censoring, Truncation and Selection","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F19-censoring-selection","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F19-censoring-selection",{"title":652,"path":653,"stem":654,"children":655},"Module 5 — Modern Causal Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002Findex",[656,657,661,665,669],{"title":652,"path":653,"stem":654},{"title":658,"path":659,"stem":660},"Double Machine Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F20-dml","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F20-dml",{"title":662,"path":663,"stem":664},"Heterogeneity and Policy Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F21-heterogeneity-policy","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F21-heterogeneity-policy",{"title":666,"path":667,"stem":668},"Sensitivity and Partial Identification","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F22-sensitivity-partial-id","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F22-sensitivity-partial-id",{"title":670,"path":671,"stem":672},"External Validity and Transport","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F23-external-validity","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F23-external-validity",{"title":674,"path":675,"stem":676,"children":677},"Module 6 — From Data to Auditable Evidence","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002Findex",[678,679,683,687],{"title":674,"path":675,"stem":676},{"title":680,"path":681,"stem":682},"Data Provenance","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F24-data-provenance","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F24-data-provenance",{"title":684,"path":685,"stem":686},"Reproducibility and Reporting","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F25-reproducibility-reporting","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F25-reproducibility-reporting",{"title":688,"path":689,"stem":690},"Paper and Evidence Audit","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F26-paper-audit","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F26-paper-audit",{"title":692,"path":693,"stem":694,"children":695},"Appendix — Revision and Evidence Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[696,697,701,705],{"title":692,"path":693,"stem":694},{"title":698,"path":699,"stem":700},"Formula and Design Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F27-formula-design-map","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F27-formula-design-map",{"title":702,"path":703,"stem":704},"Ten Worked Microeconometric Pitfalls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F28-worked-pitfalls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F28-worked-pitfalls",{"title":706,"path":707,"stem":708},"Reading and Software Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F29-reading-software-map","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F29-reading-software-map",{"title":710,"path":711,"stem":712,"children":713},"Capstone — Should Northbridge Expand Pathways?","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[714],{"title":710,"path":711,"stem":712},{"title":716,"path":717,"stem":718,"children":719,"page":249},"Microeconomics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics",[720,726,732,738,744,750,756,762,768,774,780,786,792],{"title":721,"path":722,"stem":723,"children":724},"Advanced Microeconomics — Course Guide","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[725],{"title":721,"path":722,"stem":723},{"title":727,"path":728,"stem":729,"children":730},"Module 1 — Choice, Duality, and Revealed Preference","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F01-fundations","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F01-fundations\u002Findex",[731],{"title":727,"path":728,"stem":729},{"title":733,"path":734,"stem":735,"children":736},"Module 