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Search, Evaluate, and Read Evidence","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F02-reading-and-literature-matrix","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F02-reading-and-literature-matrix",{"title":27,"path":28,"stem":29},"3. From Sources to Synthesis and Argument","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F03-arguments-outlines-and-paragraphs","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F03-arguments-outlines-and-paragraphs",{"title":31,"path":32,"stem":33},"4. Literature Review and a Defensible Gap","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review",{"title":35,"path":36,"stem":37},"5. Research Design, Evidence, and Core Sections","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F05-core-sections-and-evidence","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F05-core-sections-and-evidence",{"title":39,"path":40,"stem":41},"6. Citation, Paraphrasing, Integrity, and AI","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F06-citation-paraphrasing-and-integrity","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F06-citation-paraphrasing-and-integrity",{"title":43,"path":44,"stem":45},"7. Revision, Review, and Submission","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F07-revision-style-and-submission","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F07-revision-style-and-submission",{"title":47,"path":48,"stem":49},"8. Research Workbook","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template",{"title":51,"path":52,"stem":53},"9. Research Workflow and Tools","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F09-tools-for-academic-writing-and-literature-management","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F09-tools-for-academic-writing-and-literature-management",{"title":55,"path":56,"stem":57},"10. Worked Project — From Question to Defensible Conclusion","\u002Fen\u002Facademic-writing\u002F10-worked-example-from-block-structure-to-question-chain","en\u002Facademic-writing\u002F10-worked-example-from-block-structure-to-question-chain",{"title":59,"path":60,"stem":61,"children":62,"page":249},"Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting","en\u002Faccounting",[63,69,87,93,193],{"title":64,"path":65,"stem":66,"children":67},"Accounting — From Evidence to Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002F00-index","en\u002Faccounting\u002F00-index",[68],{"title":64,"path":65,"stem":66},{"title":70,"path":71,"stem":72,"children":73},"Accounting Appendix","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[74,75,79,83],{"title":70,"path":71,"stem":72},{"title":76,"path":77,"stem":78},"Worked Examples and Error Diagnosis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F24-examples-pitfalls","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F24-examples-pitfalls",{"title":80,"path":81,"stem":82},"Accounting Glossary","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F26-glossary","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F26-glossary",{"title":84,"path":85,"stem":86},"Reading and Evidence Map","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F27-reading-map","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fappendix\u002F27-reading-map",{"title":88,"path":89,"stem":90,"children":91},"Northstar Record-to-Decision Capstone","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[92],{"title":88,"path":89,"stem":90},{"title":94,"path":95,"stem":96,"children":97},"Financial Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002Findex",[98,99,117,131,165,179],{"title":94,"path":95,"stem":96},{"title":100,"path":101,"stem":102,"children":103},"1. Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002Findex",[104,105,109,113],{"title":100,"path":101,"stem":102},{"title":106,"path":107,"stem":108},"Objectives and Qualitative Characteristics","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F01-objectives-qualitative-characteristics","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F01-objectives-qualitative-characteristics",{"title":110,"path":111,"stem":112},"Equation and Elements","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F02-equation-elements","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F02-equation-elements",{"title":114,"path":115,"stem":116},"Accrual Basis, Estimates and Periods","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F03-accounting-bases-principles","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F01-foundations\u002F03-accounting-bases-principles",{"title":118,"path":119,"stem":120,"children":121},"2. Recording Transactions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002Findex",[122,123,127],{"title":118,"path":119,"stem":120},{"title":124,"path":125,"stem":126},"Double-Entry and Debit\u002FCredit","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F04-double-entry-dr-cr","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F04-double-entry-dr-cr",{"title":128,"path":129,"stem":130},"Accounting Cycle","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F05-accounting-cycle","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F02-recording-transactions\u002F05-accounting-cycle",{"title":132,"path":133,"stem":134,"children":135},"3. Measurement and Adjustments","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002Findex",[136,137,141,145,149,153,157,161],{"title":132,"path":133,"stem":134},{"title":138,"path":139,"stem":140},"Revenue Recognition","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F07-revenue-recognition","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F07-revenue-recognition",{"title":142,"path":143,"stem":144},"Inventory","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F08-inventory","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F08-inventory",{"title":146,"path":147,"stem":148},"Receivables and Expected Credit Losses","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F09-receivables","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F09-receivables",{"title":150,"path":151,"stem":152},"Property, Plant and Equipment","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F10-ppe","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F10-ppe",{"title":154,"path":155,"stem":156},"Intangible Assets","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F11-intangibles","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F11-intangibles",{"title":158,"path":159,"stem":160},"Leases","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F12-leases","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F12-leases",{"title":162,"path":163,"stem":164},"Current and Deferred Income Tax","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F13-income-tax","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F03-measurement-adjustments\u002F13-income-tax",{"title":166,"path":167,"stem":168,"children":169},"4. Reporting and Cash","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002Findex",[170,171,175],{"title":166,"path":167,"stem":168},{"title":172,"path":173,"stem":174},"Linked Financial Statements","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F06-financial-statements","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F06-financial-statements",{"title":176,"path":177,"stem":178},"Cash, Reconciliation and Internal Control","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F14-cash-control","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F04-reporting-cash\u002F14-cash-control",{"title":180,"path":181,"stem":182,"children":183},"5. Analysis and Comparison","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002Findex",[184,185,189],{"title":180,"path":181,"stem":182},{"title":186,"path":187,"stem":188},"Ratio Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F15-ratio-analysis","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F15-ratio-analysis",{"title":190,"path":191,"stem":192},"IFRS versus US GAAP","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F25-ifrs-gaap","en\u002Faccounting\u002Ffinancial-accounting\u002F05-analysis-comparison\u002F25-ifrs-gaap",{"title":194,"path":195,"stem":196,"children":197},"Management Accounting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002Findex",[198,199,217,235],{"title":194,"path":195,"stem":196},{"title":200,"path":201,"stem":202,"children":203},"1. Cost Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002Findex",[204,205,209,213],{"title":200,"path":201,"stem":202},{"title":206,"path":207,"stem":208},"Cost Concepts and Behaviour","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F16-cost-concepts","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F16-cost-concepts",{"title":210,"path":211,"stem":212},"Costing Systems","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F17-costing-systems","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F17-costing-systems",{"title":214,"path":215,"stem":216},"Variable and Absorption Costing","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F19-variable-vs-absorption","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F01-cost-foundations\u002F19-variable-vs-absorption",{"title":218,"path":219,"stem":220,"children":221},"2. Planning and