[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":4526},["ShallowReactive",2],{"navigation_docs":3,"learnalog_locale_counterpart__zh_intro-to-economics_03-elasticity":1782,"-en-intro-to-economics-03-elasticity":1783,"-en-intro-to-economics-03-elasticity-surround":4521},[4,1038],{"title":5,"path":6,"stem":7,"children":8},"En","\u002Fen","en",[9,12,58,250,406,477,534,715,798,824,943],{"title":10,"path":6,"stem":11},"","en\u002Findex",{"title":13,"path":14,"stem":15,"children":16},"Research Skills and Academic Writing","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002Findex",[17,18,22,26,30,34,38,42,46,50,54],{"title":13,"path":14,"stem":15},{"title":19,"path":20,"stem":21},"1. Research Questions, Scope, and Feasibility","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F01-research-questions-and-planning","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F01-research-questions-and-planning",{"title":23,"path":24,"stem":25},"2. Search, Evaluate, and Read Evidence","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F02-reading-and-literature-matrix","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F02-reading-and-literature-matrix",{"title":27,"path":28,"stem":29},"3. From Sources to Synthesis and Argument","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F03-arguments-outlines-and-paragraphs","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F03-arguments-outlines-and-paragraphs",{"title":31,"path":32,"stem":33},"4. Literature Review and a Defensible Gap","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review",{"title":35,"path":36,"stem":37},"5. Research Design, Evidence, and Core Sections","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F05-core-sections-and-evidence","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F05-core-sections-and-evidence",{"title":39,"path":40,"stem":41},"6. Citation, Paraphrasing, Integrity, and AI","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F06-citation-paraphrasing-and-integrity","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F06-citation-paraphrasing-and-integrity",{"title":43,"path":44,"stem":45},"7. Revision, Review, and Submission","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F07-revision-style-and-submission","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F07-revision-style-and-submission",{"title":47,"path":48,"stem":49},"8. Research Workbook","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template",{"title":51,"path":52,"stem":53},"9. Research Workflow and Tools","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F09-tools-for-academic-writing-and-literature-management","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F09-tools-for-academic-writing-and-literature-management",{"title":55,"path":56,"stem":57},"10. Worked Project — From Question to Defensible Conclusion","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F10-worked-example-from-block-structure-to-question-chain","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F10-worked-example-from-block-structure-to-question-chain",{"title":59,"path":60,"stem":61,"children":62,"page":249},"Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting","en\u002Faccounting",[63,69,87,93,193],{"title":64,"path":65,"stem":66,"children":67},"Accounting — From Evidence to Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002F00-index","en\u002Faccounting\u002F00-index",[68],{"title":64,"path":65,"stem":66},{"title":70,"path":71,"stem":72,"children":73},"Accounting Appendix","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[74,75,79,83],{"title":70,"path":71,"stem":72},{"title":76,"path":77,"stem":78},"Worked Examples and Error Diagnosis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F24-examples-pitfalls","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F24-examples-pitfalls",{"title":80,"path":81,"stem":82},"Accounting Glossary","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F26-glossary","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F26-glossary",{"title":84,"path":85,"stem":86},"Reading and Evidence Map","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F27-reading-map","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F27-reading-map",{"title":88,"path":89,"stem":90,"children":91},"Northstar Record-to-Decision Capstone","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[92],{"title":88,"path":89,"stem":90},{"title":94,"path":95,"stem":96,"children":97},"Financial Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002Findex",[98,99,117,131,165,179],{"title":94,"path":95,"stem":96},{"title":100,"path":101,"stem":102,"children":103},"1. Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002Findex",[104,105,109,113],{"title":100,"path":101,"stem":102},{"title":106,"path":107,"stem":108},"Objectives and Qualitative Characteristics","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F01-objectives-qualitative-characteristics","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F01-objectives-qualitative-characteristics",{"title":110,"path":111,"stem":112},"Equation and Elements","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F02-equation-elements","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F02-equation-elements",{"title":114,"path":115,"stem":116},"Accrual Basis, Estimates and Periods","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F03-accounting-bases-principles","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F03-accounting-bases-principles",{"title":118,"path":119,"stem":120,"children":121},"2. Recording Transactions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002Findex",[122,123,127],{"title":118,"path":119,"stem":120},{"title":124,"path":125,"stem":126},"Double-Entry and Debit\u002FCredit","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F04-double-entry-dr-cr","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F04-double-entry-dr-cr",{"title":128,"path":129,"stem":130},"Accounting Cycle","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F05-accounting-cycle","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F05-accounting-cycle",{"title":132,"path":133,"stem":134,"children":135},"3. Measurement and Adjustments","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002Findex",[136,137,141,145,149,153,157,161],{"title":132,"path":133,"stem":134},{"title":138,"path":139,"stem":140},"Revenue Recognition","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F07-revenue-recognition","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F07-revenue-recognition",{"title":142,"path":143,"stem":144},"Inventory","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F08-inventory","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F08-inventory",{"title":146,"path":147,"stem":148},"Receivables and Expected Credit Losses","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F09-receivables","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F09-receivables",{"title":150,"path":151,"stem":152},"Property, Plant and Equipment","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F10-ppe","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F10-ppe",{"title":154,"path":155,"stem":156},"Intangible Assets","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F11-intangibles","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F11-intangibles",{"title":158,"path":159,"stem":160},"Leases","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F12-leases","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F12-leases",{"title":162,"path":163,"stem":164},"Current and Deferred Income Tax","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F13-income-tax","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F13-income-tax",{"title":166,"path":167,"stem":168,"children":169},"4. Reporting and Cash","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002Findex",[170,171,175],{"title":166,"path":167,"stem":168},{"title":172,"path":173,"stem":174},"Linked Financial Statements","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F06-financial-statements","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F06-financial-statements",{"title":176,"path":177,"stem":178},"Cash, Reconciliation and Internal Control","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F14-cash-control","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F14-cash-control",{"title":180,"path":181,"stem":182,"children":183},"5. Analysis and Comparison","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002Findex",[184,185,189],{"title":180,"path":181,"stem":182},{"title":186,"path":187,"stem":188},"Ratio Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F15-ratio-analysis","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F15-ratio-analysis",{"title":190,"path":191,"stem":192},"IFRS versus US GAAP","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F25-ifrs-gaap","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F25-ifrs-gaap",{"title":194,"path":195,"stem":196,"children":197},"Management Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002Findex",[198,199,217,235],{"title":194,"path":195,"stem":196},{"title":200,"path":201,"stem":202,"children":203},"1. Cost Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002Findex",[204,205,209,213],{"title":200,"path":201,"stem":202},{"title":206,"path":207,"stem":208},"Cost Concepts and Behaviour","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F16-cost-concepts","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F16-cost-concepts",{"title":210,"path":211,"stem":212},"Costing Systems","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F17-costing-systems","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F17-costing-systems",{"title":214,"path":215,"stem":216},"Variable and Absorption Costing","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F19-variable-vs-absorption","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F19-variable-vs-absorption",{"title":218,"path":219,"stem":220,"children":221},"2. Planning and Control","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002Findex",[222,223,227,231],{"title":218,"path":219,"stem":220},{"title":224,"path":225,"stem":226},"Cost–Volume–Profit Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F18-cvp-analysis","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F18-cvp-analysis",{"title":228,"path":229,"stem":230},"Budgeting and Variance Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F20-budgeting-variances","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F20-budgeting-variances",{"title":232,"path":233,"stem":234},"Performance Measurement","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F21-performance-measurement","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F21-performance-measurement",{"title":236,"path":237,"stem":238,"children":239},"3. Decisions and Investment","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002Findex",[240,241,245],{"title":236,"path":237,"stem":238},{"title":242,"path":243,"stem":244},"Short-Term Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F22-short-term-decisions","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F22-short-term-decisions",{"title":246,"path":247,"stem":248},"Capital Budgeting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F23-capital-budgeting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F23-capital-budgeting",false,{"title":251,"path":252,"stem":253,"children":254,"page":249},"Business Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics",[255,261,279,305,335,365,383,400],{"title":256,"path":257,"stem":258,"children":259},"Business Analytics — From Data to Defensible Action","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-index","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-index",[260],{"title":256,"path":257,"stem":258},{"title":262,"path":263,"stem":264,"children":265},"0. Decision and Data Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[266,267,271,275],{"title":262,"path":263,"stem":264},{"title":268,"path":269,"stem":270},"Decision Framing","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F01-decision-framing","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F01-decision-framing",{"title":272,"path":273,"stem":274},"Data Contracts","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F02-data-contracts","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F02-data-contracts",{"title":276,"path":277,"stem":278},"Reproducible Analytics Workflow","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F03-reproducible-workflow","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F03-reproducible-workflow",{"title":280,"path":281,"stem":282,"children":283},"1. Descriptive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002Findex",[284,285,289,293,297,301],{"title":280,"path":281,"stem":282},{"title":286,"path":287,"stem":288},"Distributions and Exploratory Data Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F04-distributions-eda","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F04-distributions-eda",{"title":290,"path":291,"stem":292},"KPIs and Denominators","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F05-kpis-denominators","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F05-kpis-denominators",{"title":294,"path":295,"stem":296},"Segments, Cohorts and Funnels","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F06-segmentation-cohorts-funnels","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F06-segmentation-cohorts-funnels",{"title":298,"path":299,"stem":300},"Visual Evidence and Data Stories","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F07-visualisation-story","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F07-visualisation-story",{"title":302,"path":303,"stem":304},"Experiments and Causal Boundaries","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F08-experiments-causal-boundary","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F08-experiments-causal-boundary",{"title":306,"path":307,"stem":308,"children":309},"2. Predictive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002Findex",[310,311,315,319,323,327,331],{"title":306,"path":307,"stem":308},{"title":312,"path":313,"stem":314},"Validation, Baselines and Leakage","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F09-validation-leakage","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F09-validation-leakage",{"title":316,"path":317,"stem":318},"Regression and Forecasting","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F10-regression-forecasting","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F10-regression-forecasting",{"title":320,"path":321,"stem":322},"Classification and Calibration","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F11-classification-calibration","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F11-classification-calibration",{"title":324,"path":325,"stem":326},"Trees and Ensembles","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F12-trees-ensembles","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F12-trees-ensembles",{"title":328,"path":329,"stem":330},"Decision Metrics and Thresholds","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F13-decision-metrics-thresholds","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F13-decision-metrics-thresholds",{"title":332,"path":333,"stem":334},"Explainability, Monitoring and Drift","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F14-explainability-drift","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F14-explainability-drift",{"title":336,"path":337,"stem":338,"children":339},"3. Prescriptive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002Findex",[340,341,345,349,353,357,361],{"title":336,"path":337,"stem":338},{"title":342,"path":343,"stem":344},"Decision-Making under Uncertainty","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F15-decision-uncertainty","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F15-decision-uncertainty",{"title":346,"path":347,"stem":348},"Linear Optimisation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F16-linear-optimization","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F16-linear-optimization",{"title":350,"path":351,"stem":352},"Inventory and Allocation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F17-inventory-allocation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F17-inventory-allocation",{"title":354,"path":355,"stem":356},"Queueing and Simulation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F18-queueing-simulation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F18-queueing-simulation",{"title":358,"path":359,"stem":360},"Pricing