2 — Comparative Statics and Welfare Measurement","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F02-comparative-statics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F02-comparative-statics\u002Findex",[737],{"title":733,"path":734,"stem":735},{"title":739,"path":740,"stem":741,"children":742},"Module 3 — Choice under Risk and Insurance","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F03-uncertainty","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F03-uncertainty\u002Findex",[743],{"title":739,"path":740,"stem":741},{"title":745,"path":746,"stem":747,"children":748},"Module 4 — General Equilibrium and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F04-general-equilibrium","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F04-general-equilibrium\u002Findex",[749],{"title":745,"path":746,"stem":747},{"title":751,"path":752,"stem":753,"children":754},"Module 5 — Static, Dynamic, and Repeated Games","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F05-game-theory","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F05-game-theory\u002Findex",[755],{"title":751,"path":752,"stem":753},{"title":757,"path":758,"stem":759,"children":760},"Module 6 — Oligopoly, Entry, and Algorithmic Pricing","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F06-oligopoly","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F06-oligopoly\u002Findex",[761],{"title":757,"path":758,"stem":759},{"title":763,"path":764,"stem":765,"children":766},"Module 7 — Information Economics and Contracts","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F07-information-economics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F07-information-economics\u002Findex",[767],{"title":763,"path":764,"stem":765},{"title":769,"path":770,"stem":771,"children":772},"Module 8 — Mechanism Design and Auctions","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F08-mechanism-design","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F08-mechanism-design\u002Findex",[773],{"title":769,"path":770,"stem":771},{"title":775,"path":776,"stem":777,"children":778},"Module 9 — Behavioural and Experimental Microeconomics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F09-behavioural-economics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F09-behavioural-economics\u002Findex",[779],{"title":775,"path":776,"stem":777},{"title":781,"path":782,"stem":783,"children":784},"Module 10 — Externalities, Public Goods, and Collective Action","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F10-externalities-public-goods","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F10-externalities-public-goods\u002Findex",[785],{"title":781,"path":782,"stem":783},{"title":787,"path":788,"stem":789,"children":790},"Module 11 — Matching and Market Design","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F11-market-design","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F11-market-design\u002Findex",[791],{"title":787,"path":788,"stem":789},{"title":793,"path":794,"stem":795,"children":796},"Module 12 — Integrated Microeconomic Design Studio","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F12-review","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F12-review\u002Findex",[797],{"title":793,"path":794,"stem":795},{"title":799,"path":800,"stem":801,"children":802},"Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground","en\u002Fplayground\u002Findex",[803,804,808,812,816,820],{"title":799,"path":800,"stem":801},{"title":805,"path":806,"stem":807},"Typst Plugin Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F01-typstex","en\u002Fplayground\u002F01-typstex",{"title":809,"path":810,"stem":811},"Citation