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Search, Evaluate, and Read Evidence","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F02-reading-and-literature-matrix","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F02-reading-and-literature-matrix",{"title":27,"path":28,"stem":29},"3. From Sources to Synthesis and Argument","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F03-arguments-outlines-and-paragraphs","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F03-arguments-outlines-and-paragraphs",{"title":31,"path":32,"stem":33},"4. Literature Review and a Defensible Gap","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review",{"title":35,"path":36,"stem":37},"5. Research Design, Evidence, and Core Sections","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F05-core-sections-and-evidence","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F05-core-sections-and-evidence",{"title":39,"path":40,"stem":41},"6. Citation, Paraphrasing, Integrity, and AI","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F06-citation-paraphrasing-and-integrity","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F06-citation-paraphrasing-and-integrity",{"title":43,"path":44,"stem":45},"7. Revision, Review, and Submission","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F07-revision-style-and-submission","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F07-revision-style-and-submission",{"title":47,"path":48,"stem":49},"8. Research Workbook","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template",{"title":51,"path":52,"stem":53},"9. Research Workflow and Tools","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F09-tools-for-academic-writing-and-literature-management","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F09-tools-for-academic-writing-and-literature-management",{"title":55,"path":56,"stem":57},"10. Worked Project — From Question to Defensible Conclusion","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F10-worked-example-from-block-structure-to-question-chain","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F10-worked-example-from-block-structure-to-question-chain",{"title":59,"path":60,"stem":61,"children":62,"page":249},"Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting","en\u002Faccounting",[63,69,87,93,193],{"title":64,"path":65,"stem":66,"children":67},"Accounting — From Evidence to Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002F00-index","en\u002Faccounting\u002F00-index",[68],{"title":64,"path":65,"stem":66},{"title":70,"path":71,"stem":72,"children":73},"Accounting Appendix","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[74,75,79,83],{"title":70,"path":71,"stem":72},{"title":76,"path":77,"stem":78},"Worked Examples and Error Diagnosis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F24-examples-pitfalls","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F24-examples-pitfalls",{"title":80,"path":81,"stem":82},"Accounting Glossary","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F26-glossary","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F26-glossary",{"title":84,"path":85,"stem":86},"Reading and Evidence Map","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F27-reading-map","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F27-reading-map",{"title":88,"path":89,"stem":90,"children":91},"Northstar Record-to-Decision Capstone","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[92],{"title":88,"path":89,"stem":90},{"title":94,"path":95,"stem":96,"children":97},"Financial Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002Findex",[98,99,117,131,165,179],{"title":94,"path":95,"stem":96},{"title":100,"path":101,"stem":102,"children":103},"1. Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002Findex",[104,105,109,113],{"title":100,"path":101,"stem":102},{"title":106,"path":107,"stem":108},"Objectives and Qualitative Characteristics","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F01-objectives-qualitative-characteristics","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F01-objectives-qualitative-characteristics",{"title":110,"path":111,"stem":112},"Equation and Elements","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F02-equation-elements","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F02-equation-elements",{"title":114,"path":115,"stem":116},"Accrual Basis, Estimates and Periods","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F03-accounting-bases-principles","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F03-accounting-bases-principles",{"title":118,"path":119,"stem":120,"children":121},"2. Recording Transactions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002Findex",[122,123,127],{"title":118,"path":119,"stem":120},{"title":124,"path":125,"stem":126},"Double-Entry and Debit\u002FCredit","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F04-double-entry-dr-cr","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F04-double-entry-dr-cr",{"title":128,"path":129,"stem":130},"Accounting Cycle","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F05-accounting-cycle","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F05-accounting-cycle",{"title":132,"path":133,"stem":134,"children":135},"3. Measurement and Adjustments","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002Findex",[136,137,141,145,149,153,157,161],{"title":132,"path":133,"stem":134},{"title":138,"path":139,"stem":140},"Revenue Recognition","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F07-revenue-recognition","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F07-revenue-recognition",{"title":142,"path":143,"stem":144},"Inventory","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F08-inventory","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F08-inventory",{"title":146,"path":147,"stem":148},"Receivables and Expected Credit Losses","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F09-receivables","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F09-receivables",{"title":150,"path":151,"stem":152},"Property, Plant and Equipment","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F10-ppe","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F10-ppe",{"title":154,"path":155,"stem":156},"Intangible Assets","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F11-intangibles","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F11-intangibles",{"title":158,"path":159,"stem":160},"Leases","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F12-leases","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F12-leases",{"title":162,"path":163,"stem":164},"Current and Deferred Income Tax","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F13-income-tax","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F13-income-tax",{"title":166,"path":167,"stem":168,"children":169},"4. Reporting and Cash","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002Findex",[170,171,175],{"title":166,"path":167,"stem":168},{"title":172,"path":173,"stem":174},"Linked Financial Statements","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F06-financial-statements","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F06-financial-statements",{"title":176,"path":177,"stem":178},"Cash, Reconciliation and Internal Control","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F14-cash-control","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F14-cash-control",{"title":180,"path":181,"stem":182,"children":183},"5. Analysis and