Control","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002Findex",[222,223,227,231],{"title":218,"path":219,"stem":220},{"title":224,"path":225,"stem":226},"Cost–Volume–Profit Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F18-cvp-analysis","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F18-cvp-analysis",{"title":228,"path":229,"stem":230},"Budgeting and Variance Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F20-budgeting-variances","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F20-budgeting-variances",{"title":232,"path":233,"stem":234},"Performance Measurement","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F21-performance-measurement","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F02-planning-control\u002F21-performance-measurement",{"title":236,"path":237,"stem":238,"children":239},"3. Decisions and Investment","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002Findex",[240,241,245],{"title":236,"path":237,"stem":238},{"title":242,"path":243,"stem":244},"Short-Term Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F22-short-term-decisions","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F22-short-term-decisions",{"title":246,"path":247,"stem":248},"Capital Budgeting","\u002Fen\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F23-capital-budgeting","en\u002Faccounting\u002Fmanagement-accounting\u002F03-decisions-investment\u002F23-capital-budgeting",false,{"title":251,"path":252,"stem":253,"children":254,"page":249},"Business Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics",[255,261,279,305,335,365,383,400],{"title":256,"path":257,"stem":258,"children":259},"Business Analytics — From Data to Defensible Action","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-index","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-index",[260],{"title":256,"path":257,"stem":258},{"title":262,"path":263,"stem":264,"children":265},"0. Decision and Data Foundations","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[266,267,271,275],{"title":262,"path":263,"stem":264},{"title":268,"path":269,"stem":270},"Decision Framing","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F01-decision-framing","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F01-decision-framing",{"title":272,"path":273,"stem":274},"Data Contracts","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F02-data-contracts","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F02-data-contracts",{"title":276,"path":277,"stem":278},"Reproducible Analytics Workflow","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F03-reproducible-workflow","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F00-intro\u002F03-reproducible-workflow",{"title":280,"path":281,"stem":282,"children":283},"1. Descriptive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002Findex",[284,285,289,293,297,301],{"title":280,"path":281,"stem":282},{"title":286,"path":287,"stem":288},"Distributions and Exploratory Data Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F04-distributions-eda","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F04-distributions-eda",{"title":290,"path":291,"stem":292},"KPIs and Denominators","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F05-kpis-denominators","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F05-kpis-denominators",{"title":294,"path":295,"stem":296},"Segments, Cohorts and Funnels","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F06-segmentation-cohorts-funnels","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F06-segmentation-cohorts-funnels",{"title":298,"path":299,"stem":300},"Visual Evidence and Data Stories","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F07-visualisation-story","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F07-visualisation-story",{"title":302,"path":303,"stem":304},"Experiments and Causal Boundaries","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F08-experiments-causal-boundary","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F01-descriptive\u002F08-experiments-causal-boundary",{"title":306,"path":307,"stem":308,"children":309},"2. Predictive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002Findex",[310,311,315,319,323,327,331],{"title":306,"path":307,"stem":308},{"title":312,"path":313,"stem":314},"Validation, Baselines and Leakage","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F09-validation-leakage","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F09-validation-leakage",{"title":316,"path":317,"stem":318},"Regression and Forecasting","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F10-regression-forecasting","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F10-regression-forecasting",{"title":320,"path":321,"stem":322},"Classification and Calibration","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F11-classification-calibration","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F11-classification-calibration",{"title":324,"path":325,"stem":326},"Trees and Ensembles","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F12-trees-ensembles","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F12-trees-ensembles",{"title":328,"path":329,"stem":330},"Decision Metrics and Thresholds","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F13-decision-metrics-thresholds","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F13-decision-metrics-thresholds",{"title":332,"path":333,"stem":334},"Explainability, Monitoring and Drift","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F14-explainability-drift","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F02-predictive\u002F14-explainability-drift",{"title":336,"path":337,"stem":338,"children":339},"3. Prescriptive Analytics","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002Findex",[340,341,345,349,353,357,361],{"title":336,"path":337,"stem":338},{"title":342,"path":343,"stem":344},"Decision-Making under Uncertainty","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F15-decision-uncertainty","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F15-decision-uncertainty",{"title":346,"path":347,"stem":348},"Linear Optimisation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F16-linear-optimization","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F16-linear-optimization",{"title":350,"path":351,"stem":352},"Inventory and Allocation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F17-inventory-allocation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F17-inventory-allocation",{"title":354,"path":355,"stem":356},"Queueing and Simulation","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F18-queueing-simulation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F18-queueing-simulation",{"title":358,"path":359,"stem":360},"Pricing and Revenue Management","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F19-pricing-experimentation","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F19-pricing-experimentation",{"title":362,"path":363,"stem":364},"Causal Targeting and Policy Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F20-causal-targeting","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F03-prescriptive\u002F20-causal-targeting",{"title":366,"path":367,"stem":368,"children":369},"4. Deployment and Governance","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002Findex",[370,371,375,379],{"title":366,"path":367,"stem":368},{"title":372,"path":373,"stem":374},"Data Products and Monitoring","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F21-data-products-monitoring","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F21-data-products-monitoring",{"title":376,"path":377,"stem":378},"Governance, Fairness and Privacy","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F22-governance-fairness-privacy","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F22-governance-fairness-privacy",{"title":380,"path":381,"stem":382},"Adoption and Business Value","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F23-adoption-value","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002F04-deployment\u002F23-adoption-value",{"title":384,"path":385,"stem":386,"children":387},"Appendix and Revision Tools","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[388,389,393,397],{"title":384,"path":385,"stem":386},{"title":390,"path":391,"stem":392},"Formula and Decision Map","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F24-formula-map","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F24-formula-map",{"title":394,"path":395,"stem":396},"Worked Examples and Pitfalls","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F25-worked-examples-pitfalls","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F25-worked-examples-pitfalls",{"title":84,"path":398,"stem":399},"\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F26-reading-map","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fappendix\u002F26-reading-map",{"title":401,"path":402,"stem":403,"children":404},"Capstone — The Evening Delivery Promise","\u002Fen\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Fbusiness-analytics\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[405],{"title":401,"path":402,"stem":403},{"title":407,"path":408,"stem":409,"children":410,"page":249},"Financial