Plugin Test","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F02-citation","en\u002Fplayground\u002F02-citation",{"title":813,"path":814,"stem":815},"Pyodide Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F03-pyodide","en\u002Fplayground\u002F03-pyodide",{"title":817,"path":818,"stem":819},"WebR Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F04-webr","en\u002Fplayground\u002F04-webr",{"title":821,"path":822,"stem":823},"Chart.js 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文献综述的构建与写作","\u002Fzh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review","zh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review",{"title":1056,"path":1057,"stem":1058},"8. 文献综述清单与模板","\u002Fzh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template","zh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template",{"title":1060,"path":1061,"stem":1062},"10. 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Alpha 策略全流程","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F09-case-study","zh\u002Fquant\u002F09-case-study",{"title":1779,"path":1780,"stem":1781},"量化投资文献与软件图谱","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F10-reading-software-map","zh\u002Fquant\u002F10-reading-software-map",null,{"id":1784,"title":588,"body":1785,"description":4007,"extension":4008,"features":1782,"hero":1782,"layout":1782,"locale":1782,"meta":4009,"navigation":1782,"path":589,"published":4010,"seo":4011,"stem":590,"__hash__":4012},"docs\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F07-iv-identification.md",{"type":1786,"value":1787,"toc":3997},"minimark",[1788,1792,1797,1880,1884,2004,2008,2011,2418,2421,2741,2744,2748,2920,2923,2927,2961,3424,3794,3889,3893,3939,3942,3951,3955,3979,3983,3986,3991],[1789,1790,588],"h1",{"id":1791},"instrumental-variables",[1793,1794,1796],"h2",{"id":1795},"the-instrument-changes-the-comparison","The instrument changes the comparison",[1798,1799,1800,1801,1848,1849,1879],"p",{},"Scholarship receipt 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Pathways randomly assigns an offer ",[1802,1850,1852,1866],{"className":1851},[1805],[1802,1853,1855],{"className":1854},[1809],[1811,1856,1857],{"xmlns":1813},[1815,1858,1859,1864],{},[1818,1860,1861],{},[1821,1862,1863],{},"Z",[1825,1865,1863],{"encoding":1827},[1802,1867,1869],{"className":1868,"ariaHidden":1832},[1831],[1802,1870,1872,1875],{"className":1871},[1836],[1802,1873],{"className":1874,"style":1841},[1840],[1802,1876,1863],{"className":1877,"style":1878},[1845,1846],"margin-right:0.0715em;",", which changes receipt.",[1881,1882],"mermaid-diagram",{"code64":1883,"locale":7},"Zmxvd2NoYXJ0IExSCiAgWltSYW5kb20gb2ZmZXIgWl0gLS0+IERbU2Nob2xhcnNoaXAgcmVjZWlwdCBEXQogIEQgLS0+IFlbRGVncmVlIGNvbXBsZXRpb24gWV0KICBVW01vdGl2YXRpb24gVV0gLS0+IEQKICBVIC0tPiBZ",[1798,1885,1886,1887,1915,1916,1944,1945,2003],{},"IV uses only the component of ",[1802,1888,1890,1903],{"className":1889},[1805],[1802,1891,1893],{"className":1892},[1809],[1811,1894,1895],{"xmlns":1813},[1815,1896,1897,1901],{},[1818,1898,1899],{},[1821,1900,1823],{},[1825,1902,1823],{"encoding":1827},[1802,1904,1906],{"className":1905,"ariaHidden":1832},[1831],[1802,1907,1909,1912],{"className":1908},[1836],[1802,1910],{"className":1911,"style":1841},[1840],[1802,1913,1823],{"className":1914,"style":1847},[1845,1846]," moved by ",[1802,1917,1919,1932],{"className":1918},[1805],[1802,1920,1922],{"className":1921},[1809],[1811,1923,1924],{"xmlns":1813},[1815,1925,1926,1930],{},[1818,1927,1928],{},[1821,1929,1863],{},[1825,1931,1863],{"encoding":1827},[1802,1933,1935],{"className":1934,"ariaHidden":1832},[1831],[1802,1936,1938,1941],{"className":1937},[1836],[1802,1939],{"className":1940,"style":1841},[1840],[1802,1942,1863],{"className":1943,"style":1878},[1845,1846],". The