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Search, Evaluate, and Read Evidence","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F02-reading-and-literature-matrix","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F02-reading-and-literature-matrix",{"title":27,"path":28,"stem":29},"3. From Sources to Synthesis and Argument","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F03-arguments-outlines-and-paragraphs","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F03-arguments-outlines-and-paragraphs",{"title":31,"path":32,"stem":33},"4. Literature Review and a Defensible Gap","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review",{"title":35,"path":36,"stem":37},"5. Research Design, Evidence, and Core Sections","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F05-core-sections-and-evidence","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F05-core-sections-and-evidence",{"title":39,"path":40,"stem":41},"6. Citation, Paraphrasing, Integrity, and AI","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F06-citation-paraphrasing-and-integrity","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F06-citation-paraphrasing-and-integrity",{"title":43,"path":44,"stem":45},"7. Revision, Review, and Submission","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F07-revision-style-and-submission","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F07-revision-style-and-submission",{"title":47,"path":48,"stem":49},"8. Research Workbook","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template",{"title":51,"path":52,"stem":53},"9. Research Workflow and Tools","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F09-tools-for-academic-writing-and-literature-management","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F09-tools-for-academic-writing-and-literature-management",{"title":55,"path":56,"stem":57},"10. Worked Project — From Question to Defensible Conclusion","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F10-worked-example-from-block-structure-to-question-chain","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F10-worked-example-from-block-structure-to-question-chain",{"title":59,"path":60,"stem":61,"children":62,"page":249},"Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting","en\u002Faccounting",[63,69,87,93,193],{"title":64,"path":65,"stem":66,"children":67},"Accounting — From Evidence to Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002F00-index","en\u002Faccounting\u002F00-index",[68],{"title":64,"path":65,"stem":66},{"title":70,"path":71,"stem":72,"children":73},"Accounting Appendix","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[74,75,79,83],{"title":70,"path":71,"stem":72},{"title":76,"path":77,"stem":78},"Worked Examples and Error Diagnosis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F24-examples-pitfalls","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F24-examples-pitfalls",{"title":80,"path":81,"stem":82},"Accounting Glossary","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F26-glossary","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F26-glossary",{"title":84,"path":85,"stem":86},"Reading and Evidence Map","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F27-reading-map","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F27-reading-map",{"title":88,"path":89,"stem":90,"children":91},"Northstar Record-to-Decision Capstone","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[92],{"title":88,"path":89,"stem":90},{"title":94,"path":95,"stem":96,"children":97},"Financial Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002Findex",[98,99,117,131,165,179],{"title":94,"path":95,"stem":96},{"title":100,"path":101,"stem":102,"children":103},"1. Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002Findex",[104,105,109,113],{"title":100,"path":101,"stem":102},{"title":106,"path":107,"stem":108},"Objectives and Qualitative Characteristics","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F01-objectives-qualitative-characteristics","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F01-objectives-qualitative-characteristics",{"title":110,"path":111,"stem":112},"Equation and Elements","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F02-equation-elements","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F02-equation-elements",{"title":114,"path":115,"stem":116},"Accrual Basis, Estimates and Periods","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F03-accounting-bases-principles","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F03-accounting-bases-principles",{"title":118,"path":119,"stem":120,"children":121},"2. Recording Transactions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002Findex",[122,123,127],{"title":118,"path":119,"stem":120},{"title":124,"path":125,"stem":126},"Double-Entry and Debit\u002FCredit","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F04-double-entry-dr-cr","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F04-double-entry-dr-cr",{"title":128,"path":129,"stem":130},"Accounting Cycle","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F05-accounting-cycle","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F05-accounting-cycle",{"title":132,"path":133,"stem":134,"children":135},"3. Measurement and Adjustments","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002Findex",[136,137,141,145,149,153,157,161],{"title":132,"path":133,"stem":134},{"title":138,"path":139,"stem":140},"Revenue Recognition","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F07-revenue-recognition","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F07-revenue-recognition",{"title":142,"path":143,"stem":144},"Inventory","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F08-inventory","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F08-inventory",{"title":146,"path":147,"stem":148},"Receivables and Expected Credit Losses","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F09-receivables","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F09-receivables",{"title":150,"path":151,"stem":152},"Property, Plant and Equipment","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F10-ppe","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F10-ppe",{"title":154,"path":155,"stem":156},"Intangible Assets","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F11-intangibles","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F11-intangibles",{"title":158,"path":159,"stem":160},"Leases","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F12-leases","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F12-leases",{"title":162,"path":163,"stem":164},"Current and Deferred Income Tax","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F13-income-tax","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F13-income-tax",{"title":166,"path":167,"stem":168,"children":169},"4. Reporting and Cash","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002Findex",[170,171,175],{"title":166,"path":167,"stem":168},{"title":172,"path":173,"stem":174},"Linked Financial Statements","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F06-financial-statements","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F06-financial-statements",{"title":176,"path":177,"stem":178},"Cash, Reconciliation and Internal Control","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F14-cash-control","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F14-cash-control",{"title":180,"path":181,"stem":182,"children":183},"5. Analysis and Comparison","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002Findex",[184,185,189],{"title":180,"path":181,"stem":182},{"title":186,"path":187,"stem":188},"Ratio Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F15-ratio-analysis","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F15-ratio-analysis",{"title":190,"path":191,"stem":192},"IFRS versus US