[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":2543},["ShallowReactive",2],{"navigation_docs":3,"learnalog_locale_counterpart__zh_intro-to-economics_08-money-and-banking":1782,"-en-intro-to-economics-08-money-and-banking":1783,"-en-intro-to-economics-08-money-and-banking-surround":2538},[4,1038],{"title":5,"path":6,"stem":7,"children":8},"En","\u002Fen","en",[9,12,58,250,406,477,534,715,798,824,943],{"title":10,"path":6,"stem":11},"","en\u002Findex",{"title":13,"path":14,"stem":15,"children":16},"Research Skills and Academic Writing","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002Findex",[17,18,22,26,30,34,38,42,46,50,54],{"title":13,"path":14,"stem":15},{"title":19,"path":20,"stem":21},"1. Research Questions, Scope, and Feasibility","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F01-research-questions-and-planning","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F01-research-questions-and-planning",{"title":23,"path":24,"stem":25},"2. Search, Evaluate, and Read Evidence","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F02-reading-and-literature-matrix","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F02-reading-and-literature-matrix",{"title":27,"path":28,"stem":29},"3. From Sources to Synthesis and Argument","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F03-arguments-outlines-and-paragraphs","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F03-arguments-outlines-and-paragraphs",{"title":31,"path":32,"stem":33},"4. Literature Review and a Defensible Gap","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review",{"title":35,"path":36,"stem":37},"5. Research Design, Evidence, and Core Sections","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F05-core-sections-and-evidence","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F05-core-sections-and-evidence",{"title":39,"path":40,"stem":41},"6. Citation, Paraphrasing, Integrity, and AI","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F06-citation-paraphrasing-and-integrity","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F06-citation-paraphrasing-and-integrity",{"title":43,"path":44,"stem":45},"7. Revision, Review, and Submission","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F07-revision-style-and-submission","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F07-revision-style-and-submission",{"title":47,"path":48,"stem":49},"8. Research Workbook","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template",{"title":51,"path":52,"stem":53},"9. Research Workflow and Tools","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F09-tools-for-academic-writing-and-literature-management","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F09-tools-for-academic-writing-and-literature-management",{"title":55,"path":56,"stem":57},"10. Worked Project — From Question to Defensible Conclusion","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F10-worked-example-from-block-structure-to-question-chain","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F10-worked-example-from-block-structure-to-question-chain",{"title":59,"path":60,"stem":61,"children":62,"page":249},"Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting","en\u002Faccounting",[63,69,87,93,193],{"title":64,"path":65,"stem":66,"children":67},"Accounting — From Evidence to Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002F00-index","en\u002Faccounting\u002F00-index",[68],{"title":64,"path":65,"stem":66},{"title":70,"path":71,"stem":72,"children":73},"Accounting Appendix","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[74,75,79,83],{"title":70,"path":71,"stem":72},{"title":76,"path":77,"stem":78},"Worked Examples and Error Diagnosis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F24-examples-pitfalls","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F24-examples-pitfalls",{"title":80,"path":81,"stem":82},"Accounting Glossary","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F26-glossary","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F26-glossary",{"title":84,"path":85,"stem":86},"Reading and Evidence Map","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F27-reading-map","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F27-reading-map",{"title":88,"path":89,"stem":90,"children":91},"Northstar Record-to-Decision Capstone","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[92],{"title":88,"path":89,"stem":90},{"title":94,"path":95,"stem":96,"children":97},"Financial Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002Findex",[98,99,117,131,165,179],{"title":94,"path":95,"stem":96},{"title":100,"path":101,"stem":102,"children":103},"1. Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002Findex",[104,105,109,113],{"title":100,"path":101,"stem":102},{"title":106,"path":107,"stem":108},"Objectives and Qualitative Characteristics","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F01-objectives-qualitative-characteristics","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F01-objectives-qualitative-characteristics",{"title":110,"path":111,"stem":112},"Equation and Elements","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F02-equation-elements","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F02-equation-elements",{"title":114,"path":115,"stem":116},"Accrual Basis, Estimates and Periods","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F03-accounting-bases-principles","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F03-accounting-bases-principles",{"title":118,"path":119,"stem":120,"children":121},"2. Recording Transactions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002Findex",[122,123,127],{"title":118,"path":119,"stem":120},{"title":124,"path":125,"stem":126},"Double-Entry and Debit\u002FCredit","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F04-double-entry-dr-cr","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F04-double-entry-dr-cr",{"title":128,"path":129,"stem":130},"Accounting Cycle","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F05-accounting-cycle","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F05-accounting-cycle",{"title":132,"path":133,"stem":134,"children":135},"3. Measurement and Adjustments","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002Findex",[136,137,141,145,149,153,157,161],{"title":132,"path":133,"stem":134},{"title":138,"path":139,"stem":140},"Revenue Recognition","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F07-revenue-recognition","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F07-revenue-recognition",{"title":142,"path":143,"stem":144},"Inventory","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F08-inventory","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F08-inventory",{"title":146,"path":147,"stem":148},"Receivables and Expected Credit Losses","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F09-receivables","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F09-receivables",{"title":150,"path":151,"stem":152},"Property, Plant and Equipment","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F10-ppe","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F10-ppe",{"title":154,"path":155,"stem":156},"Intangible Assets","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F11-intangibles","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F11-intangibles",{"title":158,"path":159,"stem":160},"Leases","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F12-leases","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F12-leases",{"title":162,"path":163,"stem":164},"Current and Deferred Income Tax","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F13-income-tax","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F13-income-tax",{"title":166,"path":167,"stem":168,"children":169},"4. Reporting and Cash","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002Findex",[170,171,175],{"title":166,"path":167,"stem":168},{"title":172,"path":173,"stem":174},"Linked Financial Statements","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F06-financial-statements","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F06-financial-statements",{"title":176,"path":177,"stem":178},"Cash, Reconciliation and Internal Control","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F14-cash-control","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F14-cash-control",{"title":180,"path":181,"stem":182,"children":183},"5. Analysis and Comparison","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002Findex",[184,185,189],{"title":180,"path":181,"stem":182},{"title":186,"path":187,"stem":188},"Ratio Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F15-ratio-analysis","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F15-ratio-analysis",{"title":190,"path":191,"stem":192},"IFRS versus US GAAP","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F25-ifrs-gaap","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F25-ifrs-gaap",{"title":194,"path":195,"stem":196,"children":197},"Management Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002Findex",[198,199,217,235],{"title":194,"path":195,"stem":196},{"title":200,"path":201,"stem":202,"children":203},"1. Cost Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002Findex",[204,205,209,213],{"title":200,"path":201,"stem":202},{"title":206,"path":207,"stem":208},"Cost Concepts and Behaviour","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F16-cost-concepts","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F16-cost-concepts",{"title":210,"path":211,"stem":212},"Costing Systems","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F17-costing-systems","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F17-costing-systems",{"title":214,"path":215,"stem":216},"Variable and Absorption Costing","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F19-variable-vs-absorption","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F19-variable-vs-absorption",{"title":218,"path":219,"stem":220,"children":221},"2. Planning and Control","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002Findex",[222,223,227,231],{"title":218,"path":219,"stem":220},{"title":224,"path":225,"stem":226},"Cost–Volume–Profit Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F18-cvp-analysis","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F18-cvp-analysis",{"title":228,"path":229,"stem":230},"Budgeting and Variance Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F20-budgeting-variances","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F20-budgeting-variances",{"title":232,"path":233,"stem":234},"Performance Measurement","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F21-performance-measurement","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F21-performance-measurement",{"title":236,"path":237,"stem":238,"children":239},"3. Decisions and Investment","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002Findex",[240,241,245],{"title":236,"path":237,"stem":238},{"title":242,"path":243,"stem":244},"Short-Term Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F22-short-term-decisions","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F22-short-term-decisions",{"title":246,"path":247,"stem":248},"Capital Budgeting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F23-capital-budgeting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F23-capital-budgeting",false,{"title":251,"path":252,"stem":253,"children":254,"page":249},"Business Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics",[255,261,279,305,335,365,383,400],{"title":256,"path":257,"stem":258,"children":259},"Business Analytics — From Data to Defensible Action","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-index","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-index",[260],{"title":256,"path":257,"stem":258},{"title":262,"path":263,"stem":264,"children":265},"0. Decision and Data Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[266,267,271,275],{"title":262,"path":263,"stem":264},{"title":268,"path":269,"stem":270},"Decision Framing","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F01-decision-framing","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F01-decision-framing",{"title":272,"path":273,"stem":274},"Data Contracts","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F02-data-contracts","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F02-data-contracts",{"title":276,"path":277,"stem":278},"Reproducible Analytics