crucial omitted arrow is ",[1802,1946,1948,1969],{"className":1947},[1805],[1802,1949,1951],{"className":1950},[1809],[1811,1952,1953],{"xmlns":1813},[1815,1954,1955,1966],{},[1818,1956,1957,1959,1963],{},[1821,1958,1863],{},[1960,1961,1962],"mo",{},"→",[1821,1964,1965],{},"Y",[1825,1967,1968],{"encoding":1827},"Z\\rightarrow Y",[1802,1970,1972,1993],{"className":1971,"ariaHidden":1832},[1831],[1802,1973,1975,1978,1981,1986,1990],{"className":1974},[1836],[1802,1976],{"className":1977,"style":1841},[1840],[1802,1979,1863],{"className":1980,"style":1878},[1845,1846],[1802,1982],{"className":1983,"style":1985},[1984],"mspace","margin-right:0.2778em;",[1802,1987,1962],{"className":1988},[1989],"mrel",[1802,1991],{"className":1992,"style":1985},[1984],[1802,1994,1996,1999],{"className":1995},[1836],[1802,1997],{"className":1998,"style":1841},[1840],[1802,2000,1965],{"className":2001,"style":2002},[1845,1846],"margin-right:0.2222em;"," outside receipt; that omission is the exclusion restriction.",[1793,2005,2007],{"id":2006},"three-empirical-objects","Three empirical objects",[1798,2009,2010],{},"For a binary instrument:",[2012,2013,2014,2030],"table",{},[2015,2016,2017],"thead",{},[2018,2019,2020,2024,2027],"tr",{},[2021,2022,2023],"th",{},"Object",[2021,2025,2026],{},"Calculation",[2021,2028,2029],{},"Pathways meaning",[2031,2032,2033,2228,2407],"tbody",{},[2018,2034,2035,2039,2225],{},[2036,2037,2038],"td",{},"first stage",[2036,2040,2041],{},[1802,2042,2044,2100],{"className":2043},[1805],[1802,2045,2047],{"className":2046},[1809],[1811,2048,2049],{"xmlns":1813},[1815,2050,2051,2097],{},[1818,2052,2053,2056,2060,2062,2065,2067,2070,2074,2077,2080,2082,2084,2086,2088,2090,2092,2095],{},[1821,2054,2055],{},"E",[1960,2057,2059],{"stretchy":2058},"false","[",[1821,2061,1823],{},[1960,2063,2064],{},"∣",[1821,2066,1863],{},[1960,2068,2069],{},"=",[2071,2072,2073],"mn",{},"1",[1960,2075,2076],{"stretchy":2058},"]",[1960,2078,2079],{},"−",[1821,2081,2055],{},[1960,2083,2059],{"stretchy":2058},[1821,2085,1823],{},[1960,2087,2064],{},[1821,2089,1863],{},[1960,2091,2069],{},[2071,2093,2094],{},"0",[1960,2096,2076],{"stretchy":2058},[1825,2098,2099],{"encoding":1827},"E[D\\mid Z=1]-E[D\\mid Z=0]",[1802,2101,2103,2130,2148,2171,2195,2213],{"className":2102,"ariaHidden":1832},[1831],[1802,2104,2106,2110,2114,2118,2121,2124,2127],{"className":2105},[1836],[1802,2107],{"className":2108,"style":2109},[1840],"height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;",[1802,2111,2055],{"className":2112,"style":2113},[1845,1846],"margin-right:0.0576em;",[1802,2115,2059],{"className":2116},[2117],"mopen",[1802,2119,1823],{"className":2120,"style":1847},[1845,1846],[1802,2122],{"className":2123,"style":1985},[1984],[1802,2125,2064],{"className":2126},[1989],[1802,2128],{"className":2129,"style":1985},[1984],[1802,2131,2133,2136,2139,2142,2145],{"className":2132},[1836],[1802,2134],{"className":2135,"style":1841},[1840],[1802,2137,1863],{"className":2138,"style":1878},[1845,1846],[1802,2140],{"className":2141,"style":1985},[1984],[1802,2143,2069],{"className":2144},[1989],[1802,2146],{"className":2147,"style":1985},[1984],[1802,2149,2151,2154,2157,2161,2164,2168],{"className":2150},[1836],[1802,2152],{"className":2153,"style":2109},[1840],[1802,2155,2073],{"className":2156},[1845],[1802,2158,2076],{"className":2159},[2160],"mclose",[1802,2162],{"className":2163,"style":2002},[1984],[1802,2165,2079],{"className":2166},[2167],"mbin",[1802,2169],{"className":2170,"style":2002},[1984],[1802,2172,2174,2177,2180,2183,2186,2189,2192],{"className":2173},[1836],[1802,2175],{"className":2176,"style":2109},[1840],[1802,2178,2055],{"className":2179,"style":2113},[1845,1846],[1802,2181,2059],{"className