Comparison","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002Findex",[184,185,189],{"title":180,"path":181,"stem":182},{"title":186,"path":187,"stem":188},"Ratio Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F15-ratio-analysis","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F15-ratio-analysis",{"title":190,"path":191,"stem":192},"IFRS versus US GAAP","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F25-ifrs-gaap","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F25-ifrs-gaap",{"title":194,"path":195,"stem":196,"children":197},"Management Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002Findex",[198,199,217,235],{"title":194,"path":195,"stem":196},{"title":200,"path":201,"stem":202,"children":203},"1. Cost Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002Findex",[204,205,209,213],{"title":200,"path":201,"stem":202},{"title":206,"path":207,"stem":208},"Cost Concepts and Behaviour","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F16-cost-concepts","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F16-cost-concepts",{"title":210,"path":211,"stem":212},"Costing Systems","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F17-costing-systems","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F17-costing-systems",{"title":214,"path":215,"stem":216},"Variable and Absorption Costing","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F19-variable-vs-absorption","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F19-variable-vs-absorption",{"title":218,"path":219,"stem":220,"children":221},"2. Planning and Control","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002Findex",[222,223,227,231],{"title":218,"path":219,"stem":220},{"title":224,"path":225,"stem":226},"Cost–Volume–Profit Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F18-cvp-analysis","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F18-cvp-analysis",{"title":228,"path":229,"stem":230},"Budgeting and Variance Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F20-budgeting-variances","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F20-budgeting-variances",{"title":232,"path":233,"stem":234},"Performance Measurement","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F21-performance-measurement","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F21-performance-measurement",{"title":236,"path":237,"stem":238,"children":239},"3. Decisions and Investment","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002Findex",[240,241,245],{"title":236,"path":237,"stem":238},{"title":242,"path":243,"stem":244},"Short-Term Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F22-short-term-decisions","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F22-short-term-decisions",{"title":246,"path":247,"stem":248},"Capital Budgeting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F23-capital-budgeting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F23-capital-budgeting",false,{"title":251,"path":252,"stem":253,"children":254,"page":249},"Business Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics",[255,261,279,305,335,365,383,400],{"title":256,"path":257,"stem":258,"children":259},"Business Analytics — From Data to Defensible Action","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-index","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-index",[260],{"title":256,"path":257,"stem":258},{"title":262,"path":263,"stem":264,"children":265},"0. Decision and Data Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[266,267,271,275],{"title":262,"path":263,"stem":264},{"title":268,"path":269,"stem":270},"Decision Framing","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F01-decision-framing","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F01-decision-framing",{"title":272,"path":273,"stem":274},"Data Contracts","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F02-data-contracts","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F02-data-contracts",{"title":276,"path":277,"stem":278},"Reproducible Analytics Workflow","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F03-reproducible-workflow","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F03-reproducible-workflow",{"title":280,"path":281,"stem":282,"children":283},"1. Descriptive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002Findex",[284,285,289,293,297,301],{"title":280,"path":281,"stem":282},{"title":286,"path":287,"stem":288},"Distributions and Exploratory Data Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F04-distributions-eda","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F04-distributions-eda",{"title":290,"path":291,"stem":292},"KPIs and Denominators","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F05-kpis-denominators","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F05-kpis-denominators",{"title":294,"path":295,"stem":296},"Segments, Cohorts and Funnels","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F06-segmentation-cohorts-funnels","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F06-segmentation-cohorts-funnels",{"title":298,"path":299,"stem":300},"Visual Evidence and Data Stories","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F07-visualisation-story","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F07-visualisation-story",{"title":302,"path":303,"stem":304},"Experiments and Causal Boundaries","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F08-experiments-causal-boundary","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F08-experiments-causal-boundary",{"title":306,"path":307,"stem":308,"children":309},"2. Predictive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002Findex",[310,311,315,319,323,327,331],{"title":306,"path":307,"stem":308},{"title":312,"path":313,"stem":314},"Validation, Baselines and Leakage","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F09-validation-leakage","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F09-validation-leakage",{"title":316,"path":317,"stem":318},"Regression and Forecasting","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F10-regression-forecasting","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F10-regression-forecasting",{"title":320,"path":321,"stem":322},"Classification and Calibration","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F11-classification-calibration","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F11-classification-calibration",{"title":324,"path":325,"stem":326},"Trees and Ensembles","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F12-trees-ensembles","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F12-trees-ensembles",{"title":328,"path":329,"stem":330},"Decision Metrics and Thresholds","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F13-decision-metrics-thresholds","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F13-decision-metrics-thresholds",{"title":332,"path":333,"stem":334},"Explainability, Monitoring and Drift","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F14-explainability-drift","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F14-explainability-drift",{"title":336,"path":337,"stem":338,"children":339},"3. Prescriptive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002Findex",[340,341,345,349,353,357,361],{"title":336,"path":337,"stem":338},{"title":342,"path":343,"stem":344},"Decision-Making under Uncertainty","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F15-decision-uncertainty","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F15-decision-uncertainty",{"title":346,"path":347,"stem":348},"Linear