Economic Time Series","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series",[411,417,423,429,435,441,447,453,459,465,471],{"title":412,"path":413,"stem":414,"children":415},"Financial and Economic Time Series — Course Guide","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F00-intro","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[416],{"title":412,"path":413,"stem":414},{"title":418,"path":419,"stem":420,"children":421},"Three Versions of Time Series","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F01-bridge","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F01-bridge\u002Findex",[422],{"title":418,"path":419,"stem":420},{"title":424,"path":425,"stem":426,"children":427},"Data, Clocks, and Transformations","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F02-data-transformations","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F02-data-transformations\u002Findex",[428],{"title":424,"path":425,"stem":426},{"title":430,"path":431,"stem":432,"children":433},"Predictive Regressions and Persistent Predictors","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F03-predictive-regressions","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F03-predictive-regressions\u002Findex",[434],{"title":430,"path":431,"stem":432},{"title":436,"path":437,"stem":438,"children":439},"Volatility, Tails, and Financial Risk","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F04-volatility-risk","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F04-volatility-risk\u002Findex",[440],{"title":436,"path":437,"stem":438},{"title":442,"path":443,"stem":444,"children":445},"Unit Roots, Cointegration, and Error Correction","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F05-unit-roots-cointegration","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F05-unit-roots-cointegration\u002Findex",[446],{"title":442,"path":443,"stem":444},{"title":448,"path":449,"stem":450,"children":451},"VAR, Structural Identification, and Local Projections","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F06-var-identification","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F06-var-identification\u002Findex",[452],{"title":448,"path":449,"stem":450},{"title":454,"path":455,"stem":456,"children":457},"State Space, Mixed Frequency, and Nowcasting","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F07-state-space-nowcasting","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F07-state-space-nowcasting\u002Findex",[458],{"title":454,"path":455,"stem":456},{"title":460,"path":461,"stem":462,"children":463},"Forecast Evaluation for Decisions","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F08-forecast-evaluation","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F08-forecast-evaluation\u002Findex",[464],{"title":460,"path":461,"stem":462},{"title":466,"path":467,"stem":468,"children":469},"Integrated R Laboratory","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F09-r-laboratory","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F09-r-laboratory\u002Findex",[470],{"title":466,"path":467,"stem":468},{"title":472,"path":473,"stem":474,"children":475},"Capstones, Data, and Reading Ladder","\u002Fen\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F10-capstone-readings","en\u002Ffinancial-economic-time-series\u002F10-capstone-readings\u002Findex",[476],{"title":472,"path":473,"stem":474},{"title":478,"path":479,"stem":480,"children":481,"page":249},"Intro To Economics","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics","en\u002Fintro-to-economics",[482,486,490,494,498,502,506,510,514,518,522,526,530],{"title":483,"path":484,"stem":485},"Introduction to Economics — Decisions, Markets, and the Macroeconomy","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F00-intro",{"title":487,"path":488,"stem":489},"Chapter 1 — Choice, Opportunity Cost, and Trade","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F01-foundations","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F01-foundations",{"title":491,"path":492,"stem":493},"Chapter 2 — Demand, Supply, Equilibrium, and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F02-demand-and-supply","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F02-demand-and-supply",{"title":495,"path":496,"stem":497},"Chapter 3 — Elasticity, Revenue, and Tax Incidence","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F03-elasticity","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F03-elasticity",{"title":499,"path":500,"stem":501},"Chapter 4 — Firms, Market Power, and Market Failure","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F04-market-structures","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F04-market-structures",{"title":503,"path":504,"stem":505},"Chapter 5 — GDP, Income, Wealth, and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F05-gdp-and-wealth","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F05-gdp-and-wealth",{"title":507,"path":508,"stem":509},"Chapter 6 — Inflation, Purchasing Power, and Labour Markets","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F06-inflation-and-unemployment","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F06-inflation-and-unemployment",{"title":511,"path":512,"stem":513},"Chapter 7 — Productivity, Technology, and Economic Growth","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F07-economic-growth","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F07-economic-growth",{"title":515,"path":516,"stem":517},"Chapter 8 — Money, Credit, and Banking","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F08-money-and-banking","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F08-money-and-banking",{"title":519,"path":520,"stem":521},"Chapter 9 — Business Cycles, AD–AS, and Monetary Policy","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F09-monetary-policy-and-ad-as","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F09-monetary-policy-and-ad-as",{"title":523,"path":524,"stem":525},"Chapter 10 — Fiscal Policy, Distribution, and Public Debt","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F10-fiscal-policy","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F10-fiscal-policy",{"title":527,"path":528,"stem":529},"Chapter 11 — Trade, Capital Flows, and Exchange Rates","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F11-open-economy-and-exchange-rates","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F11-open-economy-and-exchange-rates",{"title":531,"path":532,"stem":533},"Chapter 12 — Integrated Economic Analysis Studio","\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F12-review-and-case-studies","en\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F12-review-and-case-studies",{"title":535,"path":536,"stem":537,"children":538,"page":249},"Microeconometrics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics",[539,557,563,581,603,629,651,673,691,709],{"title":540,"path":541,"stem":542,"children":543},"0. Causal Questions and Designs","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002Findex",[544,545,549,553],{"title":540,"path":541,"stem":542},{"title":546,"path":547,"stem":548},"Causal Questions and Estimands","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F01-causal-question-estimands","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F01-causal-question-estimands",{"title":550,"path":551,"stem":552},"Potential Outcomes and Experiments","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F02-potential-outcomes-experiments","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F02-potential-outcomes-experiments",{"title":554,"path":555,"stem":556},"Causal Diagrams and Controls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F03-dags-controls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-foundations\u002F03-dags-controls",{"title":558,"path":559,"stem":560,"children":561},"Microeconometrics — Designing Credible Counterfactuals","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-index","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F00-index",[562],{"title":558,"path":559,"stem":560},{"title":564,"path":565,"stem":566,"children":567},"1. Regression and Inference","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002Findex",[568,569,573,577],{"title":564,"path":565,"stem":566},{"title":570,"path":571,"stem":572},"OLS as a Projection","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F04-ols-projection","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F04-ols-projection",{"title":574,"path":575,"stem":576},"FWL, Selection and Controls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F05-fwl-selection-controls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F05-fwl-selection-controls",{"title":578,"path":579,"stem":580},"Inference and Clustering","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F06-inference-clustering","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F01-regression\u002F06-inference-clustering",{"title":582,"path":583,"stem":584,"children":585},"2. Instruments and Panel Data","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002Findex",[586,587,591,595,599],{"title":582,"path":583,"stem":584},{"title":588,"path":589,"stem":590},"Instrumental