":2182},[2117],[1802,2184,1823],{"className":2185,"style":1847},[1845,1846],[1802,2187],{"className":2188,"style":1985},[1984],[1802,2190,2064],{"className":2191},[1989],[1802,2193],{"className":2194,"style":1985},[1984],[1802,2196,2198,2201,2204,2207,2210],{"className":2197},[1836],[1802,2199],{"className":2200,"style":1841},[1840],[1802,2202,1863],{"className":2203,"style":1878},[1845,1846],[1802,2205],{"className":2206,"style":1985},[1984],[1802,2208,2069],{"className":2209},[1989],[1802,2211],{"className":2212,"style":1985},[1984],[1802,2214,2216,2219,2222],{"className":2215},[1836],[1802,2217],{"className":2218,"style":2109},[1840],[1802,2220,2094],{"className":2221},[1845],[1802,2223,2076],{"className":2224},[2160],[2036,2226,2227],{},"offer changes receipt",[2018,2229,2230,2233,2404],{},[2036,2231,2232],{},"reduced form",[2036,2234,2235],{},[1802,2236,2238,2284],{"className":2237},[1805],[1802,2239,2241],{"className":2240},[1809],[1811,2242,2243],{"xmlns":1813},[1815,2244,2245,2281],{},[1818,2246,2247,2249,2251,2253,2255,2257,2259,2261,2263,2265,2267,2269,2271,2273,2275,2277,2279],{},[1821,2248,2055],{},[1960,2250,2059],{"stretchy":2058},[1821,2252,1965],{},[1960,2254,2064],{},[1821,2256,1863],{},[1960,2258,2069],{},[2071,2260,2073],{},[1960,2262,2076],{"stretchy":2058},[1960,2264,2079],{},[1821,2266,2055],{},[1960,2268,2059],{"stretchy":2058},[1821,2270,1965],{},[1960,2272,2064],{},[1821,2274,1863],{},[1960,2276,2069],{},[2071,2278,2094],{},[1960,2280,2076],{"stretchy":2058},[1825,2282,2283],{"encoding":1827},"E[Y\\mid Z=1]-E[Y\\mid Z=0]",[1802,2285,2287,2311,2329,2350,2374,2392],{"className":2286,"ariaHidden":1832},[1831],[1802,2288,2290,2293,2296,2299,2302,2305,2308],{"className":2289},[1836],[1802,2291],{"className":2292,"style":2109},[1840],[1802,2294,2055],{"className":2295,"style":2113},[1845,1846],[1802,2297,2059],{"className":2298},[2117],[1802,2300,1965],{"className":2301,"style":2002},[1845,1846],[1802,2303],{"className":2304,"style":1985},[1984],[1802,2306,2064],{"className":2307},[1989],[1802,2309],{"className":2310,"style":1985},[1984],[1802,2312,2314,2317,2320,2323,2326],{"className":2313},[1836],[1802,2315],{"className":2316,"style":1841},[1840],[1802,2318,1863],{"className":2319,"style":1878},[1845,1846],[1802,2321],{"className":2322,"style":1985},[1984],[1802,2324,2069],{"className":2325},[1989],[1802,2327],{"className":2328,"style":1985},[1984],[1802,2330,2332,2335,2338,2341,2344,2347],{"className":2331},[1836],[1802,2333],{"className":2334,"style":2109},[1840],[1802,2336,2073],{"className":2337},[1845],[1802,2339,2076],{"className":2340},[2160],[1802,2342],{"className":2343,"style":2002},[1984],[1802,2345,2079],{"className":2346},[2167],[1802,2348],{"className":2349,"style":2002},[1984],[1802,2351,2353,2356,2359,2362,2365,2368,2371],{"className":2352},[1836],[1802,2354],{"className":2355,"style":2109},[1840],[1802,2357,2055],{"className":2358,"style":2113},[1845,1846],[1802,2360,2059],{"className":2361},[2117],[1802,2363,1965],{"className":2364,"style":2002},[1845,1846],[1802,2366],{"className":2367,"style":1985},[1984],[1802,2369,2064],{"className":2370},[1989],[1802,2372],{"className":2373,"style":1985},[1984],[1802,2375,2377,2380,2383,2386,2389],{"className":2376},[1836],[1802,2378],{"className":2379,"style":1841},[1840],[1802,2381,1863],{"className":2382,"style":1878},[1845,1846],[1802,2384],{"className":2385,"style":1985},[1984],[1802,2387,2069],{"className":2388},[1989],[1802,2390],{"className":2391,"style":1985},[1984],[1802,2393,2395,2398,2401],{"className":2394},[1836],[1802,2396],{"className":2397,"style":2109},[1840],[1802,2399,2094],{"className":2400},[1845],[1802,2402,2076],{"className":2403},[2160],[2036,2405,2406],{},"offer changes