Workflow","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F03-reproducible-workflow","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F03-reproducible-workflow",{"title":280,"path":281,"stem":282,"children":283},"1. Descriptive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002Findex",[284,285,289,293,297,301],{"title":280,"path":281,"stem":282},{"title":286,"path":287,"stem":288},"Distributions and Exploratory Data Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F04-distributions-eda","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F04-distributions-eda",{"title":290,"path":291,"stem":292},"KPIs and Denominators","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F05-kpis-denominators","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F05-kpis-denominators",{"title":294,"path":295,"stem":296},"Segments, Cohorts and Funnels","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F06-segmentation-cohorts-funnels","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F06-segmentation-cohorts-funnels",{"title":298,"path":299,"stem":300},"Visual Evidence and Data Stories","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F07-visualisation-story","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F07-visualisation-story",{"title":302,"path":303,"stem":304},"Experiments and Causal Boundaries","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F08-experiments-causal-boundary","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F08-experiments-causal-boundary",{"title":306,"path":307,"stem":308,"children":309},"2. Predictive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002Findex",[310,311,315,319,323,327,331],{"title":306,"path":307,"stem":308},{"title":312,"path":313,"stem":314},"Validation, Baselines and Leakage","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F09-validation-leakage","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F09-validation-leakage",{"title":316,"path":317,"stem":318},"Regression and Forecasting","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F10-regression-forecasting","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F10-regression-forecasting",{"title":320,"path":321,"stem":322},"Classification and Calibration","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F11-classification-calibration","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F11-classification-calibration",{"title":324,"path":325,"stem":326},"Trees and Ensembles","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F12-trees-ensembles","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F12-trees-ensembles",{"title":328,"path":329,"stem":330},"Decision Metrics and Thresholds","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F13-decision-metrics-thresholds","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F13-decision-metrics-thresholds",{"title":332,"path":333,"stem":334},"Explainability, Monitoring and Drift","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F14-explainability-drift","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F14-explainability-drift",{"title":336,"path":337,"stem":338,"children":339},"3. Prescriptive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002Findex",[340,341,345,349,353,357,361],{"title":336,"path":337,"stem":338},{"title":342,"path":343,"stem":344},"Decision-Making under Uncertainty","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F15-decision-uncertainty","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F15-decision-uncertainty",{"title":346,"path":347,"stem":348},"Linear Optimisation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F16-linear-optimization","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F16-linear-optimization",{"title":350,"path":351,"stem":352},"Inventory and Allocation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F17-inventory-allocation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F17-inventory-allocation",{"title":354,"path":355,"stem":356},"Queueing and Simulation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F18-queueing-simulation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F18-queueing-simulation",{"title":358,"path":359,"stem":360},"Pricing and Revenue Management","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F19-pricing-experimentation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F19-pricing-experimentation",{"title":362,"path":363,"stem":364},"Causal Targeting and Policy Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F20-causal-targeting","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F20-causal-targeting",{"title":366,"path":367,"stem":368,"children":369},"4. Deployment and Governance","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002Findex",[370,371,375,379],{"title":366,"path":367,"stem":368},{"title":372,"path":373,"stem":374},"Data Products and Monitoring","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F21-data-products-monitoring","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F21-data-products-monitoring",{"title":376,"path":377,"stem":378},"Governance, Fairness and Privacy","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F22-governance-fairness-privacy","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F22-governance-fairness-privacy",{"title":380,"path":381,"stem":382},"Adoption and Business Value","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F23-adoption-value","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F23-adoption-value",{"title":384,"path":385,"stem":386,"children":387},"Appendix and Revision Tools","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[388,389,393,397],{"title":384,"path":385,"stem":386},{"title":390,"path":391,"stem":392},"Formula and Decision Map","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F24-formula-map","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F24-formula-map",{"title":394,"path":395,"stem":396},"Worked Examples and Pitfalls","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F25-worked-examples-pitfalls","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F25-worked-examples-pitfalls",{"title":84,"path":398,"stem":399},"\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F26-reading-map","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F26-reading-map",{"title":401,"path":402,"stem":403,"children":404},"Capstone — The Evening Delivery Promise","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[405],{"title":401,"path":402,"stem":403},{"title":407,"path":408,"stem":409,"children":410,"page":249},"Financial Economic Time Series","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series",[411,417,423,429,435,441,447,453,459,465,471],{"title":412,"path":413,"stem":414,"children":415},"Financial and Economic Time Series — Course Guide","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F00-intro","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[416],{"title":412,"path":413,"stem":414},{"title":418,"path":419,"stem":420,"children":421},"Three Versions of Time Series","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F01-bridge","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F01-bridge\u002Findex",[422],{"title":418,"path":419,"stem":420},{"title":424,"path":425,"stem":426,"children":427},"Data, Clocks, and Transformations","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F02-data-transformations","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F02-data-transformations\u002Findex",[428],{"title":424,"path":425,"stem":426},{"title":430,"path":431,"stem":432,"children":433},"Predictive Regressions and Persistent Predictors","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F03-predictive-regressions","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F03-predictive-regressions\u002Findex",[434],{"title":430,"path":431,"stem":432},{"title":436,"path":437,"stem":438,"children":439},"Volatility, Tails, and Financial Risk","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F04-volatility-risk","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F04-volatility-risk\u002Findex",[440],{"title":436,"path":437,"stem":438},{"title":442,"path":443,"stem":444,"children":445},"Unit Roots, Cointegration, and Error Correction","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F05-unit-roots-cointegration","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F05-unit-roots-cointegration\u002Findex",[446],{"title":442,"path":443,"stem":444},{"title":448,"path":449,"stem":450,"children":451},"VAR, Structural Identification, and Local Projections","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F06-var-identification","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F06-var-identification\u002Findex",[452],{"title":448,"path":449,"stem":450},{"title":454,"path":455,"stem":456,"children":457},"State Space, Mixed Frequency, and Nowcasting","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F07-state-space-nowcasting","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F07-state-space-nowcasting\u002Findex",[458],{"title":454,"path":455,"stem":456},{"title":460,"path":461,"stem":462,"children":463},"Forecast Evaluation for Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F08-forecast-evaluation","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F08-forecast-evaluation\u002Findex",[464],{"title":460,"path":461,"stem":462},{"title":466,"path":467,"stem":468,"children":469},"Integrated R Laboratory","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F09-r-laboratory","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F09-r-laboratory\u002Findex",[470],{"title":466,"path":467,"stem":468},{"title":472,"path":473,"stem":474,"children":475},"Capstones, Data, and Reading Ladder","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F10-capstone-readings","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F10-capstone-readings\u002Findex",[476],{"title":472,"path":473,"stem":474},{"title":478,"path":479,"stem":480,"children":481,"page":249},"Intro To Economics","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics","en\u002Fintro-to-economics",[482,486,490,494,498,502,506,510,514,518,522,526,530],{"title":483,"path":484,"stem":485},"Introduction to Economics — Decisions, Markets, and the Macroeconomy","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F00-intro",{"title":487,"path":488,"stem":489},"Chapter 1 — Choice, Opportunity Cost, and Trade","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F01-foundations","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F01-foundations",{"title":491,"path":492,"stem":493},"Chapter 2 — Demand, Supply, Equilibrium, and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F02-demand-and-supply","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F02-demand-and-supply",{"title":495,"path":496,"stem":497},"Chapter 3 — Elasticity, Revenue, and Tax Incidence","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F03-elasticity","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F03-elasticity",{"title":499,"path":500,"stem":501},"Chapter 4 — Firms, Market Power, and Market Failure","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F04-market-structures","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F04-market-structures",{"title":503,"path":504,"stem":505},"Chapter 5 — GDP, Income, Wealth, and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F05-gdp-and-wealth","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F05-gdp-and-wealth",{"title":507,"path":508,"stem":509},"Chapter 6 — Inflation, Purchasing Power, and Labour Markets","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F06-inflation-and-unemployment","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F06-inflation-and-unemployment",{"title":511,"path":512,"stem":513},"Chapter 7 — Productivity, Technology, and Economic Growth","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F07-economic-growth","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F07-economic-growth",{"title":515,"path":516,"stem":517},"Chapter 8 — Money, Credit, and Banking","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F08-money-and-banking","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F08-money-and-banking",{"title":519,"path":520,"stem":521},"Chapter 9 — Business Cycles, AD–AS, and Monetary Policy","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F09-monetary-policy-and-ad-as","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F09-monetary-policy-and-ad-as",{"title":523,"path":524,"stem":525},"Chapter 10 — Fiscal Policy, Distribution, and Public Debt","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F10-fiscal-policy","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F10-fiscal-policy",{"title":527,"path":528,"stem":529},"Chapter 11 — Trade, Capital