and Revenue Management","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F19-pricing-experimentation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F19-pricing-experimentation",{"title":362,"path":363,"stem":364},"Causal Targeting and Policy Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F20-causal-targeting","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F20-causal-targeting",{"title":366,"path":367,"stem":368,"children":369},"4. Deployment and Governance","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002Findex",[370,371,375,379],{"title":366,"path":367,"stem":368},{"title":372,"path":373,"stem":374},"Data Products and Monitoring","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F21-data-products-monitoring","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F21-data-products-monitoring",{"title":376,"path":377,"stem":378},"Governance, Fairness and Privacy","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F22-governance-fairness-privacy","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F22-governance-fairness-privacy",{"title":380,"path":381,"stem":382},"Adoption and Business Value","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F23-adoption-value","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F23-adoption-value",{"title":384,"path":385,"stem":386,"children":387},"Appendix and Revision Tools","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[388,389,393,397],{"title":384,"path":385,"stem":386},{"title":390,"path":391,"stem":392},"Formula and Decision Map","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F24-formula-map","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F24-formula-map",{"title":394,"path":395,"stem":396},"Worked Examples and Pitfalls","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F25-worked-examples-pitfalls","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F25-worked-examples-pitfalls",{"title":84,"path":398,"stem":399},"\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F26-reading-map","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F26-reading-map",{"title":401,"path":402,"stem":403,"children":404},"Capstone — The Evening Delivery Promise","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[405],{"title":401,"path":402,"stem":403},{"title":407,"path":408,"stem":409,"children":410,"page":249},"Financial Economic Time Series","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series",[411,417,423,429,435,441,447,453,459,465,471],{"title":412,"path":413,"stem":414,"children":415},"Financial and Economic Time Series — Course Guide","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F00-intro","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[416],{"title":412,"path":413,"stem":414},{"title":418,"path":419,"stem":420,"children":421},"Three Versions of Time Series","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F01-bridge","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F01-bridge\u002Findex",[422],{"title":418,"path":419,"stem":420},{"title":424,"path":425,"stem":426,"children":427},"Data, Clocks, and Transformations","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F02-data-transformations","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F02-data-transformations\u002Findex",[428],{"title":424,"path":425,"stem":426},{"title":430,"path":431,"stem":432,"children":433},"Predictive Regressions and Persistent Predictors","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F03-predictive-regressions","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F03-predictive-regressions\u002Findex",[434],{"title":430,"path":431,"stem":432},{"title":436,"path":437,"stem":438,"children":439},"Volatility, Tails, and Financial Risk","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F04-volatility-risk","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F04-volatility-risk\u002Findex",[440],{"title":436,"path":437,"stem":438},{"title":442,"path":443,"stem":444,"children":445},"Unit Roots, Cointegration, and Error Correction","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F05-unit-roots-cointegration","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F05-unit-roots-cointegration\u002Findex",[446],{"title":442,"path":443,"stem":444},{"title":448,"path":449,"stem":450,"children":451},"VAR, Structural Identification, and Local Projections","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F06-var-identification","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F06-var-identification\u002Findex",[452],{"title":448,"path":449,"stem":450},{"title":454,"path":455,"stem":456,"children":457},"State Space, Mixed Frequency, and Nowcasting","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F07-state-space-nowcasting","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F07-state-space-nowcasting\u002Findex",[458],{"title":454,"path":455,"stem":456},{"title":460,"path":461,"stem":462,"children":463},"Forecast Evaluation for Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F08-forecast-evaluation","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F08-forecast-evaluation\u002Findex",[464],{"title":460,"path":461,"stem":462},{"title":466,"path":467,"stem":468,"children":469},"Integrated R Laboratory","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F09-r-laboratory","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F09-r-laboratory\u002Findex",[470],{"title":466,"path":467,"stem":468},{"title":472,"path":473,"stem":474,"children":475},"Capstones, Data, and Reading Ladder","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F10-capstone-readings","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F10-capstone-readings\u002Findex",[476],{"title":472,"path":473,"stem":474},{"title":478,"path":479,"stem":480,"children":481,"page":249},"Intro To Economics","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics","en\u002Fintro-to-economics",[482,486,490,494,498,502,506,510,514,518,522,526,530],{"title":483,"path":484,"stem":485},"Introduction to Economics — Decisions, Markets, and the Macroeconomy","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F00-intro",{"title":487,"path":488,"stem":489},"Chapter 1 — Choice, Opportunity Cost, and Trade","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F01-foundations","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F01-foundations",{"title":491,"path":492,"stem":493},"Chapter 2 — Demand, Supply, Equilibrium, and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F02-demand-and-supply","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F02-demand-and-supply",{"title":495,"path":496,"stem":497},"Chapter 3 — Elasticity, Revenue, and Tax Incidence","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F03-elasticity","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F03-elasticity",{"title":499,"path":500,"stem":501},"Chapter 4 — Firms, Market Power, and Market Failure","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F04-market-structures","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F04-market-structures",{"title":503,"path":504,"stem":505},"Chapter 5 — GDP, Income, Wealth, and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F05-gdp-and-wealth","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F05-gdp-and-wealth",{"title":507,"path":508,"stem":509},"Chapter 6 — Inflation, Purchasing Power, and Labour Markets","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F06-inflation-and-unemployment","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F06-inflation-and-unemployment",{"title":511,"path":512,"stem":513},"Chapter 7 — Productivity, Technology, and Economic Growth","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F07-economic-growth","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F07-economic-growth",{"title":515,"path":516,"stem":517},"Chapter 8 — Money, Credit, and Banking","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F08-money-and-banking","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F08-money-and-banking",{"title":519,"path":520,"stem":521},"Chapter 9 — Business Cycles, AD–AS, and Monetary Policy","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F09-monetary-policy-and-ad-as","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F09-monetary-policy-and-ad-as",{"title":523,"path":524,"stem":525},"Chapter 10 — Fiscal Policy, Distribution, and Public Debt","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F10-fiscal-policy","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F10-fiscal-policy",{"title":527,"path":528,"stem":529},"Chapter 11 — Trade, Capital Flows, and Exchange Rates","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F11-open-economy-and-exchange-rates","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F11-open-economy-and-exchange-rates",{"title":531,"path":532,"stem":533},"Chapter 12 — Integrated Economic Analysis Studio","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F12-review-and-case-studies","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F12-review-and-case-studies",{"title":535,"path":536,"stem":537,"children":538,"page":249},"Microeconometrics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics",[539,557,563,581,603,629,651,673,691,709],{"title":540,"path":541,"stem":542,"children":543},"0. Causal Questions and Designs","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002Findex",[544,545,549,553],{"title":540,"path":541,"stem":542},{"title":546,"path":547,"stem":548},"Causal Questions and Estimands","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F01-causal-question-estimands","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F01-causal-question-estimands",{"title":550,"path":551,"stem":552},"Potential Outcomes and Experiments","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F02-potential-outcomes-experiments","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F02-potential-outcomes-experiments",{"title":554,"path":555,"stem":556},"Causal Diagrams and Controls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F03-dags-controls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F03-dags-controls",{"title":558,"path":559,"stem":560,"children":561},"Microeconometrics — Designing Credible Counterfactuals","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-index","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-index",[562],{"title":558,"path":559,"stem":560},{"title":564,"path":565,"stem":566,"children":567},"1. Regression and Inference","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002Findex",[568,569,573,577],{"title":564,"path":565,"stem":566},{"title":570,"path":571,"stem":572},"OLS as a Projection","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F04-ols-projection","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F04-ols-projection",{"title":574,"path":575,"stem":576},"FWL, Selection and Controls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F05-fwl-selection-controls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F05-fwl-selection-controls",{"title":578,"path":579,"stem":580},"Inference and Clustering","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F06-inference-clustering","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F06-inference-clustering",{"title":582,"path":583,"stem":584,"children":585},"2. Instruments and Panel Data","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002Findex",[586,587,591,595,599],{"title":582,"path":583,"stem":584},{"title":588,"path":589,"stem":590},"Instrumental Variables","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F07-iv-identification","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F07-iv-identification",{"title":592,"path":593,"stem":594},"Weak Instruments and LATE","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F08-weak-iv-late","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F08-weak-iv-late",{"title":596,"path":597,"stem":598},"Panel Fixed Effects","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F09-panel-fixed-effects","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F09-panel-fixed-effects",{"title":600,"path":601,"stem":602},"Dynamic Panels and Limits","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F10-dynamic-panel","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F10-dynamic-panel",{"title":604,"path":605,"stem":606,"children":607},"3. Policy Evaluation Designs","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002Findex",[608,609,613,617,621,625],{"title":604,"path":605,"stem":606},{"title":610,"path":611,"stem":612},"Difference-in-Differences","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F11-did-core","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F11-did-core",{"title":614,"path":615,"stem":616},"Staggered DID and Event Studies","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F12-staggered-event-studies","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F12-staggered-event-studies",{"title":618,"path":619,"stem":620},"Regression Discontinuity","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F13-rdd","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F13-rdd",{"title":622,"path":623,"stem":624},"Matching, Weighting and Overlap","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F14-matching-weighting","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F14-matching-weighting",{"title":626,"path":627,"stem":628},"Synthetic Control","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F15-synthetic-control","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F15-synthetic-control",{"title":630,"path":631,"stem":632,"children":633},"Module 4 — Choice and Limited Outcomes","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002Findex",[634,635,639,643,647],{"title":630,"path":631,"stem":632},{"title":636,"path":637,"stem":638},"Binary Choice","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F16-binary-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F16-binary-choice",{"title":640,"path":641,"stem":642},"Multinomial and Ordered Choice","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F17-multinomial-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F17-multinomial-choice",{"title":644,"path":645,"stem":646},"Count Outcomes","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F18-count-outcomes","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F18-count-outcomes",{"title":648,"path":649,"stem":650},"Censoring, Truncation and Selection","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F19-censoring-selection","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F19-censoring-selection",{"title":652,"path":653,"stem":654,"children":655},"Module 5 — Modern Causal Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002Findex",[656,657,661,665,669],{"title":652,"path":653,"stem":654},{"title":658,"path":659,"stem":660},"Double Machine Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F20-dml","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F20-dml",{"title":662,"path":663,"stem":664},"Heterogeneity and Policy Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F21-heterogeneity-policy","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F21-heterogeneity-policy",{"title":666,"path":667,"stem":668},"Sensitivity and Partial Identification","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F22-sensitivity-partial-id","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F22-sensitivity-partial-id",{"title":670,"path":671,"stem":672},"External Validity and Transport","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F23-external-validity","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F23-external-validity",{"title":674,"path":675,"stem":676,"children":677},"Module 6 — From Data to Auditable Evidence","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002Findex",[678,679,683,687],{"title":674,"path":675,"stem":676},{"title":680,"path":681,"stem":682},"Data Provenance","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F24-data-provenance","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F24-data-provenance",{"title":684,"path":685,"stem":686},"Reproducibility and Reporting","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F25-reproducibility-reporting","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F25-reproducibility-reporting",{"title":688,"path":689,"stem":690},"Paper and Evidence Audit","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F26-paper-audit","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F26-paper-audit",{"title":692,"path":693,"stem":694,"children":695},"Appendix — Revision and Evidence Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[696,697,701,705],{"title":692,"path":693,"stem":694},{"title":698,"path":699,"stem":700},"Formula and Design Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F27-formula-design-map","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F27-formula-design-map",{"title":702,"path":703,"stem":704},"Ten Worked Microeconometric Pitfalls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F28-worked-pitfalls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F28-worked-pitfalls",{"title":706,"path":707,"stem":708},"Reading and Software Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F29-reading-software-map","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F29-reading-software-map",{"title":710,"path":711,"stem":712,"children":713},"Capstone — Should Northbridge Expand Pathways?","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[714],{"title":710,"path":711,"stem":712},{"title":716,"path":717,"stem":718,"children":719,"page":249},"Microeconomics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics",[720,726,732,738,744,750,756,762,768,774,780,786,792],{"title":721,"path":722,"stem":723,"children":724},"Advanced Microeconomics — Course Guide","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[725],{"title":721,"path":722,"stem":723},{"title":727,"path":728,"stem":729,"children":730},"Module 1 — Choice, Duality, and Revealed Preference","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F01-fundations","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F01-fundations\u002Findex",[731],{"title":727,"path":728,"stem":729},{"title":733,"path":734,"stem":735,"children":736},"Module 2 — Comparative Statics and Welfare Measurement","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F02-comparative-statics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F02-comparative-statics\u002Findex",[737],{"title":733,"path":734,"stem":735},{"title":739,"path":740,"stem":741,"children":742},"Module 3 — Choice under Risk and Insurance","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F03-uncertainty","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F03-uncertainty\u002Findex",[743],{"title":739,"path":740,"stem":741},{"title":745,"path":746,"stem":747,"children":748},"Module 4 — General Equilibrium and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F04-general-equilibrium","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F04-general-equilibrium\u002Findex",[749],{"title":745,"path":746,"stem":747},{"title":751,"path":752,"stem":753,"children":754},"Module 5 — Static, Dynamic, and Repeated Games","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F05-game-theory","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F05-game-theory\u002Findex",[755],{"title":751,"path":752,"stem":753},{"title":757,"path":758,"stem":759,"children":760},"Module 6 — Oligopoly, Entry, and Algorithmic Pricing","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F06-oligopoly","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F06-oligopoly\u002Findex",[761],{"title":757,"path":758,"stem":759},{"title":763,"path":764,"stem":765,"children":766},"Module 7 — Information Economics and Contracts","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F07-information-economics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F07-information-economics\u002Findex",[767],{"title":763,"path":764,"stem":765},{"title":769,"path":770,"stem":771,"children":772},"Module 8 — Mechanism Design and Auctions","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F08-mechanism-design","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F08-mechanism-design\u002Findex",[773],{"title":769,"path":770,"stem":771},{"title":775,"path":776,"stem":777,"children":778},"Module 9 — Behavioural and Experimental Microeconomics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F09-behavioural-economics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F09-behavioural-economics\u002Findex",[779],{"title":775,"path":776,"stem":777},{"title":781,"path":782,"stem":783,"children":784},"Module 10 — Externalities, Public Goods, and Collective Action","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F10-externalities-public-goods","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F10-externalities-public-goods\u002Findex",[785],{"title":781,"path":782,"stem":783},{"title":787,"path":788,"stem":789,"children":790},"Module 11 — Matching and Market Design","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F11-market-design","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F11-market-design\u002Findex",[791],{"title":787,"path":788,"stem":789},{"title":793,"path":794,"stem":795,"children":796},"Module 12 — Integrated Microeconomic Design Studio","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F12-review","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F12-review\u002Findex",[797],{"title":793,"path":794,"stem":795},{"title":799,"path":800,"stem":801,"children":802},"Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground","en\u002Fplayground\u002Findex",[803,804,808,812,816,820],{"title":799,"path":800,"stem":801},{"title":805,"path":806,"stem":807},"Typst Plugin Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F01-typstex","en\u002Fplayground\u002F01-typstex",{"title":809,"path":810,"stem":811},"Citation Plugin Test","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F02-citation","en\u002Fplayground\u002F02-citation",{"title":813,"path":814,"stem":815},"Pyodide Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F03-pyodide","en\u002Fplayground\u002F03-pyodide",{"title":817,"path":818,"stem":819},"WebR Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F04-webr","en\u002Fplayground\u002F04-webr",{"title":821,"path":822,"stem":823},"Chart.js Visualizations","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F05-chartjs","en\u002Fplayground\u002F05-chartjs",{"title":825,"path":826,"stem":827,"children":828,"page":249},"Statistics For Insurance","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance",[829,835,857,883,905,927,937],{"title":830,"path":831,"stem":832,"children":833},"Statistics for General Insurance","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F01-intro","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F01-intro\u002Findex",[834],{"title":830,"path":831,"stem":832},{"title":836,"path":837,"stem":838,"children":839},"Claims Development and Reserving","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F02-chain-ladder","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F02-chain-ladder\u002Findex",[840,841,845,849,853],{"title":836,"path":837,"stem":838},{"title":842,"path":843,"stem":844},"Basic Chain Ladder","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F02-chain-ladder\u002F01-basic-chain","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F02-chain-ladder\u002F01-basic-chain",{"title":846,"path":847,"stem":848},"Frequency–Severity Reserving","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F02-chain-ladder\u002F02-average-per-claim","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F02-chain-ladder\u002F02-average-per-claim",{"title":850,"path":851,"stem":852},"Bornhuetter–Ferguson Method","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F02-chain-ladder\u002F03-b-f-method","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F02-chain-ladder\u002F03-b-f-method",{"title":854,"path":855,"stem":856},"Uncertainty and Diagnostics","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F02-chain-ladder\u002F04-uncertainty-diagnostics","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F02-chain-ladder\u002F04-uncertainty-diagnostics",{"title":858,"path":859,"stem":860,"children":861},"Frequency and Severity Models","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F03-common-dist","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F03-common-dist\u002Findex",[862,863,867,871,875,879],{"title":858,"path":859,"stem":860},{"title":864,"path":865,"stem":866},"Core Severity Models","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F03-common-dist\u002F01-loss-dist","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F03-common-dist\u002F01-loss-dist",{"title":868,"path":869,"stem":870},"Tail Models and Extreme Values","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F03-common-dist\u002F02-more-dist","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F03-common-dist\u002F02-more-dist",{"title":872,"path":873,"stem":874},"Claim Count Models","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F03-common-dist\u002F03-case-dist","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F03-common-dist\u002F03-case-dist",{"title":876,"path":877,"stem":878},"Fitting and Validating Loss Models","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F03-common-dist\u002F04-fit-dist","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F03-common-dist\u002F04-fit-dist",{"title":880,"path":881,"stem":882},"Mixtures and Heterogeneity","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F03-common-dist\u002F05-mix-dist","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F03-common-dist\u002F05-mix-dist",{"title":884,"path":885,"stem":886,"children":887},"Reinsurance as a Loss Transformation","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F04-reinsurance","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F04-reinsurance\u002Findex",[888,889,893,897,901],{"title":884,"path":885,"stem":886},{"title":890,"path":891,"stem":892},"Proportional Reinsurance","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F04-reinsurance\u002F01-proportional","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F04-reinsurance\u002F01-proportional",{"title":894,"path":895,"stem":896},"Excess-of-Loss Reinsurance","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F04-reinsurance\u002F02-excess","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F04-reinsurance\u002F02-excess",{"title":898,"path":899,"stem":900},"Inflation and Layer Erosion","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F04-reinsurance\u002F03-inflation","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F04-reinsurance\u002F03-inflation",{"title":902,"path":903,"stem":904},"Reinsurance Decision Lab","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F04-reinsurance\u002F04-examples","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F04-reinsurance\u002F04-examples",{"title":906,"path":907,"stem":908,"children":909},"Aggregate Risk and Capital","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F05-risk-theory","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F05-risk-theory\u002Findex",[910,911,915,919,923],{"title":906,"path":907,"stem":908},{"title":912,"path":913,"stem":914},"Collective Risk Model","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F05-risk-theory\u002F01-collective","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F05-risk-theory\u002F01-collective",{"title":916,"path":917,"stem":918},"Individual Risk Model","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F05-risk-theory\u002F02-individual","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F05-risk-theory\u002F02-individual",{"title":920,"path":921,"stem":922},"Aggregate Risk Computation Lab","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F05-risk-theory\u002F03-examples","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F05-risk-theory\u002F03-examples",{"title":924,"path":925,"stem":926},"Tail Risk, Dependence, and Capital","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F05-risk-theory\u002F04-tail-capital","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F05-risk-theory\u002F04-tail-capital",{"title":928,"path":929,"stem":930,"children":931},"Surplus and Ruin Theory","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F06-ruin-theory","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F06-ruin-theory\u002Findex",[932,933],{"title":928,"path":929,"stem":930},{"title":934,"path":935,"stem":936},"Finite-Time Ruin Simulation","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F06-ruin-theory\u002F01-finite-time-simulation","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F06-ruin-theory\u002F01-finite-time-simulation",{"title":938,"path":939,"stem":940,"children":941},"Portfolio Risk Capstone","\u002Fen\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F07-capstone","en\u002Fstatistics-for-insurance\u002F07-capstone\u002Findex",[942],{"title":938,"path":939,"stem":940},{"title":944,"path":945,"stem":946,"children":947,"page":249},"Time Series","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series","en\u002Ftime-series",[948,958,964,970,976,982,988,994,1016],{"title":949,"path":950,"stem":951,"children":952},"Classical Time Series — Course Guide","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F00-intro","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[953,954],{"title":949,"path":950,"stem":951},{"title":955,"path":956,"stem":957},"Preparation — Stationarity in 30 Minutes","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F00-intro\u002F01-stationary","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F00-intro\u002F01-stationary",{"title":959,"path":960,"stem":961,"children":962},"Module 1 — Processes, Dependence, and Stationarity","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F01-stochastic-process","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F01-stochastic-process\u002Findex",[963],{"title":959,"path":960,"stem":961},{"title":965,"path":966,"stem":967,"children":968},"Module 2 — ARMA, ARIMA, and Model Identification","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F02-arma","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F02-arma\u002Findex",[969],{"title":965,"path":966,"stem":967},{"title":971,"path":972,"stem":973,"children":974},"Module 3 — Linear Prediction and State-Space Recursions","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F03-prediction","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F03-prediction\u002Findex",[975],{"title":971,"path":972,"stem":973},{"title":977,"path":978,"stem":979,"children":980},"Module 4 — Estimation, Likelihood, and Inference","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F04-estimation","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F04-estimation\u002Findex",[981],{"title":977,"path":978,"stem":979},{"title":983,"path":984,"stem":985,"children":986},"Module 5 — Systems, Seasonality, and Cointegration","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F05-multi-ar","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F05-multi-ar\u002Findex",[987],{"title":983,"path":984,"stem":985},{"title":989,"path":990,"stem":991,"children":992},"Module 6 — Spectral Analysis, Cycles, and Filters","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F06-spectral-analysis","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F06-spectral-analysis\u002Findex",[993],{"title":989,"path":990,"stem":991},{"title":995,"path":996,"stem":997,"children":998},"R Matrix Laboratory","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F07-r-implementation","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F07-r-implementation\u002Findex",[999,1000,1004,1008,1012],{"title":995,"path":996,"stem":997},{"title":1001,"path":1002,"stem":1003},"R Matrix Lab 1 — Covariance Geometry","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F07-r-implementation\u002F01-covariance-matrices","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F07-r-implementation\u002F01-covariance-matrices",{"title":1005,"path":1006,"stem":1007},"R Matrix Lab 2 — AR Recursions and Yule–Walker Equations","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F07-r-implementation\u002F02-ar-recursions","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F07-r-implementation\u002F02-ar-recursions",{"title":1009,"path":1010,"stem":1011},"R Matrix Lab 3 — Prediction and Gaussian Likelihood","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F07-r-implementation\u002F03-prediction-likelihood","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F07-r-implementation\u002F03-prediction-likelihood",{"title":1013,"path":1014,"stem":1015},"R Matrix Lab 4 — State Space and Kalman Filtering","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F07-r-implementation\u002F04-state-space","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F07-r-implementation\u002F04-state-space",{"title":1017,"path":1018,"stem":1019,"children":1020},"Optional Python Appendix — Empirical Forecasting","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F08-python-implementation","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F08-python-implementation\u002Findex",[1021,1022,1026,1030,1034],{"title":1017,"path":1018,"stem":1019},{"title":1023,"path":1024,"stem":1025},"Optional Python Lab 1 — Explore Before Modeling","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F08-python-implementation\u002F01-exploration","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F08-python-implementation\u002F01-exploration",{"title":1027,"path":1028,"stem":1029},"Optional Python Lab 2 — Diagnose Stationarity","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F08-python-implementation\u002F02-stationarity","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F08-python-implementation\u002F02-stationarity",{"title":1031,"path":1032,"stem":1033},"Optional Python Lab 3 — Fit and Audit ARMA Errors","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F08-python-implementation\u002F03-arma-fitting","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F08-python-implementation\u002F03-arma-fitting",{"title":1035,"path":1036,"stem":1037},"Optional Python Lab 4 — Forecast, Backtest, and Monitor","\u002Fen\u002Ftime-series\u002F08-python-implementation\u002F04-forecasting","en\u002Ftime-series\u002F08-python-implementation\u002F04-forecasting",{"title":1039,"path":1040,"stem":1041,"children":1042},"Zh","\u002Fzh","zh",[1043,1045,1063,1247,1323,1365,1421,1467,1543,1625,1633,1731],{"title":10,"path":1040,"stem":1044},"zh\u002Findex",{"title":1046,"path":1047,"stem":1048,"children":1049},"学术写作与文献综述","\u002Fzh\u002Facademic-writing","zh\u002Facademic-writing\u002Findex",[1050,1051,1055,1059],{"title":1046,"path":1047,"stem":1048},{"title":1052,"path":1053,"stem":1054},"4. 