Optimisation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F16-linear-optimization","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F16-linear-optimization",{"title":350,"path":351,"stem":352},"Inventory and Allocation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F17-inventory-allocation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F17-inventory-allocation",{"title":354,"path":355,"stem":356},"Queueing and Simulation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F18-queueing-simulation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F18-queueing-simulation",{"title":358,"path":359,"stem":360},"Pricing and Revenue Management","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F19-pricing-experimentation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F19-pricing-experimentation",{"title":362,"path":363,"stem":364},"Causal Targeting and Policy Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F20-causal-targeting","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F20-causal-targeting",{"title":366,"path":367,"stem":368,"children":369},"4. Deployment and Governance","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002Findex",[370,371,375,379],{"title":366,"path":367,"stem":368},{"title":372,"path":373,"stem":374},"Data Products and Monitoring","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F21-data-products-monitoring","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F21-data-products-monitoring",{"title":376,"path":377,"stem":378},"Governance, Fairness and Privacy","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F22-governance-fairness-privacy","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F22-governance-fairness-privacy",{"title":380,"path":381,"stem":382},"Adoption and Business Value","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F23-adoption-value","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F23-adoption-value",{"title":384,"path":385,"stem":386,"children":387},"Appendix and Revision Tools","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[388,389,393,397],{"title":384,"path":385,"stem":386},{"title":390,"path":391,"stem":392},"Formula and Decision Map","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F24-formula-map","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F24-formula-map",{"title":394,"path":395,"stem":396},"Worked Examples and Pitfalls","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F25-worked-examples-pitfalls","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F25-worked-examples-pitfalls",{"title":84,"path":398,"stem":399},"\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F26-reading-map","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F26-reading-map",{"title":401,"path":402,"stem":403,"children":404},"Capstone — The Evening Delivery Promise","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[405],{"title":401,"path":402,"stem":403},{"title":407,"path":408,"stem":409,"children":410,"page":249},"Financial Economic Time Series","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series",[411,417,423,429,435,441,447,453,459,465,471],{"title":412,"path":413,"stem":414,"children":415},"Financial and Economic Time Series — Course Guide","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F00-intro","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[416],{"title":412,"path":413,"stem":414},{"title":418,"path":419,"stem":420,"children":421},"Three Versions of Time Series","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F01-bridge","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F01-bridge\u002Findex",[422],{"title":418,"path":419,"stem":420},{"title":424,"path":425,"stem":426,"children":427},"Data, Clocks, and Transformations","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F02-data-transformations","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F02-data-transformations\u002Findex",[428],{"title":424,"path":425,"stem":426},{"title":430,"path":431,"stem":432,"children":433},"Predictive Regressions and Persistent Predictors","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F03-predictive-regressions","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F03-predictive-regressions\u002Findex",[434],{"title":430,"path":431,"stem":432},{"title":436,"path":437,"stem":438,"children":439},"Volatility, Tails, and Financial Risk","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F04-volatility-risk","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F04-volatility-risk\u002Findex",[440],{"title":436,"path":437,"stem":438},{"title":442,"path":443,"stem":444,"children":445},"Unit Roots, Cointegration, and Error Correction","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F05-unit-roots-cointegration","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F05-unit-roots-cointegration\u002Findex",[446],{"title":442,"path":443,"stem":444},{"title":448,"path":449,"stem":450,"children":451},"VAR, Structural Identification, and Local Projections","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F06-var-identification","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F06-var-identification\u002Findex",[452],{"title":448,"path":449,"stem":450},{"title":454,"path":455,"stem":456,"children":457},"State Space, Mixed Frequency, and Nowcasting","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F07-state-space-nowcasting","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F07-state-space-nowcasting\u002Findex",[458],{"title":454,"path":455,"stem":456},{"title":460,"path":461,"stem":462,"children":463},"Forecast Evaluation for Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F08-forecast-evaluation","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F08-forecast-evaluation\u002Findex",[464],{"title":460,"path":461,"stem":462},{"title":466,"path":467,"stem":468,"children":469},"Integrated R Laboratory","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F09-r-laboratory","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F09-r-laboratory\u002Findex",[470],{"title":466,"path":467,"stem":468},{"title":472,"path":473,"stem":474,"children":475},"Capstones, Data, and Reading Ladder","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F10-capstone-readings","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F10-capstone-readings\u002Findex",[476],{"title":472,"path":473,"stem":474},{"title":478,"path":479,"stem":480,"children":481,"page":249},"Intro To Economics","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics","en\u002Fintro-to-economics",[482,486,490,494,498,502,506,510,514,518,522,526,530],{"title":483,"path":484,"stem":485},"Introduction to Economics — Decisions, Markets, and the Macroeconomy","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F00-intro",{"title":487,"path":488,"stem":489},"Chapter 1 — Choice, Opportunity Cost, and Trade","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F01-foundations","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F01-foundations",{"title":491,"path":492,"stem":493},"Chapter 2 — Demand, Supply, Equilibrium, and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F02-demand-and-supply","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F02-demand-and-supply",{"title":495,"path":496,"stem":497},"Chapter 3 — Elasticity, Revenue, and Tax Incidence","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F03-elasticity","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F03-elasticity",{"title":499,"path":500,"stem":501},"Chapter 