Flows, and Exchange Rates","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F11-open-economy-and-exchange-rates","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F11-open-economy-and-exchange-rates",{"title":531,"path":532,"stem":533},"Chapter 12 — Integrated Economic Analysis Studio","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F12-review-and-case-studies","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F12-review-and-case-studies",{"title":535,"path":536,"stem":537,"children":538,"page":249},"Microeconometrics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics",[539,557,563,581,603,629,651,673,691,709],{"title":540,"path":541,"stem":542,"children":543},"0. Causal Questions and Designs","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002Findex",[544,545,549,553],{"title":540,"path":541,"stem":542},{"title":546,"path":547,"stem":548},"Causal Questions and Estimands","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F01-causal-question-estimands","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F01-causal-question-estimands",{"title":550,"path":551,"stem":552},"Potential Outcomes and Experiments","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F02-potential-outcomes-experiments","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F02-potential-outcomes-experiments",{"title":554,"path":555,"stem":556},"Causal Diagrams and Controls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F03-dags-controls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F03-dags-controls",{"title":558,"path":559,"stem":560,"children":561},"Microeconometrics — Designing Credible Counterfactuals","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-index","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-index",[562],{"title":558,"path":559,"stem":560},{"title":564,"path":565,"stem":566,"children":567},"1. Regression and Inference","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002Findex",[568,569,573,577],{"title":564,"path":565,"stem":566},{"title":570,"path":571,"stem":572},"OLS as a Projection","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F04-ols-projection","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F04-ols-projection",{"title":574,"path":575,"stem":576},"FWL, Selection and Controls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F05-fwl-selection-controls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F05-fwl-selection-controls",{"title":578,"path":579,"stem":580},"Inference and Clustering","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F06-inference-clustering","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F06-inference-clustering",{"title":582,"path":583,"stem":584,"children":585},"2. Instruments and Panel Data","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002Findex",[586,587,591,595,599],{"title":582,"path":583,"stem":584},{"title":588,"path":589,"stem":590},"Instrumental Variables","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F07-iv-identification","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F07-iv-identification",{"title":592,"path":593,"stem":594},"Weak Instruments and LATE","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F08-weak-iv-late","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F08-weak-iv-late",{"title":596,"path":597,"stem":598},"Panel Fixed Effects","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F09-panel-fixed-effects","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F09-panel-fixed-effects",{"title":600,"path":601,"stem":602},"Dynamic Panels and Limits","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F10-dynamic-panel","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F10-dynamic-panel",{"title":604,"path":605,"stem":606,"children":607},"3. Policy Evaluation Designs","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002Findex",[608,609,613,617,621,625],{"title":604,"path":605,"stem":606},{"title":610,"path":611,"stem":612},"Difference-in-Differences","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F11-did-core","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F11-did-core",{"title":614,"path":615,"stem":616},"Staggered DID and Event Studies","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F12-staggered-event-studies","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F12-staggered-event-studies",{"title":618,"path":619,"stem":620},"Regression Discontinuity","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F13-rdd","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F13-rdd",{"title":622,"path":623,"stem":624},"Matching, Weighting and Overlap","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F14-matching-weighting","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F14-matching-weighting",{"title":626,"path":627,"stem":628},"Synthetic Control","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F15-synthetic-control","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F15-synthetic-control",{"title":630,"path":631,"stem":632,"children":633},"Module 4 — Choice and Limited Outcomes","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002Findex",[634,635,639,643,647],{"title":630,"path":631,"stem":632},{"title":636,"path":637,"stem":638},"Binary Choice","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F16-binary-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F16-binary-choice",{"title":640,"path":641,"stem":642},"Multinomial and Ordered Choice","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F17-multinomial-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F17-multinomial-choice",{"title":644,"path":645,"stem":646},"Count Outcomes","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F18-count-outcomes","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F18-count-outcomes",{"title":648,"path":649,"stem":650},"Censoring, Truncation and Selection","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F19-censoring-selection","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F19-censoring-selection",{"title":652,"path":653,"stem":654,"children":655},"Module 5 — Modern Causal Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002Findex",[656,657,661,665,669],{"title":652,"path":653,"stem":654},{"title":658,"path":659,"stem":660},"Double Machine Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F20-dml","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F20-dml",{"title":662,"path":663,"stem":664},"Heterogeneity and Policy Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F21-heterogeneity-policy","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F21-heterogeneity-policy",{"title":666,"path":667,"stem":668},"Sensitivity and Partial Identification","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F22-sensitivity-partial-id","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F22-sensitivity-partial-id",{"title":670,"path":671,"stem":672},"External Validity and Transport","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F23-external-validity","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F23-external-validity",{"title":674,"path":675,"stem":676,"children":677},"Module 6 — From Data to Auditable Evidence","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002Findex",[678,679,683,687],{"title":674,"path":675,"stem":676},{"title":680,"path":681,"stem":682},"Data Provenance","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F24-data-provenance","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F24-data-provenance",{"title":684,"path":685,"stem":686},"Reproducibility and Reporting","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F25-reproducibility-reporting","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F25-reproducibility-reporting",{"title":688,"path":689,"stem":690},"Paper and Evidence Audit","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F26-paper-audit","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F26-paper-audit",{"title":692,"path":693,"stem":694,"children":695},"Appendix — Revision and Evidence Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[696,697,701,705],{"title":692,"path":693,"stem":694},{"title":698,"path":699,"stem":700},"Formula and Design Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F27-formula-design-map","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F27-formula-design-map",{"title":702,"path":703,"stem":704},"Ten Worked Microeconometric Pitfalls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F28-worked-pitfalls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F28-worked-pitfalls",{"title":706,"path":707,"stem":708},"Reading and Software Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F29-reading-software-map","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F29-reading-software-map",{"title":710,"path":711,"stem":712,"children":713},"Capstone — Should Northbridge Expand Pathways?","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[714],{"title":710,"path":711,"stem":712},{"title":716,"path":717,"stem":718,"children":719,"page":249},"Microeconomics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics",[720,726,732,738,744,750,756,762,768,774,780,786,792],{"title":721,"path":722,"stem":723,"children":724},"Advanced Microeconomics — Course Guide","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[725],{"title":721,"path":722,"stem":723},{"title":727,"path":728,"stem":729,"children":730},"Module 1 — Choice, Duality, and Revealed Preference","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F01-fundations","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F01-fundations\u002Findex",[731],{"title":727,"path":728,"stem":729},{"title":733,"path":734,"stem":735,"children":736},"Module 2 — Comparative Statics and Welfare Measurement","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F02-comparative-statics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F02-comparative-statics\u002Findex",[737],{"title":733,"path":734,"stem":735},{"title":739,"path":740,"stem":741,"children":742},"Module 3 — Choice under Risk and Insurance","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F03-uncertainty","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F03-uncertainty\u002Findex",[743],{"title":739,"path":740,"stem":741},{"title":745,"path":746,"stem":747,"children":748},"Module 4 — General Equilibrium and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F04-general-equilibrium","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F04-general-equilibrium\u002Findex",[749],{"title":745,"path":746,"stem":747},{"title":751,"path":752,"stem":753,"children":754},"Module 5 — Static, Dynamic, and Repeated Games","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F05-game-theory","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F05-game-theory\u002Findex",[755],{"title":751,"path":752,"stem":753},{"title":757,"path":758,"stem":759,"children":760},"Module 6 — Oligopoly, Entry, and Algorithmic Pricing","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F06-oligopoly","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F06-oligopoly\u002Findex",[761],{"title":757,"path":758,"stem":759},{"title":763,"path":764,"stem":765,"children":766},"Module 7 — Information Economics and Contracts","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F07-information-economics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F07-information-economics\u002Findex",[767],{"title":763,"path":764,"stem":765},{"title":769,"path":770,"stem":771,"children":772},"Module 8 — Mechanism Design and Auctions","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F08-mechanism-design","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F08-mechanism-design\u002Findex",[773],{"title":769,"path":770,"stem":771},{"title":775,"path":776,"stem":777,"children":778},"Module 9 — Behavioural and Experimental Microeconomics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F09-behavioural-economics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F09-behavioural-economics\u002Findex",[779],{"title":775,"path":776,"stem":777},{"title":781,"path":782,"stem":783,"children":784},"Module 10 — Externalities, Public Goods, and Collective Action","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F10-externalities-public-goods","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F10-externalities-public-goods\u002Findex",[785],{"title":781,"path":782,"stem":783},{"title":787,"path":788,"stem":789,"children":790},"Module 11 — Matching and Market Design","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F11-market-design","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F11-market-design\u002Findex",[791],{"title":787,"path":788,"stem":789},{"title":793,"path":794,"stem":795,"children":796},"Module 