文献综述的构建与写作","\u002Fzh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review","zh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review",{"title":1056,"path":1057,"stem":1058},"8. 文献综述清单与模板","\u002Fzh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template","zh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template",{"title":1060,"path":1061,"stem":1062},"10. 从分块结构到问题链：文献综述示例","\u002Fzh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F10-从分块结构到问题链-文献综述示例","zh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F10-从分块结构到问题链-文献综述示例",{"title":59,"path":1064,"stem":1065,"children":1066,"page":249},"\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting","zh\u002Faccounting",[1067,1073,1087,1191],{"title":1068,"path":1069,"stem":1070,"children":1071},"会计学学习路线图","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002F00-index","zh\u002Faccounting\u002F00-index",[1072],{"title":1068,"path":1069,"stem":1070},{"title":1074,"path":1075,"stem":1076,"children":1077},"附录","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[1078,1079,1083],{"title":1074,"path":1075,"stem":1076},{"title":1080,"path":1081,"stem":1082},"综合示例与常见陷阱","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F24-examples-pitfalls","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F24-examples-pitfalls",{"title":1084,"path":1085,"stem":1086},"会计术语速查表","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F26-glossary","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F26-glossary",{"title":1088,"path":1089,"stem":1090,"children":1091},"金融会计","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002Findex",[1092,1093,1111,1125,1159,1173],{"title":1088,"path":1089,"stem":1090},{"title":1094,"path":1095,"stem":1096,"children":1097},"1. 基础","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002Findex",[1098,1099,1103,1107],{"title":1094,"path":1095,"stem":1096},{"title":1100,"path":1101,"stem":1102},"会计信息目标与质量特征","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F01-objectives-qualitative-characteristics","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F01-objectives-qualitative-characteristics",{"title":1104,"path":1105,"stem":1106},"会计等式与要素","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F02-equation-elements","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F02-equation-elements",{"title":1108,"path":1109,"stem":1110},"记账基础与原则","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F03-accounting-bases-principles","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F03-accounting-bases-principles",{"title":1112,"path":1113,"stem":1114,"children":1115},"2. 交易记录","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002Findex",[1116,1117,1121],{"title":1112,"path":1113,"stem":1114},{"title":1118,"path":1119,"stem":1120},"复式记账与借贷规则","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F04-double-entry-dr-cr","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F04-double-entry-dr-cr",{"title":1122,"path":1123,"stem":1124},"会计循环","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F05-accounting-cycle","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F05-accounting-cycle",{"title":1126,"path":1127,"stem":1128,"children":1129},"3. 计量与调整","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002Findex",[1130,1131,1135,1139,1143,1147,1151,1155],{"title":1126,"path":1127,"stem":1128},{"title":1132,"path":1133,"stem":1134},"收入确认","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F07-revenue-recognition","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F07-revenue-recognition",{"title":1136,"path":1137,"stem":1138},"存货","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F08-inventory","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F08-inventory",{"title":1140,"path":1141,"stem":1142},"应收账款","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F09-receivables","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F09-receivables",{"title":1144,"path":1145,"stem":1146},"固定资产","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F10-ppe","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F10-ppe",{"title":1148,"path":1149,"stem":1150},"无形资产","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F11-intangibles","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F11-intangibles",{"title":1152,"path":1153,"stem":1154},"租赁","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F12-leases","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F12-leases",{"title":1156,"path":1157,"stem":1158},"所得税","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F13-income-tax","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F13-income-tax",{"title":1160,"path":1161,"stem":1162,"children":1163},"4. 报表与现金","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002Findex",[1164,1165,1169],{"title":1160,"path":1161,"stem":1162},{"title":1166,"path":1167,"stem":1168},"财务报表","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F06-financial-statements","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F06-financial-statements",{"title":1170,"path":1171,"stem":1172},"现金控制","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F14-cash-control","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F14-cash-control",{"title":1174,"path":1175,"stem":1176,"children":1177},"5. 分析与比较","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002Findex",[1178,1179,1183,1187],{"title":1174,"path":1175,"stem":1176},{"title":1180,"path":1181,"stem":1182},"财务比率分析","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F15-ratio-analysis","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F15-ratio-analysis",{"title":1184,"path":1185,"stem":1186},"IFRS 与 US GAAP 对比","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F25-ifrs-gaap","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F25-ifrs-gaap",{"title":1188,"path":1189,"stem":1190},"2026 准则更新与报告案例","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F27-current-standards-2026","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F27-current-standards-2026",{"title":1192,"path":1193,"stem":1194,"children":1195},"管理会计","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002Findex",[1196,1197,1215,1233],{"title":1192,"path":1193,"stem":1194},{"title":1198,"path":1199,"stem":1200,"children":1201},"1. 成本基础","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002Findex",[1202,1203,1207,1211],{"title":1198,"path":1199,"stem":1200},{"title":1204,"path":1205,"stem":1206},"成本概念","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F16-cost-concepts","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F16-cost-concepts",{"title":1208,"path":1209,"stem":1210},"成本核算系统","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F17-costing-systems","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F17-costing-systems",{"title":1212,"path":1213,"stem":1214},"变动成本法 vs. 吸收成本法","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F19-variable-vs-absorption","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F19-variable-vs-absorption",{"title":1216,"path":1217,"stem":1218,"children":1219},"2. 计划与控制","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002Findex",[1220,1221,1225,1229],{"title":1216,"path":1217,"stem":1218},{"title":1222,"path":1223,"stem":1224},"本量利分析","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F18-cvp-analysis","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F18-cvp-analysis",{"title":1226,"path":1227,"stem":1228},"预算与差异分析","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F20-budgeting-variances","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F20-budgeting-variances",{"title":1230,"path":1231,"stem":1232},"绩效评价","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F21-performance-measurement","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F21-performance-measurement",{"title":1234,"path":1235,"stem":1236,"children":1237},"3. 决策与投资","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002Findex",[1238,1239,1243],{"title":1234,"path":1235,"stem":1236},{"title":1240,"path":1241,"stem":1242},"短期决策","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F22-short-term-decisions","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F22-short-term-decisions",{"title":1244,"path":1245,"stem":1246},"资本预算","\u002Fzh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F23-capital-budgeting","zh\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F23-capital-budgeting",{"title":1248,"path":1249,"stem":1250,"children":1251},"资产定价理论","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002Findex",[1252,1253,1259,1265,1271,1277,1283,1289,1295,1301,1307,1313,1319],{"title":1248,"path":1249,"stem":1250},{"title":1254,"path":1255,"stem":1256,"children":1257},"第一章：引言与基础","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F01-intro","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F01-intro\u002Findex",[1258],{"title":1254,"path":1255,"stem":1256},{"title":1260,"path":1261,"stem":1262,"children":1263},"第二章：效用理论与风险偏好","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F02-utility","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F02-utility\u002Findex",[1264],{"title":1260,"path":1261,"stem":1262},{"title":1266,"path":1267,"stem":1268,"children":1269},"第三章：均值-方差分析","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F03-mean-variance","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F03-mean-variance\u002Findex",[1270],{"title":1266,"path":1267,"stem":1268},{"title":1272,"path":1273,"stem":1274,"children":1275},"第四章：资本资产定价模型(CAPM)","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F04-capm","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F04-capm\u002Findex",[1276],{"title":1272,"path":1273,"stem":1274},{"title":1278,"path":1279,"stem":1280,"children":1281},"第五章：因子模型","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F05-factor-models","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F05-factor-models\u002Findex",[1282],{"title":1278,"path":1279,"stem":1280},{"title":1284,"path":1285,"stem":1286,"children":1287},"第六章：跨期资产定价","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F06-intertemporal","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F06-intertemporal\u002Findex",[1288],{"title":1284,"path":1285,"stem":1286},{"title":1290,"path":1291,"stem":1292,"children":1293},"第七章：期权定价理论","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F07-options","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F07-options\u002Findex",[1294],{"title":1290,"path":1291,"stem":1292},{"title":1296,"path":1297,"stem":1298,"children":1299},"第八章：固定收益证券","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F08-fixed-income","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F08-fixed-income\u002Findex",[1300],{"title":1296,"path":1297,"stem":1298},{"title":1302,"path":1303,"stem":1304,"children":1305},"第九章：市场有效性与异象","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F09-efficiency","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F09-efficiency\u002Findex",[1306],{"title":1302,"path":1303,"stem":1304},{"title":1308,"path":1309,"stem":1310,"children":1311},"第十章：数值方法与实证应用","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F10-empirical","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F10-empirical\u002Findex",[1312],{"title":1308,"path":1309,"stem":1310},{"title":1314,"path":1315,"stem":1316,"children":1317},"第十一章：资产定价浏览器交互实验","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F11-interactive-labs","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F11-interactive-labs\u002Findex",[1318],{"title":1314,"path":1315,"stem":1316},{"title":1320,"path":1321,"stem":1322},"第十二章：前沿文献与现代资产定价案例（2023—2026）","\u002Fzh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F12-frontier-literature-2026","zh\u002Fasset-pricing\u002F12-frontier-literature-2026",{"title":1324,"path":1325,"stem":1326,"children":1327},"计量经济学","\u002Fzh\u002Feconometrics","zh\u002Feconometrics\u002Findex",[1328,1329,1333,1337,1341,1345,1349,1353,1357,1361],{"title":1324,"path":1325,"stem":1326},{"title":1330,"path":1331,"stem":1332},"第一章：数据、概率与回归对象","\u002Fzh\u002Feconometrics\u002F01-data-and-regression","zh\u002Feconometrics\u002F01-data-and-regression",{"title":1334,"path":1335,"stem":1336},"第二章：OLS、矩阵与几何解释","\u002Fzh\u002Feconometrics\u002F02-ols-and-geometry","zh\u002Feconometrics\u002F02-ols-and-geometry",{"title":1338,"path":1339,"stem":1340},"第三章：统计推断与稳健标准误","\u002Fzh\u002Feconometrics\u002F03-inference-and-robustness","zh\u002Feconometrics\u002F03-inference-and-robustness",{"title":1342,"path":1343,"stem":1344},"第四章：内生性、工具变量与两阶段最小二乘","\u002Fzh\u002Feconometrics\u002F04-endogeneity-and-iv","zh\u002Feconometrics\u002F04-endogeneity-and-iv",{"title":1346,"path":1347,"stem":1348},"第五章：面板数据与时间序列","\u002Fzh\u002Feconometrics\u002F05-panel-and-time-series","zh\u002Feconometrics\u002F05-panel-and-time-series",{"title":1350,"path":1351,"stem":1352},"第六章：估计方法与因果设计的共同基础","\u002Fzh\u002Feconometrics\u002F06-estimation-and-causal-design","zh\u002Feconometrics\u002F06-estimation-and-causal-design",{"title":1354,"path":1355,"stem":1356},"第七章：可重复计量实证项目","\u002Fzh\u002Feconometrics\u002F07-reproducible-project","zh\u002Feconometrics\u002F07-reproducible-project",{"title":1358,"path":1359,"stem":1360},"第八章：计量经济学浏览器回归实验","\u002Fzh\u002Feconometrics\u002F08-interactive-regression-labs","zh\u002Feconometrics\u002F08-interactive-regression-labs",{"title":1362,"path":1363,"stem":1364},"第九章：前沿文献与现代计量案例（2023—2026）","\u002Fzh\u002Feconometrics\u002F09-frontier-literature-2026","zh\u002Feconometrics\u002F09-frontier-literature-2026",{"title":478,"path":1366,"stem":1367,"children":1368,"page":249},"\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics",[1369,1373,1377,1381,1385,1389,1393,1397,1401,1405,1409,1413,1417],{"title":1370,"path":1371,"stem":1372},"经济学导论 (微观与宏观)","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F00-intro","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F00-intro",{"title":1374,"path":1375,"stem":1376},"第1章：经济学基础原理","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F01-foundations","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F01-foundations",{"title":1378,"path":1379,"stem":1380},"第2章：需求与供给","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F02-demand-and-supply","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F02-demand-and-supply",{"title":1382,"path":1383,"stem":1384},"第3章：弹性","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F03-elasticity","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F03-elasticity",{"title":1386,"path":1387,"stem":1388},"第4章：市场结构","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F04-market-structures","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F04-market-structures",{"title":1390,"path":1391,"stem":1392},"第5章：GDP 