Variables","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F07-iv-identification","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F07-iv-identification",{"title":592,"path":593,"stem":594},"Weak Instruments and LATE","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F08-weak-iv-late","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F08-weak-iv-late",{"title":596,"path":597,"stem":598},"Panel Fixed Effects","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F09-panel-fixed-effects","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F09-panel-fixed-effects",{"title":600,"path":601,"stem":602},"Dynamic Panels and Limits","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F10-dynamic-panel","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F02-iv-panel\u002F10-dynamic-panel",{"title":604,"path":605,"stem":606,"children":607},"3. Policy Evaluation Designs","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002Findex",[608,609,613,617,621,625],{"title":604,"path":605,"stem":606},{"title":610,"path":611,"stem":612},"Difference-in-Differences","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F11-did-core","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F11-did-core",{"title":614,"path":615,"stem":616},"Staggered DID and Event Studies","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F12-staggered-event-studies","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F12-staggered-event-studies",{"title":618,"path":619,"stem":620},"Regression Discontinuity","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F13-rdd","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F13-rdd",{"title":622,"path":623,"stem":624},"Matching, Weighting and Overlap","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F14-matching-weighting","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F14-matching-weighting",{"title":626,"path":627,"stem":628},"Synthetic Control","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F15-synthetic-control","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F03-policy-designs\u002F15-synthetic-control",{"title":630,"path":631,"stem":632,"children":633},"Module 4 — Choice and Limited Outcomes","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002Findex",[634,635,639,643,647],{"title":630,"path":631,"stem":632},{"title":636,"path":637,"stem":638},"Binary Choice","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F16-binary-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F16-binary-choice",{"title":640,"path":641,"stem":642},"Multinomial and Ordered Choice","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F17-multinomial-choice","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F17-multinomial-choice",{"title":644,"path":645,"stem":646},"Count Outcomes","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F18-count-outcomes","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F18-count-outcomes",{"title":648,"path":649,"stem":650},"Censoring, Truncation and Selection","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F19-censoring-selection","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F04-outcomes-choice\u002F19-censoring-selection",{"title":652,"path":653,"stem":654,"children":655},"Module 5 — Modern Causal Analysis","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002Findex",[656,657,661,665,669],{"title":652,"path":653,"stem":654},{"title":658,"path":659,"stem":660},"Double Machine Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F20-dml","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F20-dml",{"title":662,"path":663,"stem":664},"Heterogeneity and Policy Learning","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F21-heterogeneity-policy","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F21-heterogeneity-policy",{"title":666,"path":667,"stem":668},"Sensitivity and Partial Identification","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F22-sensitivity-partial-id","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F22-sensitivity-partial-id",{"title":670,"path":671,"stem":672},"External Validity and Transport","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F23-external-validity","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F05-modern-causal\u002F23-external-validity",{"title":674,"path":675,"stem":676,"children":677},"Module 6 — From Data to Auditable Evidence","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002Findex",[678,679,683,687],{"title":674,"path":675,"stem":676},{"title":680,"path":681,"stem":682},"Data Provenance","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F24-data-provenance","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F24-data-provenance",{"title":684,"path":685,"stem":686},"Reproducibility and Reporting","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F25-reproducibility-reporting","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F25-reproducibility-reporting",{"title":688,"path":689,"stem":690},"Paper and Evidence Audit","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F26-paper-audit","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002F06-workflow\u002F26-paper-audit",{"title":692,"path":693,"stem":694,"children":695},"Appendix — Revision and Evidence Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002Findex",[696,697,701,705],{"title":692,"path":693,"stem":694},{"title":698,"path":699,"stem":700},"Formula and Design Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F27-formula-design-map","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F27-formula-design-map",{"title":702,"path":703,"stem":704},"Ten Worked Microeconometric Pitfalls","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F28-worked-pitfalls","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F28-worked-pitfalls",{"title":706,"path":707,"stem":708},"Reading and Software Map","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F29-reading-software-map","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fappendix\u002F29-reading-software-map",{"title":710,"path":711,"stem":712,"children":713},"Capstone — Should Northbridge Expand Pathways?","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fcapstone","en\u002Fmicroeconometrics\u002Fcapstone\u002Findex",[714],{"title":710,"path":711,"stem":712},{"title":716,"path":717,"stem":718,"children":719,"page":249},"Microeconomics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics",[720,726,732,738,744,750,756,762,768,774,780,786,792],{"title":721,"path":722,"stem":723,"children":724},"Advanced Microeconomics — Course Guide","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F00-intro","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F00-intro\u002Findex",[725],{"title":721,"path":722,"stem":723},{"title":727,"path":728,"stem":729,"children":730},"Module 1 — Choice, Duality, and Revealed Preference","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F01-fundations","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F01-fundations\u002Findex",[731],{"title":727,"path":728,"stem":729},{"title":733,"path":734,"stem":735,"children":736},"Module 2 — Comparative Statics and Welfare Measurement","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F02-comparative-statics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F02-comparative-statics\u002Findex",[737],{"title":733,"path":734,"stem":735},{"title":739,"path":740,"stem":741,"children":742},"Module 3 — Choice under Risk and Insurance","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F03-uncertainty","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F03-uncertainty\u002Findex",[743],{"title":739,"path":740,"stem":741},{"title":745,"path":746,"stem":747,"children":748},"Module 4 — General Equilibrium and Welfare","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F04-general-equilibrium","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F04-general-equilibrium\u002Findex",[749],{"title":745,"path":746,"stem":747},{"title":751,"path":752,"stem":753,"children":754},"Module 5 — Static, Dynamic, and Repeated Games","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F05-game-theory","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F05-game-theory\u002Findex",[755],{"title":751,"path":752,"stem":753},{"title":757,"path":758,"stem":759,"children":760},"Module 6 — Oligopoly, Entry, and Algorithmic Pricing","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F06-oligopoly","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F06-oligopoly\u002Findex",[761],{"title":757,"path":758,"stem":759},{"title":763,"path":764,"stem":765,"children":766},"Module 7 — Information Economics and Contracts","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F07-information-economics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F07-information-economics\u002Findex",[767],{"title":763,"path":764,"stem":765},{"title":769,"path":770,"stem":771,"children":772},"Module 8 — Mechanism Design and Auctions","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F08-mechanism-design","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F08-mechanism-design\u002Findex",[773],{"title":769,"path":770,"stem":771},{"title":775,"path":776,"stem":777,"children":778},"Module 9 — Behavioural and Experimental