completion",[2018,2408,2409,2412,2415],{},[2036,2410,2411],{},"Wald ratio",[2036,2413,2414],{},"reduced form \u002F first stage",[2036,2416,2417],{},"receipt effect for compliers under assumptions",[1798,2419,2420],{},"If receipt is 70% versus 20%, and completion is 58% versus 50%,",[1802,2422,2425],{"className":2423},[2424],"katex-display",[1802,2426,2428,2497],{"className":2427},[1805],[1802,2429,2431],{"className":2430},[1809],[1811,2432,2434],{"xmlns":1813,"display":2433},"block",[1815,2435,2436,2494],{},[1818,2437,2438,2464,2466,2489,2491],{},[2439,2440,2441,2450],"msub",{},[2442,2443,2444,2447],"mover",{"accent":1832},[1821,2445,2446],{},"τ",[1960,2448,2449],{},"^",[1818,2451,2452,2455,2458,2461],{},[1821,2453,2454],{},"W",[1821,2456,2457],{},"a",[1821,2459,2460],{},"l",[1821,2462,2463],{},"d",[1960,2465,2069],{},[2467,2468,2469,2479],"mfrac",{},[1818,2470,2471,2474,2476],{},[2071,2472,2473],{},"0.58",[1960,2475,2079],{},[2071,2477,2478],{},"0.50",[1818,2480,2481,2484,2486],{},[2071,2482,2483],{},"0.70",[1960,2485,2079],{},[2071,2487,2488],{},"0.20",[1960,2490,2069],{},[2071,2492,2493],{},"0.16.",[1825,2495,2496],{"encoding":1827},"\\hat\\tau_{Wald}=\\frac{0.58-0.50}{0.70-0.20}=0.16.",[1802,2498,2500,2621,2731],{"className":2499,"ariaHidden":1832},[1831],[1802,2501,2503,2507,2612,2615,2618],{"className":2502},[1836],[1802,2504],{"className":2505,"style":2506},[1840],"height:0.8444em;vertical-align:-0.15em;",[1802,2508,2510,2552],{"className":2509},[1845],[1802,2511,2514],{"className":2512},[1845,2513],"accent",[1802,2515,2518],{"className":2516},[2517],"vlist-t",[1802,2519,2522],{"className":2520},[2521],"vlist-r",[1802,2523,2527,2539],{"className":2524,"style":2526},[2525],"vlist","height:0.6944em;",[1802,2528,2530,2535],{"style":2529},"top:-3em;",[1802,2531],{"className":2532,"style":2534},[2533],"pstrut","height:3em;",[1802,2536,2446],{"className":2537,"style":2538},[1845,1846],"margin-right:0.1132em;",[1802,2540,2541,2544],{"style":2529},[1802,2542],{"className":2543,"style":2534},[2533],[1802,2545,2549],{"className":2546,"style":2548},[2547],"accent-body","left:-0.2222em;",[1802,2550,2449],{"className":2551},[1845],[1802,2553,2556],{"className":2554},[2555],"msupsub",[1802,2557,2560,2603],{"className":2558},[2517,2559],"vlist-t2",[1802,2561,2563,2598],{"className":2562},[2521],[1802,2564,2567],{"className":2565,"style":2566},[2525],"height:0.3361em;",[1802,2568,2570,2574],{"style":2569},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.1132em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1802,2571],{"className":2572,"style":2573},[2533],"height:2.7em;",[1802,2575,2581],{"className":2576},[2577,2578,2579,2580],"sizing","reset-size6","size3","mtight",[1802,2582,2584,2588,2591,2595],{"className":2583},[1845,2580],[1802,2585,2454],{"className":2586,"style":2587},[1845,1846,2580],"margin-right:0.1389em;",[1802,2589,2457],{"className":2590},[1845,1846,2580],[1802,2592,2460],{"className":2593,"style":2594},[1845,1846,2580],"margin-right:0.0197em;",[1802,2596,2463],{"className":2597},[1845,1846,2580],[1802,2599,2602],{"className":2600},[2601],"vlist-s","​",[1802,2604,2606],{"className":2605},[2521],[1802,2607,2610],{"className":2608,"style":2609},[2525],"height:0.15em;",[1802,2611],{},[1802,2613],{"className":2614,"style":1985},[1984],[1802,2616,2069],{"className":2617},[1989],[1802,2619],{"className":2620,"style":1985},[1984],[1802,2622,2624,2628,2722,2725,2728],{"className":2623},[1836],[1802,2625],{"className":2626,"style":2627},[1840],"height:2.0908em;vertical-align:-0.7693em;",[1802,2629,2631,2635,2719],{"className":2630},[1845],[1802,2632],{"className":2633},[2117,2634],"nulldelimiter",[1802,2636,2638],{"className":2637},[2467],[1802,2639,2641,2710],{"className":2640},[2517,2559],[1802,2642,2644,2707],{"className