4 — Firms, Market Power, and Market Failure","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F04-market-structures","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F04-market-structures",{"title":503,"path":504,"stem":505},"Chapter 5 — GDP, Income, Wealth, and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F05-gdp-and-wealth","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F05-gdp-and-wealth",{"title":507,"path":508,"stem":509},"Chapter 6 — Inflation, Purchasing Power, and Labour Markets","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F06-inflation-and-unemployment","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F06-inflation-and-unemployment",{"title":511,"path":512,"stem":513},"Chapter 7 — Productivity, Technology, and Economic Growth","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F07-economic-growth","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F07-economic-growth",{"title":515,"path":516,"stem":517},"Chapter 8 — Money, Credit, and Banking","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F08-money-and-banking","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F08-money-and-banking",{"title":519,"path":520,"stem":521},"Chapter 9 — Business Cycles, AD–AS, and Monetary Policy","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F09-monetary-policy-and-ad-as","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F09-monetary-policy-and-ad-as",{"title":523,"path":524,"stem":525},"Chapter 10 — Fiscal Policy, Distribution, and Public Debt","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F10-fiscal-policy","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F10-fiscal-policy",{"title":527,"path":528,"stem":529},"Chapter 11 — Trade, Capital Flows, and Exchange Rates","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F11-open-economy-and-exchange-rates","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F11-open-economy-and-exchange-rates",{"title":531,"path":532,"stem":533},"Chapter 12 — Integrated Economic Analysis Studio","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F12-review-and-case-studies","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F12-review-and-case-studies",{"title":535,"path":536,"stem":537,"children":538,"page":249},"Microeconometrics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics",[539,557,563,581,603,629,651,673,691,709],{"title":540,"path":541,"stem":542,"children":543},"0. Causal Questions and Designs","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002Findex",[544,545,549,553],{"title":540,"path":541,"stem":542},{"title":546,"path":547,"stem":548},"Causal Questions and Estimands","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F01-causal-question-estimands","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F01-causal-question-estimands",{"title":550,"path":551,"stem":552},"Potential Outcomes and Experiments","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F02-potential-outcomes-experiments","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F02-potential-outcomes-experiments",{"title":554,"path":555,"stem":556},"Causal Diagrams and Controls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F03-dags-controls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F03-dags-controls",{"title":558,"path":559,"stem":560,"children":561},"Microeconometrics — Designing Credible Counterfactuals","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-index","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-index",[562],{"title":558,"path":559,"stem":560},{"title":564,"path":565,"stem":566,"children":567},"1. Regression and Inference","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002Findex",[568,569,573,577],{"title":564,"path":565,"stem":566},{"title":570,"path":571,"stem":572},"OLS as a Projection","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F04-ols-projection","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F04-ols-projection",{"title":574,"path":575,"stem":576},"FWL, Selection and Controls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F05-fwl-selection-controls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F05-fwl-selection-controls",{"title":578,"path":579,"stem":580},"Inference and Clustering","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F06-inference-clustering","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F06-inference-clustering",{"title":582,"path":583,"stem":584,"children":585},"2. Instruments and Panel Data","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002Findex",[586,587,591,595,599],{"title":582,"path":583,"stem":584},{"title":588,"path":589,"stem":590},"Instrumental Variables","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F07-iv-identification","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F07-iv-identification",{"title":592,"path":593,"stem":594},"Weak Instruments and LATE","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F08-weak-iv-late","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F08-weak-iv-late",{"title":596,"path":597,"stem":598},"Panel Fixed Effects","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F09-panel-fixed-effects","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F09-panel-fixed-effects",{"title":600,"path":601,"stem":602},"Dynamic Panels and Limits","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F10-dynamic-panel","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F10-dynamic-panel",{"title":604,"path":605,"stem":606,"children":607},"3. Policy Evaluation Designs","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002Findex",[608,609,613,617,621,625],{"title":604,"path":605,"stem":606},{"title":610,"path":611,"stem":612},"Difference-in-Differences","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F11-did-core","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F11-did-core",{"title":614,"path":615,"stem":616},"Staggered DID and Event Studies","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F12-staggered-event-studies","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F12-staggered-event-studies",{"title":618,"path":619,"stem":620},"Regression Discontinuity","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F13-rdd","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F13-rdd",{"title":622,"path":623,"stem":624},"Matching, Weighting and Overlap","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F14-matching-weighting","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F14-matching-weighting",{"title":626,"path":627,"stem":628},"Synthetic Control","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F15-synthetic-control","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F15-synthetic-control",{"title":630,"path":631,"stem":632,"children":633},"Module 4 — Choice and Limited Outcomes","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002Findex",[634,635,639,643,647],{"title":630,"path":631,"stem":632},{"title":636,"path":637,"stem":638},"Binary Choice","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F16-binary-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F16-binary-choice",{"title":640,"path":641,"stem":642},"Multinomial and Ordered Choice","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F17-multinomial-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F17-multinomial-choice",{"title":644,"path":645,"stem":646},"Count Outcomes","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F18-count-outcomes","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F18-count-outcomes",{"title":648,"path":649,"stem":650},"Censoring, Truncation