GAAP","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F25-ifrs-gaap","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F25-ifrs-gaap",{"title":194,"path":195,"stem":196,"children":197},"Management Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002Findex",[198,199,217,235],{"title":194,"path":195,"stem":196},{"title":200,"path":201,"stem":202,"children":203},"1. Cost Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002Findex",[204,205,209,213],{"title":200,"path":201,"stem":202},{"title":206,"path":207,"stem":208},"Cost Concepts and Behaviour","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F16-cost-concepts","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F16-cost-concepts",{"title":210,"path":211,"stem":212},"Costing Systems","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F17-costing-systems","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F17-costing-systems",{"title":214,"path":215,"stem":216},"Variable and Absorption Costing","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F19-variable-vs-absorption","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F19-variable-vs-absorption",{"title":218,"path":219,"stem":220,"children":221},"2. Planning and Control","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002Findex",[222,223,227,231],{"title":218,"path":219,"stem":220},{"title":224,"path":225,"stem":226},"Cost–Volume–Profit Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F18-cvp-analysis","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F18-cvp-analysis",{"title":228,"path":229,"stem":230},"Budgeting and Variance Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F20-budgeting-variances","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F20-budgeting-variances",{"title":232,"path":233,"stem":234},"Performance Measurement","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F21-performance-measurement","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F21-performance-measurement",{"title":236,"path":237,"stem":238,"children":239},"3. Decisions and Investment","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002Findex",[240,241,245],{"title":236,"path":237,"stem":238},{"title":242,"path":243,"stem":244},"Short-Term Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F22-short-term-decisions","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F22-short-term-decisions",{"title":246,"path":247,"stem":248},"Capital Budgeting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F23-capital-budgeting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F23-capital-budgeting",false,{"title":251,"path":252,"stem":253,"children":254,"page":249},"Business Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics",[255,261,279,305,335,365,383,400],{"title":256,"path":257,"stem":258,"children":259},"Business Analytics — From Data to Defensible Action","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-index","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-index",[260],{"title":256,"path":257,"stem":258},{"title":262,"path":263,"stem":264,"children":265},"0. Decision and Data Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[266,267,271,275],{"title":262,"path":263,"stem":264},{"title":268,"path":269,"stem":270},"Decision Framing","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F01-decision-framing","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F01-decision-framing",{"title":272,"path":273,"stem":274},"Data Contracts","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F02-data-contracts","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F02-data-contracts",{"title":276,"path":277,"stem":278},"Reproducible Analytics Workflow","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F03-reproducible-workflow","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F03-reproducible-workflow",{"title":280,"path":281,"stem":282,"children":283},"1. Descriptive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002Findex",[284,285,289,293,297,301],{"title":280,"path":281,"stem":282},{"title":286,"path":287,"stem":288},"Distributions and Exploratory Data Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F04-distributions-eda","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F04-distributions-eda",{"title":290,"path":291,"stem":292},"KPIs and Denominators","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F05-kpis-denominators","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F05-kpis-denominators",{"title":294,"path":295,"stem":296},"Segments, Cohorts and Funnels","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F06-segmentation-cohorts-funnels","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F06-segmentation-cohorts-funnels",{"title":298,"path":299,"stem":300},"Visual Evidence and Data Stories","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F07-visualisation-story","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F07-visualisation-story",{"title":302,"path":303,"stem":304},"Experiments and Causal Boundaries","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F08-experiments-causal-boundary","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F08-experiments-causal-boundary",{"title":306,"path":307,"stem":308,"children":309},"2. Predictive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002Findex",[310,311,315,319,323,327,331],{"title":306,"path":307,"stem":308},{"title":312,"path":313,"stem":314},"Validation, Baselines and Leakage","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F09-validation-leakage","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F09-validation-leakage",{"title":316,"path":317,"stem":318},"Regression and Forecasting","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F10-regression-forecasting","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F10-regression-forecasting",{"title":320,"path":321,"stem":322},"Classification and Calibration","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F11-classification-calibration","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F11-classification-calibration",{"title":324,"path":325,"stem":326},"Trees and Ensembles","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F12-trees-ensembles","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F12-trees-ensembles",{"title":328,"path":329,"stem":330},"Decision Metrics and Thresholds","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F13-decision-metrics-thresholds","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F13-decision-metrics-thresholds",{"title":332,"path":333,"stem":334},"Explainability, Monitoring and Drift","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F14-explainability-drift","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F14-explainability-drift",{"title":336,"path":337,"stem":338,"children":339},"3. Prescriptive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002Findex",[340,341,345,349,353,357,361],{"title":336,"path":337,"stem":338},{"title":342,"path":343,"stem":344},"Decision-Making under Uncertainty","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F15-decision-uncertainty","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F15-decision-uncertainty",{"title":346,"path":347,"stem":348},"Linear Optimisation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F16-linear-optimization","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F16-linear-optimization",{"title":350,"path":351,"stem":352},"Inventory and Allocation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F17-inventory-allocation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F17-inventory-allocation",{"title":354,"path":355,"stem":356},"Queueing and Simulation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F18-queueing-simulation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F18-queueing-simulation",{"title":358,"path":359,"stem":360},"Pricing and Revenue Management","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F19-pricing-experimentation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F19-pricing-experimentation",{"title":362,"path":363,"stem":364},"Causal Targeting and Policy Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F20-causal-targeting","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F20-causal-targeting",{"title":366,"path":367,"stem":368,"children":369},"4. Deployment and