12 — Integrated Microeconomic Design Studio","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F12-review","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F12-review\u002Findex",[797],{"title":793,"path":794,"stem":795},{"title":799,"path":800,"stem":801,"children":802},"Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground","en\u002Fplayground\u002Findex",[803,804,808,812,816,820],{"title":799,"path":800,"stem":801},{"title":805,"path":806,"stem":807},"Typst Plugin Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F01-typstex","en\u002Fplayground\u002F01-typstex",{"title":809,"path":810,"stem":811},"Citation Plugin Test","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F02-citation","en\u002Fplayground\u002F02-citation",{"title":813,"path":814,"stem":815},"Pyodide Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F03-pyodide","en\u002Fplayground\u002F03-pyodide",{"title":817,"path":818,"stem":819},"WebR Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F04-webr","en\u002Fplayground\u002F04-webr",{"title":821,"path":822,"stem":823},"Chart.js Visualizations","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F05-chartjs","en\u002Fplayground\u002F05-chartjs",{"title":825,"path":826,"stem":827,"children":828,"page":249},"Statistics For Insurance","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance",[829,835,857,883,905,927,937],{"title":830,"path":831,"stem":832,"children":833},"Statistics for General Insurance","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F01-intro","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F01-intro\u002Findex",[834],{"title":830,"path":831,"stem":832},{"title":836,"path":837,"stem":838,"children":839},"Claims Development and Reserving","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F02-chain-ladder","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F02-chain-ladder\u002Findex",[840,841,845,849,853],{"title":836,"path":837,"stem":838},{"title":842,"path":843,"stem":844},"Basic Chain Ladder","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F02-chain-ladder\u002F01-basic-chain","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F02-chain-ladder\u002F01-basic-chain",{"title":846,"path":847,"stem":848},"Frequency–Severity Reserving","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F02-chain-ladder\u002F02-average-per-claim","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F02-chain-ladder\u002F02-average-per-claim",{"title":850,"path":851,"stem":852},"Bornhuetter–Ferguson Method","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F02-chain-ladder\u002F03-b-f-method","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F02-chain-ladder\u002F03-b-f-method",{"title":854,"path":855,"stem":856},"Uncertainty and Diagnostics","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F02-chain-ladder\u002F04-uncertainty-diagnostics","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F02-chain-ladder\u002F04-uncertainty-diagnostics",{"title":858,"path":859,"stem":860,"children":861},"Frequency and Severity Models","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F03-common-dist","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F03-common-dist\u002Findex",[862,863,867,871,875,879],{"title":858,"path":859,"stem":860},{"title":864,"path":865,"stem":866},"Core Severity Models","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F03-common-dist\u002F01-loss-dist","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F03-common-dist\u002F01-loss-dist",{"title":868,"path":869,"stem":870},"Tail Models and Extreme Values","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F03-common-dist\u002F02-more-dist","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F03-common-dist\u002F02-more-dist",{"title":872,"path":873,"stem":874},"Claim Count Models","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F03-common-dist\u002F03-case-dist","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F03-common-dist\u002F03-case-dist",{"title":876,"path":877,"stem":878},"Fitting and Validating Loss Models","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F03-common-dist\u002F04-fit-dist","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F03-common-dist\u002F04-fit-dist",{"title":880,"path":881,"stem":882},"Mixtures and Heterogeneity","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F03-common-dist\u002F05-mix-dist","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F03-common-dist\u002F05-mix-dist",{"title":884,"path":885,"stem":886,"children":887},"Reinsurance as a Loss Transformation","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F04-reinsurance","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F04-reinsurance\u002Findex",[888,889,893,897,901],{"title":884,"path":885,"stem":886},{"title":890,"path":891,"stem":892},"Proportional Reinsurance","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F04-reinsurance\u002F01-proportional","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F04-reinsurance\u002F01-proportional",{"title":894,"path":895,"stem":896},"Excess-of-Loss Reinsurance","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F04-reinsurance\u002F02-excess","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F04-reinsurance\u002F02-excess",{"title":898,"path":899,"stem":900},"Inflation and Layer Erosion","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F04-reinsurance\u002F03-inflation","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F04-reinsurance\u002F03-inflation",{"title":902,"path":903,"stem":904},"Reinsurance Decision Lab","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F04-reinsurance\u002F04-examples","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F04-reinsurance\u002F04-examples",{"title":906,"path":907,"stem":908,"children":909},"Aggregate Risk and Capital","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F05-risk-theory","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F05-risk-theory\u002Findex",[910,911,915,919,923],{"title":906,"path":907,"stem":908},{"title":912,"path":913,"stem":914},"Collective Risk Model","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F05-risk-theory\u002F01-collective","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F05-risk-theory\u002F01-collective",{"title":916,"path":917,"stem":918},"Individual Risk Model","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F05-risk-theory\u002F02-individual","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F05-risk-theory\u002F02-individual",{"title":920,"path":921,"stem":922},"Aggregate Risk Computation Lab","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F05-risk-theory\u002F03-examples","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F05-risk-theory\u002F03-examples",{"title":924,"path":925,"stem":926},"Tail Risk, Dependence, and Capital","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F05-risk-theory\u002F04-tail-capital","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F05-risk-theory\u002F04-tail-capital",{"title":928,"path":929,"stem":930,"children":931},"Surplus and Ruin Theory","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F06-ruin-theory","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F06-ruin-theory\u002Findex",[932,933],{"title":928,"path":929,"stem":930},{"title":934,"path":935,"stem":936},"Finite-Time Ruin Simulation","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F06-ruin-theory\u002F01-finite-time-simulation","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F06-ruin-theory\u002F01-finite-time-simulation",{"title":938,"path":939,"stem":940,"children":941},"Portfolio Risk Capstone","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F07-capstone","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F07-capstone\u002Findex",[942],{"title":938,"path":939,"stem":940},{"title":944,"path":945,"stem":946,"children":947,"page":249},"Time Series","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series","en\u002Ftime-series",[948,958,964,970,976,982,988,994,1016],{"title":949,"path":950,"stem":951,"children":952},"Classical Time Series — Course Guide","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F00-intro","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[953,954],{"title":949,"path":950,"stem":951},{"title":955,"path":956,"stem":957},"Preparation — Stationarity in 30 Minutes","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F00-intro\u002F01-stationary","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F00-intro\u002F01-stationary",{"title":959,"path":960,"stem":961,"children":962},"Module 1 — Processes, Dependence, and Stationarity","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F01-stochastic-process","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F01-stochastic-process\u002Findex",[963],{"title":959,"path":960,"stem":961},{"title":965,"path":966,"stem":967,"children":968},"Module 2 — ARMA, ARIMA, and Model Identification","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F02-arma","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F02-arma\u002Findex",[969],{"title":965,"path":966,"stem":967},{"title":971,"path":972,"stem":973,"children":974},"Module 3 — Linear Prediction and State-Space Recursions","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F03-prediction","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F03-prediction\u002Findex",[975],{"title":971,"path":972,"stem":973},{"title":977,"path":978,"stem":979,"children":980},"Module 4 — Estimation, Likelihood, and Inference","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F04-estimation","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F04-estimation\u002Findex",[981],{"title":977,"path":978,"stem":979},{"title":983,"path":984,"stem":985,"children":986},"Module 5 — Systems, Seasonality, and Cointegration","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F05-multi-ar","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F05-multi-ar\u002Findex",[987],{"title":983,"path":984,"stem":985},{"title":989,"path":990,"stem":991,"children":992},"Module 6 — Spectral Analysis, Cycles, and Filters","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F06-spectral-analysis","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F06-spectral-analysis\u002Findex",[993],{"title":989,"path":990,"stem":991},{"title":995,"path":996,"stem":997,"children":998},"R Matrix Laboratory","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F07-r-implementation","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F07-r-implementation\u002Findex",[999,1000,1004,1008,1012],{"title":995,"path":996,"stem":997},{"title":1001,"path":1002,"stem":1003},"R Matrix Lab 1 — Covariance Geometry","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F07-r-implementation\u002F01-covariance-matrices","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F07-r-implementation\u002F01-covariance-matrices",{"title":1005,"path":1006,"stem":1007},"R Matrix Lab 2 — AR Recursions and Yule–Walker Equations","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F07-r-implementation\u002F02-ar-recursions","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F07-r-implementation\u002F02-ar-recursions",{"title":1009,"path":1010,"stem":1011},"R Matrix Lab 3 — Prediction and Gaussian Likelihood","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F07-r-implementation\u002F03-prediction-likelihood","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F07-r-implementation\u002F03-prediction-likelihood",{"title":1013,"path":1014,"stem":1015},"R Matrix Lab 4 — State Space and Kalman Filtering","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F07-r-implementation\u002F04-state-space","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F07-r-implementation\u002F04-state-space",{"title":1017,"path":1018,"stem":1019,"children":1020},"Optional Python Appendix — Empirical Forecasting","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F08-python-implementation","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F08-python-implementation\u002Findex",[1021,1022,1026,1030,1034],{"title":1017,"path":1018,"stem":1019},{"title":1023,"path":1024,"stem":1025},"Optional Python Lab 1 — Explore Before Modeling","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F08-python-implementation\u002F01-exploration","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F08-python-implementation\u002F01-exploration",{"title":1027,"path":1028,"stem":1029},"Optional Python Lab 2 — Diagnose Stationarity","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F08-python-implementation\u002F02-stationarity","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F08-python-implementation\u002F02-stationarity",{"title":1031,"path":1032,"stem":1033},"Optional Python Lab 3 — Fit and Audit ARMA Errors","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F08-python-implementation\u002F03-arma-fitting","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F08-python-implementation\u002F03-arma-fitting",{"title":1035,"path":1036,"stem":1037},"Optional Python Lab 4 — Forecast, Backtest, and Monitor","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F08-python-implementation\u002F04-forecasting","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F08-python-implementation\u002F04-forecasting",{"title":1039,"path":1040,"stem":1041,"children":1042},"Zh","\u002Fzh","zh",[1043,1045,1063,1247,1323,1365,1421,1467,1543,1625,1633,1731],{"title":10,"path":1040,"stem":1044},"zh\u002Findex",{"title":1046,"path":1047,"stem":1048,"children":1049},"学术写作与文献综述","\u002Fzh\u002Facademic-writing","zh\u002Facademic-writing\u002Findex",[1050,1051,1055,1059],{"title":1046,"path":1047,"stem":1048},{"title":1052,"path":1053,"stem":1054},"4. 