Microeconomics","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F09-behavioural-economics","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F09-behavioural-economics\u002Findex",[779],{"title":775,"path":776,"stem":777},{"title":781,"path":782,"stem":783,"children":784},"Module 10 — Externalities, Public Goods, and Collective Action","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F10-externalities-public-goods","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F10-externalities-public-goods\u002Findex",[785],{"title":781,"path":782,"stem":783},{"title":787,"path":788,"stem":789,"children":790},"Module 11 — Matching and Market Design","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F11-market-design","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F11-market-design\u002Findex",[791],{"title":787,"path":788,"stem":789},{"title":793,"path":794,"stem":795,"children":796},"Module 12 — Integrated Microeconomic Design Studio","\u002Fen\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F12-review","en\u002Fmicroeconomics\u002F12-review\u002Findex",[797],{"title":793,"path":794,"stem":795},{"title":799,"path":800,"stem":801,"children":802},"Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground","en\u002Fplayground\u002Findex",[803,804,808,812,816,820],{"title":799,"path":800,"stem":801},{"title":805,"path":806,"stem":807},"Typst Plugin Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F01-typstex","en\u002Fplayground\u002F01-typstex",{"title":809,"path":810,"stem":811},"Citation Plugin Test","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F02-citation","en\u002Fplayground\u002F02-citation",{"title":813,"path":814,"stem":815},"Pyodide Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F03-pyodide","en\u002Fplayground\u002F03-pyodide",{"title":817,"path":818,"stem":819},"WebR Playground","\u002Fen\u002Fplayground\u002F04-webr","en\u002Fplayground\u002F04-webr",{"title":821,"path":822,"stem":823},"Chart.js 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文献综述的构建与写作","\u002Fzh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review","zh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F04-writing-the-literature-review",{"title":1056,"path":1057,"stem":1058},"8. 文献综述清单与模板","\u002Fzh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template","zh\u002Facademic-writing\u002F08-literature-review-checklist-and-template",{"title":1060,"path":1061,"stem":1062},"10. 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策略全流程","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F09-case-study","zh\u002Fquant\u002F09-case-study",{"title":1779,"path":1780,"stem":1781},"量化投资文献与软件图谱","\u002Fzh\u002Fquant\u002F10-reading-software-map","zh\u002Fquant\u002F10-reading-software-map",{"path":1379},{"id":1784,"title":491,"body":1785,"description":3681,"extension":3682,"features":3683,"hero":3683,"layout":3683,"locale":3683,"meta":3684,"navigation":3683,"path":492,"published":3685,"seo":3686,"stem":493,"__hash__":3687},"docs\u002Fen\u002Fintro-to-economics\u002F02-demand-and-supply.md",{"type":1786,"value":1787,"toc":3660},"minimark",[1788,1792,1797,1801,1805,1808,1824,1828,1831,2119,2139,2206,2209,2213,2216,2274,2278,2281,2530,2533,2796,2813,2816,2822,2825,2829,2832,2850,2855,2858,2963,2966,3198,3201,3205,3208,3212,3223,3226,3273,3276,3279,3283,3287,3290,3550,3553,3557,3560,3563,3572,3576,3579,3599,3602,3606,3609,3629,3633,3650],[1789,1790,491],"h1",{"id":1791},"chapter-2-demand-supply-equilibrium-and-welfare",[1793,1794,1796],"h2",{"id":1795},"core-question","Core question",[1798,1799,1800],"p",{},"How do the plans of many buyers and sellers determine a price, quantity, and allocation?",[1793,1802,1804],{"id":1803},"learning-outcomes","Learning outcomes",[1798,1806,1807],{},"You will be able to:",[1809,1810,1811,1815,1818,1821],"ul",{},[1812,1813,1814],"li",{},"distinguish a movement along a curve from a shift;",[1812,1816,1817],{},"solve equilibrium graphically and algebraically;",[1812,1819,1820],{},"explain shortage, surplus, and price adjustment;",[1812,1822,1823],{},"use consumer and producer surplus to evaluate a market outcome.",[1793,1825,1827],{"id":1826},"_1-demand-is-a-schedule","1. Demand is a schedule",[1798,1829,1830],{},"Demand records the quantity buyers are willing and able to purchase at each possible price during a stated period, holding other determinants fixed.",[1832,1833,1836],"span",{"className":1834},[1835],"katex-display",[1832,1837,1840,1921],{"className":1838},[1839],"katex",[1832,1841,1844],{"className":1842},[1843],"katex-mathml",[1845,1846,1849],"math",{"xmlns":1847,"display":1848},"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.w3.org\u002F1998\u002FMath\u002FMathML","block",[1850,1851,1852,1916],"semantics",{},[1853,1854,1855,1865,1869,1872,1876,1879,1883,1886,1889,1896,1898,1901,1903,1906,1908,1911,1914],"mrow",{},[1856,1857,1858,1862],"msub",{},[1859,1860,1861],"mi",{},"Q",[1859,1863,1864],{},"d",[1866,1867,1868],"mo",{},"=",[1859,1870,1871],{},"D",[1866,1873,1875],{"stretchy":1874},"false","(",[1859,1877,1878],{},"P",[1866,1880,1882],{"separator":1881},"true",";",[1859,1884,1885],{},"Y",[1866,1887,1888],{"separator":1881},",",[1856,1890,1891,1893],{},[1859,1892,1878],{},[1859,1894,1895],{},"r",[1866,1897,1888],{"separator":1881},[1859,1899,1900],{},"T",[1866,1902,1888],{"separator":1881},[1859,1904,1905],{},"E",[1866,1907,1888],{"separator":1881},[1859,1909,1910],{},"N",[1866,1912,1913],{"stretchy":1874},")",[1866,1915,1888],{"separator":1881},[1917,1918,1920],"annotation",{"encoding":1919},"application\u002Fx-tex","Q_d = D(P; Y, P_r, T, E, N),",[1832,1922,1925,2004],{"className":1923,"ariaHidden":1881},[1924],"katex-html",[1832,1926,1929,1934,1992,1997,2001],{"className":1927},[1928],"base",[1832,1930],{"className":1931,"style":1933},[1932],"strut","height:0.8778em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[1832,1935,1938,1942],{"className":1936},[1937],"mord",[1832,1939,1861],{"className":1940},[1937,1941],"mathnormal",[1832,1943,1946],{"className":1944},[1945],"msupsub",[1832,1947,1951,1983],{"className":1948},[1949,1950],"vlist-t","vlist-t2",[1832,1952,1955,1978],{"className":1953},[1954],"vlist-r",[1832,1956,1960],{"className":1957,"style":1959},[1958],"vlist","height:0.3361em;",[1832,1961,1963,1968],{"style":1962},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1832,1964],{"className":1965,"style":1967},[1966],"pstrut","height:2.7em;",[1832,1969,1975],{"className":1970},[1971,1972,1973,1974],"sizing","reset-size6","size3","mtight",[1832,1976,1864],{"className":1977},[1937,1941,1974],[1832,1979,1982],{"className":1980},[1981],"vlist-s","​",[1832,1984,1986],{"className":1985},[1954],[1832,1987,1990],{"className":1988,"style":1989},[1958],"height:0.15em;",[1832,1991],{},[1832,1993],{"className":1994,"style":1996},[1995],"mspace","margin-right:0.2778em;",[1832,1998,1868],{"className":1999},[2000],"mrel",[1832,2002],{"className":2003,"style":1996},[1995],[1832,2005,2007,2011,2015,2019,2023,2027,2031,2035,2038,2041,2083,2086,2089,2092,2095,2098,2102,2105,2108,2112,2116],{"className":2006},[1928],[1832,2008],{"className":2009,"style":2010},[1932],"height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;",[1832,2012,1871],{"className":2013,"style":2014},[1937,1941],"margin-right:0.0278em;",[1832,2016,1875],{"className":2017},[2018],"mopen",[1832,2020,1878],{"className":2021,"style":2022},[1937,1941],"margin-right:0.1389em;",[1832,2024,1882],{"className":2025},[2026],"mpunct",[1832,2028],{"className":2029,"style":2030},[1995],"margin-right:0.1667em;",[1832,2032,1885],{"className":2033,"style":2034},[1937,1941],"margin-right:0.2222em;",[1832,2036,1888],{"className":2037},[2026],[1832,2039],{"className":2040,"style":2030},[1995],[1832,2042,2044,2047],{"className":2043},[1937],[1832,2045,1878],{"className":2046,"style":2022},[1937,1941],[1832,2048,2050],{"className":2049},[1945],[1832,2051,2053,2075],{"className":2052},[1949,1950],[1832,2054,2056,2072],{"className":2055},[1954],[1832,2057,2060],{"className":2058,"style":2059},[1958],"height:0.1514em;",[1832,2061,2063,2066],{"style":2062},"top:-2.55em;margin-left:-0.1389em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1832,2064],{"className":2065,"style":1967},[1966],[1832,2067,2069],{"className":2068},[1971,1972,1973,1974],[1832,2070,1895],{"className":2071,"style":2014},[1937,1941,1974],[1832,2073,1982],{"className":2074},[1981],[1832,2076,2078],{"className":2077},[1954],[1832,2079,2081],{"className":2080,"style":1989},[1958],[1832,2082],{},[1832,2084,1888],{"className":2085},[2026],[1832,2087],{"className":2088,"style":2030},[1995],[1832,2090,1900],{"className":2091,"style":2022},[1937,1941],[1832,2093,1888],{"className":2094},[2026],[1832,2096],{"className":2097,"style":2030},[1995],[1832,2099,1905],{"className":2100,"style":2101},[1937,1941],"margin-right:0.0576em;",[1832,2103,1888],{"className":2104},[2026],[1832,2106],{"className":2107,"style":2030},[1995],[1832,2109,1910],{"className":2110,"style":2111},[1937,1941],"margin-right:0.109em;",[1832,2113,1913],{"className":2114},[2115],"mclose",[1832,2117,1888],{"className":2118},[2026],[1798,2120,2121,2122,2125,2126,2129,2130,2132,2133,2135,2136,2138],{},"where income ",[2123,2124,1885],"code",{},", related-good prices ",[2123,2127,2128],{},"P_r",", tastes ",[2123,2131,1900],{},", expectations ",[2123,2134,1905],{},", and number of buyers ",[2123,2137,1910],{}," are held fixed along one curve.",[2140,2141,2142,2158],"table",{},[2143,2144,2145],"thead",{},[2146,2147,2148,2152,2155],"tr",{},[2149,2150,2151],"th",{},"Change",[2149,2153,2154],{},"Diagram",[2149,2156,2157],{},"Example",[2159,2160,2161,2173,2184,2195],"tbody",{},[2146,2162,2163,2167,2170],{},[2164,2165,2166],"td",{},"coffee's own price falls",[2164,2168,2169],{},"move along demand",[2164,2171,2172],{},"more coffees purchased",[2146,2174,2175,2178,2181],{},[2164,2176,2177],{},"student income rises",[2164,2179,2180],{},"demand shifts if coffee is normal",[2164,2182,2183],{},"more wanted at each price",[2146,2185,2186,2189,2192],{},[2164,2187,2188],{},"tea price rises",[2164,2190,2191],{},"coffee demand shifts right if substitutes",[2164,2193,2194],{},"switching",[2146,2196,2197,2200,2203],{},[2164,2198,2199],{},"exam week begins",[2164,2201,2202],{},"direction depends on preferences and routines",[2164,2204,2205],{},"empirical question",[1798,2207,2208],{},"The law of demand is conditional, not a claim that sales can only change because price changed.",[1793,2210,2212],{"id":2211},"_2-supply-is-also-a-schedule","2. Supply is also a schedule",[1798,2214,2215],{},"Supply records the quantity sellers are willing and able to offer at each price, holding technology, input costs, expectations, policy, and seller numbers fixed.",[2140,2217,2218,2228],{},[2143,2219,2220],{},[2146,2221,2222,2224,2226],{},[2149,2223,2151],{},[2149,2225,2154],{},[2149,2227,2157],{},[2159,2229,2230,2241,2252,2263],{},[2146,2231,2232,2235,2238],{},[2164,2233,2234],{},"coffee's own price rises",[2164,2236,2237],{},"move along supply",[2164,2239,2240],{},"more cups offered",[2146,2242,2243,2246,2249],{},[2164,2244,2245],{},"milk price rises",[2164,2247,2248],{},"supply shifts left",[2164,2250,2251],{},"higher marginal cost",[2146,2253,2254,2257,2260],{},[2164,2255,2256],{},"faster machine arrives",[2164,2258,2259],{},"supply shifts right",[2164,2261,2262],{},"lower unit cost",[2146,2264,2265,2268,2271],{},[2164,2266,2267],{},"per-cup tax introduced",[2164,2269,2270],{},"supply shifts up\u002Fleft",[2164,2272,2273],{},"wedge between price and net receipt",[1793,2275,2277],{"id":2276},"_3-solve-the-campus-coffee-market","3. Solve the campus coffee market",[1798,2279,2280],{},"Suppose hourly plans are:",[1832,2282,2284],{"className":2283},[1835],[1832,2285,2287,2347],{"className":2286},[1839],[1832,2288,2290],{"className":2289},[1843],[1845,2291,2292],{"xmlns":1847,"display":1848},[1850,2293,2294,2344],{},[1853,2295,2296,2302,2304,2308,2311,2314,2316,2318,2321,2328,2330,2333,2336,2338,2340],{},[1856,2297,2298,2300],{},[1859,2299,1861],{},[1859,2301,1864],{},[1866,2303,1868],{},[2305,2306,2307],"mn",{},"100",[1866,2309,2310],{},"−",[2305,2312,2313],{},"10",[1859,2315,1878],{},[1866,2317,1888],{"separator":1881},[1995,2319],{"width":2320},"2em",[1856,2322,2323,2325],{},[1859,2324,1861],{},[1859,2326,2327],{},"s",[1866,2329,1868],{},[2305,2331,2332],{},"20",[1866,2334,2335],{},"+",[2305,2337,2313],{},[1859,2339,1878],{},[1859,2341,2343],{"mathvariant":2342},"normal",".",[1917,2345,2346],{"encoding":1919},"Q_d = 100 - 10P, \\qquad Q_s = 20 + 10P.",[1832,2348,2350,2405,2425,2496,2514],{"className":2349,"ariaHidden":1881},[1924],[1832,2351,2353,2356,2396,2399,2402],{"className":2352},[1928],[1832,2354],{"className":2355,"style":1933},[1932],[1832,2357,2359,2362],{"className":2358},[1937],[1832,2360,1861],{"className":2361},[1937,1941],[1832,2363,2365],{"className":2364},[1945],[1832,2366,2368,2388],{"className":2367},[1949,1950],[1832,2369,2371,2385],{"className":2370},[1954],[1832,2372,2374],{"className":2373,"style":1959},[1958],[1832,2375,2376,2379],{"style":1962},[1832,2377],{"className":2378,"style":1967},[1966],[1832,2380,2382],{"className":2381},[1971,1972,1973,1974],[1832,2383,1864],{"className":2384},[1937,1941,1974],[1832,2386,1982],{"className":2387},[1981],[1832,2389,2391],{"className":2390},[1954],[1832,2392,2394],{"className":2393,"style":1989},[1958],[1832,2395],{},[1832,2397],{"className":2398,"style":1996},[1995],[1832,2400,1868],{"className":2401},[2000],[1832,2403],{"className":2404,"style":1996},[1995],[1832,2406,2408,2412,2415,2418,2422],{"className":2407},[1928],[1832,2409],{"className":2410,"style":2411},[1932],"height:0.7278em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;",[1832,2413,2307],{"className":2414},[1937],[1832,2416],{"className":2417,"style":2034},[1995],[1832,2419,2310],{"className":2420},[2421],"mbin",[1832,2423],{"className":2424,"style":2034},[1995],[1832,2426,2428,2431,2434,2437,2440,2444,2447,2487,2490,2493],{"className":2427},[1928],[1832,2429],{"className":2430,"style":1933},[1932],[1832,2432,2313],{"className":2433},[1937],[1832,2435,1878],{"className":2436,"style":2022},[1937,1941],[1832,2438,1888],{"className":2439},[2026],[1832,2441],{"className":2442,"style":2443},[1995],"margin-right:2em;",[1832,2445],{"className":2446,"style":2030},[1995],[1832,2448,2450,2453],{"className":2449},[1937],[1832,2451,1861],{"className":2452},[1937,1941],[1832,2454,2456],{"className":2455},[1945],[1832,2457,2459,2479],{"className":2458},[1949,1950],[1832,2460,2462,2476],{"className":2461},[1954],[1832,2463,2465],{"className":2464,"style":2059},[1958],[1832,2466,2467,2470],{"style":1962},[1832,2468],{"className":2469,"style":1967},[1966],[1832,2471,2473],{"className":2472},[1971,1972,1973,1974],[1832,2474,2327],{"className":2475},[1937,1941,1974],[1832,2477,1982],{"className":2478},[1981],[1832,2480,2482],{"className":2481},[1954],[1832,2483,2485],{"className":2484,"style":1989},[1958],[1832,2486],{},[1832,2488],{"className":2489,"style":1996},[1995],[1832,2491,1868],{"className":2492},[2000],[1832,2494],{"className":2495,"style":1996},[1995],[1832,2497,2499,2502,2505,2508,2511],{"className":2498},[1928],[1832,2500],{"className":2501,"style":2411},[1932],[1832,2503,2332],{"className":2504},[1937],[1832,2506],{"className":2507,"style":2034},[1995],[1832,2509,2335],{"className":2510},[2421],[1832,2512],{"className":2513,"style":2034},[1995],[1832,2515,2517,2521,2524,2527],{"className":2516},[1928],[1832,2518],{"className":2519,"style":2520},[1932],"height:0.6833em;",[1832,2522,2313],{"className":2523},[1937],[1832,2525,1878],{"className":2526,"style":2022},[1937,1941],[1832,2528,2343],{"className":2529},[1937],[1798,2531,2532],{},"At equilibrium, planned purchases equal planned sales:",[1832,2534,2536],{"className":2535},[1835],[1832,2537,2539,2601],{"className":2538},[1839],[1832,2540,2542],{"className":2541},[1843],[1845,2543,2544],{"xmlns":1847,"display":1848},[1850,2545,2546,2598],{},[1853,2547,2548,2550,2552,2554,2556,2558,2560,2562,2564,2566,2569,2577,2579,2582,2584,2587,2593,2595],{},[2305,2549,2307],{},[1866,2551,2310],{},[2305,2553,2313],{},[1859,2555,1878],{},[1866,2557,1868],{},[2305,2559,2332],{},[1866,2561,2335],{},[2305,2563,2313],{},[1859,2565,1878],{},[1866,2567,2568],{},"⇒",[2570,2571,2572,2574],"msup",{},[1859,2573,1878],{},[1866,2575,2576],{},"∗",[1866,2578,1868],{},[2305,2580,2581],{},"4",[1866,2583,1888],{"separator":1881},[1995,2585],{"width":2586},"1em",[2570,2588,2589,2591],{},[1859,2590,1861],{},[1866,2592,2576],{},[1866,2594,1868],{},[2305,2596,2597],{},"60.",[1917,2599,2600],{"encoding":1919},"100-10P=20+10P\n\\Rightarrow P^*=4, \\quad Q^*=60.",[1832,2602,2604,2622,2643,2661,2682,2728,2786],{"className":2603,"ariaHidden":1881},[1924],[1832,2605,2607,2610,2613,2616,2619],{"className":2606},[1928],[1832,2608],{"className":2609,"style":2411},[1932],[1832,2611,2307],{"className":2612},[1937],[1832,2614],{"className":2615,"style":2034},[1995],[1832,2617,2310],{"className":2618},[2421],[1832,2620],{"className":2621,"style":2034},[1995],[1832,2623,2625,2628,2631,2634,2637,2640],{"className":2624},[1928],[1832,2626],{"className":2627,"style":2520},[1932],[1832,2629,2313],{"className":2630},[1937],[1832,2632,1878],{"className":2633,"style":2022},[1937,1941],[1832,2635],{"className":2636,"style":1996},[1995],[1832,2638,1868],{"className":2639},[2000],[1832,2641],{"className":2642,"style":1996},[1995],[1832,2644,2646,2649,2652,2655,2658],{"className":2645},[1928],[1832,2647],{"className":2648,"style":2411},[1932],[1832,2650,2332],{"className":2651},[1937],[1832,2653],{"className":2654,"style":2034},[1995],[1832,2656,2335],{"className":2657},[2421],[1832,2659],{"className":2660,"style":2034},[1995],[1832,2662,2664,2667,2670,2673,2676,2679],{"className":2663},[1928],[1832,2665],{"className":2666,"style":2520},[1932],[1832,2668,2313],{"className":2669},[1937],[1832,2671,1878],{"className":2672,"style":2022},[1937,1941],[1832,2674],{"className":2675,"style":1996},[1995],[1832,2677,2568],{"className":2678},[2000],[1832,2680],{"className":2681,"style":1996},[1995],[1832,2683,2685,2689,2719,2722,2725],{"className":2684},[1928],[1832,2686],{"className":2687,"style":2688},[1932],"height:0.7387em;",[1832,2690,2692,2695],{"className":2691},[1937],[1832,2693,1878],{"className":2694,"style":2022},[1937,1941],[1832,2696,2698],{"className":2697},[1945],[1832,2699,2701],{"className":2700},[1949],[1832,2702,2704],{"className":2703},[1954],[1832,2705,2707],{"className":2706,"style":2688},[1958],[1832,2708,2710,2713],{"style":2709},"top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