Governance","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002Findex",[370,371,375,379],{"title":366,"path":367,"stem":368},{"title":372,"path":373,"stem":374},"Data Products and Monitoring","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F21-data-products-monitoring","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F21-data-products-monitoring",{"title":376,"path":377,"stem":378},"Governance, Fairness and Privacy","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F22-governance-fairness-privacy","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F22-governance-fairness-privacy",{"title":380,"path":381,"stem":382},"Adoption and Business Value","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F23-adoption-value","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F23-adoption-value",{"title":384,"path":385,"stem":386,"children":387},"Appendix and Revision Tools","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[388,389,393,397],{"title":384,"path":385,"stem":386},{"title":390,"path":391,"stem":392},"Formula and Decision Map","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F24-formula-map","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F24-formula-map",{"title":394,"path":395,"stem":396},"Worked Examples and Pitfalls","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F25-worked-examples-pitfalls","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F25-worked-examples-pitfalls",{"title":84,"path":398,"stem":399},"\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F26-reading-map","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F26-reading-map",{"title":401,"path":402,"stem":403,"children":404},"Capstone — The Evening Delivery Promise","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[405],{"title":401,"path":402,"stem":403},{"title":407,"path":408,"stem":409,"children":410,"page":249},"Financial Economic Time Series","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series",[411,417,423,429,435,441,447,453,459,465,471],{"title":412,"path":413,"stem":414,"children":415},"Financial and Economic Time Series — Course Guide","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F00-intro","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[416],{"title":412,"path":413,"stem":414},{"title":418,"path":419,"stem":420,"children":421},"Three Versions of Time Series","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F01-bridge","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F01-bridge\u002Findex",[422],{"title":418,"path":419,"stem":420},{"title":424,"path":425,"stem":426,"children":427},"Data, Clocks, and Transformations","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F02-data-transformations","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F02-data-transformations\u002Findex",[428],{"title":424,"path":425,"stem":426},{"title":430,"path":431,"stem":432,"children":433},"Predictive Regressions and Persistent Predictors","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F03-predictive-regressions","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F03-predictive-regressions\u002Findex",[434],{"title":430,"path":431,"stem":432},{"title":436,"path":437,"stem":438,"children":439},"Volatility, Tails, and Financial Risk","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F04-volatility-risk","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F04-volatility-risk\u002Findex",[440],{"title":436,"path":437,"stem":438},{"title":442,"path":443,"stem":444,"children":445},"Unit Roots, Cointegration, and Error Correction","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F05-unit-roots-cointegration","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F05-unit-roots-cointegration\u002Findex",[446],{"title":442,"path":443,"stem":444},{"title":448,"path":449,"stem":450,"children":451},"VAR, Structural Identification, and Local Projections","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F06-var-identification","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F06-var-identification\u002Findex",[452],{"title":448,"path":449,"stem":450},{"title":454,"path":455,"stem":456,"children":457},"State Space, Mixed Frequency, and Nowcasting","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F07-state-space-nowcasting","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F07-state-space-nowcasting\u002Findex",[458],{"title":454,"path":455,"stem":456},{"title":460,"path":461,"stem":462,"children":463},"Forecast Evaluation for Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F08-forecast-evaluation","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F08-forecast-evaluation\u002Findex",[464],{"title":460,"path":461,"stem":462},{"title":466,"path":467,"stem":468,"children":469},"Integrated R Laboratory","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F09-r-laboratory","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F09-r-laboratory\u002Findex",[470],{"title":466,"path":467,"stem":468},{"title":472,"path":473,"stem":474,"children":475},"Capstones, Data, and Reading Ladder","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F10-capstone-readings","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F10-capstone-readings\u002Findex",[476],{"title":472,"path":473,"stem":474},{"title":478,"path":479,"stem":480,"children":481,"page":249},"Intro To Economics","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics","en\u002Fintro-to-economics",[482,486,490,494,498,502,506,510,514,518,522,526,530],{"title":483,"path":484,"stem":485},"Introduction to Economics — Decisions, Markets, and the Macroeconomy","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F00-intro",{"title":487,"path":488,"stem":489},"Chapter 1 — Choice, Opportunity Cost, and Trade","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F01-foundations","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F01-foundations",{"title":491,"path":492,"stem":493},"Chapter 2 — Demand, Supply, Equilibrium, and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F02-demand-and-supply","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F02-demand-and-supply",{"title":495,"path":496,"stem":497},"Chapter 3 — Elasticity, Revenue, and Tax Incidence","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F03-elasticity","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F03-elasticity",{"title":499,"path":500,"stem":501},"Chapter 4 — Firms, Market Power, and Market Failure","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F04-market-structures","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F04-market-structures",{"title":503,"path":504,"stem":505},"Chapter 5 — GDP, Income, Wealth, and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F05-gdp-and-wealth","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F05-gdp-and-wealth",{"title":507,"path":508,"stem":509},"Chapter 6 — Inflation, Purchasing Power, and Labour Markets","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F06-inflation-and-unemployment","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F06-inflation-and-unemployment",{"title":511,"path":512,"stem":513},"Chapter 7 — Productivity, Technology, and Economic Growth","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F07-economic-growth","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F07-economic-growth",{"title":515,"path":516,"stem":517},"Chapter 8 — Money, Credit, and Banking","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F08-money-and-banking","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F08-money-and-banking",{"title":519,"path":520,"stem":521},"Chapter 9 — Business Cycles, AD–AS, and Monetary Policy","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F09-monetary-policy-and-ad-as","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F09-monetary-policy-and-ad-as",{"title":523,"path":524,"stem":525},"Chapter 10 — Fiscal Policy, Distribution, and Public Debt","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F10-fiscal-policy","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F10-fiscal-policy",{"title":527,"path":528,"stem":529},"Chapter 11 — Trade, Capital Flows, and Exchange