文献综述的构建与写作","\u002Fzh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review","zh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review",{"title":1056,"path":1057,"stem":1058},"8. 文献综述清单与模板","\u002Fzh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template","zh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template",{"title":1060,"path":1061,"stem":1062},"10. 从分块结构到问题链：文献综述示例","\u002Fzh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F10-从分块结构到问题链-文献综述示例","zh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F10-从分块结构到问题链-文献综述示例",{"title":59,"path":1064,"stem":1065,"children":1066,"page":249},"\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting","zh\u002Faccounting",[1067,1073,1087,1191],{"title":1068,"path":1069,"stem":1070,"children":1071},"会计学学习路线图","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002F00-index","zh\u002Faccounting\u002F00-index",[1072],{"title":1068,"path":1069,"stem":1070},{"title":1074,"path":1075,"stem":1076,"children":1077},"附录","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[1078,1079,1083],{"title":1074,"path":1075,"stem":1076},{"title":1080,"path":1081,"stem":1082},"综合示例与常见陷阱","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F24-examples-pitfalls","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F24-examples-pitfalls",{"title":1084,"path":1085,"stem":1086},"会计术语速查表","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F26-glossary","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F26-glossary",{"title":1088,"path":1089,"stem":1090,"children":1091},"金融会计","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002Findex",[1092,1093,1111,1125,1159,1173],{"title":1088,"path":1089,"stem":1090},{"title":1094,"path":1095,"stem":1096,"children":1097},"1. 基础","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002Findex",[1098,1099,1103,1107],{"title":1094,"path":1095,"stem":1096},{"title":1100,"path":1101,"stem":1102},"会计信息目标与质量特征","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F01-objectives-qualitative-characteristics","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F01-objectives-qualitative-characteristics",{"title":1104,"path":1105,"stem":1106},"会计等式与要素","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F02-equation-elements","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F02-equation-elements",{"title":1108,"path":1109,"stem":1110},"记账基础与原则","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F03-accounting-bases-principles","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F03-accounting-bases-principles",{"title":1112,"path":1113,"stem":1114,"children":1115},"2. 交易记录","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002Findex",[1116,1117,1121],{"title":1112,"path":1113,"stem":1114},{"title":1118,"path":1119,"stem":1120},"复式记账与借贷规则","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F04-double-entry-dr-cr","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F04-double-entry-dr-cr",{"title":1122,"path":1123,"stem":1124},"会计循环","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F05-accounting-cycle","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F05-accounting-cycle",{"title":1126,"path":1127,"stem":1128,"children":1129},"3. 计量与调整","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002Findex",[1130,1131,1135,1139,1143,1147,1151,1155],{"title":1126,"path":1127,"stem":1128},{"title":1132,"path":1133,"stem":1134},"收入确认","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F07-revenue-recognition","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F07-revenue-recognition",{"title":1136,"path":1137,"stem":1138},"存货","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F08-inventory","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F08-inventory",{"title":1140,"path":1141,"stem":1142},"应收账款","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F09-receivables","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F09-receivables",{"title":1144,"path":1145,"stem":1146},"固定资产","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F10-ppe","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F10-ppe",{"title":1148,"path":1149,"stem":1150},"无形资产","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F11-intangibles","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F11-intangibles",{"title":1152,"path":1153,"stem":1154},"租赁","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F12-leases","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F12-leases",{"title":1156,"path":1157,"stem":1158},"所得税","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F13-income-tax","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F13-income-tax",{"title":1160,"path":1161,"stem":1162,"children":1163},"4. 报表与现金","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002Findex",[1164,1165,1169],{"title":1160,"path":1161,"stem":1162},{"title":1166,"path":1167,"stem":1168},"财务报表","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F06-financial-statements","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F06-financial-statements",{"title":1170,"path":1171,"stem":1172},"现金控制","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F14-cash-control","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F14-cash-control",{"title":1174,"path":1175,"stem":1176,"children":1177},"5. 分析与比较","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002Findex",[1178,1179,1183,1187],{"title":1174,"path":1175,"stem":1176},{"title":1180,"path":1181,"stem":1182},"财务比率分析","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F15-ratio-analysis","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F15-ratio-analysis",{"title":1184,"path":1185,"stem":1186},"IFRS 与 US GAAP 对比","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F25-ifrs-gaap","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F25-ifrs-gaap",{"title":1188,"path":1189,"stem":1190},"2026 准则更新与报告案例","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F27-current-standards-2026","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F27-current-standards-2026",{"title":1192,"path":1193,"stem":1194,"children":1195},"管理会计","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002Findex",[1196,1197,1215,1233],{"title":1192,"path":1193,"stem":1194},{"title":1198,"path":1199,"stem":1200,"children":1201},"1. 成本基础","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002Findex",[1202,1203,1207,1211],{"title":1198,"path":1199,"stem":1200},{"title":1204,"path":1205,"stem":1206},"成本概念","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F16-cost-concepts","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F16-cost-concepts",{"title":1208,"path":1209,"stem":1210},"成本核算系统","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F17-costing-systems","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F17-costing-systems",{"title":1212,"path":1213,"stem":1214},"变动成本法 vs. 吸收成本法","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F19-variable-vs-absorption","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F19-variable-vs-absorption",{"title":1216,"path":1217,"stem":1218,"children":1219},"2. 计划与控制","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002Findex",[1220,1221,1225,1229],{"title":1216,"path":1217,"stem":1218},{"title":1222,"path":1223,"stem":1224},"本量利分析","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F18-cvp-analysis","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F18-cvp-analysis",{"title":1226,"path":1227,"stem":1228},"预算与差异分析","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F20-budgeting-variances","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F20-budgeting-variances",{"title":1230,"path":1231,"stem":1232},"绩效评价","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F21-performance-measurement","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F21-performance-measurement",{"title":1234,"path":1235,"stem":1236,"children":1237},"3. 决策与投资","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002Findex",[1238,1239,1243],{"title":1234,"path":1235,"stem":1236},{"title":1240,"path":1241,"stem":1242},"短期决策","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F22-short-term-decisions","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F22-short-term-decisions",{"title":1244,"path":1245,"stem":1246},"资本预算","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F23-capital-budgeting","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F23-capital-budgeting",{"title":1248,"path":1249,"stem":1250,"children":1251},"资产定价理论","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002Findex",[1252,1253,1259,1265,1271,1277,1283,1289,1295,1301,1307,1313,1319],{"title":1248,"path":1249,"stem":1250},{"title":1254,"path":1255,"stem":1256,"children":1257},"第一章：引言与基础","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F01-intro","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F01-intro\u002Findex",[1258],{"title":1254,"path":1255,"stem":1256},{"title":1260,"path":1261,"stem":1262,"children":1263},"第二章：效用理论与风险偏好","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F02-utility","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F02-utility\u002Findex",[1264],{"title":1260,"path":1261,"stem":1262},{"title":1266,"path":1267,"stem":1268,"children":1269},"第三章：均值-方差分析","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F03-mean-variance","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F03-mean-variance\u002Findex",[1270],{"title":1266,"path":1267,"stem":1268},{"title":1272,"path":1273,"stem":1274,"children":1275},"第四章：资本资产定价模型(CAPM)","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F04-capm","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F04-capm\u002Findex",[1276],{"title":1272,"path":1273,"stem":1274},{"title":1278,"path":1279,"stem":1280,"children":1281},"第五章：因子模型","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F05-factor-models","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F05-factor-models\u002Findex",[1282],{"title":1278,"path":1279,"stem":1280},{"title":1284,"path":1285,"stem":1286,"children":1287},"第六章：跨期资产定价","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F06-intertemporal","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F06-intertemporal\u002Findex",[1288],{"title":1284,"path":1285,"stem":1286},{"title":1290,"path":1291,"stem":1292,"children":1293},"第七章：期权定价理论","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F07-options","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F07-options\u002Findex",[1294],{"title":1290,"path":1291,"stem":1292},{"title":1296,"path":1297,"stem":1298,"children":1299},"第八章：固定收益证券","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F08-fixed-income","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F08-fixed-income\u002Findex",[1300],{"title":1296,"path":1297,"stem":1298},{"title":1302,"path":1303,"stem":1304,"children":1305},"第九章：市场有效性与异象","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F09-efficiency","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F09-efficiency\u002Findex",[1306],{"title":1302,"path":1303,"stem":1304},{"title":1308,"path":1309,"stem":1310,"children":1311},"第十章：数值方法与实证应用","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F10-empirical","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F10-empirical\u002Findex",[1312],{"title":1308,"path":1309,"stem":1310},{"title":1314,"path":1315,"stem":1316,"children":1317},"第十一章：资产定价浏览器交互实验","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F11-interactive-labs","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