;",[1832,2711],{"className":2712,"style":1967},[1966],[1832,2714,2716],{"className":2715},[1971,1972,1973,1974],[1832,2717,2576],{"className":2718},[2421,1974],[1832,2720],{"className":2721,"style":1996},[1995],[1832,2723,1868],{"className":2724},[2000],[1832,2726],{"className":2727,"style":1996},[1995],[1832,2729,2731,2735,2738,2741,2745,2748,2777,2780,2783],{"className":2730},[1928],[1832,2732],{"className":2733,"style":2734},[1932],"height:0.9331em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[1832,2736,2581],{"className":2737},[1937],[1832,2739,1888],{"className":2740},[2026],[1832,2742],{"className":2743,"style":2744},[1995],"margin-right:1em;",[1832,2746],{"className":2747,"style":2030},[1995],[1832,2749,2751,2754],{"className":2750},[1937],[1832,2752,1861],{"className":2753},[1937,1941],[1832,2755,2757],{"className":2756},[1945],[1832,2758,2760],{"className":2759},[1949],[1832,2761,2763],{"className":2762},[1954],[1832,2764,2766],{"className":2765,"style":2688},[1958],[1832,2767,2768,2771],{"style":2709},[1832,2769],{"className":2770,"style":1967},[1966],[1832,2772,2774],{"className":2773},[1971,1972,1973,1974],[1832,2775,2576],{"className":2776},[2421,1974],[1832,2778],{"className":2779,"style":1996},[1995],[1832,2781,1868],{"className":2782},[2000],[1832,2784],{"className":2785,"style":1996},[1995],[1832,2787,2789,2793],{"className":2788},[1928],[1832,2790],{"className":2791,"style":2792},[1932],"height:0.6444em;",[1832,2794,2597],{"className":2795},[1937],[1798,2797,2798,2799,2802,2803,2806,2807,2810,2811,2343],{},"At ",[2123,2800,2801],{},"P = £2",", buyers want 80 cups and sellers offer 40: shortage ",[2123,2804,2805],{},"= 40",". At ",[2123,2808,2809],{},"P = £6",", sellers offer 80 and buyers want 40: surplus ",[2123,2812,2805],{},[1798,2814,2815],{},"Equilibrium means no internal pressure for price to change under the model. It does not imply fairness, perfect information, or social optimality.",[2817,2818],"pyodide",{"code64":2819,"layout":2820,"locale":7,"title":2821},"ZGVmIGVxdWlsaWJyaXVtKGEsIGIsIGMsIGQpOgogICAgIiIiUWQgPSBhIC0gYlA7IFFzID0gYyArIGRQLiIiIgogICAgcHJpY2UgPSAoYSAtIGMpIC8gKGIgKyBkKQogICAgcXVhbnRpdHkgPSBhIC0gYiAqIHByaWNlCiAgICByZXR1cm4gcHJpY2UsIHF1YW50aXR5CgpwLCBxID0gZXF1aWxpYnJpdW0oMTAwLCAxMCwgMjAsIDEwKQpwcmludChmIlAqID0gwqN7cDouMmZ9OyBRKiA9IHtxOi4wZn0gY3VwcyIp","vertical","Solve a linear market",[1798,2823,2824],{},"Predict before changing a coefficient.",[1793,2826,2828],{"id":2827},"_4-comparative-statics","4. Comparative statics",[1798,2830,2831],{},"Use five steps:",[2833,2834,2835,2838,2841,2844,2847],"ol",{},[1812,2836,2837],{},"name the market and time horizon;",[1812,2839,2840],{},"identify the changed determinant;",[1812,2842,2843],{},"move the correct curve;",[1812,2845,2846],{},"compare old and new equilibria;",[1812,2848,2849],{},"state what is ambiguous or held fixed.",[2851,2852,2854],"h3",{"id":2853},"milk-cost-shock","Milk-cost shock",[1798,2856,2857],{},"Suppose higher milk costs change supply to:",[1832,2859,2861],{"className":2860},[1835],[1832,2862,2864,2890],{"className":2863},[1839],[1832,2865,2867],{"className":2866},[1843],[1845,2868,2869],{"xmlns":1847,"display":1848},[1850,2870,2871,2887],{},[1853,2872,2873,2879,2881,2883,2885],{},[1856,2874,2875,2877],{},[1859,2876,1861],{},[1859,2878,2327],{},[1866,2880,1868],{},[2305,2882,2313],{},[1859,2884,1878],{},[1859,2886,2343],{"mathvariant":2342},[1917,2888,2889],{"encoding":1919},"Q_s = 10P.",[1832,2891,2893,2948],{"className":2892,"ariaHidden":1881},[1924],[1832,2894,2896,2899,2939,2942,2945],{"className":2895},[1928],[1832,2897],{"className":2898,"style":1933},[1932],[1832,2900,2902,2905],{"className":2901},[1937],[1832,2903,1861],{"className":2904},[1937,1941],[1832,2906,2908],{"className":2907},[1945],[1832,2909,2911,2931],{"className":2910},[1949,1950],[1832,2912,2914,2928],{"className":2913},[1954],[1832,2915,2917],{"className":2916,"style":2059},[1958],[1832,2918,2919,2922],{"style":1962},[1832,2920],{"className":2921,"style":1967},[1966],[1832,2923,2925],{"className":2924},[1971,1972,1973,1974],[1832,2926,2327],{"className":2927},[1937,1941,1974],[1832,2929,1982],{"className":2930},[1981],[1832,2932,2934],{"className":2933},[1954],[1832,2935,2937],{"className":2936,"style":1989},[1958],[1832,2938],{},[1832,2940],{"className":2941,"style":1996},[1995],[1832,2943,1868],{"className":2944},[2000],[1832,2946],{"className":2947,"style":1996},[1995],[1832,2949,2951,2954,2957,2960],{"className":2950},[1928],[1832,2952],{"className":2953,"style":2520},[1932],[1832,2955,2313],{"className":2956},[1937],[1832,2958,1878],{"className":2959,"style":2022},[1937,1941],[1832,2961,2343],{"className":2962},[1937],[1798,2964,2965],{},"Then:",[1832,2967,2969],{"className":2968},[1835],[1832,2970,2972,3026],{"className":2971},[1839],[1832,2973,2975],{"className":2974},[1843],[1845,2976,2977],{"xmlns":1847,"display":1848},[1850,2978,2979,3023],{},[1853,2980,2981,2983,2985,2987,2989,2991,2993,2995,2997,3003,3005,3008,3010,3012,3018,3020],{},[2305,2982,2307],{},[1866,2984,2310],{},[2305,2986,2313],{},[1859,2988,1878],{},[1866,2990,1868],{},[2305,2992,2313],{},[1859,2994,1878],{},[1866,2996,2568],{},[2570,2998,2999,3001],{},[1859,3000,1878],{},[1866,3002,2576],{},[1866,3004,1868],{},[2305,3006,3007],{},"5",[1866,3009,1888],{"separator":1881},[1995,3011],{"width":2586},[2570,3013,3014,3016],{},[1859,3015,1861],{},[1866,3017,2576],{},[1866,3019,1868],{},[2305,3021,3022],{},"50.",[1917,3024,3025],{"encoding":1919},"100-10P=10P\n\\Rightarrow P^*=5, \\quad Q^*=50.",[1832,3027,3029,3047,3068,3089,3133,3189],{"className":3028,"ariaHidden":1881},[1924],[1832,3030,3032,3035,3038,3041,3044],{"className":3031},[1928],[1832,3033],{"className":3034,"style":2411},[1932],[1832,3036,2307],{"className":3037},[1937],[1832,3039],{"className":3040,"style":2034},[1995],[1832,3042,2310],{"className":3043},[2421],[1832,3045],{"className":3046,"style":2034},[1995],[1832,3048,3050,3053,3056,3059,3062,3065],{"className":3049},[1928],[1832,3051],{"className":3052,"style":2520},[1932],[1832,3054,2313],{"className":3055},[1937],[1832,3057,1878],{"className":3058,"style":2022},[1937,1941],[1832,3060],{"className":3061,"style":1996},[1995],[1832,3063,1868],{"className":3064},[2000],[1832,3066],{"className":3067,"style":1996},[1995],[1832,3069,3071,3074,3077,3080,3083,3086],{"className":3070},[1928],[1832,3072],{"className":3073,"style":2520},[1932],[1832,3075,2313],{"className":3076},[1937],[1832,3078,1878],{"className":3079,"style":2022},[1937,1941],[1832,3081],{"className":3082,"style":1996},[1995],[1832,3084,2568],{"className":3085},[2000],[1832,3087],{"className":3088,"style":1996},[1995],[1832,3090,3092,3095,3124,3127,3130],{"className":3091},[1928],[1832,3093],{"className":3094,"style":2688},[1932],[1832,3096,3098,3101],{"className":3097},[1937],[1832,3099,1878],{"className":3100,"style":2022},[1937,1941],[1832,3102,3104],{"className":3103},[1945],[1832,3105,3107],{"className":3106},[1949],[1832,3108,3110],{"className":3109},[1954],[1832,3111,3113],{"className":3112,"style":2688},[1958],[1832,3114,3115,3118],{"style":2709},[1832,3116],{"className":3117,"style":1967},[1966],[1832,3119,3121],{"className":3120},[1971,1972,1973,1974],[1832,3122,2576],{"className":3123},[2421,1974],[1832,3125],{"className":3126,"style":1996},[1995],[1832,3128,1868],{"className":3129},[2000],[1832,3131],{"className":3132,"style":1996},[1995],[1832,3134,3136,3139,3142,3145,3148,3151,3180,3183,3186],{"className":3135},[1928],[1832,3137],{"className":3138,"style":2734},[1932],[1832,3140,3007],{"className":3141},[1937],[1832,3143,1888],{"className":3144},[2026],[1832,3146],{"className":3147,"style":2744},[1995],[1832,3149],{"className":3150,"style":2030},[1995],[1832,3152,3154,3157],{"className":3153},[1937],[1832,3155,1861],{"className":3156},[1937,1941],[1832,3158,3160],{"className":3159},[1945],[1832,3161,3163],{"className":3162},[1949],[1832,3164,3166],{"className":3165},[1954],[1832,3167,3169],{"className":3168,"style":2688},[1958],[1832,3170,3171,3174],{"style":2709},[1832,3172],{"className":3173,"style":1967},[1966],[1832,3175,3177],{"className":3176},[1971,1972,1973,1974],[1832,3178,2576],{"className":3179},[2421,1974],[1832,3181],{"className":3182,"style":1996},[1995],[1832,3184,1868],{"className":3185},[2000],[1832,3187],{"className":3188,"style":1996},[1995],[1832,3190,3192,3195],{"className":3191},[1928],[1832,3193],{"className":3194,"style":2792},[1932],[1832,3196,3022],{"className":3197},[1937],[1798,3199,3200],{},"Price rises and quantity falls. The result is a model prediction conditional on demand not shifting at the same time.",[2851,3202,3204],{"id":3203},"two-simultaneous-shifts","Two simultaneous shifts",[1798,3206,3207],{},"If demand rises and supply falls, price rises but quantity is ambiguous. Never invent the ambiguous sign; explain what relative shift sizes would determine it.",[1793,3209,3211],{"id":3210},"_5-surplus-gives-equilibrium-a-welfare-interpretation","5. Surplus gives equilibrium a welfare interpretation",[1798,3213,3214,3218,3219,3222],{},[3215,3216,3217],"strong",{},"Consumer surplus"," is willingness to pay minus price. ",[3215,3220,3221],{},"Producer surplus"," is price minus minimum willingness to accept, closely related to variable