":2643},[2521],[1802,2645,2648,2672,2683],{"className":2646,"style":2647},[2525],"height:1.3214em;",[1802,2649,2651,2654],{"style":2650},"top:-2.314em;",[1802,2652],{"className":2653,"style":2534},[2533],[1802,2655,2657,2660,2663,2666,2669],{"className":2656},[1845],[1802,2658,2483],{"className":2659},[1845],[1802,2661],{"className":2662,"style":2002},[1984],[1802,2664,2079],{"className":2665},[2167],[1802,2667],{"className":2668,"style":2002},[1984],[1802,2670,2488],{"className":2671},[1845],[1802,2673,2675,2678],{"style":2674},"top:-3.23em;",[1802,2676],{"className":2677,"style":2534},[2533],[1802,2679],{"className":2680,"style":2682},[2681],"frac-line","border-bottom-width:0.04em;",[1802,2684,2686,2689],{"style":2685},"top:-3.677em;",[1802,2687],{"className":2688,"style":2534},[2533],[1802,2690,2692,2695,2698,2701,2704],{"className":2691},[1845],[1802,2693,2473],{"className":2694},[1845],[1802,2696],{"className":2697,"style":2002},[1984],[1802,2699,2079],{"className":2700},[2167],[1802,2702],{"className":2703,"style":2002},[1984],[1802,2705,2478],{"className":2706},[1845],[1802,2708,2602],{"className":2709},[2601],[1802,2711,2713],{"className":2712},[2521],[1802,2714,2717],{"className":2715,"style":2716},[2525],"height:0.7693em;",[1802,2718],{},[1802,2720],{"className":2721},[2160,2634],[1802,2723],{"className":2724,"style":1985},[1984],[1802,2726,2069],{"className":2727},[1989],[1802,2729],{"className":2730,"style":1985},[1984],[1802,2732,2734,2738],{"className":2733},[1836],[1802,2735],{"className":2736,"style":2737},[1840],"height:0.6444em;",[1802,2739,2493],{"className":2740},[1845],[1798,2742,2743],{},"The 16-point estimate scales the ITT by the offer-induced 50-point change in receipt.",[1793,2745,2747],{"id":2746},"four-assumptions-do-different-work","Four assumptions do different work",[2749,2750,2751,2817,2851,2914],"ol",{},[2752,2753,2754,2758,2759,2787,2788,2816],"li",{},[2755,2756,2757],"strong",{},"Relevance:"," ",[1802,2760,2762,2775],{"className":2761},[1805],[1802,2763,2765],{"className":2764},[1809],[1811,2766,2767],{"xmlns":1813},[1815,2768,2769,2773],{},[1818,2770,2771],{},[1821,2772,1863],{},[1825,2774,1863],{"encoding":1827},[1802,2776,2778],{"className":2777,"ariaHidden":1832},[1831],[1802,2779,2781,2784],{"className":2780},[1836],[1802,2782],{"className":2783,"style":1841},[1840],[1802,2785,1863],{"className":2786,"style":1878},[1845,1846]," changes 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software estimates both stages and the correct joint uncertainty. Manually replacing ",[1802,3798,3800,3813],{"className":3799},[1805],[1802,3801,3803],{"className":3802},[1809],[1811,3804,3805],{"xmlns":1813},[1815,3806,3807,3811],{},[1818,3808,3809],{},[1821,3810,1823],{},[1825,3812,1823],{"encoding":1827},[1802,3814,3816],{"className":3815,"ariaHidden":1832},[1831],[1802,3817,3819,3822],{"className":3818},[1836],[1802,3820],{"className":3821,"style":1841},[1840],[1802,3823,1823],{"className":3824,"style":1847},[1845,1846]," by ",[1802,3827,3829,3847],{"className":3828},[1805],[1802,3830,3832],{"className":3831},[1809],[1811,3833,3834],{"xmlns":1813},[1815,3835,3836,3844],{},[1818,3837,3838],{},[2442,3839,3840,3842],{"accent":1832},[1821,3841,1823],{},[1960,3843,2449],{"stretchy":1832},[1825,3845,3846],{"encoding":1827},"\\widehat D",[1802,3848,3850],{"className":3849,"ariaHidden":1832},[1831],[1802,3851,3853,3856],{"className":3852},[1836],[1802,3854],{"className":3855,"style":3595},[1840],[1802,3857,3859],{"className":3858},[1845,2513],[1802,3860,3862],{"className":3861},[2517],[1802,3863,3865],{"className":3864},[2521],[1802,3866,3868,3876],{"className":3867,"style":3595},[2525],[1802,3869,3870,3873],{"style":2529},[1802,3871],{"className":3872,"style":2534},[2533],[1802,3874,1823],{"className":3875,"style":1847},[1845,1846],[1802,3877,3879,3882],{"className":3878,"style":3608},[3607],[1802,3880],{"className":3881,"style":2534},[2533],[1802,3883,3884],{"style":3614},[3616,3885,3886],{"xmlns":3618,"width":3619,"height":3620,"viewBox":3621,"preserveAspectRatio":3622},[3624,3887],{"d":3626}," and