Rates","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F11-open-economy-and-exchange-rates","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F11-open-economy-and-exchange-rates",{"title":531,"path":532,"stem":533},"Chapter 12 — Integrated Economic Analysis Studio","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F12-review-and-case-studies","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F12-review-and-case-studies",{"title":535,"path":536,"stem":537,"children":538,"page":249},"Microeconometrics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics",[539,557,563,581,603,629,651,673,691,709],{"title":540,"path":541,"stem":542,"children":543},"0. Causal Questions and Designs","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002Findex",[544,545,549,553],{"title":540,"path":541,"stem":542},{"title":546,"path":547,"stem":548},"Causal Questions and Estimands","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F01-causal-question-estimands","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F01-causal-question-estimands",{"title":550,"path":551,"stem":552},"Potential Outcomes and Experiments","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F02-potential-outcomes-experiments","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F02-potential-outcomes-experiments",{"title":554,"path":555,"stem":556},"Causal Diagrams and Controls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F03-dags-controls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F03-dags-controls",{"title":558,"path":559,"stem":560,"children":561},"Microeconometrics — Designing Credible Counterfactuals","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-index","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-index",[562],{"title":558,"path":559,"stem":560},{"title":564,"path":565,"stem":566,"children":567},"1. Regression and Inference","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002Findex",[568,569,573,577],{"title":564,"path":565,"stem":566},{"title":570,"path":571,"stem":572},"OLS as a Projection","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F04-ols-projection","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F04-ols-projection",{"title":574,"path":575,"stem":576},"FWL, Selection and Controls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F05-fwl-selection-controls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F05-fwl-selection-controls",{"title":578,"path":579,"stem":580},"Inference and Clustering","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F06-inference-clustering","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F06-inference-clustering",{"title":582,"path":583,"stem":584,"children":585},"2. Instruments and Panel Data","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002Findex",[586,587,591,595,599],{"title":582,"path":583,"stem":584},{"title":588,"path":589,"stem":590},"Instrumental Variables","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F07-iv-identification","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F07-iv-identification",{"title":592,"path":593,"stem":594},"Weak Instruments and LATE","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F08-weak-iv-late","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F08-weak-iv-late",{"title":596,"path":597,"stem":598},"Panel Fixed Effects","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F09-panel-fixed-effects","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F09-panel-fixed-effects",{"title":600,"path":601,"stem":602},"Dynamic Panels and Limits","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F10-dynamic-panel","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F10-dynamic-panel",{"title":604,"path":605,"stem":606,"children":607},"3. Policy Evaluation Designs","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002Findex",[608,609,613,617,621,625],{"title":604,"path":605,"stem":606},{"title":610,"path":611,"stem":612},"Difference-in-Differences","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F11-did-core","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F11-did-core",{"title":614,"path":615,"stem":616},"Staggered DID and Event Studies","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F12-staggered-event-studies","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F12-staggered-event-studies",{"title":618,"path":619,"stem":620},"Regression Discontinuity","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F13-rdd","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F13-rdd",{"title":622,"path":623,"stem":624},"Matching, Weighting and Overlap","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F14-matching-weighting","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F14-matching-weighting",{"title":626,"path":627,"stem":628},"Synthetic Control","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F15-synthetic-control","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F15-synthetic-control",{"title":630,"path":631,"stem":632,"children":633},"Module 4 — Choice and Limited Outcomes","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002Findex",[634,635,639,643,647],{"title":630,"path":631,"stem":632},{"title":636,"path":637,"stem":638},"Binary Choice","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F16-binary-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F16-binary-choice",{"title":640,"path":641,"stem":642},"Multinomial and Ordered Choice","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F17-multinomial-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F17-multinomial-choice",{"title":644,"path":645,"stem":646},"Count Outcomes","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F18-count-outcomes","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F18-count-outcomes",{"title":648,"path":649,"stem":650},"Censoring, Truncation and Selection","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F19-censoring-selection","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F19-censoring-selection",{"title":652,"path":653,"stem":654,"children":655},"Module 5 — Modern Causal Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002Findex",[656,657,661,665,669],{"title":652,"path":653,"stem":654},{"title":658,"path":659,"stem":660},"Double Machine Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F20-dml","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F20-dml",{"title":662,"path":663,"stem":664},"Heterogeneity and Policy Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F21-heterogeneity-policy","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F21-heterogeneity-policy",{"title":666,"path":667,"stem":668},"Sensitivity and Partial Identification","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F22-sensitivity-partial-id","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F22-sensitivity-partial-id",{"title":670,"path":671,"stem":672},"External Validity and Transport","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F23-external-validity","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F23-external-validity",{"title":674,"path":675,"stem":676,"children":677},"Module 6 — From Data to Auditable Evidence","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002Findex",[678,679,683,687],{"title":674,"path":675,"stem":676},{"title":680,"path":681,"stem":682},"Data Provenance","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F24-data-provenance","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F24-data-provenance",{"title":684,"path":685,"stem":686},"Reproducibility and Reporting","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F25-reproducibility-reporting","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F25-reproducibility-reporting",{"title":688,"path":689,"stem":690},"Paper and Evidence Audit","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F26-paper-audit","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F26-paper-audit",{"title":692,"path":693,"stem":694,"children":695},"Appendix — Revision and Evidence Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[696,697,701,705],{"title":692,"path":693,"stem":694},{"title":698,"path":699,"stem":700},"Formula