and Selection","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F19-censoring-selection","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F19-censoring-selection",{"title":652,"path":653,"stem":654,"children":655},"Module 5 — Modern Causal Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002Findex",[656,657,661,665,669],{"title":652,"path":653,"stem":654},{"title":658,"path":659,"stem":660},"Double Machine Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F20-dml","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F20-dml",{"title":662,"path":663,"stem":664},"Heterogeneity and Policy Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F21-heterogeneity-policy","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F21-heterogeneity-policy",{"title":666,"path":667,"stem":668},"Sensitivity and Partial Identification","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F22-sensitivity-partial-id","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F22-sensitivity-partial-id",{"title":670,"path":671,"stem":672},"External Validity and Transport","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F23-external-validity","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F23-external-validity",{"title":674,"path":675,"stem":676,"children":677},"Module 6 — From Data to Auditable Evidence","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002Findex",[678,679,683,687],{"title":674,"path":675,"stem":676},{"title":680,"path":681,"stem":682},"Data Provenance","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F24-data-provenance","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F24-data-provenance",{"title":684,"path":685,"stem":686},"Reproducibility and Reporting","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F25-reproducibility-reporting","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F25-reproducibility-reporting",{"title":688,"path":689,"stem":690},"Paper and Evidence Audit","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F26-paper-audit","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F26-paper-audit",{"title":692,"path":693,"stem":694,"children":695},"Appendix — Revision and Evidence Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[696,697,701,705],{"title":692,"path":693,"stem":694},{"title":698,"path":699,"stem":700},"Formula and Design Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F27-formula-design-map","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F27-formula-design-map",{"title":702,"path":703,"stem":704},"Ten Worked Microeconometric Pitfalls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F28-worked-pitfalls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F28-worked-pitfalls",{"title":706,"path":707,"stem":708},"Reading and Software Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F29-reading-software-map","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F29-reading-software-map",{"title":710,"path":711,"stem":712,"children":713},"Capstone — Should Northbridge Expand Pathways?","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[714],{"title":710,"path":711,"stem":712},{"title":716,"path":717,"stem":718,"children":719,"page":249},"Microeconomics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics",[720,726,732,738,744,750,756,762,768,774,780,786,792],{"title":721,"path":722,"stem":723,"children":724},"Advanced Microeconomics — Course Guide","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[725],{"title":721,"path":722,"stem":723},{"title":727,"path":728,"stem":729,"children":730},"Module 1 — Choice, Duality, and Revealed Preference","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F01-fundations","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F01-fundations\u002Findex",[731],{"title":727,"path":728,"stem":729},{"title":733,"path":734,"stem":735,"children":736},"Module 2 — Comparative Statics and Welfare Measurement","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F02-comparative-statics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F02-comparative-statics\u002Findex",[737],{"title":733,"path":734,"stem":735},{"title":739,"path":740,"stem":741,"children":742},"Module 3 — Choice under Risk and Insurance","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F03-uncertainty","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F03-uncertainty\u002Findex",[743],{"title":739,"path":740,"stem":741},{"title":745,"path":746,"stem":747,"children":748},"Module 4 — General Equilibrium and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F04-general-equilibrium","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F04-general-equilibrium\u002Findex",[749],{"title":745,"path":746,"stem":747},{"title":751,"path":752,"stem":753,"children":754},"Module 5 — Static, Dynamic, and Repeated Games","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F05-game-theory","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F05-game-theory\u002Findex",[755],{"title":751,"path":752,"stem":753},{"title":757,"path":758,"stem":759,"children":760},"Module 6 — Oligopoly, Entry, and Algorithmic Pricing","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F06-oligopoly","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F06-oligopoly\u002Findex",[761],{"title":757,"path":758,"stem":759},{"title":763,"path":764,"stem":765,"children":766},"Module 7 — Information Economics and Contracts","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F07-information-economics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F07-information-economics\u002Findex",[767],{"title":763,"path":764,"stem":765},{"title":769,"path":770,"stem":771,"children":772},"Module 8 — Mechanism Design and Auctions","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F08-mechanism-design","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F08-mechanism-design\u002Findex",[773],{"title":769,"path":770,"stem":771},{"title":775,"path":776,"stem":777,"children":778},"Module 9 — Behavioural and Experimental Microeconomics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F09-behavioural-economics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F09-behavioural-economics\u002Findex",[779],{"title":775,"path":776,"stem":777},{"title":781,"path":782,"stem":783,"children":784},"Module 10 — Externalities, Public Goods, and Collective Action","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F10-externalities-public-goods","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F10-externalities-public-goods\u002Findex",[785],{"title":781,"path":782,"stem":783},{"title":787,"path":788,"stem":789,"children":790},"Module 11 — Matching and Market Design","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F11-market-design","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F11-market-design\u002Findex",[791],{"title":787,"path":788,"stem":789},{"title":793,"path":794,"stem":795,"children":796},"Module 12 — Integrated Microeconomic Design Studio","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F12-review","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F12-review\u002Findex",[797],{"title":793,"path":794,"stem":795},{"title":799,"path":800,"stem":801,"children":802},"Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground","en\u002Fplayground\u002Findex",[803,804,808,812,816,820],{"title":799,"path":800,"stem":801},{"title":805,"path":806,"stem":807},"Typst Plugin Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F01-typstex","en\u002Fplayground\u002F01-typstex",{"title":809,"path":810,"stem":811},"Citation Plugin Test","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F02-citation","en\u002Fplayground\u002F02-citation",{"title":813,"path":814,"stem":815},"Pyodide Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F03-pyodide","en\u002Fplayground\u002F03-pyodide",{"title":817,"path":818,"stem":819},"WebR Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F04-webr","en\u002Fplayground\u002F04-webr",{"title":821,"path":822,"stem":823},"Chart.js 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文献综述的构建与写作","\u002Fzh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review","zh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review",{"title":1056,"path":1057,"stem":1058},"8. 