reading ordinary second-stage standard errors is incorrect.",[1793,3890,3892],{"id":3891},"exclusion-is-substantive","Exclusion is substantive",[2012,3894,3895,3905],{},[2015,3896,3897],{},[2018,3898,3899,3902],{},[2021,3900,3901],{},"Proposed instrument",[2021,3903,3904],{},"Plausible direct path to outcome",[2031,3906,3907,3915,3923,3931],{},[2018,3908,3909,3912],{},[2036,3910,3911],{},"scholarship offer letter",[2036,3913,3914],{},"information, encouragement or stigma",[2018,3916,3917,3920],{},[2036,3918,3919],{},"distance to university",[2036,3921,3922],{},"local labour market and family location",[2018,3924,3925,3928],{},[2036,3926,3927],{},"judge assignment",[2036,3929,3930],{},"judge characteristics affect multiple case decisions",[2018,3932,3933,3936],{},[2036,3934,3935],{},"class-size rule",[2036,3937,3938],{},"sorting, other resources or score manipulation",[1798,3940,3941],{},"Negative-control outcomes, institutional details and alternative channels can challenge exclusion, but no single statistical test proves it.",[1798,3943,3944,3945,2816],{},"The classic LATE framework is formalised by Angrist, Imbens and Rubin, ",[2457,3946,3950],{"href":3947,"rel":3948},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1080\u002F01621459.1996.10476902",[3949],"nofollow","Identification of Causal Effects Using Instrumental Variables",[1793,3952,3954],{"id":3953},"report-the-complete-chain","Report the complete chain",[3956,3957,3958,3961,3964,3967,3970,3973,3976],"ul",{},[2752,3959,3960],{},"instrument assignment and timing;",[2752,3962,3963],{},"first-stage magnitude and uncertainty;",[2752,3965,3966],{},"reduced form in outcome units;",[2752,3968,3969],{},"2SLS\u002FWald estimate and weak-IV-robust interval;",[2752,3971,3972],{},"exclusion channels and falsification evidence;",[2752,3974,3975],{},"complier population and treatment version;",[2752,3977,3978],{},"whether effects can be transported to the policy population.",[1793,3980,3982],{"id":3981},"quick-check","Quick check",[1798,3984,3985],{},"The offer has a strong first stage but also includes free advising unavailable to non-recipients. If treatment is defined only as cash receipt, what fails?",[3987,3988,3990],"legacy-details",{"title":3989},"Answer","Exclusion is doubtful because the offer can affect completion through advising as well as cash receipt. Redefine the treatment package, estimate the ITT of the offer, or supply a design that separates the channels.",[1798,3992,3993],{},[2457,3994,3996],{"href":3995},".\u002F08-weak-iv-late","Next: Weak IV and LATE",{"title":10,"searchDepth":3998,"depth":3998,"links":3999},2,[4000,4001,4002,4003,4004,4005,4006],{"id":1795,"depth":3998,"text":1796},{"id":2006,"depth":3998,"text":2007},{"id":2746,"depth":3998,"text":2747},{"id":2925,"depth":3998,"text":2926},{"id":3891,"depth":3998,"text":3892},{"id":3953,"depth":3998,"text":3954},{"id":3981,"depth":3998,"text":3982},"Use an external assignment to isolate treatment variation while defending exclusion","md",{},true,{"title":588,"description":4007},"VKLoEPngoYXFyY-8_V9jyH0gYxAGoK-lw8kIIL1Zz-g",[4014,4016],{"title":582,"path":583,"stem":584,"description":4015,"children":-1},"Isolate treatment variation through external shifts or within-unit change",{"title":592,"path":593,"stem":594,"description":4017,"children":-1},"Diagnose unstable IV ratios, weak-identification inference and complier-specific interpretation",1785754727849]