F11-interactive-labs\u002Findex",[1318],{"title":1314,"path":1315,"stem":1316},{"title":1320,"path":1321,"stem":1322},"第十二章：前沿文献与现代资产定价案例（2023—2026）","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F12-frontier-literature-2026","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F12-frontier-literature-2026",{"title":1324,"path":1325,"stem":1326,"children":1327},"计量经济学","\u002Fzh\u002Feconometrics","zh\u002Feconometrics\u002Findex",[1328,1329,1333,1337,1341,1345,1349,1353,1357,1361],{"title":1324,"path":1325,"stem":1326},{"title":1330,"path":1331,"stem":1332},"第一章：数据、概率与回归对象","\u002Fzh\u002Feconometrics\u002F01-data-and-regression","zh\u002Feconometrics\u002F01-data-and-regression",{"title":1334,"path":1335,"stem":1336},"第二章：OLS、矩阵与几何解释","\u002Fzh\u002Feconometrics\u002F02-ols-and-geometry","zh\u002Feconometrics\u002F02-ols-and-geometry",{"title":1338,"path":1339,"stem":1340},"第三章：统计推断与稳健标准误","\u002Fzh\u002Feconometrics\u002F03-inference-and-robustness","zh\u002Feconometrics\u002F03-inference-and-robustness",{"title":1342,"path":1343,"stem":1344},"第四章：内生性、工具变量与两阶段最小二乘","\u002Fzh\u002Feconometrics\u002F04-endogeneity-and-iv","zh\u002Feconometrics\u002F04-endogeneity-and-iv",{"title":1346,"path":1347,"stem":1348},"第五章：面板数据与时间序列","\u002Fzh\u002Feconometrics\u002F05-panel-and-time-series","zh\u002Feconometrics\u002F05-panel-and-time-series",{"title":1350,"path":1351,"stem":1352},"第六章：估计方法与因果设计的共同基础","\u002Fzh\u002Feconometrics\u002F06-estimation-and-causal-design","zh\u002Feconometrics\u002F06-estimation-and-causal-design",{"title":1354,"path":1355,"stem":1356},"第七章：可重复计量实证项目","\u002Fzh\u002Feconometrics\u002F07-reproducible-project","zh\u002Feconometrics\u002F07-reproducible-project",{"title":1358,"path":1359,"stem":1360},"第八章：计量经济学浏览器回归实验","\u002Fzh\u002Feconometrics\u002F08-interactive-regression-labs","zh\u002Feconometrics\u002F08-interactive-regression-labs",{"title":1362,"path":1363,"stem":1364},"第九章：前沿文献与现代计量案例（2023—2026）","\u002Fzh\u002Feconometrics\u002F09-frontier-literature-2026","zh\u002Feconometrics\u002F09-frontier-literature-2026",{"title":478,"path":1366,"stem":1367,"children":1368,"page":249},"\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics",[1369,1373,1377,1381,1385,1389,1393,1397,1401,1405,1409,1413,1417],{"title":1370,"path":1371,"stem":1372},"经济学导论 (微观与宏观)","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F00-intro","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F00-intro",{"title":1374,"path":1375,"stem":1376},"第1章：经济学基础原理","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F01-foundations","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F01-foundations",{"title":1378,"path":1379,"stem":1380},"第2章：需求与供给","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F02-demand-and-supply","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F02-demand-and-supply",{"title":1382,"path":1383,"stem":1384},"第3章：弹性","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F03-elasticity","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F03-elasticity",{"title":1386,"path":1387,"stem":1388},"第4章：市场结构","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F04-market-structures","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F04-market-structures",{"title":1390,"path":1391,"stem":1392},"第5章：GDP 与财富","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F05-gdp-and-wealth","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F05-gdp-and-wealth",{"title":1394,"path":1395,"stem":1396},"第6章：通货膨胀与失业","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F06-inflation-and-unemployment","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F06-inflation-and-unemployment",{"title":1398,"path":1399,"stem":1400},"第7章：经济增长","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F07-economic-growth","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F07-economic-growth",{"title":1402,"path":1403,"stem":1404},"第8章：货币与银行","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F08-money-and-banking","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F08-money-and-banking",{"title":1406,"path":1407,"stem":1408},"第9章：货币政策与 AD-AS 模型","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F09-monetary-policy-and-ad-as","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F09-monetary-policy-and-ad-as",{"title":1410,"path":1411,"stem":1412},"第10章：财政政策","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F10-fiscal-policy","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F10-fiscal-policy",{"title":1414,"path":1415,"stem":1416},"第11章：开放经济与汇率","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F11-open-economy-and-exchange-rates","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F11-open-economy-and-exchange-rates",{"title":1418,"path":1419,"stem":1420},"第12章：综合复习与案例分析","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F12-review-and-case-studies","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F12-review-and-case-studies",{"title":1422,"path":1423,"stem":1424,"children":1425},"宏观经济学","\u002Fzh\u002Fmacroeconomics","zh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002Findex",[1426,1427,1431,1435,1439,1443,1447,1451,1455,1459,1463],{"title":1422,"path":1423,"stem":1424},{"title":1428,"path":1429,"stem":1430},"第一章：国民账户与宏观指标","\u002Fzh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F01-national-accounts","zh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F01-national-accounts",{"title":1432,"path":1433,"stem":1434},"第二章：消费、投资与凯恩斯交叉","\u002Fzh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F02-consumption-investment","zh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F02-consumption-investment",{"title":1436,"path":1437,"stem":1438},"第三章：货币、银行与货币政策","\u002Fzh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F03-money-and-monetary-policy","zh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F03-money-and-monetary-policy",{"title":1440,"path":1441,"stem":1442},"第四章：AD–AS、通货膨胀与失业","\u002Fzh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F04-ad-as-inflation-unemployment","zh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F04-ad-as-inflation-unemployment",{"title":1444,"path":1445,"stem":1446},"第五章：财政政策、债务与稳定化","\u002Fzh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F05-fiscal-policy-and-debt","zh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F05-fiscal-policy-and-debt",{"title":1448,"path":1449,"stem":1450},"第六章：经济增长、生产率与发展","\u002Fzh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F06-growth-productivity","zh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F06-growth-productivity",{"title":1452,"path":1453,"stem":1454},"第七章：开放经济、汇率与国际收支","\u002Fzh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F07-open-economy","zh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F07-open-economy",{"title":1456,"path":1457,"stem":1458},"第八章：宏观研究项目与政策分析","\u002Fzh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F08-macro-research-project","zh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F08-macro-research-project",{"title":1460,"path":1461,"stem":1462},"第九章：宏观经济学浏览器交互实验","\u002Fzh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F09-interactive-policy-labs","zh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F09-interactive-policy-labs",{"title":1464,"path":1465,"stem":1466},"第十章：前沿文献与当代宏观案例（2023—2026）","\u002Fzh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F10-frontier-literature-2026","zh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F10-frontier-literature-2026",{"title":1468,"path":1469,"stem":1470,"children":1471},"微观计量经济学","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Findex",[1472,1473,1479,1485,1491,1497,1503,1509,1515,1521,1527,1533,1539],{"title":1468,"path":1469,"stem":1470},{"title":1474,"path":1475,"stem":1476,"children":1477},"第一章：微观计量与因果推断导论","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-intro","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-intro\u002Findex",[1478],{"title":1474,"path":1475,"stem":1476},{"title":1480,"path":1481,"stem":1482,"children":1483},"第二章：线性回归与 OLS","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-ols","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-ols\u002Findex",[1484],{"title":1480,"path":1481,"stem":1482},{"title":1486,"path":1487,"stem":1488,"children":1489},"第三章：工具变量法","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-iv","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-iv\u002Findex",[1490],{"title":1486,"path":1487,"stem":1488},{"title":1492,"path":1493,"stem":1494,"children":1495},"第四章：面板数据方法","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-panel","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-panel\u002Findex",[1496],{"title":1492,"path":1493,"stem":1494},{"title":1498,"path":1499,"stem":1500,"children":1501},"第五章：双重差分法","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-did","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-did\u002Findex",[1502],{"title":1498,"path":1499,"stem":1500},{"title":1504,"path":1505,"stem":1506,"children":1507},"第六章：断点回归设计","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-rdd","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-rdd\u002Findex",[1508],{"title":1504,"path":1505,"stem":1506},{"title":1510,"path":1511,"stem":1512,"children":1513},"第七章：匹配、倾向得分与加权","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F07-matching","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F07-matching\u002Findex",[1514],{"title":1510,"path":1511,"stem":1512},{"title":1516,"path":1517,"stem":1518,"children":1519},"第八章：离散选择模型","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F08-discrete-choice","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F08-discrete-choice\u002Findex",[1520],{"title":1516,"path":1517,"stem":1518},{"title":1522,"path":1523,"stem":1524,"children":1525},"第九章：计数数据与受限因变量","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F09-count-limited","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F09-count-limited\u002Findex",[1526],{"title":1522,"path":1523,"stem":1524},{"title":1528,"path":1529,"stem":1530,"children":1531},"第十章：合成控制法","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F10-synthetic-control","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F10-synthetic-control\u002Findex",[1532],{"title":1528,"path":1529,"stem":1530},{"title":1534,"path":1535,"stem":1536,"children":1537},"第十一章：机器学习与因果推断","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F11-ml-causal","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F11-ml-causal\u002Findex",[1538],{"title":1534,"path":1535,"stem":1536},{"title":1540,"path":1541,"stem":1542},"第十二章：前沿文献与现代微观案例（2024—2026）","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F12-frontier-literature-2026","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F12-frontier-literature-2026",{"title":716,"path":1544,"stem":1545,"children":1546,"page":249},"\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics",[1547,1553,1559,1565,1571,1577,1583,1589,1595,1601,1607,1613,1619],{"title":1548,"path":1549,"stem":1550,"children":1551},"微观经济学 