and Design Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F27-formula-design-map","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F27-formula-design-map",{"title":702,"path":703,"stem":704},"Ten Worked Microeconometric Pitfalls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F28-worked-pitfalls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F28-worked-pitfalls",{"title":706,"path":707,"stem":708},"Reading and Software Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F29-reading-software-map","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F29-reading-software-map",{"title":710,"path":711,"stem":712,"children":713},"Capstone — Should Northbridge Expand Pathways?","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[714],{"title":710,"path":711,"stem":712},{"title":716,"path":717,"stem":718,"children":719,"page":249},"Microeconomics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics",[720,726,732,738,744,750,756,762,768,774,780,786,792],{"title":721,"path":722,"stem":723,"children":724},"Advanced Microeconomics — Course Guide","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[725],{"title":721,"path":722,"stem":723},{"title":727,"path":728,"stem":729,"children":730},"Module 1 — Choice, Duality, and Revealed Preference","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F01-fundations","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F01-fundations\u002Findex",[731],{"title":727,"path":728,"stem":729},{"title":733,"path":734,"stem":735,"children":736},"Module 2 — Comparative Statics and Welfare Measurement","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F02-comparative-statics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F02-comparative-statics\u002Findex",[737],{"title":733,"path":734,"stem":735},{"title":739,"path":740,"stem":741,"children":742},"Module 3 — Choice under Risk and Insurance","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F03-uncertainty","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F03-uncertainty\u002Findex",[743],{"title":739,"path":740,"stem":741},{"title":745,"path":746,"stem":747,"children":748},"Module 4 — General Equilibrium and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F04-general-equilibrium","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F04-general-equilibrium\u002Findex",[749],{"title":745,"path":746,"stem":747},{"title":751,"path":752,"stem":753,"children":754},"Module 5 — Static, Dynamic, and Repeated Games","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F05-game-theory","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F05-game-theory\u002Findex",[755],{"title":751,"path":752,"stem":753},{"title":757,"path":758,"stem":759,"children":760},"Module 6 — Oligopoly, Entry, and Algorithmic Pricing","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F06-oligopoly","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F06-oligopoly\u002Findex",[761],{"title":757,"path":758,"stem":759},{"title":763,"path":764,"stem":765,"children":766},"Module 7 — Information Economics and Contracts","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F07-information-economics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F07-information-economics\u002Findex",[767],{"title":763,"path":764,"stem":765},{"title":769,"path":770,"stem":771,"children":772},"Module 8 — Mechanism Design and Auctions","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F08-mechanism-design","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F08-mechanism-design\u002Findex",[773],{"title":769,"path":770,"stem":771},{"title":775,"path":776,"stem":777,"children":778},"Module 9 — Behavioural and Experimental Microeconomics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F09-behavioural-economics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F09-behavioural-economics\u002Findex",[779],{"title":775,"path":776,"stem":777},{"title":781,"path":782,"stem":783,"children":784},"Module 10 — Externalities, Public Goods, and Collective Action","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F10-externalities-public-goods","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F10-externalities-public-goods\u002Findex",[785],{"title":781,"path":782,"stem":783},{"title":787,"path":788,"stem":789,"children":790},"Module 11 — Matching and Market Design","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F11-market-design","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F11-market-design\u002Findex",[791],{"title":787,"path":788,"stem":789},{"title":793,"path":794,"stem":795,"children":796},"Module 12 — Integrated Microeconomic Design Studio","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F12-review","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F12-review\u002Findex",[797],{"title":793,"path":794,"stem":795},{"title":799,"path":800,"stem":801,"children":802},"Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground","en\u002Fplayground\u002Findex",[803,804,808,812,816,820],{"title":799,"path":800,"stem":801},{"title":805,"path":806,"stem":807},"Typst Plugin Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F01-typstex","en\u002Fplayground\u002F01-typstex",{"title":809,"path":810,"stem":811},"Citation Plugin Test","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F02-citation","en\u002Fplayground\u002F02-citation",{"title":813,"path":814,"stem":815},"Pyodide Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F03-pyodide","en\u002Fplayground\u002F03-pyodide",{"title":817,"path":818,"stem":819},"WebR Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F04-webr","en\u002Fplayground\u002F04-webr",{"title":821,"path":822,"stem":823},"Chart.js 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文献综述的构建与写作","\u002Fzh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review","zh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review",{"title":1056,"path":1057,"stem":1058},"8. 文献综述清单与模板","\u002Fzh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template","zh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template",{"title":1060,"path":1061,"stem":1062},"10. 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与重抽样","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F07-bootstrap","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F07-bootstrap\u002Findex",[1726],{"title":1722,"path":1723,"stem":1724},{"title":1728,"path":1729,"stem":1730},"第十三章：前沿文献与现代统计案例（2023—2026）","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F03-frontier-literature-2026","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F03-frontier-literature-2026",{"title":1732,"path":1733,"stem":1734,"children":1735,"page":249},"Quant","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant","zh\u002Fquant",[1736,1742,1746,1750,1754,1758,1762,1766,1770,1774,1778],{"title":1737,"path":1738,"stem":1739,"children":1740},"量化投资——从可检验信号到可执行组合","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F00-index","zh\u002Fquant\u002F00-index",[1741],{"title":1737,"path":1738,"stem":1739},{"title":1743,"path":1744,"stem":1745},"数据获取与预处理","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F01-research-data","zh\u002Fquant\u002F01-research-data",{"title":1747,"path":1748,"stem":1749},"因子与交易信号","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F02-factor-and-signals","zh\u002Fquant\u002F02-factor-and-signals",{"title":1751,"path":1752,"stem":1753},"策略建模与回测","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F03-modeling-and-backtest","zh\u002Fquant\u002F03-modeling-and-backtest",{"title":1755,"path":1756,"stem":1757},"组合构建与风险建模（资产定价视角）","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F04-portfolio-and-risk","zh\u002Fquant\u002F04-portfolio-and-risk",{"title":1759,"path":1760,"stem":1761},"执行策略与市场微结构概览","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F05-execution-and-microstructure","zh\u002Fquant\u002F05-execution-and-microstructure",{"title":1763,"path":1764,"stem":1765},"策略上线、监控与迭代","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F06-production-and-monitoring","zh\u002Fquant\u002F06-production-and-monitoring",{"title":1767,"path":1768,"stem":1769},"量化工程与工具链概览","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F07-engineering-stack","zh\u002Fquant\u002F07-engineering-stack",{"title":1771,"path":1772,"stem":1773},"计量方法与实证检验","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F08-econometric-methods","zh\u002Fquant\u002F08-econometric-methods",{"title":1775,"path":1776,"stem":1777},"案例研究：多因子股票 