cost.",[1798,3224,3225],{},"Example:",[2140,3227,3228,3244],{},[2143,3229,3230],{},[2146,3231,3232,3235,3239,3242],{},[2149,3233,3234],{},"Buyer",[2149,3236,3238],{"align":3237},"right","Willingness to pay",[2149,3240,3241],{"align":3237},"Market price",[2149,3243,3217],{"align":3237},[2159,3245,3246,3260],{},[2146,3247,3248,3251,3254,3257],{},[2164,3249,3250],{},"A",[2164,3252,3253],{"align":3237},"£7",[2164,3255,3256],{"align":3237},"£4",[2164,3258,3259],{"align":3237},"£3",[2146,3261,3262,3265,3268,3270],{},[2164,3263,3264],{},"B",[2164,3266,3267],{"align":3237},"£5",[2164,3269,3256],{"align":3237},[2164,3271,3272],{"align":3237},"£1",[1798,3274,3275],{},"If a seller's minimum acceptable price for those units is £2 and £3, producer surplus is £2 and £1. Total surplus from the two trades is £7.",[1798,3277,3278],{},"Under competitive assumptions and no market failures, equilibrium trades exhaust gains from exchange. Chapter 4 shows why those assumptions sometimes fail.",[1793,3280,3282],{"id":3281},"_6-price-controls-change-allocation-not-only-price","6. Price controls change allocation, not only price",[2851,3284,3286],{"id":3285},"binding-ceiling","Binding ceiling",[1798,3288,3289],{},"Set coffee's legal maximum price at £3:",[1832,3291,3293],{"className":3292},[1835],[1832,3294,3296,3365],{"className":3295},[1839],[1832,3297,3299],{"className":3298},[1843],[1845,3300,3301],{"xmlns":1847,"display":1848},[1850,3302,3303,3362],{},[1853,3304,3305,3311,3313,3316,3318,3320,3326,3328,3331,3333,3335,3337,3340,3343,3345,3348,3351,3354,3357,3359],{},[1856,3306,3307,3309],{},[1859,3308,1861],{},[1859,3310,1864],{},[1866,3312,1868],{},[2305,3314,3315],{},"70",[1866,3317,1888],{"separator":1881},[1995,3319],{"width":2320},[1856,3321,3322,3324],{},[1859,3323,1861],{},[1859,3325,2327],{},[1866,3327,1868],{},[2305,3329,3330],{},"50",[1866,3332,1888],{"separator":1881},[1995,3334],{"width":2320},[1859,3336,2327],{},[1859,3338,3339],{},"h",[1859,3341,3342],{},"o",[1859,3344,1895],{},[1859,3346,3347],{},"t",[1859,3349,3350],{},"a",[1859,3352,3353],{},"g",[1859,3355,3356],{},"e",[1866,3358,1868],{},[2305,3360,3361],{},"20.",[1917,3363,3364],{"encoding":1919},"Q_d=70, \\qquad Q_s=50, \\qquad shortage=20.",[1832,3366,3368,3423,3490,3541],{"className":3367,"ariaHidden":1881},[1924],[1832,3369,3371,3374,3414,3417,3420],{"className":3370},[1928],[1832,3372],{"className":3373,"style":1933},[1932],[1832,3375,3377,3380],{"className":3376},[1937],[1832,3378,1861],{"className":3379},[1937,1941],[1832,3381,3383],{"className":3382},[1945],[1832,3384,3386,3406],{"className":3385},[1949,1950],[1832,3387,3389,3403],{"className":3388},[1954],[1832,3390,3392],{"className":3391,"style":1959},[1958],[1832,3393,3394,3397],{"style":1962},[1832,3395],{"className":3396,"style":1967},[1966],[1832,3398,3400],{"className":3399},[1971,1972,1973,1974],[1832,3401,1864],{"className":3402},[1937,1941,1974],[1832,3404,1982],{"className":3405},[1981],[1832,3407,3409],{"className":3408},[1954],[1832,3410,3412],{"className":3411,"style":1989},[1958],[1832,3413],{},[1832,3415],{"className":3416,"style":1996},[1995],[1832,3418,1868],{"className":3419},[2000],[1832,3421],{"className":3422,"style":1996},[1995],[1832,3424,3426,3429,3432,3435,3438,3441,3481,3484,3487],{"className":3425},[1928],[1832,3427],{"className":3428,"style":1933},[1932],[1832,3430,3315],{"className":3431},[1937],[1832,3433,1888],{"className":3434},[2026],[1832,3436],{"className":3437,"style":2443},[1995],[1832,3439],{"className":3440,"style":2030},[1995],[1832,3442,3444,3447],{"className":3443},[1937],[1832,3445,1861],{"className":3446},[1937,1941],[1832,3448,3450],{"className":3449},[1945],[1832,3451,3453,3473],{"className":3452},[1949,1950],[1832,3454,3456,3470],{"className":3455},[1954],[1832,3457,3459],{"className":3458,"style":2059},[1958],[1832,3460,3461,3464],{"style":1962},[1832,3462],{"className":3463,"style":1967},[1966],[1832,3465,3467],{"className":3466},[1971,1972,1973,1974],[1832,3468,2327],{"className":3469},[1937,1941,1974],[1832,3471,1982],{"className":3472},[1981],[1832,3474,3476],{"className":3475},[1954],[1832,3477,3479],{"className":3478,"style":1989},[1958],[1832,3480],{},[1832,3482],{"className":3483,"style":1996},[1995],[1832,3485,1868],{"className":3486},[2000],[1832,3488],{"className":3489,"style":1996},[1995],[1832,3491,3493,3497,3500,3503,3506,3509,3512,3515,3519,3522,3525,3529,3532,3535,3538],{"className":3492},[1928],[1832,3494],{"className":3495,"style":3496},[1932],"height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;",[1832,3498,3330],{"className":3499},[1937],[1832,3501,1888],{"className":3502},[2026],[1832,3504],{"className":3505,"style":2443},[1995],[1832,3507],{"className":3508,"style":2030},[1995],[1832,3510,2327],{"className":3511},[1937,1941],[1832,3513,3339],{"className":3514},[1937,1941],[1832,3516,3518],{"className":3517,"style":2014},[1937,1941],"or",[1832,3520,3347],{"className":3521},[1937,1941],[1832,3523,3350],{"className":3524},[1937,1941],[1832,3526,3353],{"className":3527,"style":3528},[1937,1941],"margin-right:0.0359em;",[1832,3530,3356],{"className":3531},[1937,1941],[1832,3533],{"className":3534,"style":1996},[1995],[1832,3536,1868],{"className":3537},[2000],[1832,3539],{"className":3540,"style":1996},[1995],[1832,3542,3544,3547],{"className":3543},[1928],[1832,3545],{"className":3546,"style":2792},[1932],[1832,3548,3361],{"className":3549},[1937],[1798,3551,3552],{},"The legal price is lower, but not every buyer obtains coffee. Allocation may occur through queues, waiting time, favouritism, quality reduction, or resale.",[2851,3554,3556],{"id":3555},"binding-floor","Binding floor",[1798,3558,3559],{},"A minimum price above equilibrium creates excess supply unless another policy purchases or removes it.",[1798,3561,3562],{},"Policy evaluation must therefore track:",[3564,3565,3570],"pre",{"className":3566,"code":3568,"language":3569,"meta":10},[3567],"language-text","legal price → quantities planned → rationing\u002Fstock → quality and entry → distribution\n","text",[2123,3571,3568],{"__ignoreMap":10},[1793,3573,3575],{"id":3574},"_7-what-the-model-leaves-out","7. What the model leaves out",[1798,3577,3578],{},"The basic market diagram may omit:",[1809,3580,3581,3584,3587,3590,3593,3596],{},[1812,3582,3583],{},"market power and strategic pricing;",[1812,3585,3586],{},"search, matching, and transaction costs;",[1812,3588,3589],{},"unequal information;",[1812,3591,3592],{},"spillovers on non-participants;",[1812,3594,3595],{},"adjustment time and capacity constraints;",[1812,3597,3598],{},"fairness of the initial distribution of income and rights.",[1798,3600,3601],{},"Omission does not make the model useless. It defines the boundary of the answer.",[1793,3603,3605],{"id":3604},"practice","Practice",[1798,3607,3608],{},"A city gains 10,000 students while a construction-cost shock affects rentals.",[2833,3610,3611,3614,3617,3620,3623,3626],{},[1812,3612,3613],{},"Draw the initial market.",[1812,3615,3616],{},"Shift demand and supply separately.",[1812,3618,3619],{},"State the unambiguous price result.",[1812,3621,3622],{},"Explain why the quantity result is ambiguous.",[1812,3624,3625],{},"Add a rent ceiling and identify both the beneficiary and the rationing mechanism.",[1812,3627,3628],{},"Name evidence needed to estimate the size of each shift.",[1793,3630,3632],{"id":3631},"quick-check","Quick check",[1809,3634,3635,3638,3641,3644,3647],{},[1812,3636,3637],{},"Own-price change: movement along the curve.",[1812,3639,3640],{},"Other determinant: shift of the curve.",[1812,3642,3643],{},"Shortage and surplus are defined at a particular price.",[1812,3645,3646],{},"Equilibrium is not automatically equitable or efficient.",[1812,3648,3649],{},"With two shifts, one outcome may be indeterminate.",[1798,3651,3652,3655,3656,2343],{},[3215,3653,3654],{},"Next:"," ",[3350,3657,3659],{"href":3658},".\u002F03-elasticity","measure responsiveness and analyse revenue and tax incidence",{"title":10,"searchDepth":3661,"depth":3661,"links":3662},2,[3663,3664,3665,3666,3667,3668,3673,3674,3678,3679,3680],{"id":1795,"depth":3661,"text":1796},{"id":1803,"depth":3661,"text":1804},{"id":1826,"depth":3661,"text":1827},{"id":2211,"depth":3661,"text":2212},{"id":2276,"depth":3661,"text":2277},{"id":2827,"depth":3661,"text":2828,"children":3669},[3670,3672],{"id":2853,"depth":3671,"text":2854},3,{"id":3203,"depth":3671,"text":3204},{"id":3210,"depth":3661,"text":3211},{"id":3281,"depth":3661,"text":3282,"children":3675},[3676,3677],{"id":3285,"depth":3671,"text":3286},{"id":3555,"depth":3671,"text":3556},{"id":3574,"depth":3661,"text":3575},{"id":3604,"depth":3661,"text":3605},{"id":3631,"depth":3661,"text":3632},"Market schedules, curve shifts, equilibrium, surplus, price controls, and comparative statics.","md",null,{},true,{"title":491,"description":3681},"sKRhOgth5iQpVATnREqvqnt9QSZ75fM6bTh7_8axKbA",[3689,3691],{"title":487,"path":488,"stem":489,"description":3690,"children":-1},"Scarcity, opportunity cost, sunk cost, marginal reasoning, incentives, the PPF, and comparative advantage.",{"title":495,"path":496,"stem":497,"description":3692,"children":-1},"Measure behavioural responsiveness and use it to analyse revenue, supply adjustment, taxes, and evidence.",1785754724953]