III","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F00-intro","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[1552],{"title":1548,"path":1549,"stem":1550},{"title":1554,"path":1555,"stem":1556,"children":1557},"消费者理论与分析基础","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F01-fundations","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F01-fundations\u002Findex",[1558],{"title":1554,"path":1555,"stem":1556},{"title":1560,"path":1561,"stem":1562,"children":1563},"比较静态分析与福利测度","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F02-comparative-statics","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F02-comparative-statics\u002Findex",[1564],{"title":1560,"path":1561,"stem":1562},{"title":1566,"path":1567,"stem":1568,"children":1569},"不确定性下的决策","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F03-uncertainty","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F03-uncertainty\u002Findex",[1570],{"title":1566,"path":1567,"stem":1568},{"title":1572,"path":1573,"stem":1574,"children":1575},"一般均衡与福利经济学","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F04-general-equilibrium","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F04-general-equilibrium\u002Findex",[1576],{"title":1572,"path":1573,"stem":1574},{"title":1578,"path":1579,"stem":1580,"children":1581},"博弈论：静态与动态博弈","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F05-game-theory","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F05-game-theory\u002Findex",[1582],{"title":1578,"path":1579,"stem":1580},{"title":1584,"path":1585,"stem":1586,"children":1587},"寡头垄断与策略性市场行为","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F06-oligopoly","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F06-oligopoly\u002Findex",[1588],{"title":1584,"path":1585,"stem":1586},{"title":1590,"path":1591,"stem":1592,"children":1593},"信息经济学：逆向选择与道德风险","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F07-information-economics","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F07-information-economics\u002Findex",[1594],{"title":1590,"path":1591,"stem":1592},{"title":1596,"path":1597,"stem":1598,"children":1599},"机制设计与拍卖理论","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F08-mechanism-design","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F08-mechanism-design\u002Findex",[1600],{"title":1596,"path":1597,"stem":1598},{"title":1602,"path":1603,"stem":1604,"children":1605},"行为与实验微观经济学","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F09-behavioural-economics","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F09-behavioural-economics\u002Findex",[1606],{"title":1602,"path":1603,"stem":1604},{"title":1608,"path":1609,"stem":1610,"children":1611},"外部性、公共物品与机制","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F10-externalities-public-goods","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F10-externalities-public-goods\u002Findex",[1612],{"title":1608,"path":1609,"stem":1610},{"title":1614,"path":1615,"stem":1616,"children":1617},"市场设计与匹配理论","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F11-market-design","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F11-market-design\u002Findex",[1618],{"title":1614,"path":1615,"stem":1616},{"title":1620,"path":1621,"stem":1622,"children":1623},"第十二章：微观经济学：回顾与前沿应用","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F12-review","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F12-review\u002Findex",[1624],{"title":1620,"path":1621,"stem":1622},{"title":799,"path":1626,"stem":1627,"children":1628,"page":249},"\u002Fzh\u002Fplayground","zh\u002Fplayground",[1629],{"title":1630,"path":1631,"stem":1632},"Chart.js 可视化","\u002Fzh\u002Fplayground\u002F05-chartjs","zh\u002Fplayground\u002F05-chartjs",{"title":1634,"path":1635,"stem":1636,"children":1637},"概率论与数理统计","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002Findex",[1638,1639,1645,1680,1727],{"title":1634,"path":1635,"stem":1636},{"title":1640,"path":1641,"stem":1642,"children":1643},"第零章：概率统计的对象与学习方法","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F00-intro","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[1644],{"title":1640,"path":1641,"stem":1642},{"title":1646,"path":1647,"stem":1648,"children":1649,"page":249},"01 Probability","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F01-probability","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F01-probability",[1650,1656,1662,1668,1674],{"title":1651,"path":1652,"stem":1653,"children":1654},"第一章：概率论基础","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F01-probability\u002F01-prob-theory","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F01-probability\u002F01-prob-theory\u002Findex",[1655],{"title":1651,"path":1652,"stem":1653},{"title":1657,"path":1658,"stem":1659,"children":1660},"第二章：随机变量与分布","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F01-probability\u002F02-random-variables","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F01-probability\u002F02-random-variables\u002Findex",[1661],{"title":1657,"path":1658,"stem":1659},{"title":1663,"path":1664,"stem":1665,"children":1666},"第三章：期望、方差与条件矩","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F01-probability\u002F03-moment","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F01-probability\u002F03-moment\u002Findex",[1667],{"title":1663,"path":1664,"stem":1665},{"title":1669,"path":1670,"stem":1671,"children":1672},"第四章：常见分布族与建模机制","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F01-probability\u002F04-families","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F01-probability\u002F04-families\u002Findex",[1673],{"title":1669,"path":1670,"stem":1671},{"title":1675,"path":1676,"stem":1677,"children":1678},"第五章：收敛与渐近理论","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F01-probability\u002F05-asymptotics","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F01-probability\u002F05-asymptotics\u002Findex",[1679],{"title":1675,"path":1676,"stem":1677},{"title":1681,"path":1682,"stem":1683,"children":1684,"page":249},"02 Statistics","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics",[1685,1691,1697,1703,1709,1715,1721],{"title":1686,"path":1687,"stem":1688,"children":1689},"第六章：抽样分布","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F01-sampling","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F01-sampling\u002Findex",[1690],{"title":1686,"path":1687,"stem":1688},{"title":1692,"path":1693,"stem":1694,"children":1695},"第七章：区间估计","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F02-interval-estimation","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F02-interval-estimation\u002Findex",[1696],{"title":1692,"path":1693,"stem":1694},{"title":1698,"path":1699,"stem":1700,"children":1701},"第八章：点估计理论","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F03-point-estimation","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F03-point-estimation\u002Findex",[1702],{"title":1698,"path":1699,"stem":1700},{"title":1704,"path":1705,"stem":1706,"children":1707},"第九章：点估计方法","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F04-pe-method","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F04-pe-method\u002Findex",[1708],{"title":1704,"path":1705,"stem":1706},{"title":1710,"path":1711,"stem":1712,"children":1713},"第十章：假设检验原理","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F05-hypothesis","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F05-hypothesis\u002Findex",[1714],{"title":1710,"path":1711,"stem":1712},{"title":1716,"path":1717,"stem":1718,"children":1719},"第十一章：常用检验方法与选择","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F06-hypothesis-method","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F06-hypothesis-method\u002Findex",[1720],{"title":1716,"path":1717,"stem":1718},{"title":1722,"path":1723,"stem":1724,"children":1725},"第十二章：Bootstrap 与重抽样","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F07-bootstrap","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F07-bootstrap\u002Findex",[1726],{"title":1722,"path":1723,"stem":1724},{"title":1728,"path":1729,"stem":1730},"第十三章：前沿文献与现代统计案例（2023—2026）","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F03-frontier-literature-2026","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F03-frontier-literature-2026",{"title":1732,"path":1733,"stem":1734,"children":1735,"page":249},"Quant","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant","zh\u002Fquant",[1736,1742,1746,1750,1754,1758,1762,1766,1770,1774,1778],{"title":1737,"path":1738,"stem":1739,"children":1740},"量化投资——从可检验信号到可执行组合","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F00-index","zh\u002Fquant\u002F00-index",[1741],{"title":1737,"path":1738,"stem":1739},{"title":1743,"path":1744,"stem":1745},"数据获取与预处理","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F01-research-data","zh\u002Fquant\u002F01-research-data",{"title":1747,"path":1748,"stem":1749},"因子与交易信号","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F02-factor-and-signals","zh\u002Fquant\u002F02-factor-and-signals",{"title":1751,"path":1752,"stem":1753},"策略建模与回测","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F03-modeling-and-backtest","zh\u002Fquant\u002F03-modeling-and-backtest",{"title":1755,"path":1756,"stem":1757},"组合构建与风险建模（资产定价视角）","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F04-portfolio-and-risk","zh\u002Fquant\u002F04-portfolio-and-risk",{"title":1759,"path":1760,"stem":1761},"执行策略与市场微结构概览","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F05-execution-and-microstructure","zh\u002Fquant\u002F05-execution-and-microstructure",{"title":1763,"path":1764,"stem":1765},"策略上线、监控与迭代","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F06-production-and-monitoring","zh\u002Fquant\u002F06-production-and-monitoring",{"title":1767,"path":1768,"stem":1769},"量化工程与工具链概览","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F07-engineering-stack","zh\u002Fquant\u002F07-engineering-stack",{"title":1771,"path":1772,"stem":1773},"计量方法与实证检验","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F08-econometric-methods","zh\u002Fquant\u002F08-econometric-methods",{"title":1775,"path":1776,"stem":1777},"案例研究：多因子股票 Alpha 策略全流程","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F09-case-study","zh\u002Fquant\u002F09-case-study",{"title":1779,"path":1780,"stem":1781},"量化投资文献与软件图谱","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F10-reading-software-map","zh\u002Fquant\u002F10-reading-software-map",{"path":1403},{"id":1784,"title":515,"body":1785,"description":2531,"extension":2532,"features":2533,"hero":2533,"layout":2533,"locale":2533,"meta":2534,"navigation":2533,"path":516,"published":2535,"seo":2536,"stem":517,"__hash__":2537},"docs\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F08-money-and-banking.md",{"type":1786,"value":1787,"toc":2515},"minimark",[1788,1792,1797,1801,1805,1808,1824,1828,1831,1852,1855,1858,1862,1865,1939,1942,2066,2069,2073,2076,2113,2116,2119,2123,2126,2149,2157,2161,2222,2225,2229,2232,2236,2239,2243,2246,2389,2392,2400,2410,2414,2417,2434,2437,2441,2444,2455,2462,2466,2484,2488,2505],[1789,1790,515],"h1",{"id":1791},"chapter-8-money-credit-and-banking",[1793,1794,1796],"h2",{"id":1795},"core-question","Core question",[1798,1799,1800],"p",{},"How can banks create liquid deposits while holding risky, long-term assets—and why does that arrangement require capital, liquidity, confidence, and supervision?",[1793,1802,1804],{"id":1803},"learning-outcomes","Learning outcomes",[1798,1806,1807],{},"You will be able to:",[1809,1810,1811,1815,1818,1821],"ul",{},[1812,1813,1814],"li",{},"distinguish money, income, wealth, and credit;",[1812,1816,1817],{},"record a loan and deposit on a bank balance sheet;",[1812,1819,1820],{},"explain the constraints on deposit creation;",[1812,1822,1823],{},"separate solvency, liquidity, credit, and interest-rate risk.",[1793,1825,1827],{"id":1826},"_1-what-money-does","1. What money does",[1798,1829,1830],{},"Money serves as:",[1809,1832,1833,1840,1846],{},[1812,1834,1835,1839],{},[1836,1837,1838],"strong",{},"medium of exchange"," — accepted in payment;",[1812,1841,1842,1845],{},[1836,1843,1844],{},"unit of account"," — common measure for prices and debts;",[1812,1847,1848,1851],{},[1836,1849,1850],{},"store of value"," — transfers purchasing power through time.",[1798,1853,1854],{},"Money is not the same as wealth. A bank deposit is money for the customer and a liability for the bank. A house may be valuable wealth but is not normally money because it cannot settle a purchase immediately at par.",[1798,1856,1857],{},"Liquidity asks how quickly and reliably an asset can make payment without a large price loss.",[1793,1859,1861],{"id":1860},"_2-read-both-sides-of-the-balance-sheet","2. Read both sides of the balance sheet",[1798,1863,1864],{},"Campus Bank begins with:",[1866,1867,1868,1887],"table",{},[1869,1870,1871],"thead",{},[1872,1873,1874,1878,1882,1885],"tr",{},[1875,1876,1877],"th",{},"Assets",[1875,1879,1881],{"align":1880},"right","£000",[1875,1883,1884],{},"Liabilities and equity",[1875,1886,1881],{"align":1880},[1888,1889,1890,1905,1919],"tbody",{},[1872,1891,1892,1896,1899,1902],{},[1893,1894,1895],"td",{},"reserves",[1893,1897,1898],{"align":1880},"20",[1893,1900,1901],{},"deposits",[1893,1903,1904],{"align":1880},"90",[1872,1906,1907,1910,1913,1916],{},[1893,1908,1909],{},"loans and securities",[1893,1911,1912],{"align":1880},"80",[1893,1914,1915],{},"equity",[1893,1917,1918],{"align":1880},"10",[1872,1920,1921,1926,1931,1935],{},[1893,1922,1923],{},[1836,1924,1925],{},"total",[1893,1927,1928],{"align":1880},[1836,1929,1930],{},"100",[1893,1932,1933],{},[1836,1934,1925],{},[1893,1936,1937],{"align":1880},[1836,1938,1930],{},[1798,1940,1941],{},"Accounting