文献综述清单与模板","\u002Fzh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template","zh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template",{"title":1060,"path":1061,"stem":1062},"10. 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策略全流程","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F09-case-study","zh\u002Fquant\u002F09-case-study",{"title":1779,"path":1780,"stem":1781},"量化投资文献与软件图谱","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F10-reading-software-map","zh\u002Fquant\u002F10-reading-software-map",{"path":1399},{"id":1784,"title":511,"body":1785,"description":2824,"extension":2825,"features":2826,"hero":2826,"layout":2826,"locale":2826,"meta":2827,"navigation":2826,"path":512,"published":2828,"seo":2829,"stem":513,"__hash__":2830},"docs\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F07-economic-growth.md",{"type":1786,"value":1787,"toc":2809},"minimark",[1788,1792,1797,1801,1805,1808,1824,1828,1831,1834,2008,2015,2018,2022,2025,2028,2155,2158,2180,2186,2190,2193,2196,2502,2505,2509,2512,2529,2532,2536,2552,2555,2561,2564,2569,2572,2576,2579,2582,2602,2605,2609,2612,2629,2632,2641,2644,2648,2744,2747,2751,2754,2772,2777,2781,2798],[1789,1790,511],"h1",{"id":1791},"chapter-7-productivity-technology-and-economic-growth",[1793,1794,1796],"h2",{"id":1795},"core-question","Core question",[1798,1799,1800],"p",{},"Why can an economy produce more valuable output per person over decades, and who receives the gain?",[1793,1802,1804],{"id":1803},"learning-outcomes","Learning outcomes",[1798,1806,1807],{},"You will be able to:",[1809,1810,1811,1815,1818,1821],"ul",{},[1812,1813,1814],"li",{},"distinguish total, per-person, and per-hour growth;",[1812,1816,1817],{},"explain capital deepening and diminishing returns;",[1812,1819,1820],{},"use technology and institutions as mechanisms rather than labels;",[1812,1822,1823],{},"interpret productivity evidence without generalising beyond its design.",[1793,1825,1827],{"id":1826},"_1-compound-growth","1. Compound growth",[1798,1829,1830],{},"For living standards, begin with real output or income per person—not total nominal GDP.",[1798,1832,1833],{},"The Rule of 70 gives an approximate doubling time:",[1835,1836,1839],"span",{"className":1837},[1838],"katex-display",[1835,1840,1843,1885],{"className":1841},[1842],"katex",[1835,1844,1847],{"className":1845},[1846],"katex-mathml",[1848,1849,1852],"math",{"xmlns":1850,"display":1851},"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML","block",[1853,1854,1855,1880],"semantics",{},[1856,1857,1858,1862,1866,1876],"mrow",{},[1859,1860,1861],"mi",{},"T",[1863,1864,1865],"mo",{},"≈",[1867,1868,1869,1873],"mfrac",{},[1870,1871,1872],"mn",{},"70",[1859,1874,1875],{},"g",[1863,1877,1879],{"separator":1878},"true",",",[1881,1882,1884],"annotation",{"encoding":1883},"application\u002Fx-tex","T\\approx\\frac{70}{g},",[1835,1886,1889,1916],{"className":1887,"ariaHidden":1878},[1888],"katex-html",[1835,1890,1893,1898,1904,1909,1913],{"className":1891},[1892],"base",[1835,1894],{"className":1895,"style":1897},[1896],"strut","height:0.6833em;",[1835,1899,1861],{"className":1900,"style":1903},[1901,1902],"mord","mathnormal","margin-right:0.1389em;",[1835,1905],{"className":1906,"style":1908},[1907],"mspace","margin-right:0.2778em;",[1835,1910,1865],{"className":1911},[1912],"mrel",[1835,1914],{"className":1915,"style":1908},[1907],[1835,1917,1919,1923,2004],{"className":1918},[1892],[1835,1920],{"className":1921,"style":1922},[1896],"height:2.2019em;vertical-align:-0.8804em;",[1835,1924,1926,1931,2000],{"className":1925},[1901],[1835,1927],{"className":1928},[1929,1930],"mopen","nulldelimiter",[1835,1932,1934],{"className":1933},[1867],[1835,1935,1939,1991],{"className":1936},[1937,1938],"vlist-t","vlist-t2",[1835,1940,1943,1986],{"className":1941},[1942],"vlist-r",[1835,1944,1948,1963,1974],{"className":1945,"style":1947},[1946],"vlist","height:1.3214em;",[1835,1949,1951,1956],{"style":1950},"top:-2.314em;",[1835,1952],{"className":1953,"style":1955},[1954],"pstrut","height:3em;",[1835,1957,1959],{"className":1958},[1901],[1835,1960,1875],{"className":1961,"style":1962},[1901,1902],"margin-right:0.0359em;",[1835,1964,1966,1969],{"style":1965},"top:-3.23em;",[1835,1967],{"className":1968,"style":1955},[1954],[1835,1970],{"className":1971,"style":1973},[1972],"frac-line","border-bottom-width:0.04em;",[1835,1975,1977,1980],{"style":1976},"top:-3.677em;",[1835,1978],{"className":1979,"style":1955},[1954],[1835,1981,1983],{"className":1982},[1901],[1835,1984,1872],{"className":1985},[1901],[1835,1987,1990],{"className":1988},[1989],"vlist-s","​",[1835,1992,1994],{"className":1993},[1942],[1835,1995,1998],{"className":1996,"style":1997},[1946],"height:0.8804em;",[1835,1999],{},[1835,2001],{"className":2002},[2003,1930],"mclose",[1835,2005,1879],{"className":2006},[2007],"mpunct",[1798,2009,2010,2011,2014],{},"where ",[2012,2013,1875],"code",{}," is annual percentage growth.",[1798,2016,2017],{},"At 2%, doubling takes about 35 years; at 4%, about 17.5. Small persistent differences compound into large gaps.",[1793,2019,2021],{"id":2020},"_2-productivity-is-output-per-input","2. Productivity is output per input",[1798,2023,2024],{},"Common measures include output per worker, output per hour, and total factor productivity.",[1798,2026,2027],{},"A compact production function is:",[1835,2029,2031],{"className":2030},[1838],[1835,2032,2034,2084],{"className":2033},[1842],[1835,2035,2037],{"className":2036},[1846],[1848,2038,2039],{"xmlns":1850,"display":1851},[1853,2040,2041,2081],{},[1856,2042,2043,2046,2049,2052,2056,2059,2063,2066,2068,2071,2073,2076,2079],{},[1859,2044,2045],{},"Y",[1863,2047,2048],{},"=",[1859,2050,2051],{},"A",[2053,2054,2055],"mtext",{}," ",[1859,2057,2058],{},"F",[1863,2060,2062],{"stretchy":2061},"false","(",[1859,2064,2065],{},"K",[1863,2067,1879],{"separator":1878},[1859,2069,2070],{},"H",[1863,2072,1879],{"separator":1878},[1859,2074,2075],{},"L",[1863,2077,2078],{"stretchy":2061},")",[1863,2080,1879],{"separator":1878},[1881,2082,2083],{"encoding":1883},"Y=A\\,F(K,H,L),",[1835,2085,2087,2106],{"className":2086,"ariaHidden":1878},[1888],[1835,2088,2090,2093,2097,2100,2103],{"className":2089},[1892],[1835,2091],{"className":2092,"style":1897},[1896],[1835,2094,2045],{"className":2095,"style":2096},[1901,1902],"margin-right:0.2222em;",[1835,2098],{"className":2099,"style":1908},[1907],[1835,2101,2048],{"className":2102},[1912],[1835,2104],{"className":2105,"style":1908},[1907],[1835,2107,2109,2113,2116,2120,2123,2126,2130,2133,2136,2140,2143,2146,2149,2152],{"className":2108},[1892],[1835,2110],{"className":2111,"style":2112},[1896],"height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;",[1835,2114,2051],{"className":2115},[1901,1902],[1835,2117],{"className":2118,"style":2119},[1907],"margin-right:0.1667em;",[1835,2121,2058],{"className":2122,"style":1903},[1901,1902],[1835,2124,2062],{"className":2125},[1929],[1835,2127,2065],{"className":2128,"style":2129},[1901,1902],"margin-right:0.0715em;",[1835,2131,1879],{"className":2132},[2007],[1835,2134],{"className":2135,"style":2119},[1907],[1835,2137,2070],{"className":2138,"style":2139},[1901,1902],"margin-right:0.0813em;",[1835,2141,1879],{"className":2142},[2007],[1835,2144],{"className":2145,"style":2119},[1907],[1835,2147,2075],{"className":2148},[1901,1902],[1835,2150,2078],{"className":2151},[2003],[1835,2153,1879],{"className":2154},[2007],[1798,2156,2157],{},"where:",[1809,2159,2160,2165,2170,2175],{},[1812,2161,2162,2164],{},[2012,2163,2065],{},": physical