与财富","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F05-gdp-and-wealth","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F05-gdp-and-wealth",{"title":1394,"path":1395,"stem":1396},"第6章：通货膨胀与失业","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F06-inflation-and-unemployment","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F06-inflation-and-unemployment",{"title":1398,"path":1399,"stem":1400},"第7章：经济增长","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F07-economic-growth","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F07-economic-growth",{"title":1402,"path":1403,"stem":1404},"第8章：货币与银行","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F08-money-and-banking","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F08-money-and-banking",{"title":1406,"path":1407,"stem":1408},"第9章：货币政策与 AD-AS 模型","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F09-monetary-policy-and-ad-as","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F09-monetary-policy-and-ad-as",{"title":1410,"path":1411,"stem":1412},"第10章：财政政策","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F10-fiscal-policy","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F10-fiscal-policy",{"title":1414,"path":1415,"stem":1416},"第11章：开放经济与汇率","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F11-open-economy-and-exchange-rates","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F11-open-economy-and-exchange-rates",{"title":1418,"path":1419,"stem":1420},"第12章：综合复习与案例分析","\u002Fzh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F12-review-and-case-studies","zh\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F12-review-and-case-studies",{"title":1422,"path":1423,"stem":1424,"children":1425},"宏观经济学","\u002Fzh\u002Fmacroeconomics","zh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002Findex",[1426,1427,1431,1435,1439,1443,1447,1451,1455,1459,1463],{"title":1422,"path":1423,"stem":1424},{"title":1428,"path":1429,"stem":1430},"第一章：国民账户与宏观指标","\u002Fzh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F01-national-accounts","zh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F01-national-accounts",{"title":1432,"path":1433,"stem":1434},"第二章：消费、投资与凯恩斯交叉","\u002Fzh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F02-consumption-investment","zh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F02-consumption-investment",{"title":1436,"path":1437,"stem":1438},"第三章：货币、银行与货币政策","\u002Fzh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F03-money-and-monetary-policy","zh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F03-money-and-monetary-policy",{"title":1440,"path":1441,"stem":1442},"第四章：AD–AS、通货膨胀与失业","\u002Fzh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F04-ad-as-inflation-unemployment","zh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F04-ad-as-inflation-unemployment",{"title":1444,"path":1445,"stem":1446},"第五章：财政政策、债务与稳定化","\u002Fzh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F05-fiscal-policy-and-debt","zh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F05-fiscal-policy-and-debt",{"title":1448,"path":1449,"stem":1450},"第六章：经济增长、生产率与发展","\u002Fzh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F06-growth-productivity","zh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F06-growth-productivity",{"title":1452,"path":1453,"stem":1454},"第七章：开放经济、汇率与国际收支","\u002Fzh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F07-open-economy","zh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F07-open-economy",{"title":1456,"path":1457,"stem":1458},"第八章：宏观研究项目与政策分析","\u002Fzh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F08-macro-research-project","zh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F08-macro-research-project",{"title":1460,"path":1461,"stem":1462},"第九章：宏观经济学浏览器交互实验","\u002Fzh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F09-interactive-policy-labs","zh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F09-interactive-policy-labs",{"title":1464,"path":1465,"stem":1466},"第十章：前沿文献与当代宏观案例（2023—2026）","\u002Fzh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F10-frontier-literature-2026","zh\u002Fmacroeconomics\u002F10-frontier-literature-2026",{"title":1468,"path":1469,"stem":1470,"children":1471},"微观计量经济学","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Findex",[1472,1473,1479,1485,1491,1497,1503,1509,1515,1521,1527,1533,1539],{"title":1468,"path":1469,"stem":1470},{"title":1474,"path":1475,"stem":1476,"children":1477},"第一章：微观计量与因果推断导论","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-intro","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-intro\u002Findex",[1478],{"title":1474,"path":1475,"stem":1476},{"title":1480,"path":1481,"stem":1482,"children":1483},"第二章：线性回归与 OLS","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-ols","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-ols\u002Findex",[1484],{"title":1480,"path":1481,"stem":1482},{"title":1486,"path":1487,"stem":1488,"children":1489},"第三章：工具变量法","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-iv","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-iv\u002Findex",[1490],{"title":1486,"path":1487,"stem":1488},{"title":1492,"path":1493,"stem":1494,"children":1495},"第四章：面板数据方法","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-panel","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-panel\u002Findex",[1496],{"title":1492,"path":1493,"stem":1494},{"title":1498,"path":1499,"stem":1500,"children":1501},"第五章：双重差分法","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-did","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-did\u002Findex",[1502],{"title":1498,"path":1499,"stem":1500},{"title":1504,"path":1505,"stem":1506,"children":1507},"第六章：断点回归设计","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-rdd","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-rdd\u002Findex",[1508],{"title":1504,"path":1505,"stem":1506},{"title":1510,"path":1511,"stem":1512,"children":1513},"第七章：匹配、倾向得分与加权","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F07-matching","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F07-matching\u002Findex",[1514],{"title":1510,"path":1511,"stem":1512},{"title":1516,"path":1517,"stem":1518,"children":1519},"第八章：离散选择模型","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F08-discrete-choice","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F08-discrete-choice\u002Findex",[1520],{"title":1516,"path":1517,"stem":1518},{"title":1522,"path":1523,"stem":1524,"children":1525},"第九章：计数数据与受限因变量","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F09-count-limited","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F09-count-limited\u002Findex",[1526],{"title":1522,"path":1523,"stem":1524},{"title":1528,"path":1529,"stem":1530,"children":1531},"第十章：合成控制法","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F10-synthetic-control","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F10-synthetic-control\u002Findex",[1532],{"title":1528,"path":1529,"stem":1530},{"title":1534,"path":1535,"stem":1536,"children":1537},"第十一章：机器学习与因果推断","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F11-ml-causal","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F11-ml-causal\u002Findex",[1538],{"title":1534,"path":1535,"stem":1536},{"title":1540,"path":1541,"stem":1542},"第十二章：前沿文献与现代微观案例（2024—2026）","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F12-frontier-literature-2026","zh\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F12-frontier-literature-2026",{"title":716,"path":1544,"stem":1545,"children":1546,"page":249},"\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics",[1547,1553,1559,1565,1571,1577,1583,1589,1595,1601,1607,1613,1619],{"title":1548,"path":1549,"stem":1550,"children":1551},"微观经济学 III","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F00-intro","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[1552],{"title":1548,"path":1549,"stem":1550},{"title":1554,"path":1555,"stem":1556,"children":1557},"消费者理论与分析基础","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F01-fundations","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F01-fundations\u002Findex",[1558],{"title":1554,"path":1555,"stem":1556},{"title":1560,"path":1561,"stem":1562,"children":1563},"比较静态分析与福利测度","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F02-comparative-statics","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F02-comparative-statics\u002Findex",[1564],{"title":1560,"path":1561,"stem":1562},{"title":1566,"path":1567,"stem":1568,"children":1569},"不确定性下的决策","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F03-uncertainty","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F03-uncertainty\u002Findex",[1570],{"title":1566,"path":1567,"stem":1568},{"title":1572,"path":1573,"stem":1574,"children":1575},"一般均衡与福利经济学","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F04-general-equilibrium","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F04-general-equilibrium\u002Findex",[1576],{"title":1572,"path":1573,"stem":1574},{"title":1578,"path":1579,"stem":1580,"children":1581},"博弈论：静态与动态博弈","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F05-game-theory","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F05-game-theory\u002Findex",[1582],{"title":1578,"path":1579,"stem":1580},{"title":1584,"path":1585,"stem":1586,"children":1587},"寡头垄断与策略性市场行为","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F06-oligopoly","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F06-oligopoly\u002Findex",[1588],{"title":1584,"path":1585,"stem":1586},{"title":1590,"path":1591,"stem":1592,"children":1593},"信息经济学：逆向选择与道德风险","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F07-information-economics","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F07-information-economics\u002Findex",[1594],{"title":1590,"path":1591,"stem":1592},{"title":1596,"path":1597,"stem":1598,"children":1599},"机制设计与拍卖理论","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F08-mechanism-design","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F08-mechanism-design\u002Findex",[1600],{"title":1596,"path":1597,"stem":1598},{"title":1602,"path":1603,"stem":1604,"children":1605},"行为与实验微观经济学","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F09-behavioural-economics","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F09-behavioural-economics\u002Findex",[1606],{"title":1602,"path":1603,"stem":1604},{"title":1608,"path":1609,"stem":1610,"children":1611},"外部性、公共物品与机制","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F10-externalities-public-goods","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F10-externalities-public-goods\u002Findex",[1612],{"title":1608,"path":1609,"stem":1610},{"title":1614,"path":1615,"stem":1616,"children":1617},"市场设计与匹配理论","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F11-market-design","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F11-market-design\u002Findex",[1618],{"title":1614,"path":1615,"stem":1616},{"title":1620,"path":1621,"stem":1622,"children":1623},"第十二章：微观经济学：回顾与前沿应用","\u002Fzh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F12-review","zh\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F12-review\u002Findex",[1624],{"title":1620,"path":1621,"stem":1622},{"title":799,"path":1626,"stem":1627,"children":1628,"page":249},"\u002Fzh\u002Fplayground","zh\u002Fplayground",[1629],{"title":1630,"path":1631,"stem":1632},"Chart.js 可视化","\u002Fzh\u002Fplayground\u002F05-chartjs","zh\u002Fplayground\u002F05-chartjs",{"title":1634,"path":1635,"stem":1636,"children":1637},"概率论与数理统计","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002Findex",[1638,1639,1645,1680,1727],{"title":1634,"path":1635,"stem":1636},{"title":1640,"path":1641,"stem":1642,"children":1643},"第零章：概率统计的对象与学习方法","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F00-intro","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[1644],{"title":1640,"path":1641,"stem":1642},{"title":1646,"path":1647,"stem":1648,"children":1649,"page":249},"01 Probability","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F01-probability","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F01-probability",[1650,1656,1662,1668,1674],{"title":1651,"path":1652,"stem":1653,"children":1654},"第一章：概率论基础","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F01-probability\u002F01-prob-theory","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F01-probability\u002F01-prob-theory\u002Findex",[1655],{"title":1651,"path":1652,"stem":1653},{"title":1657,"path":1658,"stem":1659,"children":1660},"第二章：随机变量与分布","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F01-probability\u002F02-random-variables","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F01-probability\u002F02-random-variables\u002Findex",[1661],{"title":1657,"path":1658,"stem":1659},{"title":1663,"path":1664,"stem":1665,"children":1666},"第三章：期望、方差与条件矩","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F01-probability\u002F03-moment","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F01-probability\u002F03-moment\u002Findex",[1667],{"title":1663,"path":1664,"stem":1665},{"title":1669,"path":1670,"stem":1671,"children":1672},"第四章：常见分布族与建模机制","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F01-probability\u002F04-families","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F01-probability\u002F04-families\u002Findex",[1673],{"title":1669,"path":1670,"stem":1671},{"title":1675,"path":1676,"stem":1677,"children":1678},"第五章：收敛与渐近理论","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F01-probability\u002F05-asymptotics","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F01-probability\u002F05-asymptotics\u002Findex",[1679],{"title":1675,"path":1676,"stem":1677},{"title":1681,"path":1682,"stem":1683,"children":1684,"page":249},"02 Statistics","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics",[1685,1691,1697,1703,1709,1715,1721],{"title":1686,"path":1687,"stem":1688,"children":1689},"第六章：抽样分布","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F01-sampling","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F01-sampling\u002Findex",[1690],{"title":1686,"path":1687,"stem":1688},{"title":1692,"path":1693,"stem":1694,"children":1695},"第七章：区间估计","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F02-interval-estimation","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F02-interval-estimation\u002Findex",[1696],{"title":1692,"path":1693,"stem":1694},{"title":1698,"path":1699,"stem":1700,"children":1701},"第八章：点估计理论","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F03-point-estimation","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F03-point-estimation\u002Findex",[1702],{"title":1698,"path":1699,"stem":1700},{"title":1704,"path":1705,"stem":1706,"children":1707},"第九章：点估计方法","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F04-pe-method","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F04-pe-method\u002Findex",[1708],{"title":1704,"path":1705,"stem":1706},{"title":1710,"path":1711,"stem":1712,"children":1713},"第十章：假设检验原理","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F05-hypothesis","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F05-hypothesis\u002Findex",[1714],{"title":1710,"path":1711,"stem":1712},{"title":1716,"path":1717,"stem":1718,"children":1719},"第十一章：常用检验方法与选择","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F06-hypothesis-method","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F06-hypothesis-method\u002Findex",[1720],{"title":1716,"path":1717,"stem":1718},{"title":1722,"path":1723,"stem":1724,"children":1725},"第十二章：Bootstrap 