identity:",[1943,1944,1947],"span",{"className":1945},[1946],"katex-display",[1943,1948,1951,1992],{"className":1949},[1950],"katex",[1943,1952,1955],{"className":1953},[1954],"katex-mathml",[1956,1957,1960],"math",{"xmlns":1958,"display":1959},"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML","block",[1961,1962,1963,1987],"semantics",{},[1964,1965,1966,1970,1974,1977,1980,1982],"mrow",{},[1967,1968,1969],"mtext",{},"assets",[1971,1972,1973],"mo",{},"=",[1967,1975,1976],{},"liabilities",[1971,1978,1979],{},"+",[1967,1981,1915],{},[1983,1984,1986],"mi",{"mathvariant":1985},"normal",".",[1988,1989,1991],"annotation",{"encoding":1990},"application\u002Fx-tex","\\text{assets}=\\text{liabilities}+\\text{equity}.",[1943,1993,1997,2026,2050],{"className":1994,"ariaHidden":1996},[1995],"katex-html","true",[1943,1998,2001,2006,2014,2019,2023],{"className":1999},[2000],"base",[1943,2002],{"className":2003,"style":2005},[2004],"strut","height:0.6151em;",[1943,2007,2011],{"className":2008},[2009,2010],"mord","text",[1943,2012,1969],{"className":2013},[2009],[1943,2015],{"className":2016,"style":2018},[2017],"mspace","margin-right:0.2778em;",[1943,2020,1973],{"className":2021},[2022],"mrel",[1943,2024],{"className":2025,"style":2018},[2017],[1943,2027,2029,2033,2039,2043,2047],{"className":2028},[2000],[1943,2030],{"className":2031,"style":2032},[2004],"height:0.7778em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;",[1943,2034,2036],{"className":2035},[2009,2010],[1943,2037,1976],{"className":2038},[2009],[1943,2040],{"className":2041,"style":2042},[2017],"margin-right:0.2222em;",[1943,2044,1979],{"className":2045},[2046],"mbin",[1943,2048],{"className":2049,"style":2042},[2017],[1943,2051,2053,2057,2063],{"className":2052},[2000],[1943,2054],{"className":2055,"style":2056},[2004],"height:0.8623em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[1943,2058,2060],{"className":2059},[2009,2010],[1943,2061,1915],{"className":2062},[2009],[1943,2064,1986],{"className":2065},[2009],[1798,2067,2068],{},"Equity absorbs losses first. If assets lose £6, equity falls from £10 to £4. Deposits do not automatically fall with the asset value.",[1793,2070,2072],{"id":2071},"_3-a-bank-loan-creates-a-deposit","3. A bank loan creates a deposit",[1798,2074,2075],{},"Suppose the bank approves a £5,000 business loan and credits the borrower's account.",[1866,2077,2078,2091],{},[1869,2079,2080],{},[1872,2081,2082,2085,2088],{},[1875,2083,2084],{},"Bank entry",[1875,2086,2087],{"align":1880},"Asset",[1875,2089,2090],{"align":1880},"Liability",[1888,2092,2093,2104],{},[1872,2094,2095,2098,2101],{},[1893,2096,2097],{},"new loan",[1893,2099,2100],{"align":1880},"+£5,000",[1893,2102,2103],{"align":1880},"—",[1872,2105,2106,2109,2111],{},[1893,2107,2108],{},"new deposit",[1893,2110,2103],{"align":1880},[1893,2112,2100],{"align":1880},[1798,2114,2115],{},"The banking system has created a loan asset and deposit money together. The bank did not hand over an existing depositor's named funds.",[1798,2117,2118],{},"When the borrower pays a supplier at another bank, reserves must settle between banks. The originating bank therefore needs funding and liquidity even though lending created the deposit.",[1793,2120,2122],{"id":2121},"_4-what-constrains-credit-creation","4. What constrains credit creation",[1798,2124,2125],{},"Banks cannot create unlimited deposits. Constraints include:",[1809,2127,2128,2131,2134,2137,2140,2143,2146],{},[1812,2129,2130],{},"creditworthy demand for loans;",[1812,2132,2133],{},"capital requirements and expected losses;",[1812,2135,2136],{},"liquidity and settlement needs;",[1812,2138,2139],{},"funding cost and interest-rate risk;",[1812,2141,2142],{},"regulation, supervision, and internal risk limits;",[1812,2144,2145],{},"the central bank's policy stance;",[1812,2147,2148],{},"confidence of depositors and markets.",[1798,2150,2151,2152,2156],{},"The textbook multiplier ",[2153,2154,2155],"code",{},"1\u002Freserve ratio"," describes a special system with fixed reserve ratios, full redepositing, no cash leakage, no capital constraint, and willing banks\u002Fborrowers. It is useful for one mechanism, not a mechanical description of modern lending.",[1793,2158,2160],{"id":2159},"_5-four-different-risks","5. Four different risks",[1866,2162,2163,2176],{},[1869,2164,2165],{},[1872,2166,2167,2170,2173],{},[1875,2168,2169],{},"Risk",[1875,2171,2172],{},"Question",[1875,2174,2175],{},"Example",[1888,2177,2178,2189,2200,2211],{},[1872,2179,2180,2183,2186],{},[1893,2181,2182],{},"credit",[1893,2184,2185],{},"will the borrower repay?",[1893,2187,2188],{},"business defaults",[1872,2190,2191,2194,2197],{},[1893,2192,2193],{},"liquidity",[1893,2195,2196],{},"can payments be met now?",[1893,2198,2199],{},"deposits leave rapidly",[1872,2201,2202,2205,2208],{},[1893,2203,2204],{},"interest-rate\u002Fduration",[1893,2206,2207],{},"how does asset value change when rates move?",[1893,2209,2210],{},"long fixed-rate bonds lose market value",[1872,2212,2213,2216,2219],{},[1893,2214,2215],{},"solvency",[1893,2217,2218],{},"do assets exceed liabilities?",[1893,2220,2221],{},"losses exhaust equity",[1798,2223,2224],{},"A solvent institution can be illiquid; a liquid institution can still be insolvent. Emergency lending addresses liquidity, not an unrecognised hole in asset value.",[1793,2226,2228],{"id":2227},"_6-maturity-transformation-and-runs","6. Maturity transformation and runs",[1798,2230,2231],{},"Banks issue short-term, withdrawable deposits and hold longer-term loans or securities. This supports credit but creates a coordination problem.",[2233,2234],"mermaid-diagram",{"code64":2235,"locale":7},"Zmxvd2NoYXJ0IExSCiAgRmVhcltEZXBvc2l0b3JzIGV4cGVjdCBvdGhlcnMgdG8gd2l0aGRyYXddIC0tPiBFeGl0W1dpdGhkcmF3IG5vd10KICBFeGl0IC0tPiBTYWxlW0Jhbmsgc2VsbHMgYXNzZXRzIHF1aWNrbHldCiAgU2FsZSAtLT4gTG9zc1tGaXJlLXNhbGUgbG9zc2VzIGFuZCB2aXNpYmxlIHN0cmVzc10KICBMb3NzIC0tPiBGZWFy",[1798,2237,2238],{},"Deposit insurance, liquidity buffers, lender-of-last-resort facilities, resolution regimes, and credible supervision reduce—but do not remove—risk.",[1793,2240,2242],{"id":2241},"_7-evidence-case-silicon-valley-bank","7. Evidence case: Silicon Valley Bank",[1798,2244,2245],{},"The Federal Reserve's 2023 review identifies a combination rather than one cause:",[1809,2247,2248,2374,2377,2380,2383,2386],{},[1812,2249,2250,2251,2373],{},"rapid asset growth from about ",[1943,2252,2254,2315],{"className":2253},[1950],[1943,2255,2257],{"className":2256},[1954],[1956,2258,2259],{"xmlns":1958},[1961,2260,2261,2312],{},[1964,2262,2263,2267,2270,2273,2276,2278,2280,2283,2286,2289,2291,2294,2296,2299,2302,2304,2307,2310],{},[2264,2265,2266],"mn",{},"71",[1983,2268,2269],{},"b",[1983,2271,2272],{},"i",[1983,2274,2275],{},"l",[1983,2277,2275],{},[1983,2279,2272],{},[1983,2281,2282],{},"o",[1983,2284,2285],{},"n",[1983,2287,2288],{},"t",[1983,2290,2282],{},[1983,2292,2293],{},"m",[1983,2295,2282],{},[1983,2297,2298],{},"r",[1983,2300,2301],{},"e",[1983,2303,2288],{},[1983,2305,2306],{},"h",[1983,2308,2309],{},"a",[1983,2311,2285],{},[1988,2313,2314],{"encoding":1990},"71 billion to more than ",[1943,2316,2318],{"className":2317,"ariaHidden":1996},[1995],[1943,2319,2321,2325,2328,2333,2337,2340,2343,2346,2349,2352,2355,2358,2363,2366,2369],{"className":2320},[2000],[1943,2322],{"className":2323,"style":2324},[2004],"height:0.6944em;",[1943,2326,2266],{"className":2327},[2009],[1943,2329,2332],{"className":2330},[2009,2331],"mathnormal","bi",[1943,2334,2275],{"className":2335,"style":2336},[2009,2331],"margin-right:0.0197em;",[1943,2338,2275],{"className":2339,"style":2336},[2009,2331],[1943,2341,2272],{"className":2342},[2009,2331],[1943,2344,2282],{"className":2345},[2009,2331],[1943,2347,2285],{"className":2348},[2009,2331],[1943,2350,2288],{"className":2351},[2009,2331],[1943,2353,2282],{"className":2354},[2009,2331],[1943,2356,2293],{"className":2357},[2009,2331],[1943,2359,2362],{"className":2360,"style":2361},[2009,2331],"margin-right:0.0278em;","or",[1943,2364,2301],{"className":2365},[2009,2331],[1943,2367,2288],{"className":2368},[2009,2331],[1943,2370,2372],{"className":2371},[2009,2331],"han","211 billion during 2019–21;",[1812,2375,2376],{},"concentrated reliance on uninsured deposits;",[1812,2378,2379],{},"weak liquidity and interest-rate risk management;",[1812,2381,2382],{},"long-duration assets exposed to rising rates;",[1812,2384,2385],{},"delayed and insufficient supervisory escalation;",[1812,2387,2388],{},"more than $40 billion of deposit outflow on 9 March 2023, with much larger requests expected the next day.",[1798,2390,2391],{},"The lesson is a balance-sheet chain:",[2393,2394,2398],"pre",{"className":2395,"code":2397,"language":2010,"meta":10},[2396],"language-text","concentrated funding + duration loss + weak liquidity plan\n→ confidence shock → rapid withdrawals → forced closure\n",[2153,2399,2397],{"__ignoreMap":10},[1798,2401,2402,2403,2409],{},"This official review does not imply that every bank with bond losses will fail; funding structure, hedging, capital, liquidity access, governance, and supervision matter (",[2309,2404,2408],{"href":2405,"rel":2406},"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.federalreserve.gov\u002Fpublications\u002F2023-April-SVB-Key-Takeaways.htm",[2407],"nofollow","Federal Reserve, 2023",").",[1793,2411,2413],{"id":2412},"_8-central-banks","8. Central banks",[1798,2415,2416],{},"Central banks typically support:",[1809,2418,2419,2422,2425,2428,2431],{},[1812,2420,2421],{},"monetary-policy implementation;",[1812,2423,2424],{},"settlement and payment systems;",[1812,2426,2427],{},"currency issuance and reserves;",[1812,2429,2430],{},"emergency liquidity under defined conditions;",[1812,2432,2433],{},"financial stability, often alongside other authorities.",[1798,2435,2436],{},"These roles can conflict. Emergency support may prevent disorderly failure but weaken incentives if owners and managers expect rescue. Design therefore separates liquidity support, loss absorption, supervision, and resolution where possible.",[1793,2438,2440],{"id":2439},"worked-stress-test","Worked stress test",[1798,2442,2443],{},"Starting equity is £10,000. The bank experiences:",[1809,2445,2446,2449,2452],{},[1812,2447,2448],{},"£4,000 credit losses;",[1812,2450,2451],{},"£3,000 decline in bond value;",[1812,2453,2454],{},"£12,000 deposit withdrawal settled from £20,000 reserves.",[1798,2456,2457,2458,2461],{},"After losses, equity is ",[2153,2459,2460],{},"10 − 4 − 3 = £3,000",". The withdrawal reduces reserves and deposits equally; it does not itself reduce equity. Remaining reserves are £8,000. The bank is still positive-equity in this simplified accounting but has a thinner solvency and liquidity cushion.",[1793,2463,2465],{"id":2464},"practice","Practice",[2467,2468,2469,2472,2475,2478,2481],"ol",{},[1812,2470,2471],{},"Record a £2,000 new loan and deposit.",[1812,2473,2474],{},"Record repayment of £500 principal.",[1812,2476,2477],{},"Apply a £1,200 loan loss and identify the first buffer.",[1812,2479,2480],{},"Explain why a withdrawal is different from a loss.",[1812,2482,2483],{},"Diagnose whether each event is credit, liquidity, duration, or solvency risk.",[1793,2485,2487],{"id":2486},"quick-check","Quick check",[1809,2489,2490,2493,2496,2499,2502],{},[1812,2491,2492],{},"Deposits are money for customers and liabilities for banks.",[1812,2494,2495],{},"Lending can create deposits; settlement still requires liquidity.",[1812,2497,2498],{},"Capital absorbs losses; reserves settle payments.",[1812,2500,2501],{},"Solvency and liquidity are distinct.",[1812,2503,2504],{},"Bank failure is usually a chain of interacting vulnerabilities.",[1798,2506,2507,2510,2511,1986],{},[1836,2508,2509],{},"Next:"," ",[2309,2512,2514],{"href":2513},".\u002F09-monetary-policy-and-ad-as","trace shocks and monetary policy through the whole economy",{"title":10,"searchDepth":2516,"depth":2516,"links":2517},2,[2518,2519,2520,2521,2522,2523,2524,2525,2526,2527,2528,2529,2530],{"id":1795,"depth":2516,"text":1796},{"id":1803,"depth":2516,"text":1804},{"id":1826,"depth":2516,"text":1827},{"id":1860,"depth":2516,"text":1861},{"id":2071,"depth":2516,"text":2072},{"id":2121,"depth":2516,"text":2122},{"id":2159,"depth":2516,"text":2160},{"id":2227,"depth":2516,"text":2228},{"id":2241,"depth":2516,"text":2242},{"id":2412,"depth":2516,"text":2413},{"id":2439,"depth":2516,"text":2440},{"id":2464,"depth":2516,"text":2465},{"id":2486,"depth":2516,"text":2487},"Money, deposits, bank balance sheets, credit creation, capital, liquidity, duration risk, bank runs, and central banks.","md",null,{},true,{"title":515,"description":2531},"piCWPjGh4GgLPKnew68Nm-ktwLVsu0xYVpE2aYXlIvA",[2539,2541],{"title":511,"path":512,"stem":513,"description":2540,"children":-1},"Growth per person, productivity, capital, skills, ideas, institutions, distribution, sustainability, and AI evidence.",{"title":519,"path":520,"stem":521,"description":2542,"children":-1},"Output gaps, aggregate demand and supply, shock diagnosis, interest-rate transmission, expectations, lags, and policy trade-offs.",1785754725623]