and intangible capital;",[1812,2166,2167,2169],{},[2012,2168,2070],{},": skills, knowledge, and health;",[1812,2171,2172,2174],{},[2012,2173,2075],{},": labour input;",[1812,2176,2177,2179],{},[2012,2178,2051],{},": efficiency with which inputs are combined.",[1798,2181,2182,2183,2185],{},"The equation organises explanations. It does not tell us automatically how to measure ",[2012,2184,2051],{}," or prove causation.",[1793,2187,2189],{"id":2188},"_3-capital-deepening-and-diminishing-returns","3. Capital deepening and diminishing returns",[1798,2191,2192],{},"Giving a worker a first useful machine may raise output greatly. A tenth identical machine with no extra labour, power, space, or demand may add little.",[1798,2194,2195],{},"With other inputs fixed:",[1835,2197,2199],{"className":2198},[1838],[1835,2200,2202,2275],{"className":2201},[1842],[1835,2203,2205],{"className":2204},[1846],[1848,2206,2207],{"xmlns":1850,"display":1851},[1853,2208,2209,2272],{},[1856,2210,2211,2214,2217,2219,2221,2237,2240,2243,2245,2248,2266,2269],{},[1859,2212,2213],{},"M",[1859,2215,2216],{},"P",[1859,2218,2065],{},[1863,2220,2048],{},[1867,2222,2223,2231],{},[1856,2224,2225,2229],{},[1859,2226,2228],{"mathvariant":2227},"normal","∂",[1859,2230,2045],{},[1856,2232,2233,2235],{},[1859,2234,2228],{"mathvariant":2227},[1859,2236,2065],{},[1863,2238,2239],{},">",[1870,2241,2242],{},"0",[1863,2244,1879],{"separator":1878},[1907,2246],{"width":2247},"2em",[1867,2249,2250,2260],{},[1856,2251,2252,2254,2256,2258],{},[1859,2253,2228],{"mathvariant":2227},[1859,2255,2213],{},[1859,2257,2216],{},[1859,2259,2065],{},[1856,2261,2262,2264],{},[1859,2263,2228],{"mathvariant":2227},[1859,2265,2065],{},[1863,2267,2268],{},"\u003C",[1870,2270,2271],{},"0.",[1881,2273,2274],{"encoding":1883},"MPK=\\frac{\\partial Y}{\\partial K}>0,\n\\qquad\n\\frac{\\partial MPK}{\\partial K}\u003C0.",[1835,2276,2278,2303,2390,2492],{"className":2277,"ariaHidden":1878},[1888],[1835,2279,2281,2284,2288,2291,2294,2297,2300],{"className":2280},[1892],[1835,2282],{"className":2283,"style":1897},[1896],[1835,2285,2213],{"className":2286,"style":2287},[1901,1902],"margin-right:0.109em;",[1835,2289,2216],{"className":2290,"style":1903},[1901,1902],[1835,2292,2065],{"className":2293,"style":2129},[1901,1902],[1835,2295],{"className":2296,"style":1908},[1907],[1835,2298,2048],{"className":2299},[1912],[1835,2301],{"className":2302,"style":1908},[1907],[1835,2304,2306,2310,2381,2384,2387],{"className":2305},[1892],[1835,2307],{"className":2308,"style":2309},[1896],"height:2.0574em;vertical-align:-0.686em;",[1835,2311,2313,2316,2378],{"className":2312},[1901],[1835,2314],{"className":2315},[1929,1930],[1835,2317,2319],{"className":2318},[1867],[1835,2320,2322,2369],{"className":2321},[1937,1938],[1835,2323,2325,2366],{"className":2324},[1942],[1835,2326,2329,2344,2352],{"className":2327,"style":2328},[1946],"height:1.3714em;",[1835,2330,2331,2334],{"style":1950},[1835,2332],{"className":2333,"style":1955},[1954],[1835,2335,2337,2341],{"className":2336},[1901],[1835,2338,2228],{"className":2339,"style":2340},[1901],"margin-right:0.0556em;",[1835,2342,2065],{"className":2343,"style":2129},[1901,1902],[1835,2345,2346,2349],{"style":1965},[1835,2347],{"className":2348,"style":1955},[1954],[1835,2350],{"className":2351,"style":1973},[1972],[1835,2353,2354,2357],{"style":1976},[1835,2355],{"className":2356,"style":1955},[1954],[1835,2358,2360,2363],{"className":2359},[1901],[1835,2361,2228],{"className":2362,"style":2340},[1901],[1835,2364,2045],{"className":2365,"style":2096},[1901,1902],[1835,2367,1990],{"className":2368},[1989],[1835,2370,2372],{"className":2371},[1942],[1835,2373,2376],{"className":2374,"style":2375},[1946],"height:0.686em;",[1835,2377],{},[1835,2379],{"className":2380},[2003,1930],[1835,2382],{"className":2383,"style":1908},[1907],[1835,2385,2239],{"className":2386},[1912],[1835,2388],{"className":2389,"style":1908},[1907],[1835,2391,2393,2396,2399,2402,2406,2409,2483,2486,2489],{"className":2392},[1892],[1835,2394],{"className":2395,"style":2309},[1896],[1835,2397,2242],{"className":2398},[1901],[1835,2400,1879],{"className":2401},[2007],[1835,2403],{"className":2404,"style":2405},[1907],"margin-right:2em;",[1835,2407],{"className":2408,"style":2119},[1907],[1835,2410,2412,2415,2480],{"className":2411},[1901],[1835,2413],{"className":2414},[1929,1930],[1835,2416,2418],{"className":2417},[1867],[1835,2419,2421,2472],{"className":2420},[1937,1938],[1835,2422,2424,2469],{"className":2423},[1942],[1835,2425,2427,2441,2449],{"className":2426,"style":2328},[1946],[1835,2428,2429,2432],{"style":1950},[1835,2430],{"className":2431,"style":1955},[1954],[1835,2433,2435,2438],{"className":2434},[1901],[1835,2436,2228],{"className":2437,"style":2340},[1901],[1835,2439,2065],{"className":2440,"style":2129},[1901,1902],[1835,2442,2443,2446],{"style":1965},[1835,2444],{"className":2445,"style":1955},[1954],[1835,2447],{"className":2448,"style":1973},[1972],[1835,2450,2451,2454],{"style":1976},[1835,2452],{"className":2453,"style":1955},[1954],[1835,2455,2457,2460,2463,2466],{"className":2456},[1901],[1835,2458,2228],{"className":2459,"style":2340},[1901],[1835,2461,2213],{"className":2462,"style":2287},[1901,1902],[1835,2464,2216],{"className":2465,"style":1903},[1901,1902],[1835,2467,2065],{"className":2468,"style":2129},[1901,1902],[1835,2470,1990],{"className":2471},[1989],[1835,2473,2475],{"className":2474},[1942],[1835,2476,2478],{"className":2477,"style":2375},[1946],[1835,2479],{},[1835,2481],{"className":2482},[2003,1930],[1835,2484],{"className":2485,"style":1908},[1907],[1835,2487,2268],{"className":2488},[1912],[1835,2490],{"className":2491,"style":1908},[1907],[1835,2493,2495,2499],{"className":2494},[1892],[1835,2496],{"className":2497,"style":2498},[1896],"height:0.6444em;",[1835,2500,2271],{"className":2501},[1901],[1798,2503,2504],{},"Capital accumulation can support convergence when poorer economies adopt proven technologies and basic infrastructure. It does not guarantee convergence: governance, complementary skills, finance, conflict, geography, and market access affect returns.",[1793,2506,2508],{"id":2507},"_4-ideas-and-organisation","4. Ideas and organisation",[1798,2510,2511],{},"Technology includes:",[1809,2513,2514,2517,2520,2523,2526],{},[1812,2515,2516],{},"a new product or production process;",[1812,2518,2519],{},"a management practice that reduces errors;",[1812,2521,2522],{},"logistics, standards, and interoperability;",[1812,2524,2525],{},"scientific knowledge and software;",[1812,2527,2528],{},"a new organisational form.",[1798,2530,2531],{},"Ideas are partly non-rival: one person's use need not prevent another's. But diffusion can be limited