与重抽样","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F07-bootstrap","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F02-statistics\u002F07-bootstrap\u002Findex",[1726],{"title":1722,"path":1723,"stem":1724},{"title":1728,"path":1729,"stem":1730},"第十三章：前沿文献与现代统计案例（2023—2026）","\u002Fzh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F03-frontier-literature-2026","zh\u002Fprob-and-stats\u002F03-frontier-literature-2026",{"title":1732,"path":1733,"stem":1734,"children":1735,"page":249},"Quant","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant","zh\u002Fquant",[1736,1742,1746,1750,1754,1758,1762,1766,1770,1774,1778],{"title":1737,"path":1738,"stem":1739,"children":1740},"量化投资——从可检验信号到可执行组合","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F00-index","zh\u002Fquant\u002F00-index",[1741],{"title":1737,"path":1738,"stem":1739},{"title":1743,"path":1744,"stem":1745},"数据获取与预处理","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F01-research-data","zh\u002Fquant\u002F01-research-data",{"title":1747,"path":1748,"stem":1749},"因子与交易信号","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F02-factor-and-signals","zh\u002Fquant\u002F02-factor-and-signals",{"title":1751,"path":1752,"stem":1753},"策略建模与回测","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F03-modeling-and-backtest","zh\u002Fquant\u002F03-modeling-and-backtest",{"title":1755,"path":1756,"stem":1757},"组合构建与风险建模（资产定价视角）","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F04-portfolio-and-risk","zh\u002Fquant\u002F04-portfolio-and-risk",{"title":1759,"path":1760,"stem":1761},"执行策略与市场微结构概览","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F05-execution-and-microstructure","zh\u002Fquant\u002F05-execution-and-microstructure",{"title":1763,"path":1764,"stem":1765},"策略上线、监控与迭代","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F06-production-and-monitoring","zh\u002Fquant\u002F06-production-and-monitoring",{"title":1767,"path":1768,"stem":1769},"量化工程与工具链概览","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F07-engineering-stack","zh\u002Fquant\u002F07-engineering-stack",{"title":1771,"path":1772,"stem":1773},"计量方法与实证检验","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F08-econometric-methods","zh\u002Fquant\u002F08-econometric-methods",{"title":1775,"path":1776,"stem":1777},"案例研究：多因子股票 Alpha 策略全流程","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F09-case-study","zh\u002Fquant\u002F09-case-study",{"title":1779,"path":1780,"stem":1781},"量化投资文献与软件图谱","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F10-reading-software-map","zh\u002Fquant\u002F10-reading-software-map",{"path":1383},{"id":1784,"title":495,"body":1785,"description":4514,"extension":4515,"features":4516,"hero":4516,"layout":4516,"locale":4516,"meta":4517,"navigation":4516,"path":496,"published":4518,"seo":4519,"stem":497,"__hash__":4520},"docs\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F03-elasticity.md",{"type":1786,"value":1787,"toc":4495},"minimark",[1788,1792,1797,1805,1809,1812,1828,1832,2118,2121,2173,2176,2562,2566,2569,2883,3078,3081,3130,3133,3137,3140,3157,3160,3164,3167,3170,3174,3266,3269,3319,3322,3326,3383,3386,3390,3393,3563,3573,3576,3896,3903,4338,4341,4344,4348,4351,4372,4383,4388,4391,4394,4397,4401,4404,4407,4421,4424,4428,4431,4449,4464,4468,4485],[1789,1790,495],"h1",{"id":1791},"chapter-3-elasticity-revenue-and-tax-incidence",[1793,1794,1796],"h2",{"id":1795},"core-question","Core question",[1798,1799,1800,1801],"p",{},"A curve gives a direction. Elasticity asks: ",[1802,1803,1804],"strong",{},"how large is the response relative to the change that caused it?",[1793,1806,1808],{"id":1807},"learning-outcomes","Learning outcomes",[1798,1810,1811],{},"You will be able to:",[1813,1814,1815,1819,1822,1825],"ul",{},[1816,1817,1818],"li",{},"calculate midpoint elasticity and interpret its sign and magnitude;",[1816,1820,1821],{},"distinguish elasticity from slope;",[1816,1823,1824],{},"connect demand elasticity to total revenue;",[1816,1826,1827],{},"explain why the less elastic side bears more of a tax.",[1793,1829,1831],{"id":1830},"_1-price-elasticity-of-demand","1. Price elasticity of demand",[1833,1834,1837],"span",{"className":1835},[1836],"katex-display",[1833,1838,1841,1906],{"className":1839},[1840],"katex",[1833,1842,1845],{"className":1843},[1844],"katex-mathml",[1846,1847,1850],"math",{"xmlns":1848,"display":1849},"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML","block",[1851,1852,1853,1901],"semantics",{},[1854,1855,1856,1866,1870,1898],"mrow",{},[1857,1858,1859,1863],"msub",{},[1860,1861,1862],"mi",{},"ε",[1860,1864,1865],{},"d",[1867,1868,1869],"mo",{},"=",[1871,1872,1873,1889],"mfrac",{},[1854,1874,1875,1879,1882],{},[1860,1876,1878],{"mathvariant":1877},"normal","%",[1860,1880,1881],{"mathvariant":1877},"Δ",[1857,1883,1884,1887],{},[1860,1885,1886],{},"Q",[1860,1888,1865],{},[1854,1890,1891,1893,1895],{},[1860,1892,1878],{"mathvariant":1877},[1860,1894,1881],{"mathvariant":1877},[1860,1896,1897],{},"P",[1860,1899,1900],{"mathvariant":1877},".",[1902,1903,1905],"annotation",{"encoding":1904},"application\u002Fx-tex","\\varepsilon_d=\n\\frac{\\%\\Delta Q_d}{\\%\\Delta P}.",[1833,1907,1911,1990],{"className":1908,"ariaHidden":1910},[1909],"katex-html","true",[1833,1912,1915,1920,1978,1983,1987],{"className":1913},[1914],"base",[1833,1916],{"className":1917,"style":1919},[1918],"strut","height:0.5806em;vertical-align:-0.15em;",[1833,1921,1924,1928],{"className":1922},[1923],"mord",[1833,1925,1862],{"className":1926},[1923,1927],"mathnormal",[1833,1929,1932],{"className":1930},[1931],"msupsub",[1833,1933,1937,1969],{"className":1934},[1935,1936],"vlist-t","vlist-t2",[1833,1938,1941,1964],{"className":1939},[1940],"vlist-r",[1833,1942,1946],{"className":1943,"style":1945},[1944],"vlist","height:0.3361em;",[1833,1947,1949,1954],{"style":1948},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1833,1950],{"className":1951,"style":1953},[1952],"pstrut","height:2.7em;",[1833,1955,1961],{"className":1956},[1957,1958,1959,1960],"sizing","reset-size6","size3","mtight",[1833,1962,1865],{"className":1963},[1923,1927,1960],[1833,1965,1968],{"className":1966},[1967],"vlist-s","​",[1833,1970,1972],{"className":1971},[1940],[1833,1973,1976],{"className":1974,"style":1975},[1944],"height:0.15em;",[1833,1977],{},[1833,1979],{"className":1980,"style":1982},[1981],"mspace","margin-right:0.2778em;",[1833,1984,1869],{"className":1985},[1986],"mrel",[1833,1988],{"className":1989,"style":1982},[1981],[1833,1991,1993,1997,2115],{"className":1992},[1914],[1833,1994],{"className":1995,"style":1996},[1918],"height:2.1686em;vertical-align:-0.7416em;",[1833,1998,2000,2005,2111],{"className":1999},[1923],[1833,2001],{"className":2002},[2003,2004],"mopen","nulldelimiter",[1833,2006,2008],{"className":2007},[1871],[1833,2009,2011,2102],{"className":2010},[1935,1936],[1833,2012,2014,2099],{"className":2013},[1940],[1833,2015,2018,2036,2047],{"className":2016,"style":2017},[1944],"height:1.427em;",[1833,2019,2021,2025],{"style":2020},"top:-2.314em;",[1833,2022],{"className":2023,"style":2024},[1952],"height:3em;",[1833,2026,2028,2032],{"className":2027},[1923],[1833,2029,2031],{"className":2030},[1923],"%Δ",[1833,2033,1897],{"className":2034,"style":2035},[1923,1927],"margin-right:0.1389em;",[1833,2037,2039,2042],{"style":2038},"top:-3.23em;",[1833,2040],{"className":2041,"style":2024},[1952],[1833,2043],{"className":2044,"style":2046},[2045],"frac-line","border-bottom-width:0.04em;",[1833,2048,2050,2053],{"style":2049},"top:-3.677em;",[1833,2051],{"className":2052,"style":2024},[1952],[1833,2054,2056,2059],{"className":2055},[1923],[1833,2057,2031],{"className":2058},[1923],[1833,2060,2062,2065],{"className":2061},[1923],[1833,2063,1886],{"className":2064},[1923,1927],[1833,2066,2068],{"className":2067},[1931],[1833,2069,2071,2091],{"className":2070},[1935,1936],[1833,2072,2074,2088],{"className":2073},[1940],[1833,2075,2077],{"className":2076,"style":1945},[1944],[1833,2078,2079,2082],{"style":1948},[1833,2080],{"className":2081,"style":1953},[1952],[1833,2083,2085],{"className":2084},[1957,1958,1959,1960],[1833,2086,1865],{"className":2087},[1923,1927,1960],[1833,2089,1968],{"className":2090},[1967],[1833,2092,2094],{"className":2093},[1940],[1833,2095,2097],{"className":2096,"style":1975},[1944],[1833,2098],{},[1833,2100,1968],{"className":2101},[1967],[1833,2103,2105],{"className":2104},[1940],[1833,2106,2109],{"className":2107,"style":2108},[1944],"height:0.7416em;",[1833,2110],{},[1833,2112],{"className":2113},[2114,2004],"mclose",[1833,2116,1900],{"className":2117},[1923],[1798,2119,2120],{},"Demand elasticity is normally negative. Report the sign when doing analysis; many introductory exercises classify its absolute value:",[2122,2123,2124,2141],"table",{},[2125,2126,2127],"thead",{},[2128,2129,2130,2135,2138],"tr",{},[2131,2132,2134],"th",{"align":2133},"right","Magnitude",[2131,2136,2137],{},"Classification",[2131,2139,2140],{},"Meaning",[2142,2143,2144,2155,2164],"tbody",{},[2128,2145,2146,2150,2152],{},[2147,2148,2149],"td",{"align":2133},"`",[2147,2151,1862],{},[2147,2153,2154],{},"> 1`",[2128,2156,2157,2159,2161],{},[2147,2158,2149],{"align":2133},[2147,2160,1862],{},[2147,2162,2163],{},"= 1`",[2128,2165,2166,2168,2170],{},[2147,2167,2149],{"align":2133},[2147,2169,1862],{},[2147,2171,2172],{},"\u003C 1`",[1798,2174,2175],{},"Use the midpoint formula for a discrete change:",[1833,2177,2179],{"className":2178},[1836],[1833,2180,2182,2260],{"className":2181},[1840],[1833,2183,2185],{"className":2184},[1844],[1846,2186,2187],{"xmlns":1848,"display":1849},[1851,2188,2189,2257],{},[1854,2190,2191,2193,2195,2198,2200,2251,2254],{},[1860,2192,1878],{"mathvariant":1877},[1860,2194,1881],{"mathvariant":1877},[1860,2196,2197],{},"X",[1867,2199,1869],{},[1871,2201,2202,2222],{},[1854,2203,2204,2212,2215],{},[1857,2205,2206,2208],{},[1860,2207,2197],{},[2209,2210,2211],"mn",{},"2",[1867,2213,2214],{},"−",[1857,2216,2217,2219],{},[1860,2218,2197],{},[2209,2220,2221],{},"1",[1854,2223,2224,2228,2234,2237,2243,2246,2249],{},[1867,2225,2227],{"stretchy":2226},"false","(",[1857,2229,2230,2232],{},[1860,2231,2197],{},[2209,2233,2221],{},[1867,2235,2236],{},"+",[1857,2238,2239,2241],{},[1860,2240,2197],{},[2209,2242,2211],{},[1867,2244,2245],{"stretchy":2226},")",[1860,2247,2248],{"mathvariant":1877},"\u002F",[2209,2250,2211],{},[1867,2252,2253],{},"×",[2209,2255,2256],{},"100.",[1902,2258,2259],{"encoding":1904},"\\%\\Delta X =\n\\frac{X_2-X_1}{(X_1+X_2)\u002F2}\\times100.",[1833,2261,2263,2286,2552],{"className":2262,"ariaHidden":1910},[1909],[1833,2264,2266,2270,2273,2277,2280,2283],{"className":2265},[1914],[1833,2267],{"className":2268,"style":2269},[1918],"height:0.8056em;vertical-align:-0.0556em;",[1833,2271,2031],{"className":2272},[1923],[1833,2274,2197],{"className":2275,"style":2276},[1923,1927],"margin-right:0.0785em;",[1833,2278],{"className":2279,"style":1982},[1981],[1833,2281,1869],{"className":2282},[1986],[1833,2284],{"className":2285,"style":1982},[1981],[1833,2287,2289,2293,2543,2546,2549],{"className":2288},[1914],[1833,2290],{"className":2291,"style":2292},[1918],"height:2.2963em;vertical-align:-0.936em;",[1833,2294,2296,2299,2540],{"className":2295},[1923],[1833,2297],{"className":2298},[2003,2004],[1833,2300,2302],{"className":2301},[1871],[1833,2303,2305,2531],{"className":2304},[1935,1936],[1833,2306,2308,2528],{"className":2307},[1940],[1833,2309,2312,2423,2431],{"className":2310,"style":2311},[1944],"height:1.3603em;",[1833,2313,2314,2317],{"style":2020},[1833,2315],{"className":2316,"style":2024},[1952],[1833,2318,2320,2323,2365,2369,2373,2376,2416,2419],{"className":2319},[1923],[1833,2321,2227],{"className":2322},[2003],[1833,2324,2326,2329],{"className":2325},[1923],[1833,2327,2197],{"className":2328,"style":2276},[1923,1927],[1833,2330,2332],{"className":2331},[1931],[1833,2333,2335,2357],{"className":2334},[1935,1936],[1833,2336,2338,2354],{"className":2337},[1940],[1833,2339,2342],{"className":2340,"style":2341},[1944],"height:0.3011em;",[1833,2343,2345,2348],{"style":2344},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.0785em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1833,2346],{"className":2347,"style":1953},[1952],[1833,2349,2351],{"className":2350},[1957,1958,1959,1960],[1833,2352,2221],{"className":2353},[1923,1960],[1833,2355,1968],{"className":2356},[1967],[1833,2358,2360],{"className":2359},[1940],[1833,2361,2363],{"className":2362,"style":1975},[1944],[1833,2364],{},[1833,2366],{"className":2367,"style":2368},[1981],"margin-right:0.2222em;",[1833,2370,2236],{"className":2371},[2372],"mbin",[1833,2374],{"className":2375,"style":2368},[1981],[1833,2377,2379,2382],{"className":2378},[1923],[1833,2380,2197],{"className":2381,"style":2276},[1923,1927],[1833,2383,2385],{"className":2384},[1931],[1833,2386,2388,2408],{"className":2387},[1935,1936],[1833,2389,2391,2405],{"className":2390},[1940],[1833,2392,2394],{"className":2393,"style":2341},[1944],[1833,2395,2396,2399],{"style":2344},[1833,2397],{"className":2398,"style":1953},[1952],[1833,2400,2402],{"className":2401},[1957,1958,1959,1960],[1833,2403,2211],{"className":2404},[1923,1960],[1833,2406,1968],{"className":2407},[1967],[1833,2409,2411],{"className":2410},[1940],[1833,2412,2414],{"className":2413,"style":1975},[1944],[1833,2415],{},[1833,2417,2245],{"className":2418},[2114],[1833,2420,2422],{"className":2421},[1923],"\u002F2",[1833,2424,2425,2428],{"style":2038},[1833,2426],{"className":2427,"style":2024},[1952],[1833,2429],{"className":2430,"style":2046},[2045],[1833,2432,2433,2436],{"style":2049},[1833,2434],{"className":2435,"style":2024},[1952],[1833,2437,2439,2479,2482,2485,2488],{"className":2438},[1923],[1833,2440,2442,2445],{"className":2441},[1923],[1833,2443,2197],{"className":2444,"style":2276},[1923,1927],[1833,2446,2448],{"className":2447},[1931],[1833,2449,2451,2471],{"className":2450},[1935,1936],[1833,2452,2454,2468],{"className":2453},[1940],[1833,2455,2457],{"className":2456,"style":2341},[1944],[1833,2458,2459,2462],{"style":2344},[1833,2460],{"className":2461,"style":1953},[1952],[1833,2463,2465],{"className":2464},[1957,1958,1959,1960],[1833,2466,2211],{"className":2467},[1923,1960],[1833,2469,1968],{"className":2470},[1967],[1833,2472,2474],{"className":2473},[1940],[1833,2475,2477],{"className":2476,"style":1975},[1944],[1833,2478],{},[1833,2480],{"className":2481,"style":2368},[1981],[1833,2483,2214],{"className":2484},[2372],[1833,2486],{"className":2487,"style":2368},[1981],[1833,2489,2491,2494],{"className":2490},[1923],[1833,2492,2197],{"className":2493,"style":2276},[1923,1927],[1833,2495,2497],{"className":2496},[1931],[1833,2498,2500,2520],{"className":2499},[1935,1936],[1833,2501,2503,2517],{"className":2502},[1940],[1833,2504,2506],{"className":2505,"style":2341},[1944],[1833,2507,2508,2511],{"style":2344},[1833,2509],{"className":2510,"style":1953},[1952],[1833,2512,2514],{"className":2513},[1957,1958,1959,1960],[1833,2515,2221],{"className":2516},[1923,1960],[1833,2518,1968],{"className":2519},[1967],[1833,2521,2523],{"className":2522},[1940],[1833,2524,2526],{"className":2525,"style":1975},[1944],[1833,2527],{},[1833,2529,1968],{"className":2530},[1967],[1833,2532,2534],{"className":2533},[1940],[1833,2535,2538],{"className":2536,"style":2537},[1944],"height:0.936em;",[1833,2539],{},[1833,2541],{"className":2542},[2114,2004],[1833,2544],{"className":2545,"style":2368},[1981],[1833,2547,2253],{"className":2548},[2372],[1833,2550],{"className":2551,"style":2368},[1981],[1833,2553,2555,2559],{"className":2554},[1914],[1833,2556],{"className":2557,"style":2558},[1918],"height:0.6444em;",[1833,2560,2256],{"className":2561},[1923],[1793,2563,2565],{"id":2564},"_2-worked-example-a-gym-fee","2. Worked example: a gym fee",[1798,2567,2568],{},"Monthly price rises from £40 to £44; membership falls from 1,000 to 970.",[1833,2570,2572],{"className":2571},[1836],[1833,2573,2575,2647],{"className":2574},[1840],[1833,2576,2578],{"className":2577},[1844],[1846,2579,2580],{"xmlns":1848,"display":1849},[1851,2581,2582,2644],{},[1854,2583,2584,2586,2588,2590,2592,2600,2602,2605,2607,2610,2613,2615,2617,2619,2621,2633,2635,2637,2640,2642],{},[1860,2585,1878],{"mathvariant":1877},[1860,2587,1881],{"mathvariant":1877},[1860,2589,1897],{},[1867,2591,1869],{},[1871,2593,2594,2597],{},[2209,2595,2596],{},"4",[2209,2598,2599],{},"42",[1867,2601,1869],{},[2209,2603,2604],{},"9.52",[1860,2606,1878],{"mathvariant":1877},[1867,2608,2609],{"separator":1910},",",[1981,2611],{"width":2612},"2em",[1860,2614,1878],{"mathvariant":1877},[1860,2616,1881],{"mathvariant":1877},[1860,2618,1886],{},[1867,2620,1869],{},[1871,2622,2623,2630],{},[1854,2624,2625,2627],{},[1867,2626,2214],{},[2209,2628,2629],{},"30",[2209,2631,2632],{},"985",[1867,2634,1869],{},[1867,2636,2214],{},[2209,2638,2639],{},"3.05",[1860,2641,1878],{"mathvariant":1877},[1860,2643,1900],{"mathvariant":1877},[1902,2645,2646],{"encoding":1904},"\\%\\Delta P=\\frac{4}{42}=9.52\\%,\n\\qquad\n\\%\\Delta