Alpha 策略全流程","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F09-case-study","zh\u002Fquant\u002F09-case-study",{"title":1779,"path":1780,"stem":1781},"量化投资文献与软件图谱","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F10-reading-software-map","zh\u002Fquant\u002F10-reading-software-map",null,{"id":1784,"title":558,"body":1785,"description":2916,"extension":2917,"features":1782,"hero":1782,"layout":1782,"locale":1782,"meta":2918,"navigation":1782,"path":559,"published":2921,"seo":2922,"stem":560,"__hash__":2923},"docs\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-index.md",{"type":1786,"value":1787,"toc":2899},"minimark",[1788,1792,1796,2023,2026,2031,2036,2039,2091,2095,2098,2101,2105,2108,2139,2142,2146,2149,2173,2177,2377,2381,2384,2481,2484,2488,2548,2551,2555,2715,2718,2722,2725,2784,2787,2791,2799,2840,2847,2851,2854,2892],[1789,1790,558],"h1",{"id":1791},"microeconometrics-designing-credible-counterfactuals",[1793,1794,1795],"p",{},"Microeconometrics is not a catalogue of estimators. It is a disciplined evidence chain:",[1797,1798,1801],"span",{"className":1799},[1800],"katex-display",[1797,1802,1805,1866],{"className":1803},[1804],"katex",[1797,1806,1809],{"className":1807},[1808],"katex-mathml",[1810,1811,1814],"math",{"xmlns":1812,"display":1813},"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML","block",[1815,1816,1817,1861],"semantics",{},[1818,1819,1820,1824,1828,1831,1833,1836,1838,1841,1843,1846,1848,1851,1853,1856],"mrow",{},[1821,1822,1823],"mtext",{},"question",[1825,1826,1827],"mo",{},"→",[1821,1829,1830],{},"estimand",[1825,1832,1827],{},[1821,1834,1835],{},"assignment process",[1825,1837,1827],{},[1821,1839,1840],{},"identification",[1825,1842,1827],{},[1821,1844,1845],{},"estimation",[1825,1847,1827],{},[1821,1849,1850],{},"inference",[1825,1852,1827],{},[1821,1854,1855],{},"decision boundary",[1857,1858,1860],"mi",{"mathvariant":1859},"normal",".",[1862,1863,1865],"annotation",{"encoding":1864},"application\u002Fx-tex","\\text{question}\\rightarrow\\text{estimand}\\rightarrow\\text{assignment process}\n\\rightarrow\\text{identification}\\rightarrow\\text{estimation}\n\\rightarrow\\text{inference}\\rightarrow\\text{decision boundary}.",[1797,1867,1871,1900,1922,1943,1964,1986,2007],{"className":1868,"ariaHidden":1870},[1869],"katex-html","true",[1797,1872,1875,1880,1888,1893,1897],{"className":1873},[1874],"base",[1797,1876],{"className":1877,"style":1879},[1878],"strut","height:0.8623em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[1797,1881,1885],{"className":1882},[1883,1884],"mord","text",[1797,1886,1823],{"className":1887},[1883],[1797,1889],{"className":1890,"style":1892},[1891],"mspace","margin-right:0.2778em;",[1797,1894,1827],{"className":1895},[1896],"mrel",[1797,1898],{"className":1899,"style":1892},[1891],[1797,1901,1903,1907,1913,1916,1919],{"className":1902},[1874],[1797,1904],{"className":1905,"style":1906},[1878],"height:0.6944em;",[1797,1908,1910],{"className":1909},[1883,1884],[1797,1911,1830],{"className":1912},[1883],[1797,1914],{"className":1915,"style":1892},[1891],[1797,1917,1827],{"className":1918},[1896],[1797,1920],{"className":1921,"style":1892},[1891],[1797,1923,1925,1928,1934,1937,1940],{"className":1924},[1874],[1797,1926],{"className":1927,"style":1879},[1878],[1797,1929,1931],{"className":1930},[1883,1884],[1797,1932,1835],{"className":1933},[1883],[1797,1935],{"className":1936,"style":1892},[1891],[1797,1938,1827],{"className":1939},[1896],[1797,1941],{"className":1942,"style":1892},[1891],[1797,1944,1946,1949,1955,1958,1961],{"className":1945},[1874],[1797,1947],{"className":1948,"style":1906},[1878],[1797,1950,1952],{"className":1951},[1883,1884],[1797,1953,1840],{"className":1954},[1883],[1797,1956],{"className":1957,"style":1892},[1891],[1797,1959,1827],{"className":1960},[1896],[1797,1962],{"className":1963,"style":1892},[1891],[1797,1965,1967,1971,1977,1980,1983],{"className":1966},[1874],[1797,1968],{"className":1969,"style":1970},[1878],"height:0.6679em;",[1797,1972,1974],{"className":1973},[1883,1884],[1797,1975,1845],{"className":1976},[1883],[1797,1978],{"className":1979,"style":1892},[1891],[1797,1981,1827],{"className":1982},[1896],[1797,1984],{"className":1985,"style":1892},[1891],[1797,1987,1989,1992,1998,2001,2004],{"className":1988},[1874],[1797,1990],{"className":1991,"style":1906},[1878],[1797,1993,1995],{"className":1994},[1883,1884],[1797,1996,1850],{"className":1997},[1883],[1797,1999],{"className":2000,"style":1892},[1891],[1797,2002,1827],{"className":2003},[1896],[1797,2005],{"className":2006,"style":1892},[1891],[1797,2008,2010,2014,2020],{"className":2009},[1874],[1797,2011],{"className":2012,"style":2013},[1878],"height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[1797,2015,2017],{"className":2016},[1883,1884],[1797,2018,1855],{"className":2019},[1883],[1797,2021,1860],{"className":2022},[1883],[1793,2024,2025],{},"The estimator comes after the counterfactual argument. A precisely estimated coefficient can still answer the wrong question.",[2027,2028,2030],"h2",{"id":2029},"two-running-cases","Two running cases",[2032,2033,2035],"h3",{"id":2034},"northbridge-pathways-scholarship","Northbridge Pathways Scholarship",[1793,2037,2038],{},"Northbridge offers a scholarship to some school-leavers. Eligibility, offer, take-up, university entry, completion and later earnings are different variables.",[2040,2041,2042,2055],"table",{},[2043,2044,2045],"thead",{},[2046,2047,2048,2052],"tr",{},[2049,2050,2051],"th",{},"Research object",[2049,2053,2054],{},"Example",[2056,2057,2058,2067,2075,2083],"tbody",{},[2046,2059,2060,2064],{},[2061,2062,2063],"td",{},"treatment",[2061,2065,2066],{},"scholarship offer, receipt or university enrolment",[2046,2068,2069,2072],{},[2061,2070,2071],{},"outcome",[2061,2073,2074],{},"entry within one year, completion within five years, or earnings",[2046,2076,2077,2080],{},[2061,2078,2079],{},"assignment",[2061,2081,2082],{},"lottery, score cutoff, phased district rollout or self-selection",[2046,2084,2085,2088],{},[2061,2086,2087],{},"possible estimand",[2061,2089,2090],{},"ITT of an offer, LATE of enrolment, ATT for recipients",[2032,2092,2094],{"id":2093},"clearborough-clean-air-zone","Clearborough Clean Air Zone",[1793,2096,2097],{},"Municipalities adopt a clean-air policy at different dates. Pollution, traffic, retail activity and health visits are observed over time. This case develops panel, difference-in-differences and synthetic-control reasoning.",[1793,2099,2100],{},"Both cases are synthetic. Real studies are named and linked explicitly.",[2027,2102,2104],{"id":2103},"learning-outcomes","Learning outcomes",[1793,2106,2107],{},"By the end, you should be able to:",[2109,2110,2111,2115,2118,2121,2124,2127,2130,2133,2136],"ol",{},[2112,2113,2114],"li",{},"define treatment, outcome, population, horizon and estimand before selecting a model;",[2112,2116,2117],{},"represent selection and timing with potential outcomes and causal diagrams;",[2112,2119,2120],{},"distinguish a linear projection from a causal effect and choose defensible controls;",[2112,2122,2123],{},"explain IV, fixed effects, DID, RDD, matching and synthetic control through their counterfactual source;",[2112,2125,2126],{},"diagnose weak instruments, non-parallel trends, manipulation, poor overlap and failed pre-treatment fit;",[2112,2128,2129],{},"match standard errors and uncertainty to sampling and treatment assignment;",[2112,2131,2132],{},"interpret binary, multinomial, count, censored and selected outcomes without confusing coefficients with effects;",[2112,2134,2135],{},"use machine learning for nuisance estimation and heterogeneity without claiming that prediction creates identification;",[2112,2137,2138],{},"report sensitivity, external validity, data provenance