by intellectual property, tacit knowledge, skills, data, compatibility, and market power.",[1793,2533,2535],{"id":2534},"_5-evidence-case-generative-ai-at-work","5. Evidence case: generative AI at work",[1798,2537,2538,2539,2543,2544,2551],{},"Brynjolfsson, Li, and Raymond studied staggered deployment of a generative-AI assistant to 5,172 customer-support agents. Access increased issues resolved per hour by about ",[2540,2541,2542],"strong",{},"15% on average",", with larger gains for less-experienced and lower-skill workers; effects were small for the most experienced group, with some quality concerns at the top (",[2545,2546,2550],"a",{"href":2547,"rel":2548},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1093\u002Fqje\u002Fqjae044",[2549],"nofollow","QJE, 2025",").",[1798,2553,2554],{},"Correct inference:",[2556,2557,2558],"blockquote",{},[1798,2559,2560],{},"In this firm and task, the tool raised measured productivity on average and compressed some experience gaps.",[1798,2562,2563],{},"Incorrect inference:",[2556,2565,2566],{},[1798,2567,2568],{},"AI raises every worker's productivity by 15%.",[1798,2570,2571],{},"The study illustrates both technology-driven productivity and heterogeneous incidence. Economy-wide effects also depend on adoption cost, task redesign, prices, entry, labour reallocation, new demand, and who owns complementary assets.",[1793,2573,2575],{"id":2574},"_6-institutions-shape-return-and-diffusion","6. Institutions shape return and diffusion",[1798,2577,2578],{},"Institutions influence whether people expect effort, investment, entry, and innovation to be rewarded.",[1798,2580,2581],{},"Relevant mechanisms include:",[1809,2583,2584,2587,2590,2593,2596,2599],{},[1812,2585,2586],{},"predictable contracts and property rights;",[1812,2588,2589],{},"effective public administration and infrastructure;",[1812,2591,2592],{},"competition and the ability of productive firms to enter and expand;",[1812,2594,2595],{},"finance for worthwhile investment;",[1812,2597,2598],{},"education and health that build capability;",[1812,2600,2601],{},"political accountability and protection from extraction.",[1798,2603,2604],{},"“Institutions matter” is incomplete. Identify which rule changes which incentive, for whom, and with what evidence.",[1793,2606,2608],{"id":2607},"_7-growth-distribution-and-sustainability","7. Growth, distribution, and sustainability",[1798,2610,2611],{},"Average productivity growth can coexist with:",[1809,2613,2614,2617,2620,2623,2626],{},[1812,2615,2616],{},"wage stagnation for some groups;",[1812,2618,2619],{},"regional decline and job displacement;",[1812,2621,2622],{},"rising returns to capital or scarce skills;",[1812,2624,2625],{},"longer or shorter working hours;",[1812,2627,2628],{},"natural-capital depletion and emissions.",[1798,2630,2631],{},"A growth assessment should report:",[2633,2634,2639],"pre",{"className":2635,"code":2637,"language":2638,"meta":10},[2636],"language-text","output per person + output per hour + median real income\n+ distribution + labour transition + natural\u002Fproduced asset change\n","text",[2012,2640,2637],{"__ignoreMap":10},[1798,2642,2643],{},"Growth expands feasible choices; institutions and policy shape how gains, costs, and risks are distributed.",[1793,2645,2647],{"id":2646},"_8-evaluate-a-growth-policy","8. Evaluate a growth policy",[2649,2650,2651,2670],"table",{},[2652,2653,2654],"thead",{},[2655,2656,2657,2661,2664,2667],"tr",{},[2658,2659,2660],"th",{},"Policy",[2658,2662,2663],{},"Intended mechanism",[2658,2665,2666],{},"Complement needed",[2658,2668,2669],{},"Risk",[2671,2672,2673,2688,2702,2716,2730],"tbody",{},[2655,2674,2675,2679,2682,2685],{},[2676,2677,2678],"td",{},"infrastructure",[2676,2680,2681],{},"lower transport\u002Fcoordination cost",[2676,2683,2684],{},"maintenance and useful location",[2676,2686,2687],{},"low-return project",[2655,2689,2690,2693,2696,2699],{},[2676,2691,2692],{},"education",[2676,2694,2695],{},"raise skills and adaptability",[2676,2697,2698],{},"teaching quality and labour demand",[2676,2700,2701],{},"credentials without learning",[2655,2703,2704,2707,2710,2713],{},[2676,2705,2706],{},"R&D support",[2676,2708,2709],{},"knowledge spillovers",[2676,2711,2712],{},"competition and diffusion",[2676,2714,2715],{},"capture by incumbents",[2655,2717,2718,2721,2724,2727],{},[2676,2719,2720],{},"entry reform",[2676,2722,2723],{},"reallocate toward productive firms",[2676,2725,2726],{},"finance and worker transition",[2676,2728,2729],{},"unstable low-quality entry",[2655,2731,2732,2735,2738,2741],{},[2676,2733,2734],{},"health investment",[2676,2736,2737],{},"more effective labour and well-being",[2676,2739,2740],{},"delivery capacity",[2676,2742,2743],{},"unequal access",[1798,2745,2746],{},"List mechanisms and failure conditions, not slogans.",[1793,2748,2750],{"id":2749},"practice-growth-decomposition","Practice: growth decomposition",[1798,2752,2753],{},"Country A's output grows 4%, labour hours 1%, and population 2%.",[2755,2756,2757,2760,2763,2766,2769],"ol",{},[1812,2758,2759],{},"Approximate output-per-hour growth.",[1812,2761,2762],{},"Approximate output-per-person growth.",[1812,2764,2765],{},"Give one capital, skill, and technology explanation.",[1812,2767,2768],{},"Name evidence needed to distinguish them.",[1812,2770,2771],{},"Explain why the average does not establish distributional gain.",[2773,2774,2776],"legacy-details",{"title":2775},"Answer check","Output per hour grows roughly 3%; output per person roughly 2%. These arithmetic decompositions do not identify causal drivers.",[1793,2778,2780],{"id":2779},"quick-check","Quick check",[1809,2782,2783,2786,2789,2792,2795],{},[1812,2784,2785],{},"Growth in total output and output per person are different.",[1812,2787,2788],{},"Capital deepening faces diminishing returns without complements.",[1812,2790,2791],{},"Technology includes organisation and diffusion, not only invention.",[1812,2793,2794],{},"Productivity effects can vary sharply across workers and tasks.",[1812,2796,2797],{},"Sustainable growth requires distribution and asset stocks to be examined.",[1798,2799,2800,2803,2804,2808],{},[2540,2801,2802],{},"Next:"," ",[2545,2805,2807],{"href":2806},".\u002F08-money-and-banking","study the monetary and banking system that finances activity and transmits risk",".",{"title":10,"searchDepth":2810,"depth":2810,"links":2811},2,[2812,2813,2814,2815,2816,2817,2818,2819,2820,2821,2822,2823],{"id":1795,"depth":2810,"text":1796},{"id":1803,"depth":2810,"text":1804},{"id":1826,"depth":2810,"text":1827},{"id":2020,"depth":2810,"text":2021},{"id":2188,"depth":2810,"text":2189},{"id":2507,"depth":2810,"text":2508},{"id":2534,"depth":2810,"text":2535},{"id":2574,"depth":2810,"text":2575},{"id":2607,"depth":2810,"text":2608},{"id":2646,"depth":2810,"text":2647},{"id":2749,"depth":2810,"text":2750},{"id":2779,"depth":2810,"text":2780},"Growth per person, productivity, capital, skills, ideas, institutions, distribution, sustainability, and AI evidence.","md",null,{},true,{"title":511,"description":2824},"JTsGbYd1ds-Vw82AKQGCpDAOl7Cq7dAn7Frieszlpbs",[2832,2834],{"title":507,"path":508,"stem":509,"description":2833,"children":-1},"Price indices, real values, inflation mechanisms, employment definitions, participation, vacancies, and short-run trade-offs.",{"title":515,"path":516,"stem":517,"description":2835,"children":-1},"Money, deposits, bank balance sheets, credit creation, capital, liquidity, duration risk, bank runs, and central banks.",1785754725495]