Q=\\frac{-30}{985}=-3.05\\%.",[1833,2648,2650,2671,2751,2789,2869],{"className":2649,"ariaHidden":1910},[1909],[1833,2651,2653,2656,2659,2662,2665,2668],{"className":2652},[1914],[1833,2654],{"className":2655,"style":2269},[1918],[1833,2657,2031],{"className":2658},[1923],[1833,2660,1897],{"className":2661,"style":2035},[1923,1927],[1833,2663],{"className":2664,"style":1982},[1981],[1833,2666,1869],{"className":2667},[1986],[1833,2669],{"className":2670,"style":1982},[1981],[1833,2672,2674,2678,2742,2745,2748],{"className":2673},[1914],[1833,2675],{"className":2676,"style":2677},[1918],"height:2.0074em;vertical-align:-0.686em;",[1833,2679,2681,2684,2739],{"className":2680},[1923],[1833,2682],{"className":2683},[2003,2004],[1833,2685,2687],{"className":2686},[1871],[1833,2688,2690,2730],{"className":2689},[1935,1936],[1833,2691,2693,2727],{"className":2692},[1940],[1833,2694,2697,2708,2716],{"className":2695,"style":2696},[1944],"height:1.3214em;",[1833,2698,2699,2702],{"style":2020},[1833,2700],{"className":2701,"style":2024},[1952],[1833,2703,2705],{"className":2704},[1923],[1833,2706,2599],{"className":2707},[1923],[1833,2709,2710,2713],{"style":2038},[1833,2711],{"className":2712,"style":2024},[1952],[1833,2714],{"className":2715,"style":2046},[2045],[1833,2717,2718,2721],{"style":2049},[1833,2719],{"className":2720,"style":2024},[1952],[1833,2722,2724],{"className":2723},[1923],[1833,2725,2596],{"className":2726},[1923],[1833,2728,1968],{"className":2729},[1967],[1833,2731,2733],{"className":2732},[1940],[1833,2734,2737],{"className":2735,"style":2736},[1944],"height:0.686em;",[1833,2738],{},[1833,2740],{"className":2741},[2114,2004],[1833,2743],{"className":2744,"style":1982},[1981],[1833,2746,1869],{"className":2747},[1986],[1833,2749],{"className":2750,"style":1982},[1981],[1833,2752,2754,2758,2762,2766,2770,2774,2777,2780,2783,2786],{"className":2753},[1914],[1833,2755],{"className":2756,"style":2757},[1918],"height:0.9444em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[1833,2759,2761],{"className":2760},[1923],"9.52%",[1833,2763,2609],{"className":2764},[2765],"mpunct",[1833,2767],{"className":2768,"style":2769},[1981],"margin-right:2em;",[1833,2771],{"className":2772,"style":2773},[1981],"margin-right:0.1667em;",[1833,2775,2031],{"className":2776},[1923],[1833,2778,1886],{"className":2779},[1923,1927],[1833,2781],{"className":2782,"style":1982},[1981],[1833,2784,1869],{"className":2785},[1986],[1833,2787],{"className":2788,"style":1982},[1981],[1833,2790,2792,2795,2860,2863,2866],{"className":2791},[1914],[1833,2793],{"className":2794,"style":2677},[1918],[1833,2796,2798,2801,2857],{"className":2797},[1923],[1833,2799],{"className":2800},[2003,2004],[1833,2802,2804],{"className":2803},[1871],[1833,2805,2807,2849],{"className":2806},[1935,1936],[1833,2808,2810,2846],{"className":2809},[1940],[1833,2811,2813,2824,2832],{"className":2812,"style":2696},[1944],[1833,2814,2815,2818],{"style":2020},[1833,2816],{"className":2817,"style":2024},[1952],[1833,2819,2821],{"className":2820},[1923],[1833,2822,2632],{"className":2823},[1923],[1833,2825,2826,2829],{"style":2038},[1833,2827],{"className":2828,"style":2024},[1952],[1833,2830],{"className":2831,"style":2046},[2045],[1833,2833,2834,2837],{"style":2049},[1833,2835],{"className":2836,"style":2024},[1952],[1833,2838,2840,2843],{"className":2839},[1923],[1833,2841,2214],{"className":2842},[1923],[1833,2844,2629],{"className":2845},[1923],[1833,2847,1968],{"className":2848},[1967],[1833,2850,2852],{"className":2851},[1940],[1833,2853,2855],{"className":2854,"style":2736},[1944],[1833,2856],{},[1833,2858],{"className":2859},[2114,2004],[1833,2861],{"className":2862,"style":1982},[1981],[1833,2864,1869],{"className":2865},[1986],[1833,2867],{"className":2868,"style":1982},[1981],[1833,2870,2872,2876,2879],{"className":2871},[1914],[1833,2873],{"className":2874,"style":2875},[1918],"height:0.8333em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;",[1833,2877,2214],{"className":2878},[1923],[1833,2880,2882],{"className":2881},[1923],"3.05%.",[1833,2884,2886],{"className":2885},[1836],[1833,2887,2889,2927],{"className":2888},[1840],[1833,2890,2892],{"className":2891},[1844],[1846,2893,2894],{"xmlns":1848,"display":1849},[1851,2895,2896,2924],{},[1854,2897,2898,2904,2906,2916,2919,2921],{},[1857,2899,2900,2902],{},[1860,2901,1862],{},[1860,2903,1865],{},[1867,2905,1869],{},[1871,2907,2908,2914],{},[1854,2909,2910,2912],{},[1867,2911,2214],{},[2209,2913,2639],{},[2209,2915,2604],{},[1867,2917,2918],{},"≈",[1867,2920,2214],{},[2209,2922,2923],{},"0.32.",[1902,2925,2926],{"encoding":1904},"\\varepsilon_d=\\frac{-3.05}{9.52}\\approx-0.32.",[1833,2928,2930,2985,3065],{"className":2929,"ariaHidden":1910},[1909],[1833,2931,2933,2936,2976,2979,2982],{"className":2932},[1914],[1833,2934],{"className":2935,"style":1919},[1918],[1833,2937,2939,2942],{"className":2938},[1923],[1833,2940,1862],{"className":2941},[1923,1927],[1833,2943,2945],{"className":2944},[1931],[1833,2946,2948,2968],{"className":2947},[1935,1936],[1833,2949,2951,2965],{"className":2950},[1940],[1833,2952,2954],{"className":2953,"style":1945},[1944],[1833,2955,2956,2959],{"style":1948},[1833,2957],{"className":2958,"style":1953},[1952],[1833,2960,2962],{"className":2961},[1957,1958,1959,1960],[1833,2963,1865],{"className":2964},[1923,1927,1960],[1833,2966,1968],{"className":2967},[1967],[1833,2969,2971],{"className":2970},[1940],[1833,2972,2974],{"className":2973,"style":1975},[1944],[1833,2975],{},[1833,2977],{"className":2978,"style":1982},[1981],[1833,2980,1869],{"className":2981},[1986],[1833,2983],{"className":2984,"style":1982},[1981],[1833,2986,2988,2991,3056,3059,3062],{"className":2987},[1914],[1833,2989],{"className":2990,"style":2677},[1918],[1833,2992,2994,2997,3053],{"className":2993},[1923],[1833,2995],{"className":2996},[2003,2004],[1833,2998,3000],{"className":2999},[1871],[1833,3001,3003,3045],{"className":3002},[1935,1936],[1833,3004,3006,3042],{"className":3005},[1940],[1833,3007,3009,3020,3028],{"className":3008,"style":2696},[1944],[1833,3010,3011,3014],{"style":2020},[1833,3012],{"className":3013,"style":2024},[1952],[1833,3015,3017],{"className":3016},[1923],[1833,3018,2604],{"className":3019},[1923],[1833,3021,3022,3025],{"style":2038},[1833,3023],{"className":3024,"style":2024},[1952],[1833,3026],{"className":3027,"style":2046},[2045],[1833,3029,3030,3033],{"style":2049},[1833,3031],{"className":3032,"style":2024},[1952],[1833,3034,3036,3039],{"className":3035},[1923],[1833,3037,2214],{"className":3038},[1923],[1833,3040,2639],{"className":3041},[1923],[1833,3043,1968],{"className":3044},[1967],[1833,3046,3048],{"className":3047},[1940],[1833,3049,3051],{"className":3050,"style":2736},[1944],[1833,3052],{},[1833,3054],{"className":3055},[2114,2004],[1833,3057],{"className":3058,"style":1982},[1981],[1833,3060,2918],{"className":3061},[1986],[1833,3063],{"className":3064,"style":1982},[1981],[1833,3066,3068,3072,3075],{"className":3067},[1914],[1833,3069],{"className":3070,"style":3071},[1918],"height:0.7278em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;",[1833,3073,2214],{"className":3074},[1923],[1833,3076,2923],{"className":3077},[1923],[1798,3079,3080],{},"Demand is inelastic over this observed arc.",[2122,3082,3083,3095],{},[2125,3084,3085],{},[2128,3086,3087,3089,3092],{},[2131,3088],{},[2131,3090,3091],{"align":2133},"Before",[2131,3093,3094],{"align":2133},"After",[2142,3096,3097,3108,3119],{},[2128,3098,3099,3102,3105],{},[2147,3100,3101],{},"price",[2147,3103,3104],{"align":2133},"£40",[2147,3106,3107],{"align":2133},"£44",[2128,3109,3110,3113,3116],{},[2147,3111,3112],{},"members",[2147,3114,3115],{"align":2133},"1,000",[2147,3117,3118],{"align":2133},"970",[2128,3120,3121,3124,3127],{},[2147,3122,3123],{},"revenue",[2147,3125,3126],{"align":2133},"£40,000",[2147,3128,3129],{"align":2133},"£42,680",[1798,3131,3132],{},"Revenue rises because price rises proportionally more than quantity falls. Profit need not rise: costs, retention, reputation, and future demand also matter.",[1793,3134,3136],{"id":3135},"_3-elasticity-is-not-a-permanent-label","3. Elasticity is not a permanent label",[1798,3138,3139],{},"Demand is usually more elastic when:",[1813,3141,3142,3145,3148,3151,3154],{},[1816,3143,3144],{},"close substitutes are available;",[1816,3146,3147],{},"the market is narrowly defined;",[1816,3149,3150],{},"the purchase takes a large income share;",[1816,3152,3153],{},"the good can be postponed;",[1816,3155,3156],{},"buyers have time to adjust.",[1798,3158,3159],{},"“Petrol demand is inelastic” needs a market, place, group, price range, and time horizon. Commuters may adjust little this week and substantially over five years.",[1793,3161,3163],{"id":3162},"_4-do-not-infer-elasticity-from-slope-alone","4. Do not infer elasticity from slope alone",[1798,3165,3166],{},"Slope uses units; elasticity uses percentages. The same demand curve can be elastic near its high-price end and inelastic near its low-price end.",[1798,3168,3169],{},"Changing kilograms to grams changes a numerical slope but not economic responsiveness. Compare elasticity at the relevant point or arc.",[1793,3171,3173],{"id":3172},"_5-total-revenue-test","5. Total revenue test",[1833,3175,3177],{"className":3176},[1836],[1833,3178,3180,3208],{"className":3179},[1840],[1833,3181,3183],{"className":3182},[1844],[1846,3184,3185],{"xmlns":1848,"display":1849},[1851,3186,3187,3205],{},[1854,3188,3189,3192,3195,3197,3199,3201,3203],{},[1860,3190,3191],{},"T",[1860,3193,3194],{},"R",[1867,3196,1869],{},[1860,3198,1897],{},[1867,3200,2253],{},[1860,3202,1886],{},[1860,3204,1900],{"mathvariant":1877},[1902,3206,3207],{"encoding":1904},"TR=P\\times Q.",[1833,3209,3211,3234,3253],{"className":3210,"ariaHidden":1910},[1909],[1833,3212,3214,3218,3221,3225,3228,3231],{"className":3213},[1914],[1833,3215],{"className":3216,"style":3217},[1918],"height:0.6833em;",[1833,3219,3191],{"className":3220,"style":2035},[1923,1927],[1833,3222,3194],{"className":3223,"style":3224},[1923,1927],"margin-right:0.0077em;",[1833,3226],{"className":3227,"style":1982},[1981],[1833,3229,1869],{"className":3230},[1986],[1833,3232],{"className":3233,"style":1982},[1981],[1833,3235,3237,3241,3244,3247,3250],{"className":3236},[1914],[1833,3238],{"className":3239,"style":3240},[1918],"height:0.7667em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;",[1833,3242,1897],{"className":3243,"style":2035},[1923,1927],[1833,3245],{"className":3246,"style":2368},[1981],[1833,3248,2253],{"className":3249},[2372],[1833,3251],{"className":3252,"style":2368},[1981],[1833,3254,3256,3260,3263],{"className":3255},[1914],[1833,3257],{"className":3258,"style":3259},[1918],"height:0.8778em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[1833,3261,1886],{"className":3262},[1923,1927],[1833,3264,1900],{"className":3265},[1923],[1798,3267,3268],{},"For a small price increase:",[2122,3270,3271,3284],{},[2125,3272,3273],{},[2128,3274,3275,3278,3281],{},[2131,3276,3277],{},"Demand",[2131,3279,3280],{},"Quantity response",[2131,3282,3283],{},"Revenue response",[2142,3285,3286,3297,3308],{},[2128,3287,3288,3291,3294],{},[2147,3289,3290],{},"elastic",[2147,3292,3293],{},"proportionally larger fall",[2147,3295,3296],{},"falls",[2128,3298,3299,3302,3305],{},[2147,3300,3301],{},"inelastic",[2147,3303,3304],{},"proportionally smaller fall",[2147,3306,3307],{},"rises",[2128,3309,3310,3313,3316],{},[2147,3311,3312],{},"unit elastic",[2147,3314,3315],{},"offsetting change",[2147,3317,3318],{},"approximately unchanged",[1798,3320,3321],{},"This describes movement along a stable demand curve. If quality, advertising, rivals, or buyer composition also change, the simple test does not isolate the price effect.",[1793,3323,3325],{"id":3324},"_6-other-elasticities","6. Other elasticities",[2122,3327,3328,3341],{},[2125,3329,3330],{},[2128,3331,3332,3335,3338],{},[2131,3333,3334],{},"Measure",[2131,3336,3337],{},"Formula",[2131,3339,3340],{},"Interpretation",[2142,3342,3343,3357,3370],{},[2128,3344,3345,3348,3354],{},[2147,3346,3347],{},"income elasticity",[2147,3349,3350],{},[3351,3352,3353],"code",{},"%ΔQ \u002F %Δincome",[2147,3355,3356],{},"positive for normal; negative for inferior goods",[2128,3358,3359,3362,3367],{},[2147,3360,3361],{},"cross-price elasticity",[2147,3363,3364],{},[3351,3365,3366],{},"%ΔQ_A \u002F %ΔP_B",[2147,3368,3369],{},"positive for substitutes; negative for complements",[2128,3371,3372,3375,3380],{},[2147,3373,3374],{},"supply elasticity",[2147,3376,3377],{},[3351,3378,3379],{},"%ΔQ_s \u002F %ΔP",[2147,3381,3382],{},"ability of sellers to expand or contract output",[1798,3384,3385],{},"Supply is often more elastic when spare capacity, inventories, mobile inputs, and time are available. A theatre can add little seating tonight; a manufacturer may add a production line over several years.",[1793,3387,3389],{"id":3388},"_7-tax-incidence-depends-on-relative-elasticity","7. Tax incidence depends on relative elasticity",[1798,3391,3392],{},"A per-unit tax creates a wedge:",[1833,3394,3396],{"className":3395},[1836],[1833,3397,3399,3434],{"className":3398},[1840],[1833,3400,3402],{"className":3401},[1844],[1846,3403,3404],{"xmlns":1848,"display":1849},[1851,3405,3406,3431],{},[1854,3407,3408,3415,3417,3424,3426,3429],{},[1857,3409,3410,3412],{},[1860,3411,1897],{},[1860,3413,3414],{},"b",[1867,3416,2214],{},[1857,3418,3419,3421],{},[1860,3420,1897],{},[1860,3422,3423],{},"s",[1867,3425,1869],{},[1860,3427,3428],{},"t",[1867,3430,2609],{"separator":1910},[1902,3432,3433],{"encoding":1904},"P_b-P_s=t,",[1833,3435,3437,3494,3550],{"className":3436,"ariaHidden":1910},[1909],[1833,3438,3440,3444,3485,3488,3491],{"className":3439},[1914],[1833,3441],{"className":3442,"style":3443},[1918],"height:0.8333em;vertical-align:-0.15em;",[1833,3445,3447,3450],{"className":3446},[1923],[1833,3448,1897],{"className":3449,"style":2035},[1923,1927],[1833,3451,3453],{"className":3452},[1931],[1833,3454,3456,3477],{"className":3455},[1935,1936],[1833,3457,3459,3474],{"className":3458},[1940],[1833,3460,3462],{"className":3461,"style":1945},[1944],[1833,3463,3465,3468],{"style":3464},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.1389em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1833,3466],{"className":3467,"style":1953},[1952],[1833,3469,3471],{"className":3470},[1957,1958,1959,1960],[1833,3472,3414],{"className":3473},[1923,1927,1960],[1833,3475,1968],{"className":3476},[1967],[1833,3478,3480],{"className":3479},[1940],[1833,3481,3483],{"className":3482,"style":1975},[1944],[1833,3484],{},[1833,3486],{"className":3487,"style":2368},[1981],[1833,3489,2214],{"className":3490},[2372],[1833,3492],{"className":3493,"style":2368},[1981],[1833,3495,3497,3500,3541,3544,3547],{"className":3496},[1914],[1833,3498],{"className":3499,"style":3443},[1918],[1833,3501,3503,3506],{"className":3502},[1923],[1833,3504,1897],{"className":3505,"style":2035},[1923,1927],[1833,3507,3509],{"className":3508},[1931],[1833,3510,3512,3533],{"className":3511},[1935,1936],[1833,3513,3515,3530],{"className":3514},[1940],[1833,3516,3519],{"className":3517,"style":3518},[1944],"height:0.1514em;",[1833,3520,3521,3524],{"style":3464},[1833,3522],{"className":3523,"style":1953},[1952],[1833,3525,3527],{"className":3526},[1957,1958,1959,1960],[1833,3528,3423],{"className":3529},[1923,1927,1960],[1833,3531,1968],{"className":3532},[1967],[1833,3534,3536],{"className":3535},[1940],[1833,3537,3539],{"className":3538,"style":1975},[1944],[1833,3540],{},[1833,3542],{"className":3543,"style":1982},[1981],[1833,3545,1869],{"className":3546},[1986],[1833,3548],{"className":3549,"style":1982},[1981],[1833,3551,3553,3557,3560],{"className":3552},[1914],[1833,3554],{"className":3555,"style":3556},[1918],"height:0.8095em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[1833,3558,3428],{"className":3559},[1923,1927],[1833,3561,2609],{"className":3562},[2765],[1798,3564,3565,3566,3569,3570,1900],{},"where buyers pay ",[3351,3567,3568],{},"P_b"," and sellers receive ",[3351,3571,3572],{},"P_s",[1798,3574,3575],{},"Return to the coffee market:",[1833,3577,3579],{"className":3578},[1836],[1833,3580,3582,3643],{"className":3581},[1840],[1833,3583,3585],{"className":3584},[1844],[1846,3586,3587],{"xmlns":1848,"display":1849},[1851,3588,3589,3640],{},[1854,3590,3591,3597,3599,3602,3604,3607,3613,3615,3617,3623,3625,3628,3630,3632,3638],{},[1857,3592,3593,3595],{},[1860,3594,1886],{},[1860,3596,1865],{},[1867,3598,1869],{},[2209,3600,3601],{},"100",[1867,3603,2214],{},[2209,3605,3606],{},"10",[1857,3608,3609,3611],{},[1860,3610,1897],{},[1860,3612,3414],{},[1867,3614,2609],{"separator":1910},[1981,3616],{"width":2612},[1857,3618,3619,3621],{},[1860,3620,1886],{},[1860,3622,3423],{},[1867,3624,1869],{},[2209,3626,3627],{},"20",[1867,3629,2236],{},[2209,3631,3606],{},[1857,3633,3634,3636],{},[1860,3635,1897],{},[1860,3637,3423],{},[1860,3639,1900],{"mathvariant":1877},[1902,3641,3642],{"encoding":1904},"Q_d=100-10P_b,\\qquad