and a reproducible evidence chain.",[1793,2140,2141],{},"The main route suits advanced undergraduates and taught postgraduates. Graduate extensions add formal identification, weak-identification-robust inference, staggered-treatment estimands, partial identification and policy learning.",[2027,2143,2145],{"id":2144},"preparation","Preparation",[1793,2147,2148],{},"You need probability, expectations, confidence intervals, matrix-free OLS intuition and basic Python or R reading. Prior causal inference is not required.",[2150,2151,2153,2170],"legacy-details",{"title":2152},"Ten-minute readiness check",[2109,2154,2155,2158,2161,2164,2167],{},[2112,2156,2157],{},"Why can the same person’s outcome under treatment and no treatment not both be observed?",[2112,2159,2160],{},"Does adding more controls always reduce omitted-variable bias?",[2112,2162,2163],{},"Is a strong first-stage relationship enough to validate an instrument?",[2112,2165,2166],{},"Does an insignificant pre-trend prove parallel trends?",[2112,2168,2169],{},"If an RDD estimate is credible at a cutoff, does it identify an effect for everyone?",[1793,2171,2172],{},"Answers: the missing potential outcome is counterfactual; no—mediators and colliders can introduce bias; no—the exclusion and assignment arguments remain; no—pre-tests may have low power and the post-treatment counterfactual is still unobserved; no—the canonical estimand is local to the cutoff.",[2027,2174,2176],{"id":2175},"course-route","Course route",[2040,2178,2179,2192],{},[2043,2180,2181],{},[2046,2182,2183,2186,2189],{},[2049,2184,2185],{},"Module",[2049,2187,2188],{},"Central question",[2049,2190,2191],{},"Main deliverable",[2056,2193,2194,2209,2223,2237,2307,2321,2335,2349,2363],{},[2046,2195,2196,2203,2206],{},[2061,2197,2198],{},[2199,2200,2202],"a",{"href":2201},".\u002F00-foundations\u002F","0. Causal questions and designs",[2061,2204,2205],{},"What effect, for whom, under which assignment process?",[2061,2207,2208],{},"identification memo",[2046,2210,2211,2217,2220],{},[2061,2212,2213],{},[2199,2214,2216],{"href":2215},".\u002F01-regression\u002F","1. Regression and inference",[2061,2218,2219],{},"What does OLS estimate, and when can it support a causal claim?",[2061,2221,2222],{},"regression and uncertainty audit",[2046,2224,2225,2231,2234],{},[2061,2226,2227],{},[2199,2228,2230],{"href":2229},".\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F","2. Instruments and panel data",[2061,2232,2233],{},"Which variation isolates treatment, and what remains unidentified?",[2061,2235,2236],{},"IV or within-unit design brief",[2046,2238,2239,2245,2304],{},[2061,2240,2241],{},[2199,2242,2244],{"href":2243},".\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F","3. Policy evaluation designs",[2061,2246,2247,2248,2303],{},"How do time, thresholds and comparison units construct ",[1797,2249,2251,2277],{"className":2250},[1804],[1797,2252,2254],{"className":2253},[1808],[1810,2255,2256],{"xmlns":1812},[1815,2257,2258,2274],{},[1818,2259,2260,2263,2267,2271],{},[1857,2261,2262],{},"Y",[1825,2264,2266],{"stretchy":2265},"false","(",[2268,2269,2270],"mn",{},"0",[1825,2272,2273],{"stretchy":2265},")",[1862,2275,2276],{"encoding":1864},"Y(0)",[1797,2278,2280],{"className":2279,"ariaHidden":1870},[1869],[1797,2281,2283,2287,2292,2296,2299],{"className":2282},[1874],[1797,2284],{"className":2285,"style":2286},[1878],"height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;",[1797,2288,2262],{"className":2289,"style":2291},[1883,2290],"mathnormal","margin-right:0.2222em;",[1797,2293,2266],{"className":2294},[2295],"mopen",[1797,2297,2270],{"className":2298},[1883],[1797,2300,2273],{"className":2301},[2302],"mclose","?",[2061,2305,2306],{},"DID\u002FRDD\u002Fweighting design",[2046,2308,2309,2315,2318],{},[2061,2310,2311],{},[2199,2312,2314],{"href":2313},".\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F","4. Choice and limited outcomes",[2061,2316,2317],{},"How does the outcome’s support change modelling and interpretation?",[2061,2319,2320],{},"marginal-effect report",[2046,2322,2323,2329,2332],{},[2061,2324,2325],{},[2199,2326,2328],{"href":2327},".\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F","5. Modern causal analysis",[2061,2330,2331],{},"How should flexible prediction, sensitivity and policy learning enter?",[2061,2333,2334],{},"cross-fitted or sensitivity analysis",[2046,2336,2337,2343,2346],{},[2061,2338,2339],{},[2199,2340,2342],{"href":2341},".\u002F06-workflow\u002F","6. Research workflow",[2061,2344,2345],{},"Can another researcher audit the complete evidence chain?",[2061,2347,2348],{},"replication-ready research record",[2046,2350,2351,2357,2360],{},[2061,2352,2353],{},[2199,2354,2356],{"href":2355},".\u002Fcapstone\u002F","Capstone",[2061,2358,2359],{},"Which design best evaluates the Pathways expansion?",[2061,2361,2362],{},"policy memo plus technical appendix",[2046,2364,2365,2371,2374],{},[2061,2366,2367],{},[2199,2368,2370],{"href":2369},".\u002Fappendix\u002F","Appendix",[2061,2372,2373],{},"Which formula, diagnostic or source is needed?",[2061,2375,2376],{},"revision and evidence map",[2027,2378,2380],{"id":2379},"the-identification-memo","The identification memo",[1793,2382,2383],{},"Complete this before running a regression:",[2040,2385,2386,2396],{},[2043,2387,2388],{},[2046,2389,2390,2393],{},[2049,2391,2392],{},"Field",[2049,2394,2395],{},"Pathways example",[2056,2397,2398,2406,2414,2421,2428,2435,2442,2450,2458,2466,2473],{},[2046,2399,2400,2403],{},[2061,2401,2402],{},"decision",[2061,2404,2405],{},"expand, redesign or stop scholarship offers",[2046,2407,2408,2411],{},[2061,2409,2410],{},"unit",[2061,2412,2413],{},"one eligible school-leaver",[2046,2415,2416,2418],{},[2061,2417,2063],{},[2061,2419,2420],{},"offer received by 31 August 2024",[2046,2422,2423,2425],{},[2061,2424,2071],{},[2061,2426,2427],{},"degree completion within five academic years",[2046,2429,2430,2432],{},[2061,2431,1830],{},[2061,2433,2434],{},"ITT among applicants in the 2024 eligibility window",[2046,2436,2437,2439],{},[2061,2438,2079],{},[2061,2440,2441],{},"lottery within score band 68–72",[2046,2443,2444,2447],{},[2061,2445,2446],{},"counterfactual",[2061,2448,2449],{},"outcomes of comparable applicants assigned no offer",[2046,2451,2452,2455],{},[2061,2453,2454],{},"interference",[2061,2456,2457],{},"peer and university-capacity spillovers",[2046,2459,2460,2463],{},[2061,2461,2462],{},"missingness",[2061,2464,2465],{},"completion not mature; migration may hide outcomes",[2046,2467,2468,2470],{},[2061,2469,1850],{},[2061,2471,2472],{},"assignment at applicant level, schools may induce dependence",[2046,2474,2475,2478],{},[2061,2476,2477],{},"scope",[2061,2479,2480],{},"applicants in participating districts and score band",[1793,2482,2483],{},"Changing “offer” to “enrolment” changes the estimand and usually the identification argument.",[2027,2485,2487],{"id":2486},"four-claims-that-must-stay-separate","Four claims that must stay separate",[2040,2489,2490,2502],{},[2043,2491,2492],{},[2046,2493,2494,2497,2499],{},[2049,2495,2496],{},"Claim",[2049,2498,2054],{},[2049,2500,2501],{},"Evidence needed",[2056,2503,2504,2515,2526,2537],{},[2046,2505,2506,2509,2512],{},[2061,2507,2508],{},"descriptive",[2061,2510,2511],{},"recipients complete at a higher rate",[2061,2513,2514],{},"transparent sample and denominator",[2046,2516,2517,2520,2523],{},[2061,2518,2519],{},"predictive",[2061,2521,2522],{},"prior scores predict completion",[2061,2524,2525],{},"time-valid out-of-sample performance",[2046,2527,2528,2531,2534],{},[2061,2529,2530],{},"causal",[2061,2532,2533],{},"an offer raises completion by 6 points",[2061,2535,2536],{},"credible treatment assignment and counterfactual",[2046,2538,2539,2542,2545],{},[2061,2540,2541],{},"policy",[2061,2543,2544],{},"expand offers to another score band",[2061,2546,2547],{},"causal effects, costs, capacity, distribution and transportability",[1793,2549,2550],{},"A causal estimate need not answer a policy question if the affected population, treatment version or capacity changes.",[2027,2552,2554],{"id":2553},"a-13-week-teaching-route","A 