Q_s=20+10P_s.",[1833,3644,3646,3701,3719,3826,3844],{"className":3645,"ariaHidden":1910},[1909],[1833,3647,3649,3652,3692,3695,3698],{"className":3648},[1914],[1833,3650],{"className":3651,"style":3259},[1918],[1833,3653,3655,3658],{"className":3654},[1923],[1833,3656,1886],{"className":3657},[1923,1927],[1833,3659,3661],{"className":3660},[1931],[1833,3662,3664,3684],{"className":3663},[1935,1936],[1833,3665,3667,3681],{"className":3666},[1940],[1833,3668,3670],{"className":3669,"style":1945},[1944],[1833,3671,3672,3675],{"style":1948},[1833,3673],{"className":3674,"style":1953},[1952],[1833,3676,3678],{"className":3677},[1957,1958,1959,1960],[1833,3679,1865],{"className":3680},[1923,1927,1960],[1833,3682,1968],{"className":3683},[1967],[1833,3685,3687],{"className":3686},[1940],[1833,3688,3690],{"className":3689,"style":1975},[1944],[1833,3691],{},[1833,3693],{"className":3694,"style":1982},[1981],[1833,3696,1869],{"className":3697},[1986],[1833,3699],{"className":3700,"style":1982},[1981],[1833,3702,3704,3707,3710,3713,3716],{"className":3703},[1914],[1833,3705],{"className":3706,"style":3071},[1918],[1833,3708,3601],{"className":3709},[1923],[1833,3711],{"className":3712,"style":2368},[1981],[1833,3714,2214],{"className":3715},[2372],[1833,3717],{"className":3718,"style":2368},[1981],[1833,3720,3722,3725,3728,3768,3771,3774,3777,3817,3820,3823],{"className":3721},[1914],[1833,3723],{"className":3724,"style":3259},[1918],[1833,3726,3606],{"className":3727},[1923],[1833,3729,3731,3734],{"className":3730},[1923],[1833,3732,1897],{"className":3733,"style":2035},[1923,1927],[1833,3735,3737],{"className":3736},[1931],[1833,3738,3740,3760],{"className":3739},[1935,1936],[1833,3741,3743,3757],{"className":3742},[1940],[1833,3744,3746],{"className":3745,"style":1945},[1944],[1833,3747,3748,3751],{"style":3464},[1833,3749],{"className":3750,"style":1953},[1952],[1833,3752,3754],{"className":3753},[1957,1958,1959,1960],[1833,3755,3414],{"className":3756},[1923,1927,1960],[1833,3758,1968],{"className":3759},[1967],[1833,3761,3763],{"className":3762},[1940],[1833,3764,3766],{"className":3765,"style":1975},[1944],[1833,3767],{},[1833,3769,2609],{"className":3770},[2765],[1833,3772],{"className":3773,"style":2769},[1981],[1833,3775],{"className":3776,"style":2773},[1981],[1833,3778,3780,3783],{"className":3779},[1923],[1833,3781,1886],{"className":3782},[1923,1927],[1833,3784,3786],{"className":3785},[1931],[1833,3787,3789,3809],{"className":3788},[1935,1936],[1833,3790,3792,3806],{"className":3791},[1940],[1833,3793,3795],{"className":3794,"style":3518},[1944],[1833,3796,3797,3800],{"style":1948},[1833,3798],{"className":3799,"style":1953},[1952],[1833,3801,3803],{"className":3802},[1957,1958,1959,1960],[1833,3804,3423],{"className":3805},[1923,1927,1960],[1833,3807,1968],{"className":3808},[1967],[1833,3810,3812],{"className":3811},[1940],[1833,3813,3815],{"className":3814,"style":1975},[1944],[1833,3816],{},[1833,3818],{"className":3819,"style":1982},[1981],[1833,3821,1869],{"className":3822},[1986],[1833,3824],{"className":3825,"style":1982},[1981],[1833,3827,3829,3832,3835,3838,3841],{"className":3828},[1914],[1833,3830],{"className":3831,"style":3071},[1918],[1833,3833,3627],{"className":3834},[1923],[1833,3836],{"className":3837,"style":2368},[1981],[1833,3839,2236],{"className":3840},[2372],[1833,3842],{"className":3843,"style":2368},[1981],[1833,3845,3847,3850,3853,3893],{"className":3846},[1914],[1833,3848],{"className":3849,"style":3443},[1918],[1833,3851,3606],{"className":3852},[1923],[1833,3854,3856,3859],{"className":3855},[1923],[1833,3857,1897],{"className":3858,"style":2035},[1923,1927],[1833,3860,3862],{"className":3861},[1931],[1833,3863,3865,3885],{"className":3864},[1935,1936],[1833,3866,3868,3882],{"className":3867},[1940],[1833,3869,3871],{"className":3870,"style":3518},[1944],[1833,3872,3873,3876],{"style":3464},[1833,3874],{"className":3875,"style":1953},[1952],[1833,3877,3879],{"className":3878},[1957,1958,1959,1960],[1833,3880,3423],{"className":3881},[1923,1927,1960],[1833,3883,1968],{"className":3884},[1967],[1833,3886,3888],{"className":3887},[1940],[1833,3889,3891],{"className":3890,"style":1975},[1944],[1833,3892],{},[1833,3894,1900],{"className":3895},[1923],[1798,3897,3898,3899,3902],{},"With a £2 tax, ",[3351,3900,3901],{},"P_b=P_s+2",":",[1833,3904,3906],{"className":3905},[1836],[1833,3907,3909,3997],{"className":3908},[1840],[1833,3910,3912],{"className":3911},[1844],[1846,3913,3914],{"xmlns":1848,"display":1849},[1851,3915,3916,3994],{},[1854,3917,3918,3920,3922,3924,3926,3932,3934,3936,3938,3940,3942,3944,3946,3952,3955,3961,3963,3966,3968,3972,3978,3980,3983,3985,3987,3989,3991],{},[2209,3919,3601],{},[1867,3921,2214],{},[2209,3923,3606],{},[1867,3925,2227],{"stretchy":2226},[1857,3927,3928,3930],{},[1860,3929,1897],{},[1860,3931,3423],{},[1867,3933,2236],{},[2209,3935,2211],{},[1867,3937,2245],{"stretchy":2226},[1867,3939,1869],{},[2209,3941,3627],{},[1867,3943,2236],{},[2209,3945,3606],{},[1857,3947,3948,3950],{},[1860,3949,1897],{},[1860,3951,3423],{},[1867,3953,3954],{},"⇒",[1857,3956,3957,3959],{},[1860,3958,1897],{},[1860,3960,3423],{},[1867,3962,1869],{},[2209,3964,3965],{},"3",[1867,3967,2609],{"separator":1910},[3969,3970,3971],"mtext",{}," ",[1857,3973,3974,3976],{},[1860,3975,1897],{},[1860,3977,3414],{},[1867,3979,1869],{},[2209,3981,3982],{},"5",[1867,3984,2609],{"separator":1910},[3969,3986,3971],{},[1860,3988,1886],{},[1867,3990,1869],{},[2209,3992,3993],{},"50.",[1902,3995,3996],{"encoding":1904},"100-10(P_s+2)=20+10P_s\n\\Rightarrow P_s=3,\\ P_b=5,\\ Q=50.",[1833,3998,4000,4018,4080,4101,4119,4177,4232,4299,4329],{"className":3999,"ariaHidden":1910},[1909],[1833,4001,4003,4006,4009,4012,4015],{"className":4002},[1914],[1833,4004],{"className":4005,"style":3071},[1918],[1833,4007,3601],{"className":4008},[1923],[1833,4010],{"className":4011,"style":2368},[1981],[1833,4013,2214],{"className":4014},[2372],[1833,4016],{"className":4017,"style":2368},[1981],[1833,4019,4021,4025,4028,4031,4071,4074,4077],{"className":4020},[1914],[1833,4022],{"className":4023,"style":4024},[1918],"height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;",[1833,4026,3606],{"className":4027},[1923],[1833,4029,2227],{"className":4030},[2003],[1833,4032,4034,4037],{"className":4033},[1923],[1833,4035,1897],{"className":4036,"style":2035},[1923,1927],[1833,4038,4040],{"className":4039},[1931],[1833,4041,4043,4063],{"className":4042},[1935,1936],[1833,4044,4046,4060],{"className":4045},[1940],[1833,4047,4049],{"className":4048,"style":3518},[1944],[1833,4050,4051,4054],{"style":3464},[1833,4052],{"className":4053,"style":1953},[1952],[1833,4055,4057],{"className":4056},[1957,1958,1959,1960],[1833,4058,3423],{"className":4059},[1923,1927,1960],[1833,4061,1968],{"className":4062},[1967],[1833,4064,4066],{"className":4065},[1940],[1833,4067,4069],{"className":4068,"style":1975},[1944],[1833,4070],{},[1833,4072],{"className":4073,"style":2368},[1981],[1833,4075,2236],{"className":4076},[2372],[1833,4078],{"className":4079,"style":2368},[1981],[1833,4081,4083,4086,4089,4092,4095,4098],{"className":4082},[1914],[1833,4084],{"className":4085,"style":4024},[1918],[1833,4087,2211],{"className":4088},[1923],[1833,4090,2245],{"className":4091},[2114],[1833,4093],{"className":4094,"style":1982},[1981],[1833,4096,1869],{"className":4097},[1986],[1833,4099],{"className":4100,"style":1982},[1981],[1833,4102,4104,4107,4110,4113,4116],{"className":4103},[1914],[1833,4105],{"className":4106,"style":3071},[1918],[1833,4108,3627],{"className":4109},[1923],[1833,4111],{"className":4112,"style":2368},[1981],[1833,4114,2236],{"className":4115},[2372],[1833,4117],{"className":4118,"style":2368},[1981],[1833,4120,4122,4125,4128,4168,4171,4174],{"className":4121},[1914],[1833,4123],{"className":4124,"style":3443},[1918],[1833,4126,3606],{"className":4127},[1923],[1833,4129,4131,4134],{"className":4130},[1923],[1833,4132,1897],{"className":4133,"style":2035},[1923,1927],[1833,4135,4137],{"className":4136},[1931],[1833,4138,4140,4160],{"className":4139},[1935,1936],[1833,4141,4143,4157],{"className":4142},[1940],[1833,4144,4146],{"className":4145,"style":3518},[1944],[1833,4147,4148,4151],{"style":3464},[1833,4149],{"className":4150,"style":1953},[1952],[1833,4152,4154],{"className":4153},[1957,1958,1959,1960],[1833,4155,3423],{"className":4156},[1923,1927,1960],[1833,4158,1968],{"className":4159},[1967],[1833,4161,4163],{"className":4162},[1940],[1833,4164,4166],{"className":4165,"style":1975},[1944],[1833,4167],{},[1833,4169],{"className":4170,"style":1982},[1981],[1833,4172,3954],{"className":4173},[1986],[1833,4175],{"className":4176,"style":1982},[1981],[1833,4178,4180,4183,4223,4226,4229],{"className":4179},[1914],[1833,4181],{"className":4182,"style":3443},[1918],[1833,4184,4186,4189],{"className":4185},[1923],[1833,4187,1897],{"className":4188,"style":2035},[1923,1927],[1833,4190,4192],{"className":4191},[1931],[1833,4193,4195,4215],{"className":4194},[1935,1936],[1833,4196,4198,4212],{"className":4197},[1940],[1833,4199,4201],{"className":4200,"style":3518},[1944],[1833,4202,4203,4206],{"style":3464},[1833,4204],{"className":4205,"style":1953},[1952],[1833,4207,4209],{"className":4208},[1957,1958,1959,1960],[1833,4210,3423],{"className":4211},[1923,1927,1960],[1833,4213,1968],{"className":4214},[1967],[1833,4216,4218],{"className":4217},[1940],[1833,4219,4221],{"className":4220,"style":1975},[1944],[1833,4222],{},[1833,4224],{"className":4225,"style":1982},[1981],[1833,4227,1869],{"className":4228},[1986],[1833,4230],{"className":4231,"style":1982},[1981],[1833,4233,4235,4238,4241,4244,4247,4250,4290,4293,4296],{"className":4234},[1914],[1833,4236],{"className":4237,"style":3259},[1918],[1833,4239,3965],{"className":4240},[1923],[1833,4242,2609],{"className":4243},[2765],[1833,4245,3971],{"className":4246},[1981],[1833,4248],{"className":4249,"style":2773},[1981],[1833,4251,4253,4256],{"className":4252},[1923],[1833,4254,1897],{"className":4255,"style":2035},[1923,1927],[1833,4257,4259],{"className":4258},[1931],[1833,4260,4262,4282],{"className":4261},[1935,1936],[1833,4263,4265,4279],{"className":4264},[1940],[1833,4266,4268],{"className":4267,"style":1945},[1944],[1833,4269,4270,4273],{"style":3464},[1833,4271],{"className":4272,"style":1953},[1952],[1833,4274,4276],{"className":4275},[1957,1958,1959,1960],[1833,4277,3414],{"className":4278},[1923,1927,1960],[1833,4280,1968],{"className":4281},[1967],[1833,4283,4285],{"className":4284},[1940],[1833,4286,4288],{"className":4287,"style":1975},[1944],[1833,4289],{},[1833,4291],{"className":4292,"style":1982},[1981],[1833,4294,1869],{"className":4295},[1986],[1833,4297],{"className":4298,"style":1982},[1981],[1833,4300,4302,4305,4308,4311,4314,4317,4320,4323,4326],{"className":4301},[1914],[1833,4303],{"className":4304,"style":3259},[1918],[1833,4306,3982],{"className":4307},[1923],[1833,4309,2609],{"className":4310},[2765],[1833,4312,3971],{"className":4313},[1981],[1833,4315],{"className":4316,"style":2773},[1981],[1833,4318,1886],{"className":4319},[1923,1927],[1833,4321],{"className":4322,"style":1982},[1981],[1833,4324,1869],{"className":4325},[1986],[1833,4327],{"className":4328,"style":1982},[1981],[1833,4330,4332,4335],{"className":4331},[1914],[1833,4333],{"className":4334,"style":2558},[1918],[1833,4336,3993],{"className":4337},[1923],[1798,4339,4340],{},"Before tax, price was £4 and quantity 60. Buyers pay £1 more, sellers receive £1 less, and ten trades disappear.",[1798,4342,4343],{},"Legal liability does not determine economic incidence. The side with fewer alternatives—the less elastic side—changes behaviour less and bears more of the wedge.",[1793,4345,4347],{"id":4346},"_8-evidence-case-sugary-drink-taxes","8. Evidence case: sugary-drink taxes",[1798,4349,4350],{},"A global systematic review of 86 studies, with 62 in meta-analyses, reported:",[1813,4352,4353,4360,4366],{},[1816,4354,4355,4356,4359],{},"average pass-through to targeted beverage prices: ",[1802,4357,4358],{},"82%",";",[1816,4361,4362,4363,4359],{},"average change in sales: ",[1802,4364,4365],{},"15% lower",[1816,4367,4368,4369,1900],{},"estimated sales elasticity: ",[1802,4370,4371],{},"−1.59",[1798,4373,4374,4375,4382],{},"The estimates were highly heterogeneous, and evidence on consumption, health, and subgroup effects was less conclusive. Search coverage ended in June 2020. The lesson is not “every tax reduces consumption by 15%”; it is that price transmission, demand response, substitution, geography, and outcome choice must be measured separately (",[4376,4377,4381],"a",{"href":4378,"rel":4379},"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1001\u002Fjamanetworkopen.2022.15276",[4380],"nofollow","Andreyeva et al., 2022",").",[4384,4385,4387],"h3",{"id":4386},"from-positive-to-normative-analysis","From positive to normative analysis",[1798,4389,4390],{},"Positive question: How much do prices and purchases change?",[1798,4392,4393],{},"Normative question: Are health gains, revenue use, administrative cost, and distributional effects sufficient to justify the tax?",[1798,4395,4396],{},"Elasticity informs both questions but decides neither alone.",[1793,4398,4400],{"id":4399},"_9-deadweight-loss-and-the-margin","9. Deadweight loss and the margin",[1798,4402,4403],{},"A tax discourages trades where willingness to pay exceeds production cost but not the tax-inclusive price. The lost gains are deadweight loss in the basic model.",[1798,4405,4406],{},"Larger behavioural response usually means:",[1813,4408,4409,4412,4415,4418],{},[1816,4410,4411],{},"larger quantity reduction;",[1816,4413,4414],{},"a smaller tax base than a static calculation predicts;",[1816,4416,4417],{},"larger efficiency cost from the wedge;",[1816,4419,4420],{},"potentially larger correction if the untaxed activity creates an external harm.",[1798,4422,4423],{},"Chapter 4 distinguishes a distortion from a correction of an existing market failure.",[1793,4425,4427],{"id":4426},"practice","Practice",[1798,4429,4430],{},"Price rises from £5 to £6 and quantity falls from 120 to 90.",[4432,4433,4434,4437,4440,4443,4446],"ol",{},[1816,4435,4436],{},"Calculate midpoint demand elasticity.",[1816,4438,4439],{},"Classify demand.",[1816,4441,4442],{},"Compare revenue before and after.",[1816,4444,4445],{},"Predict who bears more of a tax if supply is much more elastic than demand.",[1816,4447,4448],{},"State one reason the estimated elasticity may differ across populations or years.",[4450,4451,4453,4456,4457,4456,4460,4463],"legacy-details",{"title":4452},"Answer check",[3351,4454,4455],{},"%ΔP = 1\u002F5.5 = 18.18%","; ",[3351,4458,4459],{},"%ΔQ = -30\u002F105 = -28.57%",[3351,4461,4462],{},"ε ≈ -1.57",", so demand is elastic. Revenue falls from £600 to £540. If supply is more elastic, buyers bear more. Transfer requires a comparable market, population, range, and horizon.",[1793,4465,4467],{"id":4466},"quick-check","Quick check",[1813,4469,4470,4473,4476,4479,4482],{},[1816,4471,4472],{},"Elasticity is unit-free and context-specific.",[1816,4474,4475],{},"Revenue and profit are different.",[1816,4477,4478],{},"Statutory and economic tax incidence are different.",[1816,4480,4481],{},"The less elastic side bears more of a tax.",[1816,4483,4484],{},"An empirical average is not a universal structural constant.",[1798,4486,4487,4490,4491,1900],{},[1802,4488,4489],{},"Next:"," ",[4376,4492,4494],{"href":4493},".\u002F04-market-structures","analyse firms, market power, and market failure",{"title":10,"searchDepth":4496,"depth":4496,"links":4497},2,[4498,4499,4500,4501,4502,4503,4504,4505,4506,4507,4511,4512,4513],{"id":1795,"depth":4496,"text":1796},{"id":1807,"depth":4496,"text":1808},{"id":1830,"depth":4496,"text":1831},{"id":2564,"depth":4496,"text":2565},{"id":3135,"depth":4496,"text":3136},{"id":3162,"depth":4496,"text":3163},{"id":3172,"depth":4496,"text":3173},{"id":3324,"depth":4496,"text":3325},{"id":3388,"depth":4496,"text":3389},{"id":4346,"depth":4496,"text":4347,"children":4508},[4509],{"id":4386,"depth":4510,"text":4387},3,{"id":4399,"depth":4496,"text":4400},{"id":4426,"depth":4496,"text":4427},{"id":4466,"depth":4496,"text":4467},"Measure behavioural responsiveness and use it to analyse revenue, supply adjustment, taxes, and evidence.","md",null,{},true,{"title":495,"description":4514},"tmMwXgP9JDLnqXG9igYMbLj1OOR41WLZXWvpwV65Hkg",[4522,4524],{"title":491,"path":492,"stem":493,"description":4523,"children":-1},"Market schedules, curve shifts, equilibrium, surplus, price controls, and comparative statics.",{"title":499,"path":500,"stem":501,"description":4525,"children":-1},"Costs, profit, competition, monopoly, oligopoly, digital platforms, externalities, public goods, information, and policy.",1785754724999]