13-week teaching route",[2040,2556,2557,2570],{},[2043,2558,2559],{},[2046,2560,2561,2565,2567],{},[2049,2562,2564],{"align":2563},"right","Week",[2049,2566,2145],{},[2049,2568,2569],{},"Workshop output",[2056,2571,2572,2583,2594,2605,2616,2627,2638,2649,2660,2671,2682,2693,2704],{},[2046,2573,2574,2577,2580],{},[2061,2575,2576],{"align":2563},"1",[2061,2578,2579],{},"potential outcomes and estimands",[2061,2581,2582],{},"one-page identification memo",[2046,2584,2585,2588,2591],{},[2061,2586,2587],{"align":2563},"2",[2061,2589,2590],{},"experiments and causal diagrams",[2061,2592,2593],{},"assignment and control audit",[2046,2595,2596,2599,2602],{},[2061,2597,2598],{"align":2563},"3",[2061,2600,2601],{},"OLS, FWL and selection",[2061,2603,2604],{},"projection versus causal interpretation",[2046,2606,2607,2610,2613],{},[2061,2608,2609],{"align":2563},"4",[2061,2611,2612],{},"uncertainty and clustering",[2061,2614,2615],{},"inference plan tied to design",[2046,2617,2618,2621,2624],{},[2061,2619,2620],{"align":2563},"5",[2061,2622,2623],{},"IV and LATE",[2061,2625,2626],{},"first-stage, exclusion and weak-IV audit",[2046,2628,2629,2632,2635],{},[2061,2630,2631],{"align":2563},"6",[2061,2633,2634],{},"panel and fixed effects",[2061,2636,2637],{},"within-unit comparison and threat map",[2046,2639,2640,2643,2646],{},[2061,2641,2642],{"align":2563},"7",[2061,2644,2645],{},"2×2 and staggered DID",[2061,2647,2648],{},"group-time estimand and event-study plan",[2046,2650,2651,2654,2657],{},[2061,2652,2653],{"align":2563},"8",[2061,2655,2656],{},"RDD",[2061,2658,2659],{},"cutoff graph, bandwidth and falsification plan",[2046,2661,2662,2665,2668],{},[2061,2663,2664],{"align":2563},"9",[2061,2666,2667],{},"matching and weighting",[2061,2669,2670],{},"overlap and balance report",[2046,2672,2673,2676,2679],{},[2061,2674,2675],{"align":2563},"10",[2061,2677,2678],{},"synthetic control",[2061,2680,2681],{},"donor-pool and placebo audit",[2046,2683,2684,2687,2690],{},[2061,2685,2686],{"align":2563},"11",[2061,2688,2689],{},"discrete, count and selected outcomes",[2061,2691,2692],{},"marginal-effect interpretation",[2046,2694,2695,2698,2701],{},[2061,2696,2697],{"align":2563},"12",[2061,2699,2700],{},"DML, heterogeneity and sensitivity",[2061,2702,2703],{},"cross-fit or robustness-value exercise",[2046,2705,2706,2709,2712],{},[2061,2707,2708],{"align":2563},"13",[2061,2710,2711],{},"capstone defence",[2061,2713,2714],{},"recommendation, limitations and replication record",[1793,2716,2717],{},"Suggested workload is 90 minutes of preparation, two hours of workshop activity and 90 minutes of follow-up per week. Every executable cell has a static worked result; students may complete equivalent calculations in a spreadsheet or on paper. Tables carry the key values, and colour is never the only evidence channel.",[2027,2719,2721],{"id":2720},"assessment-alignment","Assessment alignment",[1793,2723,2724],{},"This is a teaching template, not an institutional grading rule:",[2040,2726,2727,2740],{},[2043,2728,2729],{},[2046,2730,2731,2734,2737],{},[2049,2732,2733],{},"Task",[2049,2735,2736],{"align":2563},"Suggested share",[2049,2738,2739],{},"Evidence assessed",[2056,2741,2742,2752,2763,2773],{},[2046,2743,2744,2746,2749],{},[2061,2745,2208],{},[2061,2747,2748],{"align":2563},"20%",[2061,2750,2751],{},"estimand, assignment, assumptions and scope",[2046,2753,2754,2757,2760],{},[2061,2755,2756],{},"method replication",[2061,2758,2759],{"align":2563},"25%",[2061,2761,2762],{},"data construction, estimator, inference and diagnostics",[2046,2764,2765,2768,2770],{},[2061,2766,2767],{},"design comparison",[2061,2769,2759],{"align":2563},[2061,2771,2772],{},"counterfactual quality, sensitivity and communication",[2046,2774,2775,2778,2781],{},[2061,2776,2777],{},"integrated capstone",[2061,2779,2780],{"align":2563},"30%",[2061,2782,2783],{},"complete evidence chain and policy boundary",[1793,2785,2786],{},"Postgraduate work should distinguish identification from estimation formally, justify the asymptotic or randomisation reference, and report a sensitivity or partial-identification analysis.",[2027,2788,2790],{"id":2789},"current-evidence-window","Current evidence window",[1793,2792,2793,2794,2798],{},"The reading map was checked on ",[2795,2796,2797],"strong",{},"1 August 2026",". Three updates shape this edition:",[2800,2801,2802,2823,2831],"ul",{},[2112,2803,2804,2805,2811,2812,2817,2818,1860],{},"Modern DID work separates group-time effects, aggregation and sensitivity rather than interpreting a single staggered two-way-fixed-effects coefficient automatically; see ",[2199,2806,2810],{"href":2807,"rel":2808},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.jeconom.2020.12.001",[2809],"nofollow","Callaway and Sant’Anna (2021)",", ",[2199,2813,2816],{"href":2814,"rel":2815},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1093\u002Frestud\u002Frdae007",[2809],"Borusyak, Jaravel and Spiess (2024)"," and ",[2199,2819,2822],{"href":2820,"rel":2821},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1093\u002Frestud\u002Frdad018",[2809],"Rambachan and Roth (2023)",[2112,2824,2825,2826,1860],{},"IV practice now includes quantitative sensitivity to exclusion and ignorability violations, not only first-stage strength; see ",[2199,2827,2830],{"href":2828,"rel":2829},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1093\u002Fbiomet\u002Fasaf004",[2809],"Cinelli and Hazlett (2025)",[2112,2832,2833,2834,2839],{},"The ",[2199,2835,2838],{"href":2836,"rel":2837},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.aeaweb.org\u002Fjournals\u002Fdata\u002Fdata-code-policy",[2809],"AEA Data and Code Availability Policy",", revised in February 2026, requires provenance and computational detail sufficient for replication, including when source data are restricted.",[1793,2841,2833,2842,2846],{},[2199,2843,2845],{"href":2844},".\u002Fappendix\u002F29-reading-software-map","reading and software map"," distinguishes foundational results, current methods, applied illustrations and live software documentation.",[2027,2848,2850],{"id":2849},"study-discipline","Study discipline",[1793,2852,2853],{},"For every result, write six lines:",[2109,2855,2856,2862,2868,2874,2880,2886],{},[2112,2857,2858,2861],{},[2795,2859,2860],{},"estimand:"," which counterfactual contrast;",[2112,2863,2864,2867],{},[2795,2865,2866],{},"assignment:"," where treatment variation came from;",[2112,2869,2870,2873],{},[2795,2871,2872],{},"assumption:"," what makes the comparison causal;",[2112,2875,2876,2879],{},[2795,2877,2878],{},"estimator:"," how the contrast was calculated;",[2112,2881,2882,2885],{},[2795,2883,2884],{},"uncertainty:"," what varies in repeated assignment or sampling;",[2112,2887,2888,2891],{},[2795,2889,2890],{},"scope:"," for whom, where, when and under which treatment version.",[1793,2893,2894,2895,1860],{},"Start with ",[2199,2896,2898],{"href":2897},".\u002F00-foundations\u002F01-causal-question-estimands","causal questions and estimands",{"title":10,"searchDepth":2900,"depth":2900,"links":2901},2,[2902,2907,2908,2909,2910,2911,2912,2913,2914,2915],{"id":2029,"depth":2900,"text":2030,"children":2903},[2904,2906],{"id":2034,"depth":2905,"text":2035},3,{"id":2093,"depth":2905,"text":2094},{"id":2103,"depth":2900,"text":2104},{"id":2144,"depth":2900,"text":2145},{"id":2175,"depth":2900,"text":2176},{"id":2379,"depth":2900,"text":2380},{"id":2486,"depth":2900,"text":2487},{"id":2553,"depth":2900,"text":2554},{"id":2720,"depth":2900,"text":2721},{"id":2789,"depth":2900,"text":2790},{"id":2849,"depth":2900,"text":2850},"An identification-first course in causal inference and microeconometric methods","md",{"sidebar":2919},{"order":2920},0,true,{"title":558,"description":2916},"JHggb7sFCNaJLhbGCZyz6XkR38-snlqDIXN0BFUyQMc",[2925,2927],{"title":554,"path":555,"stem":556,"description":2926,"children":-1},"Distinguish confounders, mediators, colliders and proxies before adjustment",{"title":564,"path":565,"stem":566,"description":2928,"children":-1},"Interpret linear projections, control choices and uncertainty without manufacturing causality",1785754727196]